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新视野第三册1~6单元阅读

新视野第三册1~6单元阅读
新视野第三册1~6单元阅读

The Sleep Environment

Does that drip, drip, drip of the faucet keep you up at night? Do you need to keep your fan running because "white noise" helps you sleep? Have you ever tossed and turned because you were too hot, or too cold? What about the barking dog or cat that jumps onto your bed —have they ever disrupted your sleep? Most of us recognize that the sleep environment can greatly affect how (and if) we sleep, but are you doing everything you can to make your bedroom a sleep haven? Learn about the do's and don'ts of the sleep environment and then get tips for making your bedroom more sleep-friendly.

Noise

Noises at levels as low as 40 decibels or as high as 70 decibels generally keep us awake. That means that a dripping faucet can steal your sleep, as well as the next door neighbor's blaring stereo. But the absence or presence of a familiar noise can have as great an impact on your sleep as out-of-the-ordinary noises –studies show that sirens and traffic noise from a city street can actually become soothing to longtime city sleepers just as the absence of the tick, tick, tick of your favorite clock while you try to sleep at a hotel can become a sleep stealer.

What to do: Try to block out unwanted sounds with earplugs or use "white noise" such as a fan or an air conditioner. Take your favorite clock with you when you travel in order to recreate familiar sounds that help you sleep (as long as they won't keep your neighbors awake!)

Temperature

In most cases, temperatures above 75 degrees Fahrenheit and below 54 degrees will disrupt sleep, but even sleep researchers fail to agree on the ideal temperature for sleep. The point at which sleep is interrupted due to temperature or climate conditions varies from person to person and can be affected by bed clothes and bedding materials selected by the sleeper. In general, most sleep scientists believe that a slightly cool room contributes to good sleep. That's because it mimics what occurs inside the body when the body's internal temperature drops during the night to its lowest level. (For good sleepers, this occurs about four hours after they begin sleeping.)

What to do: In general, sleep scientists recommend keeping your room slightly cool —but achieving the ideal temperature isn't always simple. What do you do if you and your partner disagree about room temperature? Turning the thermostat down at night in cold weather saves on fuel bills and sets the stage for sleep. Blankets, comforters or electric blankets can lock in heat without feeling too heavy or confining. Or the heat-seeking partner might dress in warmer bedclothes while the warmer partner might opt not to wear sleep clothes or bed covering. In summer, a room that's too hot can also be disruptive. In fact, research suggests that a hot sleeping environment leads to more wake time and lighter sleep at night, while awakenings multiply. An air conditioner or fan can help, and a humidifier can provide relief if you're suffering from a sore throat or dryness in your nose.

Light

Much of our sleep patterns — feeling sleepy at night and awake during the day — are regulated by light and darkness. Light – strong light, like bright outdoor light – is the most powerful regulator of our biological clock. The biological clock influences when we feel sleepy and when we feel alert. As a result, finding the balance of light and darkness exposure is important. Bright light helps to keep you awake during the day, but during sleep, bright lights can be disturbing.

What to do: Make sure to expose yourself to enough bright light during the day. Find time for sunlight, or purchase a lightbox or light visor to supplement your exposure to light. At bedtime, think dark: a dark bedroom contributes to better sleep. Try light-blocking curtains, drapes or an eye mask. If you find yourself waking earlier than you'd like, try increasing your exposure to bright light in the evening. It may delay sleep onset but as little as one to two hours of evening bright light exposure may help you sleep longer in the morning. Also, make sure to avoid light if you wake up in the middle of the night to go to the bathroom. Minimize light by using a low illumination night light.

Sleeping Surface

For the most part, we know people sleep better when horizontal and not cramped by space. Not much research has been done to understand the sleeping surface, but it is clear that it plays a role in getting a good night's sleep. For example, tossing and turning on a lumpy 20-year-old mattress that doesn't provide support for your back or neck can impede you from getting the sleep you need and make you very sleepy the next day. Mattress experts say that too often consumers believe that ultra-firm mattresses are good for them, but research on patients with back pain found this was not true and a more supple, comforting mattress may lead to better sleep.

Also, know your pillow: research shows that pillows house thousands of fungal spores which can trigger allergies and compromise a weakened immune system. The research shows that synthetic pillows held a greater amount of bacteria than feather pillows. So, not only can a pillow affect your posture and quality of sleep, but it can also affect your allergies or asthma and make it very difficult to get a good night's rest.

What to do: Give yourself enough space to sleep. If you share a bed with a partner, make sure it is large enough to give both of you room to move around. Replace an old mattress with a new one, and choose a pillow and mattress that fits you best (soft, firm, thick, thin?) and will be comfortable throughout the whole night. Consumer Reports recently found that consumers who spent 15 minutes or more testing each mattress at the store were more likely to be happy with their purchase. Also, consider encasing your pillow in a plastic cover under your pillowcase to keep dust-mites from interfering with your sleep and allergy or asthma symptoms.

Read the passage quickly and answer the questions. For Questions 1-7, mark

Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;

N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;

NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

For Questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

1. Contrary to common belief, the sleep environment does not really influence people’s sleep quality.

Y N NG

2. Familiar noise like the tick sound of your favorite clock is a common factor that prevents you from sleep.

Y N NG

3. Sleep researchers have not agreed on an ideal temperature for sleep.

Y N NG

4. Studies have found that a slightly cool room is favorable for sleep.

Y N NG

5. Light is the most powerful regulator of our sleep patterns.

Y N NG

6. Bed partners with sleep disorders can negatively impact your sleep.

Y N NG

7. A lot of research has been done to understand how sleeping surface impacts sleep.

Y N NG

8. One way to sleep longer in the morning is to __ in the evening.

9. Research has found that pillows containing fungal pores may weaken your __.

10. If you spend some time testing mattress before buying it, you would be likely to __.

Boys with Eating Disorders

No one knows what Tony does at lunchtime. His friends all gather at the dining hall where they share stories and eat. They talk about their lives and the things they have seen in movies or read in books. But Tony doesn't care about these things, and he doesn't join them. In fact, there is only one thing on Tony's mind—building the perfect body. And while his friends are chatting away, Tony is in the gym by himself, lifting weights. Now, he is able to lift more than ever. He has also measured his arms and legs and weighed himself. He knows he is in the best shape of his life. But it's not enough.

Introduction—a real problem

People say that women and girls are the ones who have body size issues, the ones who develop eating disorders, and the ones affected most by the media pressure. It is true that women and girls

are affected more, but the same issues also affect men and boys. Experts believe the number of boys affected is increasing and that many cases may not be reported, since males are reluctant to acknowledge any illness mostly associated with females.

Where it comes from

There is more and more media pressure for men and boys to take on the look of the well-muscled athletes and actors. Males are becoming uncomfortable about their physical appearance and self-image. Sports, health, and fitness magazines focus on the importance of having muscles and the methods to obtain those perfect sports bodies. Boys tend to do a great deal of weight training and, if they do not see immediate results, they often turn to using steroids (类固醇) and vitamins that advertise unbelievable muscle gain.

The average boy cannot come near meeting the impossible ―standard‖ of the media's male body perfection. They are not going to be Arnold Schwarzenegger or some other action star, or have the well-muscled body of athletes. The most popular magazines carry images of women and men on the covers that represent about 3 percent of the population. Obviously, that leaves 97 percent who cannot measure up to that level of a desired body image.

Magazines, especially those aimed at men and boys, spread the ―body building‖ message around. Advertisements promote weight lifting, body building or muscle toning. The V-shaped body with great muscles is emphasized as the ideal.

The need to make weight for a sport like boxing can cause eating disorders. The demand for pills (药片) that give energy and decrease a person's desire to eat is high among those needing to make weight. Weight training, sports, and conversation with friends can lead boys to abnormal eating habits, which can lead to eating disorders.

Even the toys they play with create pressure. The toy action figures have more muscles today than they did in the past. Their bodies are setting unrealistic ideals for boys in much the same way dolls have been blamed for giving an unrealistic body ideal for girls.

One of the side effects of this body consciousness for both boys and girls is the tendency to turn to smoking to keep their weight down. Overweight boys in the age range of 9 to 14 were 65% more likely to think about or try smoking than their peers. The same study found that boys who worked out every day in order to lose weight were twice as likely to experiment with tobacco. Males with poor body image are also more likely to take drugs and get angry easily.

The effects of a poor body image

It's not uncommon for people who think poorly of their bodies to have problems in other areas of their lives, including careers and relationships. One's feelings of self-worth, behavior, and social confidence can all be related to either a good or a bad body image. How you see yourself affects every part of your life.

More and more health-care professionals are starting to realize the degree that boys can be influenced by body image. One recent study showed that of boys between the ages of 7 and 9, fifty percent wanted to reshape their body. This percentage (百分比) increases as they reach their teens and want to take part in sports and impress girls. It is something that can follow you throughout life if you do not learn to understand that there is more to you than your muscles and body shape.

Advice for people with a poor body image

If you are a boy or a young man who is worried too much about how your body looks, you should remember that your body is just one part of who you are. And it is not even a very important part. You are not just what your body means. Your worth as a person, or your identity as a man, is not determined by your weight or body shape. Develop your potential. Think about your unique gifts. Meaningful relationships, well-established goals, and kindheartedness to others lead to a balanced life and better feelings of one's self. An over-muscled body just doesn't do these.

And if you are still having trouble with doubts or concerns about your body, rather than work out more or eat less, see a doctor about your problems. By talking to a psychologist, you may reduce your anxieties, and finally make them a thing of the past so that you can turn to much more important things in life. Psychologists have had a great deal of success stories in treating young men with the same problem, and, most likely, they will be able to help you as well.

Read the passage quickly and answer the questions. For Questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For Questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

1. Tony is most concerned with _____________.

A. having an eating disorder

B. eating his lunch

C. building a perfect body

D. gaining weight

2. _____________ are more affected by the body size issues.

A. Women and girls

B. Men and boys

C. Women and boys

D. Men and girls

3. Some sports magazines teach the young men _____________.

A. to become a real athlete

B. to become a healthy actor

C. to use vitamins to keep healthy

D. to obtain perfect sports bodies

4. The ideal body shown in magazines _____________.

A. cannot be good for sports

B. demands pills

C. cannot measure up

D. is shaped like a V

5. Boys and girls would possibly turn to _____________ for help to keep their weight down.

A. playing

B. smoking

C. taking pills

D. weight training

6. _____________ can be related to self-worth, behavior, and social confidence.

A. A good or bad body

B. Body image

C. Every part of your life

D. Taking drugs

7. Half of all boys between 7 and 9 want _____________.

A. to impress girls

B. to play sports

C. to reshape their bodies

D. to have a good body image

8. Males who worry too much should keep in mind that the body is just a part of ___.

9. You won't have a balanced life and better feelings just because you have___ .

10. It is likely that psychologists can help you because they have had much success treating ___. Magic

Magic (魔术) is a form of entertainment that is based on pretending to do things which are impossible.

The magician (魔术师) is a specially trained actor. He tries to make the audience believe that he has the power to do things which are against the law of nature.

Magic shows are entertaining as long as the audience does not discover how the tricks are done. The magician always tries to keep his tricks a secret.

The tricks employed in magic performance

The magician usually depends on his skill with his hands, on his knowledge of psychology, and, sometimes, on mechanical (机械的) devices. Since magic tricks are meant to fool people, the use of psychology is important. The magician must keep people from noticing all the movements of his hands and from thinking about the secret parts of his equipment. He must also lead the audience to draw false conclusions. The magician's success depends on the fact that many things

seen by the eye do not register on the mind.

Two basic magic tricks are making objects seem to appear and making objects seem to disappear.

A combination of these two tricks makes for some interesting effects. For example,the magician puts a small ball under one of several cups. The ball then seems to jump from one cup to another or to change color. What actually happens is that the magician, employing quick hand movements or a mechanical device, hides one ball. While doing this he talks to the audience and waves a brightly colored cloth with one hand. The audience is too busy watching the cloth and listening to the magician's words to notice that his other hand is hiding the ball.

Another favorite trick is to cut or burn something, and then make it appear whole again. What actually happens is that the magician makes the cut or burned object disappear by quickly hiding it while the audience watches something else. Then he "magically" makes it appear whole again by displaying another object that has not been cut or burned.

There are a number of tricks in which a magician will appear to read someone's mind. In some of these, a trained helper will cover the magician's eyes with a cloth. Then the helper has the audience hand him various objects. The helper can tell the magician what the objects are without mentioning their names, by using key words or code words as he talks to the magician. This trick may take the magician and his helper many months to learn.

A magician's powers are really quite limited, but he makes people believe that he can do almost anything by changing or combing several tricks.

Tricks in which the magician apparently cuts people in half or makes them disappear are called illusions (幻觉). The word illusion derives from the fact that mirrors are often used to perform these tricks. A famous illusion trick is to saw (锯) a woman in half. The woman is put into a long box with her head sticking out of one end and her feet sticking out of the other end. The magician takes an ordinary wood saw and cuts the box into two halves. The audience is shocked, thinking that perhaps he has killed the woman. A few moments later, however, the magician waves his hand over the box and the woman comes out. The woman that the audience saw being cut in two was only an image in a mirror—an illusion.

History of magic

Magic is as popular today as it was in ancient times. Records show that over 2,000 years ago magic performances were being given in ancient Egypt, India, Rome, China and Greece. These early magicians only performed for small groups of people on a street corner or for a king and his friends. The magicians in those days used only small objects that they could carry with them or borrow, such as cups, small stones, knives, and strings.

About 1400,more specially designed tricks were invented which used larger equipment, such as boxes and barrels with false bottoms. Under these false bottoms the magician could hide a bird, rabbit, plant, or whatever he wanted to make appear suddenly. ?p> Some magicians made enough

money to buy a donkey, a horse, or even a horse and wagon so that they could carry bigger equipment. Magicians also began to use halls or empty stores so that they could give their shows indoors. ?p> The most successful magicians would move only three or four times a year. They kept a lot of equipment on their stages, but used only a small part of it in each show. In this way they could convince the same people back over and over again. Some of their equipment was of no use at all. It was only used for show and to impress the audience.

Modern magic did not really start until the 1800s. Its father is considered to be Jean Houdin, a Frenchman, who developed rules for doing magic. Houdin was also a highly skilled mechanic and watchmaker. Today modern magicians can perform magic tricks that would have been impossible years ago because they now have better mechanical equipment and greater knowledge of audience psychology.

Read the passage quickly and answer the questions. For Questions 1-7, mark

Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;

N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;

NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

For Questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

1. Magicians take advantage of their hands and psychology, but not mechanical devices.

Y N NG

2. When making something disappear, magicians usually tell people to pay attention to how the trick is done.

Y N NG

3. A magician's assistant helps him with tricks in which he seems to read a person's mind.

Y N NG

4. The magician makes people believe he has cut a woman in half, but it was only an image in

a mirror.

Y N NG

5. The history of magic can be traced back to more than 2000 years ago in ancient Greece, China, Rome, Egypt and India.

Y N NG

6. Around 1400, more specially designed tricks which used larger equipment were invented to please the kings and other rich people.

Y N NG

7. The passage is mainly about the origin and development of magic.

Y N NG

8. Magicians started to give shows inside _.

9. The man who set rules for magic was also a skilled____- .

10. Thanks to ___and greater knowledge of audience psychology, modern magicians can perform more complicated magic than ever before.

The Olympic Torch

Every four years, the entire world turns toward a certain city, to follow the facts, records, and histories of overcoming. This year, all eyes will turn toward Athens, the place of the first Olympic Games.

In a world of about six billion inhabitants (居民), only a selected group of about ten thousand athletes gets to the Olympic Games. However, there is a ritual of the Games that allows thousands of common people to participate in the Olympic experience, which is unique in the world: the tracking of the Olympic torch. The flame lit in Olympia is a powerful symbol, the force of which can be felt all over the world.

The Olympic torch—past and present

This tradition is not as old as the Games. The tracking of the torch was never part of the Games in Ancient Greece, yet it was part of Greek culture. The old way to carry the Olympic torch through runs was in honor of several gods. They were carried from one temple to the other or to some particular city. The first to get to the place had the honor to light the flame of the gods with his own torch.

The torch is currently completely integrated with the Olympic Movement and is an instrument that should reflect not only the soul of the country organizing the Games, but also the technology available at that moment. For the Athens Olympic Games of 1004, the designer Andreas Varotsos selected the olive (橄榄) leaf. He wanted to include all aspects of his country, both in the historical and cultural levels, at the same time making use of an international language that reflected the spirit of Greece and showed values of peace, love and harmony in all places.

The tracking of the torch—the first half in the 20th Century

The fire was not employed as an Olympic symbol until 1928 when a flame was lit during the Amsterdam Olympics. That caught the imagination of the public. Four years later, in Los Angeles, Carl Diem, from the German Olympic Committee, decided to develop the idea. The flame was lit once again. But those were not real Olympic flames. When the Games were held in Berlin, in 1936, Diem introduced the first tracking of the Olympic torch.

Torch tracking in the 1960s and 1970s

For the Games of 1968, in Mexico, the torch was carried to Spain, from where it would cross the Atlantic and follow the route of Christopher Columbus up to Central America. In Mexico City, Enriqueta Basilio was the first woman to light the Olympic flame.

In 1972, 36 years after the Berlin Olympics, the torch was once again carried to Germany, and 1976 saw the change of the torch to show the growth of technology during the 20th century. In Athens, a machine collected the ionized particles (离子粒) of the flame and transformed it to electronic impulses (脉冲). They were then passed by a satellite across the Atlantic to Ottawa, Canada, where they sent to relight the flame. In seconds, the flame had crossed the world. From Ottawa, it was taken to Montreal, and then followed the conventional manner.

In the 1980s

In 1980, for the Moscow Olympics, the Olympic flame was taken to the Soviet Union for the first time. However, the tracking of the torch in Los Angeles was the most complicated and also the most troublesome. The influence of the money in the sports was growing. In 1984, this led to many quarrels in the Olympic Movement. The Americans developed a program in which each kilometer was sold and the money was given to sport organizations for the youth. This model allowed private sponsors to buy several kilometers, yet it was not well accepted in Greece, and there were many protests against the sale of the Olympic flame.

The memories of the Berlin Olympics, in 1936, were remembered in the Seoul Olympics in 1988. The winner of one race in 1936 was the Korean Kitei Son, yet the medal was given to Japan, which occupied Korea at that time. In 1988, he had the honor to enter the Olympic stadium with the torch, under his real Korean name, Sohn Kee-chung.

Developments in the 1990s

In Barcelona, in 1992, the method through which the flame was lit was in all of the newspapers. Antonio Rebollo was appointed to shoot an arrow (箭) to light the flame. If he made a mistake, this would be the largest mistake of all time. But he did it right. In 1996, the torch was carried to all cities that had held the Games before. More than 10,000 runners took the torch from Olympia to Atlanta. Runners carrying the torch were community heroes chosen for this special honor. Any person could indicate the name of someone regarded as a local hero to carry the flame for a while.

In the new century

During the trip to the Games of 1000, in Sydney, the tracking begun in Uluru, an important place for the Indian population. The first Australian aborigine (土著人) to win an Olympic gold, Nova Peris-Kneebone, carried the torch through the first part of the tracking. Another aborigine, Cathy Freeman, that later would win a gold medal in women's 400 meters, lit the flame.

This year, the trip of the Olympic torch went through 127 countries of all five continents for the first time, including all host cities of the previous Games and also the cities that are candidates (候

选人) for the Olympic Games of 1012. Beijing received the flame for the first time in history.

More than a ritual, the tracking of the torch has become an unexpected opportunity to involve thousands of people with the Olympic experience. As a flaming symbol, the torch has allowed thousands of common citizens to participate.

Read the passage quickly and answer the questions. For Questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For Questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

1. ________ are allowed to take part in the Olympic torch tracking

A. Ten thousand common people

B. Ten thousand sportsmen

C. Thousands of common people

D. Six billion inhabitants

2. The Olympic torch is a tool that should not only reflect the technology available at the moment, but also ________.

A. the Olympic Movement

B. the soul of the host country

C. the Games in Ancient Greece

D. the honor of the gods

3. The first real Olympic flame was _________.

A. in Los Angeles Olympics in 1932

B. in Amsterdam Olympics in 1928

C. in Berlin Olympics in 1936

D. in Athens Olympics in 2004

4. In the 1968 Mexico Olympics, Enriqueta Basilio was _________.

A. the first woman to carry the torch

B. the first woman to take part in the games

C. the first woman to cross the Atlantic with the torch

D. the first woman to light the flame

5. How did the use of the Olympic torch in 1976 express the 20th century's technological growth?

A. By passing the flame by satellite.

B. By carrying the torch back to Germany.

C. By using an electronic torch.

D. By taking the torch to Montreal.

6. The most complicated and troublesome torch tracking was in _________.

A. Greece

B. Moscow

C. Los Angeles

D. Berlin

7. The Korean athlete Sohn Kee-chung _________.

A. won a race in 1936 Seoul Olympics, but the honor was given to Japan

B. won a race in 1936 Berlin Olympics, but the honor was given to Japan

C. won a race in 1988 Seoul Olympics, but the honor was given to Japan

D. won a race in 1988 Seoul Olympics, and the honor was given to Korea

8. One chosen to carry the flame for a while is regarded as __-.

9. In 2000, the Olympic flame was lit by an aborigine who would later win ————.

10. The tracking of the torch has become more +————-than a ritual.

Why Aren't Teens Getting Enough Sleep?

Most teens need about 8? to more than 9 hours of sleep each night. The right amount of sleep is essential for anyone who wants to do well on a test or play sports without tripping over their feet. Unfortunately, though, many teens don't get enough sleep.

Until recently, teens were often given a bad rap for staying up late, oversleeping for school, and falling asleep in class. But recent studies show that adolescent sleep patterns actually differ from those of adults or kids.

These studies show that during the teen years, the body's document.write(defcircadian40) circadiancircadian rhythm (sort of like an internal biological clock) is temporarily reset, telling a person to fall asleep later and wake up later. This change in the circadian rhythm seems to be due to the fact that the brain hormone document.write(defmelatonin38) melatoninmelatonin is produced later at night for teens than it is for kids and adults. This can make it harder for teens to fall asleep early.

These changes in the body's circadian rhythm coincide with a time when we're busier than ever. For most teens, the pressure to do well in school is more intense than when they were kids, and it's harder to get by without studying hard. And teens also have other time demands—everything from sports and other extracurricular activities to fitting in a part-time job to save money for college.

Early start times in some schools may also play a role in this sleep deficit. Teens who fall asleep after midnight may still have to get up early for school, meaning that they may only squeeze in 6 or 7 hours of sleep a night. A couple hours of missed sleep a night may not seem like a big deal, but can create a noticeable sleep deficit over time.

Why Is Sleep Important?

This sleep deficit impacts everything from a person's ability to pay attention in class to his or her mood. Research shows that more than 20% of high school students fall asleep in class, and experts have been able to tie lost sleep to poorer grades. Lack of sleep also damages teens' ability to do

their best in athletics.

Slowed responses and concentration from lack of sleep don't just affect school or sports performance, though. The fact that sleep deprivation slows reaction times can be life threatening for people who drive. The National Highway Safety Traffic Administration estimates that 1,500 people are killed every year in crashes caused by drivers between the ages of 15 and 24 who are simply tired. (More than half of the people who cause crashes because they fall asleep at the wheel are under the age of 26.)

Lack of sleep has also been linked to emotional troubles, such as feelings of sadness and depression. Sleep helps keep us physically healthy, too, by slowing our body's systems enough to re-energize us after everyday activities.

How Do I Know if I'm Getting Enough?

Even if you think you're getting enough sleep, you may not be. Here are some of the signs that you may need more sleep:

difficulty waking up in the morning

inability to concentrate

falling asleep during classes

feelings of moodiness and even depression

How Can I Get More Sleep?

Recently, some researchers, parents, and teachers have suggested that middle- and high-school classes begin later in the morning to accommodate teens' need for more sleep. Some schools have already implemented later start times. You and your friends, parents, and teachers can lobby for later start times at your school, but in the meantime you'll have to make your own adjustments.

Here are some things that may help you to sleep better:

Set a regular bedtime. Going to bed at the same time each night signals to your body that it's time to sleep. Waking up at the same time every day can also help establish sleep patterns. So try to stick to your sleep schedule even on weekends. Don't go to sleep more than an hour later or wake up more than 2 to 3 hours later than you do during the week.

Exercise regularly. Try not to exercise right before bed, though, as it can rev you up and make it harder to fall asleep. Many sleep experts believe that exercising 5 or 6 hours before bedtime (in late afternoon) may actually help a person sleep.

Avoid stimulants. Don't drink beverages with caffeine, such as soda and coffee, after 4 PM. Nicotine is also a stimulant, so quitting smoking may help you sleep better. And drinking alcohol in the evening can also cause a person to be restless and wake up during the night.

Relax your mind. Avoid violent, scary, or action movies or television shows right before bed—anything that might set your mind and heart racing. Reading books with involved or active plots may also keep you from falling or staying asleep.

Unwind by keeping the lights low. Light signals the brain that it's time to wake up. Staying away from bright lights (including computer screens!), as well as meditating or listening to soothing music, can help your body relax.

Don't nap too much. Naps of more than 30 minutes during the day may keep you from falling asleep later.

Avoid all-nighters. Don't wait until the night before a big test to study. Cutting back on sleep the night before a test may mean you perform worse than you would if you'd studied less but got more sleep.

Create the right sleeping environment. Studies show that people sleep best in a dark room that is slightly on the cool side. Close your blinds or curtains (and make sure they're heavy enough to block out light) and turn down the thermostat in your room (pile on extra blankets or wear PJs if you're cold). Lots of noise can be a sleep turnoff, too.

Wake up with bright light. Bright light in the morning signals to your body that it's time to get going.

If you're drowsy, it's hard to look and feel your best. Schedule "sleep" as an item on your agenda to help you stay creative and healthy.

Read the passage quickly and answer the questions. For Questions 1-7, mark

Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;

N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;

NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

For Questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

1. Recent studies show teens’ sleep patterns are the same as those of adults.

Y N NG

2. Lack of sleep impacts a person in school and sports and may lead to emotional troubles.

Y N NG

3. One of the signs of sleep deficit is falling asleep during class.

Y N NG

4. Many schools have already implemented later start times so that students get more sleep.

Y N NG

5. Getting up late in the morning on weekends is good to teens.

Y N NG

6. According to sleep experts, to exercise in the late afternoon is good to sleep.

Y N NG

7. As is usually believed, drinking alcohol before going to bed helps a person get a sound sleep.

Y N NG

8. Listening to soothing music can ———— and is helpful to sleep.

9. If you want to perform well on a test, you should study less and ——- the night before the test.

10. For people to sleep best, a dark room that is -----—— is a favorite.

Children's Eating

Raising children can be a challenging job. It can also be rewarding. When it comes to eating, the more caregivers know about children's natural eating patterns, the easier and more rewarding the job of feeding children can be.

Like many other behaviors, children's eating patterns are largely learned. Starting from infancy (婴儿期), a child learns what can be eaten and what cannot, what is appropriate within the culture and the family regarding food manners, what types of food are liked and disliked, and what cues are important in controlling the amount of food eaten. Children's eating patterns move through predictable stages of development that present challenges and opportunities for learning and mastering proper eating patterns. Early feeding interactions influence the set of skills and behaviors children possess as their eating moves from completely depending on their caregivers to relying more on themselves.

Inborn (天生的) Abilities, Preferences, and Transitions (转变)

Because a newborn spends about 50% of his waking time eating, the feeding interaction is perhaps an infant's most important experience. Feeding not only supplies energy for growth, it also establishes his bond with his mother, provides a sense of security and pleasure for the infant, and presents repeated opportunities for learning and social exchange.

A child's transition to solid food is a dynamic (不断增长的) period of growth and learning. Eating patterns change more during this period than during any other time of life. This transition requires rapid learning about flavors, food, manners, and social exchange.

An often unrecognized milestone (里程碑) in young children's eating behavior is dealing with a fear of new food.Young children are inclined to be afraid of new food when they are between 18-24 months of age. Children previously judged as "good eaters" often begin to reject new food and refuse formerly accepted, familiar items. Children's acceptance of new food does not happen right away. It requires repeated experience with new food to overcome fears and enhance acceptance.

The Family Eating Environment

Parents and caregivers greatly influence the eating environment in which children's preferences and eating patterns develop. Caregivers determine which foods are available to the child and what composes a child's diet. They also provide a model of eating behavior and guide a child's eating through feeding practices. By selecting the food that comes into the home, parents have direct

control over the food children repeatedly eat.

At any point in development, large differences may exist among parents in the extent to which they allow a child to control eating, including the timing of meals, as well as what and how much is eaten. Feeding practices that are too controlling are not effective, but rather may work against promoting healthy eating patterns. The use of pressure and restriction in child feeding seems to have an opposite effect on children's preferences. Another unintended consequence of using pressure in child feeding is that it may cause eating to be influenced by factors other than a child's own hunger and fullness.

The Contemporary Eating Environment

While the family is the most important environment in which children's eating develops, cultural and physical environments also play a role. Environmental factors affect a parent's ability to promote healthy eating patterns. Such factors include increased time demands in family life, loss of the family meal, increased television viewing during meals, increased dining-out (外出就餐) occasions, and increased use of childcare. Parents also struggle with the broader health and eating concerns of our society. This climate includes poor diet quality and an ever-increasing number of overweight parents and children. At the same time, society places an enormous emphasis on dieting and thinness.

Promoting Healthy Eating Behaviors

A worthy goal for parents and caregivers is to create feeding environments that promote healthy eating behaviors and support healthy weight and growth. There are several important feeding issues for most children.

Young children eat small amounts of food frequently; three meals and three snacks (点心) is a normal eating pattern until well into the school years.

The appearance of irregular eating patterns is not necessarily evidence of poor eating habits. Parents should consider the amount of food eaten across the day and beyond, rather than focus on "getting a child to eat" at a particular eating occasion.

Young children require fewer energy and smaller portion sizes. Because increasing portion sizes may increase energy intakes, be careful about routinely (习惯性地) offering adult-size servings of drinks and snacks. Keeping these issues and the following ten tips in mind will help parents and caregivers develop healthy eating behaviors in the children they care for.

Ten Tips for Putting Information into Action

1. Children benefit from eating routines (常规) and structure in the same way that they benefit from bedtime routines! Be sure to offer three meals and two to three snacks across the course of the day. In between, avoid feeding the child by adopting a "closed kitchen" policy.

2. What does hunger have to do with it? Everything. Direct children towards internal cues like hunger and fullness. Speak plainly to children about hunger and fullness during mealtime and

snacks.

3. Avoid focusing on the amounts consumed. Instead, offer healthy choices and learn about appropriate portion sizes for children.

4. Offer healthy snacks and routinely remind children that fruits and vegetables are available for snacking.

5. Don't give up! Children need repeated experiences with new food before they learn to like them.

6. Be conscious of low nutrient, high-energy drinks and food consumption.

7. Be active! Turn off the television (limit of 2 hours per day) and encourage free play by GOING OUTSIDE!

8. Make family meals a priority whenever possible. Try for at least three family dinners a week. Limit eating out to twice a week and try to choose restaurants with surroundings that permit conversation.

9. Develop children's conversational styles and their sense of importance by eliminating distractions like television and music during family meals.

10. Promote healthy eating—not dieting—in word and in deed. Adopt a moderate approach that includes all food in age-appropriate amounts.

Read the passage quickly and answer the questions. For Questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). For Questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

1. What can make feeding children more rewarding for caregivers?

A. Knowing more about children's natural eating patterns.

B. Challenging children as they are being raised.

C. Starting to feed them from the time they are in infancy.

D. Teaching them about what is appropriate.

2. What is influenced by early feeding interactions?

A. Opportunities for learning.

B. Stages of development.

C. Skills and behavior later.

D. Caregivers relying on themselves.

3. Children's eating patterns change most during __________.

A. the time between 18-24 months

B. his bonding period with his mother

C. the time before he is an infant

D. his transition to solid food

4. How do parents influence children's preferences and intake patterns?

A. By telling the child to overcome fear.

B. By choosing the food that comes home.

C. By feeding the child directly.

D. By planning a child's diet.

5. _______________ is not effective in promoting healthy eating patterns.

A. Providing a model

B. Allowing the child to control food

C. Controlling food too much

D. Selecting the food that comes home

6. The most important environment in developing a child's eating is ______________.

A. physical

B. hunger and fullness

C. the culture

D. the family

7. One of the eating concerns of our society is ______________.

A. the increasing number of thin people

B. the growing number of fat people

C. the amount of care given to children

D. the many children who eat little food

8. The occurrence of irregular eating patterns doesn’t always mean—— .

9. Both bedtime routines and———— are beneficial to children.

10. ——- should be given priority whenever possible.

E-commerce

Widespread buying and selling of goods on the Internet did not begin until 1994. Since then, an increasing number of companies have used the Internet as an important part of their marketing and trading. The Net enables them to reach customers all over the world. It also enables customers to shop from home and find the best prices. Doing business via the Internet is called electronic commerce, or e-commerce.

In the late 1990s, investors rushed to put money into new companies that sold products and services on the Internet, in the hope of making big profits. These Internet-based businesses became known as "dot-com" companies, because their Web addresses often ended with ".com". Some of the people who owned these dot-com businesses became millionaires overnight because so much money was invested in their companies. Unfortunately, many of these businesses failed

because they could not attract enough customers. These failures discouraged many investors, and made it more difficult for new dot-com companies to raise money.

Changing shopping habits

Traditional shops risk losing customers as more people shop online. Already, 25 per cent of regular Internet users say they spend less time shopping in real shops. E-shopping has not grown as fast as it might though, because news of Internet crime makes many people reluctant to give their credit card details to companies on the Net. However, surveys indicate that shoppers' fears are declining.

Worldwide online sales of holidays alone reached almost £14 billion in 2000, an increase of 85 per cent over the previous year. The UK and Europe lag behind the United States in online shopping. In an online survey in 2000, only 3 per cent of British shoppers who took part said they shopped online regularly, while a similar US survey found that 48 per cent of respondents shopped online.

E-tailing concerns

Not all e-commerce growth is welcomed in all quarters. The Net is international, but most laws are only national. In the United States, even individual states can have different laws. The laws covering what may be sold vary from country to country and this causes problems when it comes to e-tailing (electronic retailing).

In France, it is illegal to sell or display anything that might encourage racism. When a website offered Nazi-related items for sale in 2000, a French judge ruled that the Internet Service Provider (ISP), Yahoo, had to make it impossible to access the site in France. Yahoo ensured that these items did not appear on its French service, but French Internet users could still see them by accessing Yahoo's US service. This case shows how difficult it is for ISPs to comply with all the laws in all the countries in the world.

Another worry for the authorities is the sale of medicines over the Net. Doctors worry that drugs bought via the Internet could pose a serious risk to patients trying to treat themselves. The US Food and Drug Administration has warned a dozen or more website operators that they could be committing a crime if they sell drugs to American citizens over the Internet.

Online publishing

One of the first industries to move to e-commerce was bookselling. Now, the texts of numerous books are available on the Internet. Some are books by unpublished authors seeking to bring their work to wider notice. Others are reproductions of books now out of copyright, such as those by William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.

E-books

Publishers and authors are experimenting with publishing books on the Net. A book published in this way is called an electronic book, or e-book. E-books can be downloaded onto home computers or read on handheld devices no bigger than a paperback book.

If online publishing were to be popular with readers, it could change the way books are distributed and it could have serious implications for the bookselling trade. When the author Stephen King published a 66-page ghost story on the Net in 2000, 400,000 copies were ordered in one day—more than any of his best-sellers in print did on their first day in traditional bookshops. Some websites charged US$2.50 (£1.75) for it. Others gave it away free.

The future of publishing

Will e-books replace traditional print books? Probably not. Congestion (堵塞) on the Internet caused by thousands of people all trying to download the same best-seller at the same time is frustrating. Even when that problem is solved, many people will still prefer the experience of turning the pages of a printed book. Printed books are also very robust (健康的). They don't break down if they are dropped on the ground or a drink is spilled on them. They don't require any knowledge of how to use technology in order to read them. They don't need batteries. On the other hand, children growing up now, in a world of palm computers and mobile data phones, may prefer e-books to printed text on paper.

The future of publishing probably does not lie in an "either-or" choice between traditional books and e-books. A new technology rarely completely replaces an existing popular technology. The two will probably exist side-by-side, like CD and tape, TV and radio, cinema and TV, and electronic games and board games.

Financial services

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By the end of 2000, about 20 million Europeans were banking online, roughly double the number of Americans using online banking at the same time. A market report published in mid-2001 predicted that e-banking in Europe would triple by 2005. And as online services available via mobile phones develop, up to 150 million people worldwide could be using wireless online banking by then.

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