Quiz of Linguistics
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.
1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( T )
2. Linguistics studies particular language, not language in general. ( F )
3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. ( F)
4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. ( T )
5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. ( T )
6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistics study. ( F )
7. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. ( F )
8. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. ( T )
9. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
( F ) 10. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by Saussure.
( F ) II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.
1. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s knowledge______ of the rules of his language.
2. Langue refers to the abstract_______ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.
3. Duality______ is one of the desing features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
4. Language is a system of arbitrary_________vocal symbols used for human communication.
5. Parole____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
6. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such application is generally known as applied_____ linguistics.
7. Language is productive________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.
8. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific______ study of languge.
9. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive_______.
10. Modern linguistics regards the written language as secondary_______.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
D1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. aribitrariness
B. displacement
C. duality
D. Meaningfulness
D2. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because______.
A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. all of the above.
B3. A historical study of language is a ________ study of language.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. comparative
A4. Sausure took a(n) ________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ______ point of view.
A. sociological, psychological
B. psychological, sociological
C. applied, pragmatic
D. semantic, linguistic
C5. According to Saussure, ______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole
B. performance
C. langue
D. language
B6. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meaning.
A. sense
B. sounds
C. objects
D. ideas
A7. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_______.
A. displacement
B. duality
C. flexibility
D. cultural transmission
D8. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______rather than by instinct.
A. learning
B. teaching
C. books
D. both A and B
C9. Which of the following words is not motivated?
A. bang
B. blackboard
C. pen
D. meow
D10. What is the function of the sentence: “Hi! How are you this moring?”
A. emotive function
B. conative function
C. poetic function
D. phatic function
IV. Terms explanation
1.linguistics
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd3129429.html,nguage
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication 3.arbitrariness
Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and
sounds.
4.productivity
Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.
5.displacement
Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd3129429.html,ngue
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
7.parole
Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd3129429.html,petence
Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
9.performance
Chomsky defines performance as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
10.duality
Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.
V. Short answer questions
1. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.
2. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
4. What are the major distinction between langue and parole?
5. How do you understand competence and performance?
6. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?
7. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
8. What are the main functions of language according to Jacobson’s framework?
9. Explains the three macrofunctions of language in Holliday’s system.
10. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?
实用标准文案 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.Linguistics:语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but it studies language in general) 2.General linguistics:普通语言学The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics. (language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd3129429.html,nguage:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 4.descriptive (描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use. 5.prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behaviors. i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say. 6.synchronic(共时语言学): the description of language at some point of time in hiatory 7.diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes through time 3) speech（口语）Writing（书面语） These the two media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. (speech is prior to writing) https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd3129429.html,ngue(语言): refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of the speech community. It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Such as: In English sentence must have subject and predicate. 9.parole(言语):refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. (Saussure ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd3129429.html,petence(语言能力): the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language 11.performance(语言应用):the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (Chomsky) traditional grammar and modern linguistics 1.linguistics is descriptive,while traditional grammar is prescriptive 2.modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the writer. 3. also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework. Functions of language. 精彩文档
第8章英语语言的应用（I） I. Fill in the blanks. 1. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the _____ of, or the _____the utterance. （人大2004研） 【答案】consequence, change brought about by 【解析】言外行为指说话的效果。 2. When a teacher says “The exam this year is going to be really difficult”, the sentence would have an _____force. （清华2001研，清华2000研） 【答案】illocutionary 【解析】言外行为，表达说话人的意图。 3. _____ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. 【答案】Performatives 【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。 II. Multiple Choices. 1. The speech act theory was developed by _____.（对外经贸2006研) A. John Searle B. John Austin
C. Levinson D. G. Leech 【答案】B 【解析】言语行为理论是哲学家约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出的。它从哲学意义上对语言交际的本质进行解释，其目的在于回答”用语言干什么”这个问题。 2. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest. (Focus on the type of illocutionary act) （南京大学2007研） A. threaten B. advise C. beseech D. urge 【答案】A 【解析】A为命令性言语行为，而其他三项为指示性言语行为。 3. _____ is using a sentence to perform a function. （西安外国语学院2006研） A. A perlocutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A locutionary act D. Speech act 【答案】D 【解析】约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中提出言语行为理论, 此理论对语言交际的
作业 1．第2题 “Why don’t you ask Mary for help?” is an instance of ____. A.representatives B.expressives C.directives https://www.doczj.com/doc/bd3129429.html,missives 答案:C 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 2．第3题 The Great Wall belongs to ____ culture. A.material B.spiritual C.folk D.none of the above 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 3．第4题 Which of the following is a declaration? A.Open the door, please. B.I appoint you chairman of the committee. C.Would you like to go to the movie with us? D.I’ve never seen her before. 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 4．第5题 Which of the following is a front, close and unrounded vowel? A.[u:] B.[i:] C.[u] D.[a:]
答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 5．第6题 Which of the following words is NOT a coined word? A.dacron B.kodak C.xerox D.gym 答案:D 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 6．第7题 Around the time of their second birthday, children begin to produce ____ utterances. A.one-word B.two-word C.three-word D.four-word 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 7．第8题 Which of the following pairs of words are complete homonyms? A.flour---flower B.lead (to guide)---lead (a kind of metal) C.heroin---horoine D.criket---criket 答案:D 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.5 此题得分：2.5 8．第9题 Which of the following is an example of overgeneralization? A.eyes B.ears C.sheep D.foots 答案:D 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.5
第一次作业参考答案 1、、电能生产的主要特点有哪些？ 答：电能生产的主要特点可以归纳为以下三点。①电能生产的连续性特点；由于电能不能大量储存，电能的生产、输送和消费是同时完成的。②电能生产瞬时性的特点；这是因为电能的传输速度非常快（接近光速），电力系统中任何一点发生故障都马上影响到整个电力系统。③电能生产重要性的特点；电能清洁卫生、易于转换、便于实现自动控制，因此国民经济各部门绝大多数以电能作为能源，而电能又不能储存，所以电能供应的中断或减少将对国名经济产生重大影响。 2、对电力系统运行的基本要求是什么？ 答：对电力系统运行的基本要求有：①保证对用户的供电可靠性；②电能质量要好；③电力系统运行经济性要好；④对环境的不良影响要小。 3、电力系统中负荷的分类（I、II、III类负荷）是根据什么原则进行的？各类负荷对供电可靠性的要求是什么？ 答：电力系统中负荷的分类是根据用户的重要程度和供电中断或减少对用户所造成的危害的大小来划分的，凡供电中断将导致设备损坏、人员伤亡、产品报废、社会秩序还乱、政治影响大的用户的用电设备称为I类负荷；凡供电中断或减少将导致产品产量下降、人民生活受到影响的用户的用电设备称为II类负荷；I类、II类负荷以外的负荷称为III类负荷。 I类负荷对供电可靠性的要求是任何情况下不得中断供电； II类负荷对供电可靠性的要求是尽可能不中断供电； III类负荷可以停电。 4、标出下图所示电力系统中发电机、变压器的额定电压。（图中已标出线路的额定电压）
答：上述电力系统中发电机、变压器的额定电压如下： G ：10.5KV ；T1：10.5/242KV ；T2：220/121/38.5KV ；T3：35/6.3KV 5、为什么110KV 及以上的架空输电线路需要全线架设避雷线而35KV 及以下架空输电线路不需全线架设避雷线？ 答：因为110KV 及以上系统采用中性点直接接地的中性点运行方式，这种运行方式的优点是：正常运行情况下各相对地电压为相电压，系统发生单相接地短路故障时，非故障相对地电压仍为相电压，电气设备和输电线路的对地绝缘只要按承受相电压考虑，从而降低电气设备和输电线路的绝缘费用，提高电力系统运行的经济性；缺点是发生单相接地短路时需要切除故障线路，供电可靠性差。考虑到输电线路的单相接地绝大部分是由于雷击输电线路引起，全线路架设避雷线，就是为了减少雷击输电线路造成单相接地短路故障的机会，提高220KV 电力系统的供电可靠性。 35KV 及以下系统采用中性点不接地或经消弧线圈接地的中性点运行方式，即使雷击输电 线路造成单相接地时，电力系统也可以继续运行，供电可靠性高，所以无需全线架设避雷线。 6、在下图所示的电力系统中已知KV U 3/10=φ，A U C 3530=φω,如要把单相接地时流过接地点的电流补偿到20A ，请计算所需消弧线圈的电感系数。 解： 单相接地故障时的相量图如下：
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
Chapter Three Morphology形态学 一、定义 1. Morphology形态学：t he study of the internal structure of words (内部研究), and the rules by which words are formed. 对单词的内部结构和单词构成规则的研究。 2. Morpheme 词素：The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. 最小的语言单位,携带信息的意义或功能。 二、知识点 3.2 Distinctions between open and close classes word 1. Open class words开放性词类: In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs make up the largest part of vocabulary. They are content words of a language.，which are sometimes called open class words, since new words can be added to these classes regularly. 在英语中，名词、动词、 形容词和副词占词汇的绝大部分。他们是一门语言中的实义词，由于我们经常可以在这类词中加入新词，所以他们有时也称开放性词类。 2. Close classes word封闭性词类：Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns is small and stable since few new words are added , therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words. 构成连词、介词、冠词和代词的词相对较少，通常不添加新词，所以被称为封闭性词类。
(单选题)1: The following are all suprasegmental features except ____. A: stress B: tone C: voicing D: intonation 正确答案: C (单选题)2: The questions of “How is language acquired? How do people learn a foreign language?” are explored in __________. A: applied linguistics B: sociolinguitics C: psycholinguistics D: general linguistics 正确答案: C (单选题)3: ___________ are minimal pairs. A: moon/noon B: foot/food C: she/sheet D: sea/sea 正确答案: A (单选题)4: The process that puts an existing word of one class into another class is ______. A: Conversion B: Abbreviation C: Eponyms D: Blending 正确答案: A (单选题)5: tick- tuck （为下列单词选择相对应的构词法） A: Sound Reduplication B: Coinage C: Eponym D: Clipping 正确答案: A (单选题)6: ______ is a minimal pair. A: moon/noon B: foot/food C: she/sheet D: sea/sea 正确答案: A
Chapter one Introduction 1.1什么是语言学 丄定义 语言学Linguistics Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scientific study of la nguage. 1.1.2The scope of linguistics 语言学分支必考P2 普通语言学General Linguistics The study of Ianguage as a whole is often called General linguistics. The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （咅位学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学） The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax （句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学） The study of mea ning in con text of use is called pragmatics ?（语用学） 1.1.3Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 （1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写 If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive? The task of linguists is supposed to describe the Ianguage people actually use, whether it is "correct" or not. 规定性Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for "correct" behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the Ianguage people actually use? （2）Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时 The description of a Ianguage at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a lang uage as it cha nges through time is a diachr onic study .In modern linguistics, syn chr onic study is more important? 历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time? a diachronic study of Ianguage is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given Ianguage at a given time. （3）Speech and writing 口头语与书面语
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Scientific study of language.
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;
②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;
《语言学概论》作业参考答案 一、名词解释 1.音位：最小的可以区别意义的语音单位，通常由一簇互相不区别意义的音素构成。如|A|音位里就有前A、后A、央A等几个音素。 2.塞擦音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特点是发音时，两个发音部位紧靠在一起形成阻碍，在保持这个阻碍的同时，留出一个窄缝，让气流从窄缝中磨擦成声，最后除去这个阻碍。如：b‘ｐ‘ｋ‘就是。 3.递归性：语言的递归性是指，组合结构中的某个单位，可以不断地被一个同功能的短语替换，从而使基本结构里的某个扩展为非常复杂的结构，但其作用仍然等于原始项。也即语言的整体结构与基本框架不变。语法结构的这种性质，我们称之为语言结构的递归性。语言的递归性是语言结构一种非常重要的特性。如：人打倒了|敌人/凶恶的敌人/盘踞在中国大陆的敌人/曾经盘踞在中国大陆的不可以一世的敌人/曾经盘踞在中国大陆不可一世但最终被人民打倒的敌人 4.复综语：语言类型之一。这种语言的动词内有用不同的形态表示各种复杂的语法成分。多见于美洲印第安人的语言。举例。 5.自由变体：音位变体的一种类型。通常指对出现的组合条件没有硬性要求的音位变体。举例。 6.元音：音素的类型之一。即发音时气流在口腔中不受阻碍而形成的音。举例。 7.语法形式：表示语法意义方式与材料。举例。 8.词干：一个词的主要部分，词汇意义的承担者。举例。 9.音色：语音四要素之一，又叫音质，指声音的特色。由物体振动的不同形式所决定。举例。 10.塞音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特征发音时两个发音部位紧靠在一起，保持一段时间，然后突然除阻，爆破成声。也叫爆破音。举例。 11.共同语：随着社会政治经济集中，会以一种方言为基础形成共同语，以满足整个社会交际往来。共同语又叫天下通语、雅言。举例。 12.数：语法范畴之一。指是用一个词的不同形态表示出来的词语数的语法意义。在单数、复数、双数等。举例。 二、谈谈语言符号的特点 答案要点： 1.单位明晰性 2.任意性 3.结构二层性 4.开放性 5. 传授性 答：（1）.语言是一种工具，即交际工具和思维工具；而思维是一种能力和过程，即人脑能动地反映客观现实的能力和过程。 （2）.概念用词语表达，判断用句子表达，但概念按照逻辑规律构成的种种判断和词语按语法规则构成的啊、种种句子是有区别的。如：语言中的每个词不一定都表示一个概念，每个句子不一定都表示判断。 （3）.思维过程是运用概念按照逻辑规律构成种种判断，语言运用过程则是运用词语，按照句法构成各种句子。 （4）.语言是具有民族特点的，各民族都有自己的语言特点，世界上有许多种语言。但思维是各民族共同的，全人类具有共同的思维形式和思维规律。 三、试分析汉字跨越方言交际的特点与原因
数值计算方法第一次作业及参考答案 1. 已测得函数()y f x =的三对数据：（0，1），（－1，5），（2，－1）， （1）用Lagrange 插值求二次插值多项式。（2）构造差商表。（3）用Newton 插值求二次插值多项式。 解：(1)Lagrange 插值基函数为 0(1)(2)1 ()(1)(2)(01)(02)2 x x l x x x +-= =-+-+- 同理 1211 ()(2),()(1)36 l x x x l x x x = -=+ 故 2 20 2151 ()()(1)(2)(2)(1) 23631 i i i p x y l x x x x x x x x x =-==-+-+-++=-+∑ （2）令0120,1,2x x x ==-=，则一阶差商、二阶差商为 011215 5(1) [,]4, [,]20(1) 12 f x x f x x ---= =-= =----- 0124(2) [,,]102 f x x x ---= =- 实际演算中可列一张差商表： （3）用对角线上的数据写出插值多项式 2 2()1(4)(0)1*(0)(1)31P x x x x x x =+--+-+=-+ 2. 在44x -≤≤上给出()x f x e =的等距节点函数表，若用二次插值求x e 的近似值，要使 截断误差不超过6 10-，问使用函数表的步长h 应取多少 解： ()40000(), (),[4,4],,,, 1.x k x f x e f x e e x x h x x h x x th t ==≤∈--+=+≤考察点及
(3) 2000 4 43 4 3 () ()[(()]()[()] 3! (1)(1) (1)(1) 3!3! .(4,4). 6 f R x x x h x x x x h t t t e t h th t h e h e ξ ξ =----+ -+ ≤+??-= ≤∈- 则 4 36 ((1)(1) 100.006. t t t h - -+± << Q在点 得 3.求2 () f x x =在［a,b］上的分段线性插值函数() h I x，并估计误差。 解： 22 22 11 1 111 22 11 11 1 () () k k k k h k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k x x x x x x I x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ++ + +++ ++ ++ + --- =+= --- ?-? -=+- - [] 2 11 22 11 ()()()[()] 11 ()() 44 h h k k k k k k k k R x f x I x x x x x x x x x x x x x h ++ ++ =-=-+- =--≤-= 4.已知单调连续函数() y f x =的如下数据 用插值法计算x约为多少时() 1. f x=（小数点后至少保留4位） 解：作辅助函数()()1, g x f x =-则问题转化为x为多少时，()0. g x=此时可作新 的关于() i g x的函数表。由() f x单调连续知() g x也单调连续，因此可对() g x的数值进行反插。的牛顿型插值多项式为 1()0.110.097345( 2.23)0.451565( 2.23)( 1.10) 0.255894( 2.23)( 1.10)(0.17) x g y y y y y y y - ==-+++++ -++-
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第4章练习题 参考答案 Chapter 4 Syntax 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP →(Det) N (PP) ... VP →(Qual) V (NP) ... AP →(Deg) A (PP) ... PP →(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. 3. What is category? How to determine a word's category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. 若详细回答，则要加上： Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meanings associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives. For example, when we say that pretty lady, we are attributing the property ‘pretty’ to the lady designated by the noun. Similarly, the propertie s and attributes of the actions, sensations and states designated by verbs can typically be denoted by adverbs. For example, in Jenny left quietly the adverb quietly indicates the manner of Jenny's leaving. The second criterion to determine a word's category is inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. And adjectives like quiet and clever take comparative affix -er and superlative affix -est. Although inflection is very helpful in determining a word's category, it does not always suffice. Some words do not take inflections. For example, nouns like moisture, fog, do not usually take plural suffix -s and adjectives like frequent, intelligent do not take comparative and superlative affixes -er and -est. The last and more reliable criterion of determining a word's category is its distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, nouns can typically appear with a determiner like the girl and a card, verbs with an auxiliary such as should stay and will go, and
一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it
英语语言学17春在线作业1 试卷总分:100 得分:100 一、单选题 (共 20 道试题,共 60 分)abc 1. Syntactically, English is an example of ____ language. A. SVO B. SOV C. VSO D. VOS 满分：3 分 正确答案:A 2. _____ is used between family members and very close friends. A. The consultative style B. The casual style C. The intimate style D. The formal style 满分：3 分 正确答案:C 3. ______ is used between very close friends and family members. A. The consultative style B. The casual style C. The intimate style D. The formal style 满分：3 分 正确答案:C 4. refers to the process through which people use language to classify the world around and inside them. A. Approach B. Categorization C. Prototype D. Cognition 满分：3 分 正确答案:B 5. refers to the fact that language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages. A. Arbitrariness B. Duality