第九章
1、Realism
In art and literature the term realism is used to identify (区分) a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally the difference between romanticism and realism.
In Europe，the Realist movement arose in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (侧重于小说的创作) and lay emphasis on fidelity (准确的)to actual experience. (用现实主义创作现实)
2、Realism is a literary movement In Europe. (错) and also in United States
3、The spirit of realism lies in (在于) the literary area.
4、The realist literary focus on (侧重于) novel writing.
5、The character realistic Stendhal (司汤达) of the method used by the realists.
6、―A novel is a mirror walking along the road‖said Stendhal.(司汤达) 小说是映射现实的镜子
7、By the 1850s the term realism was applied to the art of Gustave Courbet. (哥斯塔王)
8、现实主义与浪漫主义的区别
Ralism can be track back to the ancient times，but romanticism can not.
And the realist…s language was usually simple，clear and direct.
9、The European Communist movement，armed (武装) with Marxist thought in realism.
10、Germany and Italy，achieved their unification (完成统一) in realism.
11、Stendhal —→ Armance
French —→ The Red and the Black
—→ The Charterhouse of Parma (帕尔玛大教堂)
12、Balzac —→ The Human Comedy (人间喜剧)
—→ Divine comedy (神曲) 受但丁神曲影响
—→ Eugenie Grandet (葛朗台)
—→ Le Père Goriot (高老头)
—→ La Cousine Bette (贝蒂姨妈)
13、The novels contented in the Human Comedy mark the beginnings of French realism. (标志着法国现实主义的开端)
14、Balzac has been called ―the French Dickens‖ as Dickens has been called ―the English Balzac‖
15、Flaubert —→ Madame Bovary (包法利夫人)
⊙写作特点：the right word or phrase (用词恰如其分)
⊙Flaubert is called ―the first French realist‖ (法国现实主义第一人)
16、Zola —→ Les Rougen-Macquarts (罗根。马塔里)
⊙Zola was the founder of the naturalist school. (自然主义流派的创始人)
17、Naturalist自然主义的特点：
⊙ the naturalistic novel is not only a record of men and manners。
⊙ to the naturalists the novel is a demonstration of social law. (社会法则的显示与说明)
⊙ the language used by naturalists must be the actual language used by people.
18、Maupassant莫泊桑—→ The Necklace (项链)
—→ The Piece of String (红丝带)
—→ The Umbrella (雨伞)
⊙ Norman people (纯正法国后裔) Franco-Prussian War (普法战争)
19、In the French realism，Maupassant was the only short story teller.
20、The literary school in Russia realism was dangerous men.
21、The beginnings of modern Russian literature are to be traced to the Napoleonic wars. (拿破仑战争) Later the Russians participated in the battle of Waterloo. (滑铁卢战役)
22、Gogol (果戈尔)—→ The Inspector General (钦差大臣)
Russia —→ Dead Souls (死魂灵) 主人公是：Chichikov
23、Turgenev—→ A Hunter?s Sketches (猎人日记)
on the abolition (废除) of serfdom
24、Dostoyevsky (托斯妥耶夫斯基)—→ The House of Death (死亡之屋)？
a record of life in Sibria (西伯利亚)
—→ Crime and Punishment (罪与罚)
25、The first novel on the study of criminal psychology in the European literature is Crime and Punishment written by Dostoyevsky.
26、Leo Tolstoy (列夫。托尔斯泰) —→ War and Peace (战争与和平)
—→ Anna Karenina (安娜卡列尼那)
—→ Resurrection (复活)
27、With Dostoyevsky，Tolstoy made the Russian realistic novel a literary genre (类型) that ranks in importance with (与…并驾齐驱) classical Greek tragedy (悲剧) and Elizabethan drama. (莎士比亚的戏剧为主)
28、He is especially known as an early champion of the non-violence protest. (非暴力运动先驱)
29、He preached (倡导) a primitive Christianity. (基督教最初的教义)
30、He denounced art for art?s sake. (反对为艺术而艺术)
31、Chekhov (契诃夫) —→ The Seagull (海鸥)
32、His work is of smaller scope. (文学领域很狭窄)
33、Chekhov is the only short story teller of the Russia realist literature.
34、He avoided (没有使用) the ―big scene‖ (大场面) and ignored the ―heroic hero‖。
35、Stanislavsky (可能是主人公)
36、Ibsen (挪威-易普生) —→ A Doll?s House (玩偶之家)
39、Ibsen…s plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern dra ma. (当代戏剧源头)
40、Realism in England is Victoria…s period. The climax of Capitalism. (资本主义全盛时期)
41、Dickens (狄更斯)—→ Pickwick Papers (皮克。威克外传)
—→ A tale of Two Cities (双城记)
—→ Oliver Twist (雾都孤儿)
—→ A Christmas Carol (圣诞欢歌)
—→ Hard Times (艰难时刻) 描写了资本主义扩张时期
—→ Bleak House (荒凉山庄)
—→ David Copperfield (大卫。科波菲尔)
42、Dickens reflects the history of the French Revolution.
43、George Eliot (乔治。艾略特) —→ Middlemarch (米德马其)
44、George Eliot belongs to the second generation of the critical realism. (加了心里活动和自然主义的笔调)
45、Thomas Hardy (托马斯。哈代) —→ Far from the Madding Crowd (远离尘嚣)
—→ The Return of the Native (还乡)
以Wes***为源泉—→ The Mayor of Casterbridge (卡斯特拉桥市长)
—→ Tess of the d?Urberyvilles (苔丝)
—→ Jude the Obscure (无名的求得)
46、Thomas Hardy is of local colorism. (地方色彩主义)
47、Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳) —→ Heartbreak House (心碎之屋) 一战前的社会
—→ St. Joan (圣女贞德)
48、Stowe (斯陀) —→ Uncle Tom?s Cabin (汤姆叔叔的小屋) 废除奴隶制
49、Walt Whitman (惠特曼) —→ Leaves of Grass (草叶集)
—→ When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom?d (当花园里的紫丁香开放的时候)悼念林肯
50、Whitman is the best representative of free verse. (自由体诗歌)
51、Whitman is the first American modern poet.
52、Whitman is put forward the idea of universal brotherhood.
53、Whitman used the common people?s language or the humble speech. (卑下的发音)
54、Whitman used long，sweeping lines. (拖沓冗长的诗)
55、Mark Twain —→ Life on the Mississippi (密西西比河上的生活)
—→ Jumping Frog (跳蛙) 成名之作
—→ The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (哈克贝恩历险记)
美国第一部现代小说—→ The Gilded Age (镀金时代)
—→ The Adventures of Tom Sa wyer (汤姆索亚历险记)
—→ The Prince and the Pauper (王子与贫儿)
56、Mark Twain is of local colorism，based on the Mississippi.
57、Mark Twain is called ―the Lincoln of American literature‖and ―Father of the American Novel‖开创了美国当代小说，美国的民族文学是从马克吐温开始的。海明威说
59、Henry James —→ The Portrait of a Lady (贵妇人的画像)—→ Daisy Miller (米勒)
60、“the Master beyond all masters” refers to Henry James.
61、Impressionism印象流派(艺术的表现形式)
Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century. It was most pervasive (普及) in painting，but it was also found in literature and art. It was taken directly from the title of Monet?s (莫纳) Impression：Sunrise. (日出印象)
62、Post-Impressionism (后印象主义):
During the 2nd half of the 19th century，French impressionism created a dramatic break with the art of the past，and created a form of art that was to affect nearly every ambitious artist in the Western world. Van Gogh reacted against impressionism by using colour to suggest his own emotion and temperament (气质)。
63、Van Gogh —→ Starry Nigh t (夜空) 后印象主义的代表是凡高
—→ Sunflower (向日葵)
64、Dvorak (德望侠克) —→ From the New World (新世界的交响)
—→ Goin? Home (回家)Dvorak is Czech.
66、三种音乐形式：Program music (标题音乐)Symphonies (交响乐)Chamber works (室内乐)
67、Debussy (德彪西) —→ French composer
68、Debussy was among the first to break away from the melodic (旋律) and harmonic (和谐) conventions (常规的) of the 18th and 19th centuries. (打破传统旋律性和和谐性的音乐家)
论述简答
一、What is the historical background of Realism？
1、The realism movement was greatly influenced by the development of science in the 19th century. The age of realism was age of technological inventions.
2、The 19th century is the century of greatest change in the history of Western civilization. Germany and Italy，achieved their unification (完成统一)。
3、The Profoundsocial dislocation (断层) and urban (都市的) poverty (贫穷) brought about by the social and economic changes created severe problems to which the political and intellectual leaders of the 19th century reacted in a number of ways. One group was the liberals (自由党)。Another group was the nationalists (民主党)，A third group was the socialists (社会党)。
第十章
1、Modernism:
Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts (创造性艺术)，originating about the end
of the 19th century. It provided (出现) the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets (方面)，such as symbolism，surrealism (超现实主义)，cubism (立体主义)，expressionism，futurism (未来主义)，ect.
2、Greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century refers to modernism.
3、The term ―modernist‖ is usually reserved for more experimental and innovative modern works，those that view experience in new ways and adopt new forms.
(Modernist不是指现代主义者，而是指现代主义艺术作品)
4、Id:本我
Freud divided human personality into three functional parts — Id，Ego and Superego. The Id is the containerof the instinctual urges (本能的主张)。It is the unconscious part of mind，which seeks immediate satisfaction of desires。Id is concerned with what
a person wants to do.
5、Ego:自我
Freud divided human personality into three functional parts —Id，Ego and Superego. Ego is the rational (理性的)，thoughtful (深思的)，realistic personality process. It is characterized by a desire for independence (独立的)，autonomy (自发的) and self-direction. Ego is concerned with ability.
6、Superego超我
Freud divided human personality into three functional parts — Id，Ego and Superego. Superego is the idealized (理想化的)
超我是道德化的自我，被认为是人格最后形成的，而且也是最文明的一部分。主要作用是按照社会道德标准监督自我的行动
7、Oedipus Complex恋母情结
Oedipus Complex is a Freudian term originating from a Greek tragedy，in which King Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Oedipus Complex was established by Freud.
8、The Lost generation:
The Lost generation refers to a group of young intellectuals (知识分子) who came back from war，were injured (受伤害) both physically (身体上) and mentally (精神上)。They lived by indulging (放任) themselves in the Bohemian (波西米亚) way of life. Their American dream was disillusioned (破灭了)。The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway.
9、The Beat Generation:垮掉的一代
The Beat Generation in America refers to a group of American youngsters (儿童) who refused to accept ―respectability‖ and conventional (传统的) social behaviour and who cultivated (培养) a rootless manner of living. The distinctive features (有特色的特征) of the Beat Generation is that they used a special slang language and loved jazz. The Beat Generation was represented by Ginsberg?s Howl (嚎叫) and Jack Keroual?s on the road.
10、Angry Young Men:年轻愤怒的一代
Angry Young Men was a term referring to a group of English writers who found themselves to be social misfits (不能适应环境的人)。They felt they were socially stateless (无政府状态)。Even though they were university graduates. They were very sensitive (敏感) to the undesirable (讨厌的人) things of the society. Angry Young Men was represented by John Osborne?s play Look Back in Anger (愤怒问题) and Amis‘ novel Lucky Jim.
11、Nouveau Roman:新小说主义
Nouveau Roman refers to some 20th –century French novels. The term Nouveau Roman came into being with the publication of some essays by Grillet (新小说主义源于他)，a French writer. The New Novel tends to be objective (客观的)。Human characters are on an equal footing (地位) with things. The New Novelists try to avoid taking sides (走极端) when they come to the description of characters，making no distinction (不加以区别) between good and bad or between important and trivial (平凡)。Therefore，their characters are often shapeless (无形状态) and sometimes even nameless (没有姓名)。
12、Existentialism:存在主义
Existentialism is a philosophy (哲学倾向) that became a self-conscious movement (自发的运动) in the 20th century. Its basic concern is human existence (人的存在)。 A key concept of existentialism is that man is only what he makes of himself. Existentialism in literature was represented by Bernard Shaw?s problem plays. And Sartre‘s (萨达尔) Being and Nothingness (存在与虚无)。
13、The Theatre of the absurd:荒诞剧
The Theatre of the absurd is a term referring to the works of some European，particularly French，playwrights (剧作家) of the 1950s and 60s. The word ―absurd‖ originated from the works of Camus (加谬斯)。The play writers of the Theatre of the absured employed (被使用) many techniques used by the popular theatre such as：acrobatics (杂技)。Their language is very often dislocated (错位)，with plenty of jargon (行话)，clichés (老生常谈) and repetitions (反复使用)。The Theatre of the Absurd of represented by Beckett‘s (贝克特) waiting for Godot (等待哥达)。
14、Black Humour:
Black Humour is a term derived from Black Comedy. Its origin can be traced back to Shakespeare?s time. But now the term (术语) is usually used to refer to some Western，especially American Post-World WarⅡ writers. Black humour is kind of desperate humour (会让人产生绝望的幽默)。In Black humour，man‘s fate is decided by incomprehensible powers. (人的命运自有安排) Black humour was represented by Joseph Heller‘s Catch-22.
15、Fauvism:野兽派
The Fauvism expressed their emotional reaction to the subject in the boldest colour and strongest pattern of lines (表现强烈的情感)。They preferred this to objective representation. (支持主观反对客观) In this way the Fauves freed colour from its tradition. (解放了传统对色彩的束缚)
16、Expressionism:表现主义
Expressionist art is marked by the expression of reality (对现实的意志) by means of distortion (扭曲) to communicate one?s inner vision (内部观察)。The artists of this school used bright colours to bring out their pessimistic views on life (对生活的悲观态度)。They showed a world of subconsciousness (下意识的世界)。
17、Rontgen伦琴—→ the discovery of X-rays
18、Pierre and Marie Curie (皮埃尔与居里夫人) —→ the discovery of radium (镭)
19、Einstein (爱因斯坦) —→ Special Theory of Relativity (专业相对论)
—→ General Principles of Relativity (普通相对论)
20、Freud —→ The Interpretation of Dreams (梦的解析)
—→ Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory (性学理论的三大原则)
—→ The Ego and Id (自我与本我)
21、The 17th century metaphysical poetry (玄学派代表)，represented by John Donne (但恩)。
22、T. S. Eliot (埃利奥特) —→ The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (普罗弗里克的情歌)
—→ The Waste Land (荒原)
23、The Waste Land is influenced by the Bible and Dante?s Divine Comedy (神曲)……
24、Joseph Conrad (康德拉) —→ Lord Jim (杰姆老爷)
—→ He wrote mostly of sea.
25、Virginia Woolf (沃尔芙) —→ Mrs. Dalloway in post-war London (描述一战后的伦敦)
—→ 两战间唯一一名女作家
26、Woolf伍尔夫is the only women writer of stream of consciousness in British modernist literature.
27、Woolf established a literary society known as Bloomsbury group. (文学社团)
28、Lawrence (劳伦斯) —→ Lady Chatterley?s Lover (查泰来夫人的情人)
pornographic (色情作品blue)
—→ Sons and Lovers (儿子与情人)autobiographical (自传体) Freud 恋母情节
29、Lawrence major theme (创作主题)：男人与女人的关系(human relationship)
30、W. B. Yeats (叶织) —→ The Wande rings of Oisin and Other Poems
—→ the greatest poet of our time (二十世纪最伟大的诗人)
—→ 叶织的诗中渗透着盖尔特文化(Celtic)
—→ Irish Literary Society (爱尔兰文学社团)
—→ He used symbolism.
31、James Joyce乔伊斯→ Dubliners (都柏林人) naturalistic (自然主义) 创始人为法国左拉
32、Ezra Pound (庞得)—→ Shi Jing or The Book of Songs (翻译了诗经)
—→ In a Station of the Metro (地铁站)
—→ Cathay (翻译李白的作品)
33、Ezra Pound was the best representative of the Imagist movement. (印象派运动)
34、William Faulkner (福克纳)—→ The Sound and The Fury (喧嚣与愤怒)
—→ As I Lay D ying (在我弥留之际)
～is of local colorism base on American South. (充满了地方色彩主义，美国南方)
～is the best representative of the stream of consciousness.(美国意识流的最佳代表)
～强调博爱为主题
35、Ernest Hemingway —→ The Sun Also Rise
—→ A Farewell to Arms
—→ For Whom the Bel l Tolls
—→ The Old Man and the Sea
36、With the publication of The Sun Also Rise，Hemingway became the spokenman for what Gertrude Stein had called ―a lost generation‖。
37、Tomas Mann (德国) —→ The Buddenbrooks
—→ The Magic Mountain
38、Gorky (高尔基) —→ Mother Childhood My Apprenticeship My University
the trilogy (三步曲)：Childhood，My Apprenticeship，My University
39、Gorky was the representative of Russian modernist literature.
40、Sholokhov (肖洛霍夫) —→ The Quiet Don (静静的顿河)
41、Cubism:立体主义
Cubism is a type of abstract painting (抽象绘画) which aims to penetrate beyond surface appearances (超越表面现象) and single vision (想象) and depict (描绘) persons and objects (人和物) from varying angles (千变万化的角度) simultaneously (同时进行) and three-dimensionally (三位立体)。The Cubism was represented by Picasso (毕加索)
42、Futurism:未来主义
The works of futurism portray (描绘) the dynamic life (动态的生活) of the 20th century. They glorify (崇尚) war，danger，machine age and attack (反对) museums and academies (学术)。They are interested in expressing the speed (高速发展)，progress and even the violence (暴力) of modern live.
43、Dadaism:达达主义
Dadaism created works that were anti-war，anti-modern life，and indeed (甚至)，anti-art. When they held exhibitions the Dadaists sometimes encouraged (鼓励) the public to destroy (销毁) their displays. They thought that the world had become insane (病了) and art too seious (严肃)。One of the most important ideas to develop out of the movement was automatism (自动主义)—the automatic production (自动产生) of art.
44、Surrealism: 超现实主义
Surrealism was a which combined (结合) the Dada idea of automatism with the psychology (心理学) of Sigmund Freud. The surrealists felt that the job of the artist was to show an unconscious (无意识的) world.
论述简答
一、What are the Characters of modernism？
1、Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all the creative arts (创造性艺术)，originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided (出现) the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century.
2、Any break-away with the tradition can be classified (归类) into modernism.
3、Modernism looks at the men?s position in a fresh new way. (全新的方式)
—→ 重新看待人在宇宙中的地位(第一次17世纪，第二次Modernism)
二、What are the specialties of modernism？(特征)
1、Modernism has been called ―the tradition of the new‖。It was characterized by a conscious (有意识的) rejection (排斥) of established rules，traditions and convention (常规)。
2、Modernism has also been called the ―dehumanization (失去人性的) of art‖。
Part I Directions: Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. ****** 1 ****** 1. _________ believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. Epicureans 2. _________ is said to have told the king of Syracuse: "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world." A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid 3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northem tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in _________ A. 395 B. 27 C. 1453 D. 476 4. The City of God was written by ________, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought. A. Jesus B. Augustine C. Thomas Aquinas D. Martin Luther 5. _________ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist----- a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. A. Michelangelo B. Raphael C. Shakespeare D. Leonardo Da Vinci 6. In _______, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. A. Don Quixote B. Hamlet C. Leviathan D. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 7. The best- known book written by Thomas More is ________ , which describes an ideal non-Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief. A. The Praise of the Folly B. As You Like It C. Divine Comedy D. Utopia 8. ________, author of Prince, is regarded as "father of political science" in the West. A. Machiavelli B. Dante C. Bacon D. Locke
欧洲文化入门参考资料 这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。 《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务： 本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。 三、课程的基本要求： 本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。 了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络； 了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等； 了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物； 将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较； 学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。 四、教学内容、要求及学时分配： 希腊、罗马文化 基督教及其《圣经》 中世纪 文艺复兴与宗教改革 十七世纪 启蒙运动 浪漫主义 马克思主义与达尔文学说 现实主义 现代主义及其它 五、考试考核办法：笔试 六、教材及参考书：
1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the
作业 1．第1题 Which one of the following statements about the Great Famine is NOT true? A.It was the worst famine in European history. B.It lasted for seven hard years. C.In cities alone, there was shortage of food supplies. D.By the time it ended, the Great Famine had wiped out 10 percent to 15 percent of the entire European population. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 Which of the following statements about Joan of Arc is NOT true? A.She was born in a well-to-do peasant family. B.She grew up with a strong religious belief. C.Charles refused her to accompany the army. D.She was burned at stake. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translated because_____. A.it is impious to translate the very words of Allah. B.it is too difficult to translate the rhymed prose of Qur’an. C.the original meaning of Qur’an would be distorted. D.the beauty of Arabic language would be violated. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 Which one is not the factor that led to the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’s death? A.the regional and ethnic diversity B.the conflicts between different successors to the throne
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记 1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture. 2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 第一章 1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour. 3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会) 4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer. 5、The events of Homer‘s own time. (错) (They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.) 6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad. 8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey. 9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。In the 20th century. 10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C. 11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》 ②Sophocles(之首) 《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页 ③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》 B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece. To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides. 12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页 Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游
欧洲文化入门复习资料第七部分 2006-4-28 16:6自考365社区【大中小】【我要纠错】 第七章 1、Romanticism名词解释 Romanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement （狂飙运动）in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations （灵感）above those of society. As a reaction （反应）to the industrial revolution （工业革命），it looked to （承上启下）the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature （与大自然的直接接触）for inspiration （灵感）。Romanticism gave impetus （动力支持）to the national liberation movement （民族解放运动） in 19th century Europe. 2、The literary and philosophical trend （倾向）in the Romantic philosophy was represented by Transcendentalism.（先验论） 3、the theoretical （理论上的）groundwork （基础）for capitalism was Adam Smith…s the wealth of Nations. 4、Brotherhood最早由犬儒派提出，惠特曼的草叶集也提到 5、French revolution with its slogans （口号）of liberty （自由），equality and universal brotherhood. 6、Blake —→Songs of Innocence （清白之歌）happy world —→Songs of Experience （经验之歌）bitter world （苦涩） 7、The Laker poets （The Lakers） ①Wordsworth —→Lyrical Ballads （抒情民谣）与Coleridge 合写 —→The Prelude （序曲） ②Coleridge —→Kubla Khan （忽必烈汗）exotic culture （外来文化） —→The Rime of the ancient Mariner （古舟船泳） 8、Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of the Romantic literature. 9、Coleridge…s works possessed the characteristic of exotic culture. （外来文 化） 10、Byron —→Isles of Greece （希腊诸岛）
欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案 第一章 填空题： 1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian 2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey 3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides 4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus 5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides 6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C. 7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar 8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly. 判断题 1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes 2. Herodotus’s historical writing i s on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians 名词解释： 1. Pax Romana 答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 2. “Democracy” in a ncient Greece 答：1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens. 2）Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题： 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went