前程百利雅思写作机经——2015年3月
小作文 (2)
重点题型 (2)
1. 曲线图 (2)
（1）双线横图 (2)
（2）多线图 (3)
2.饼图 (4)
（1）双饼图 (4)
（2）四饼图 (5)
3 表格题 (7)
4.柱状图 (8)
（1）两柱纵向 (8)
（2）多柱纵向 (9)
次重点题型 (10)
. 流程图 (10)
大作文 (10)
重点类型： (10)
1.教育类 (10)
(1) 远程教育优劣 (10)
(2) 大学招穷学生 (11)
(3) 个人小组学习 (13)
2.政府类 (14)
(1) 健康还是治病 (14)
(2) 发展经济的利弊 (15)
(3) 博物馆的目的 (16)
3.全球化类 (17)
(1) 拯救濒危语言 (17)
(2) 廉价航空优劣 (17)
(3) 雇佣男女平等 (18)
次重点类 (19)
1. 社会类： (19)
(1) 解决贫富差距 (19)
(2) 同伴压力好坏 (20)
(3) 平衡工作生活 (20)
2. 全球化类 (20)
(1）青年应该礼貌 (20)
(2) 游客承担责任 (20)
(3) 工作时长影响 (20)
3 环境类 (20)
(1) 动物当作资源 (20)
4 媒体类 (21)
(1) 灾害暴力节目 (21)
小作文
重点题型
1. 曲线图
（1）双线横图
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graph below.
The graph compares the rate of smoking in men and women in Someland between the years 1960 and 2000.
相关思路
a)改写题目，总括图表信息，男女吸烟比例有所不同。
b)描述男性抽烟比率的变动趋势。
c)描述女性抽烟比率的变动趋势，注意和男性的线进行对比。
范文
The graph compares the rate of smoking in men and women in Someland between the years 1960 and 2000.
In 1960, 600 in every 1,000 men were smoking. The rate decreased gradually to 500 by 1974 and continued to decrease but more steeply to 250 in 2000. In contrast, the rate of smoking in women in 1960 was very low at only 80 in every 1,000.
However, by 1968 the smoking rate of men increased to 170, and increased again but more steeply and peaked at 320 in 1977. The rate of female smokers then remained stable at 320 until 1984 at which point the figures began to decline and had dropped to 200 by 2000.
In conclusion, it can be clearly seen that the rate of smoking for both men and women was declining and that the rate of smoking in men was always at a higher level than the female figures.
（2）多线图
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graph below.
The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.
相关思路
由于这道题的线比较多，但是每条线没有特别大的波动，所以可以着重写起点，趋势和重点，进行四条线的对比。
a)改写题目，总括图表信息。
b)牛肉和羊肉的消耗量趋势相似，可以放在一起写。
c)其次可以写鱼肉的变化趋势。
d)最后写鸡肉消耗的趋势。
范文
The graph illustrates changed in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004.
In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams).
However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.
The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week.
Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period.
2.饼图
（1）双饼图
The pie charts show changes in American spending patterns in 1966 and 1996.
相关思路
a)1966年：food 占据整个花费的比例是最大的，将近一半；
b)cars(23%);接下来是furniture, petrol, restaurant& books; 比例最小的是computers;
c)1996年：food的比例显著减少（by 30%）；cars 的比例基本翻倍，并且成为最大的花销
项目；接下来是furniture, petrol, restaurant& books他们各自的变化，简单描述即可；
computers 显著增加。（从1%到10%）
范文：
The two pie charts give some information about changes of American spending patterns in1966 and 1996.
In 1966, it can be easily observed that food accounted for the largest proportion (44%), followed by cars which occupied 23%. Coming up next were furniture, petrol, restaurant and books (10%, 9%, 7% and 6%). The percentage of computer was the smallest, taking up only 1%.
By contrast, in 1996 cars lied in the dominant position, accounting for 45%.The percentage of food and restaurants were the same (14%). Books occupied the least only 1%.
According to the two pie charts, from 1966 to 1996 the percentage of spending on food decreased sharply from 44% to 14%, the percentage of outlay on books plunged from 6% to 1%. Conversely, the percentage money spent on cars increased by 22% during this period. And spending on restaurant doubled, climbing from 7% to 14%. The proportion of computers increased dramatically from 1% to 10%. Besides, some other items remained relatively unchanged. Americans spent approximately the same amount of salary on petrol and furniture in both years.
It can be concluded from the two pie charts that despite some fluctuations, food and cars made up the two biggest items of total expenditure in both years.
（2）四饼图
相关思路
a) 改写题目总括图标信息。
b）也门这个国家在2000年和2050年的描述及变化。
C）意大利这个国家在2000年和2050年的描述及变化。
范文
The pie charts display the distribution of different age groups in Yemen and Italy in 2000 as well as predictions for 2050.
According to the two charts of Yemen, it can be easily found that old people occupied small percentages (3.6% in 2000 and 5.7% in 2050 respectively). On the other hand, the proportions of people between15 and 59 years old as well as children (0-14) were very close in 2000, which were 46.3% and 50.1%. Whereas in 2050 the percentage of people between 15 and 59 will outnumber that
of children by 57.3 to 37.0%.
In terms of Italy, it is quite clear that senior citizen who accounted for 24% in 2000 will almost double (42.3%) in 2050. By contrast, the percentage of people between 15 and 59 will decline largely from 61.6% to 46.2%. Besides, teenagers remain almost the same around 10% during the 50 years.
To sum up, Yemen has a rather young society where people between 0 and 59 consist of the majority, while Italy is an older society as it is mostly occupied by adults and old people.
3 表格题
The table below gives information about underground railway systems in six cities.
相关思路：
观察图表：表头，数字的单位；
观察横纵坐标，确定主体段分段依据：横着写：6个城市；竖着写：3列信息；
选取个数较少的一种，避免机械和雷同，所以竖着写三组信息；
选取每一列中要描写的数字，确定描述顺序；
注意各部分之间的衔接。
范文
The table demonstrates the data concerning the subway system in six cities including opening date, length of route and passengers per year (in millions).
In terms of date opened, London has the most time-honored (1863) subway system among the six cities, while subway system in Los Angeles is the newest one opened in 2001. It is Paris, Tokyo, Washington DC and Kyoto that are in a descending order.
As for the size of the railway system, London still ranks the first, meaning it has the longest subway system (384 kilometers) among the six cities, which is roughly twice as large as the system in Paris.
By contrast, subway system in Kyoto is shorter (11 kilometers) than the others even thought it opened in relatively recent year. The kilometers of route in Tokyo, Washington DC and Los Angeles are 155, 126 and 28 respectively.
In terms of the passengers, the top three are Tokyo (1927), Paris (1191) and London (775). Underground railway system in Washington DC has 144 million passengers per year. Systems in Los Angeles and Kyoto carry fewer passengers per year (50 and 45 respectively).
Thus, it can be clearly seen from the table that the subway systems in Tokyo and Paris delivers more passengers, whereas the systems in Los Angeles and Kyoto carry fewer passengers..
4.柱状图
（1）两柱纵向
The chart below shows male and female fitness membership between 1979 and 2000. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
相关思路
a）改写题目，总括图表信息。这段时间拥有健身会员的男性和女性都有较大的波动。
b）描述拥有健身会员的男性变化。
c）描述拥有健身会员的女性变化。
范文
The chart shows male and female fitness membership over a thirty-year period. The vertical axis represents the number of members. The horizontal axis represents the period from 1970 to 2000. Overall, there were greater fluctuations in fitness membership among men than among women.
Marked differences were observed in rates of male and female fitness membership in the period covered.
The number of male membership started the period at just over two thousand and reached four thousand in 1975 and five thousand around 1995. The lowest rates were in 1985 and more recently in 2000 when the rate fell as low as one thousand.
Female fitness membership began lower at one thousand ,doubled by 1975, and then fluctuated between two and three thousand during the remainder of the period. When male rates were at their lowest, female rate were higher. This was particularly true in 1985 when over three thousand women held fitness membership
（2）多柱纵向
The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000.
相关思路
a)题目改写，总括图形的信息。
b)描述使用火车和地铁出行的比率的变化。
c)描述使用汽车和公交出行的比率变化。
d)总结，几种公交方式的大致变动趋势。
范文
The bar graph shows the changing patterns in commuting by train, car, tube or bus in one European city in the years 1960, 1980 and 2000. They present different situations.
The number of people using trains at first rose from just under 20% in 1960 to about 26% in 1980, but then fell back to about 23% in 2000. Users by tube was relatively stable, falling from around 27% in 1960 to 22% in 1980, but climbing back to 25% by 2000.
On the other hand, the percentage of people who drove cars to work increased steadily from just over 5% in 1960 to 23% in 1980, reaching almost 40% by 2000; whereas the popularity of buses had declined since 1960, falling from just under 35% in 1960 to 27% in 1980 and only 15% in 2000.
In conclusion, people tended to drive cars instead of taking bus to work over the forty years, the popularity of train and tube changed little.
次重点题型
. 流程图
The flow chart shows the recycling glass bottles.废旧玻璃瓶子回收再制造的过程。
大作文
重点类型：
1.教育类
(1) 远程教育优劣
相关思路：
a)开头段可以进行题干同义改写+观点中立，既有优点，但同时也存在缺点。
b)远程教育而非面授可以提供学历的好处。
c)远程教育而非面授可以提供学历的坏处。
d)在结尾段可以重复一下自己的观点。
范文：
Information technology is playing an increasingly important role in knowledge acquisition. Therefore, an increasing number of people are able to acquire a higher academic qualification by attending online course. Compared with the traditional way of learning in the classroom, this new pattern has its own merits and demerits in some aspects.
The advantage of offering qualifications via online courses rather than teachers in classrooms can never be ignored. First of all, distance learning programs are flexible in terms of time and space, as long as students could have access to the Internet. They offer a valuable option for people with special needs, such as full-time workers or those who have families to take care of and are unable to attend class at regular hours.
Secondly the relatively less expensive tuition fees of distance programs ought to be taken into consideration. The costs of online education are affordable for lower-income families. As a result, those who live in rural and remote areas with low earnings would have more opportunities to receive high-quality schooling.
However, learning online rather than learning in classrooms also has drawbacks due to the lack of face to face communication. This new methodology focuses on imparting and receiving knowledge, without interaction between teachers and students. Even though teachers can answer questions via Internet, students would feel a sense of isolation. By contrast, in traditional classrooms, students can communicate with teachers and classmates and learn how to get along well with their peers. This is an important aspect of education programs but cannot be achieved through distance.
Overall, remote learning programs are making a contribution to universal education by supplying more flexible choices and lower tuition fees. Nevertheless, they cannot be expected to replace learning with teachers in the classroom, because the role of education is more than granting qualifications.
(2) 大学招穷学生
相关思路：
a)首段表明自己的观点，认为大学应该为农村的穷困学生提供便利，并表明下文会依次提供
原因。
b)帮助穷困学生进入大学有助于缩短贫富差距。
c)除此之外大学教育昂贵，很多家庭贫困的学生无法支付高昂学费不得不尽早工作，对其未
来不利。
d)大学可以提供大量援助办法帮助贫穷学生顺利进入大学，如提供资金财政帮助等，很多知
名大学已经采用了类似的办法援助贫穷大学生。
e)结尾段重新表明观点，并指出该观点最重要的原因。
范文
I agree with the statement that universities should take a step forward and provide access to education to those from rural backgrounds and those who cannot afford it. In the following paragraphs I intend to discuss why this needs to be done and suggest ways how universities can help.
The main reason why universities should help the disadvantages sections of the society is that this would help to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor. It is a well known fact that higher education raises the level of people both socially and economically. The students of rural backgrounds may not be able to compete with their urban counterparts for entrance to universities. Competition is very stiff nowadays and cut-off rates for engineering, medical and commerce courses is very high.
Another well known fact is that universities education is very expensive and is out of the reach of many. Many students from poor backgrounds do not get tertiary education for want of money and so join some job after secondary school. This is very detrimental for their future because they remain at the same level of earning for their whole lives and cannot progress in life. Even their future generations remain underprivileged.
Universities can help in many ways. They can introduce a rural quota which can help the deserving rural students. Funding can be provided to poor deserving students. Interest free loans which can be returned after the completion of education can be provided to the students. Many leading universities are already doing all that for the needy students. Universities can also provide online and distance education courses at very nominal fees to such students
To put it in a nutshell, I pen down saying that universities should help the poor and rural students because it will reduce inequality among the people and raise the level of the nation as a whole.
(3) 个人小组学习
相关思路：
a)首段进行了背景介绍，指出很多人对应该小组学习还是独自学习各持己见，然后表明自己
的观点。
b)指出小组学习可以互相交流观点，知识无涯，小组学习有助于互相交流探讨。
c)另一个重要原因是现代人与过去的人相比本来就缺乏社交能力，而小组学习有助于发展社
交能力。
d)阐明小组学习也有其弊端，老师通常考虑到总体水平会放慢讲课速度或减少课堂内容呢，
这对程度好的学生非常不利。
e)给出个人观点，结合两种办法，在人数较少的小班授课效果最好。
范文
The debate over whether studying in group is superior to studying alone has long been in question and educational experts are deeply divided over this issue. From an objective perspective, I’m strongly convinced that both methods have their own superiorities.
One of the major superiorities of group study is that it provides an environment in which students can exchange ideas with each other. It is well known that knowledge knows no bounds, so it is almost impossible for even an eminent professor at university to have a good command of everything, let alone an ordinary student. In consequence, students should be divided into different groups or classes so that they can communicate with, learn from and help each other.
Another obvious advantage of studying in group is that students have the opportunity to learn to socialize with others. Many sociologists point out that people in modern society are more isolated than those in ancient times mainly because they do not have enough opportunities to get along with others. Under such circumstances, it is unreasonable to deprive the students of the chance to socialize by arranging them to study alone.
However, we should not overlook the fact that studying alone also has its unique merit- effectiveness. In a big class, top students might feel bored because the teachers do not give them enough material to learn whereas poor students might feel just the opposite because the teacher gives them too many materials to digest. In others words, the teacher usually slows down the rate of progress or reduces the content of his lesson in the light of students with lower ability.
Comparing the benefits of both sides, I deem group study more effective only if the class or group is not too big.
2.政府类
(1) 健康还是治病
相关思路：
a)首段是相关背景知识介绍，表明与过去相比，中国人在健康以及饮食方面的开支日益增长
b)首先表明自己的观点，认为政府应该多投资放在健康的生活方式上面，尤其是考虑到目前
的医疗系统已经比较完善。
c)从另一个角度探讨观点，政府的经费都是公民纳税的前，在进行分配的时候应该考虑到他
们的利益需要。
d)最后一段重新表面自己的观点。
范文
It is true these days that health is quite essential in people’s life quality, and the amount of money spent by individuals or countries is soaring. For example, in most of the Chinese households the expense on dietary foods and medicine is higher than before, while the government invests increasingly high proportion of funds in building sports facilities to help the citizens to have a good physical fitness.
I find it justified that spending public money on improving good lifestyle to prevent illness than spending it on the treatment illness sufferers, especially when the medical system is well-done and most of the patients can be given a good cure. If more facilities around the health care built and well run, more citizens can benefit from them by strengthening their body and resisting diseases. To prove it, many people tend to spend time doing physical exercises in gym or public sport centers, and they have less chance to suffer from illness than those who have little physical practice.
On the other hand, the idea seems to be unreasonable under the circumstances. If many sufferers do not have the simple treatment, the money should be paid for cures. It makes out that the money governed by the government has been paid by taxpayers including the citizens who used to make contribution to the society and pay taxes but is ill. Thus, when government decides the investment, the interests of these people should be carefully considered and even given priority.
Personally, I think it much better to consume funds in the improvement of health. In spite, particular operation deserves to be analyzed and dealt with.
(2) 发展经济的利弊
相关思路：
a)手段陈述了针对于经济发展好处坏处的背景知识介绍，有人认为经济发展好处大于坏处，
而有的人则持相反观点，而后作者表明了自己的观点。
b)先用让步承认经济发展过程中的确存在很多问题，但是这些问题都是可以解决的。
c)表明立场，分别从经济发展促进生活水平的提高，并以例子佐证；从经济发展利于医疗水
平以及免费教育的方面探讨。
d)即使经济发展不是百利而无一害的，但是利大于弊，在最后再次表明自己的观点。
范文
Although economic development plays a great role in improving the living standard, there has been no clear agreement on whether pros of economic development outnumber its cons. It is claimed by some people that there are more advantages to economic progress. Yet, as the opposite point goes, it is the other way around. In my mind, advantages of economic development definitely outweigh its potential problems.
Granted, it is true that there are some problems during the process of economic development. For example, many people have become indifferent, disrespectful and greedy in this consumerist society. However, these problems can be solved if people are constantly reminded of sticking to the important manners, values.
From my point of view, there are numerous advantages to economic development. First of all, economic progress plays a vital role in improving the living standards of the people. For example, Germany is one of the most economically advanced countries and the living standard of the German citizens is pretty high. In addition, rich economies enable citizens to have access to high level of social welfare and they enjoy free medical care and free education. Even the poorest people in Germany can get the social insurance, which ensures their impossibility to get starved. Thirdly, most of top 500 multinational companies have invested in the country so that citizens in China would have more opportunities to get a good job and thus their living standard would be higher.
To sum up, I would concede that this trend does not come without disadvantages. Yet, the advantages created by doing so far outweigh the disadvantages. Therefore, I would suggest that the development of economy should not be encouraged and people should also be made aware of the negative aspects of economic development.
(3) 博物馆的目的
相关思路：
a)题干的同义改写再加上观点中立。
b)主体段一博物馆的主要目的是教育。
c)主体段二博物馆的主要目的是娱乐。
d)结尾段重复自己的观点。
Nowadays, museums exist as a public depository for collecting and displaying objects with historical, scientific and artistic value. Some people regard museums as places to educate people with history and should function for imparting information whereas some others assert that museums aim to entertain people. In my opinion, museums can be places that combine both educational and entertainment purposes.
On one hand, people believe that primary goal of museum is to educate people by explaining the historical facts behind various exhibits, since it’s a great place for the publi c to learn remarkable progress in human history. Besides, museums also employ specialists and volunteers to give lectures or organize special events in an interesting manner. Thus, audiences at different ages are able to develop insight of the exhibit that may seem dull to them previously. Such museums like the Metropolitan Museum of New York and the British Museum in London are great examples. In this way, museum plays an important role of educating and enriching people about history and culture.
On the other hand, some people argue that the museum aims at entertaining people because it serves as tourist attraction in many cities around the world. It can be seen over the world that a large number of tourists simply enjoy looking at collections and taking pictures of them. Moreover some museums prefer to focus on enjoyment rather than learning since they assert that visitors may get bored if they merely walk around the showroom by reading and listening to introductory materials. In such cases, the main function of museums is to entertain the public.
Personally, it seems to me that the museum can perform both amusing and educating roles. Because it is necessary for a well-established museum to provide enjoyable as well as educational experience so that people can learn something while having fun at the same time.
3.全球化类
(1) 拯救濒危语言
相关思路：
a)背景知识介绍，同时附上自己的观点。
b)拯救濒临语言浪费金钱，本可以把这些钱用在提高公共设施上。
c)承接上段让步段，表明语言不仅仅是一种语言，更代表着一种生活方式，传统甚至是历史。
d)结尾段重复自己的观点。
It is true that some minority languages may disappear in the near future. Although it can be argued that governments could save money by allowing this to happen, I believe that these languages should be protected and preserved.
There are several reasons why saving minority languages could be seen as a waste of money. Firstly, if a language is only spoken by a small number of people, expensive education programs will be needed to make sure that more people learn it, and the state will have to pay for facilities, teachers and marketing. This money might be better spent on other public services. Secondly, it would be much cheaper and more efficient for countries to have just one language. Governments could cut all kinds of costs related to communicating with each minority group.
Despite the above arguments, I believe that governments should try to preserve languages that are less widely spoken. A language is much more simply a means of communication; it has a vital connection with the cultural identity of the people who speak it. If a language disappears, a whole way of life will disappear with it, and we will lose the rich cultural diversity that makes societies more interesting. By spending money to protect minority languages, governments can also preserve traditions, customs and behaviors that a re part of a country’s history.
In conclusion, it may save money in the short term if we allow minority languages to disappear, but in the long term this would have an extremely negative impact on our cultural heritage.
(2) 廉价航空优劣
相关思路：
a)陈述相关背景知识，并表明作者观点，认为高昂的价格不会解决飞机空气污染的问题。
b)廉价航空的好处，普通人也可以负担得起，交通的便利同时也促进了小企业的繁荣。
c)促进了国家之间的交通，加深了不同文化之间的理解。
d)解决飞机引发的污染的其他解决办法。
e)论述自己的观点。
As the number of airline flights worldwide is growing and expected to skyrocket over the coming decades, aircraft emissions pollute the air to become one of the largest contributors to global warming. However, I believe expensive prices are not likely to solve the problem.
Cheap air flight can be beneficial in many ways. One of them is the opportunities to go overseas. Earlier, only the affluent could afford it, but now it is within the pocket of the ordinary man. Some of the discounted tickets are fairly cheap and flying abroad is no longer a dream for many. Moreover, small businesses have prospered because of the ease of travel.
In addition to this, cheap air flight enables intercultural exchanges between countries. The advent of cheap air fare makes it possible for people the world over to travel regularly, regardless of the purpose of the trip. Therefore, people have the opportunities to learn from different cultures and have a better understanding of countries they used to be unfamiliar with. This, in turn, enhances cultural communications between countries.
Although it is generally accepted that pollutants emitted from engines during flight might warm the earth, there are other ways to resolve it instead of increasing the price. Indeed, many environmentalists and some European lawmakers and government agencies favors constructing jet parking bays closer to runways and using tugs to tow them. They also support that providing sufficient airfield increase, emissions. These solutions are more likely to be accepted rather than increasing ticket price, which means losing business and even the halt of some economic expansion plans.
Personally, I am convinced that cheap air flights exert adverse effects on the environment, but giving people the freedom to travel is also essential. Therefore, it is not proper to increase the price. Other measures are also helpful.
(3) 雇佣男女平等
相关思路：
a）首段陈述背景知识，现代社会中女性地位愈来愈重要，但在官居要职的仍为男性。
b）女性的性格特征以及天赋决定了她发挥的不同领域。
c）女性身居要职带来的弊端。
d）再次阐明自身观点，女性身居要职弊端大于益处。
范文
In this day and age more and more women are playing increasingly essential roles in modern society, it has to be noted that most high-level government jobs are still within men’s grasp. For this reason, some people propose that a certain percentage of such positions should be assigned to women.
From some people’s point of view, the practice may sound reasonable based on the following reasons. First of all, it is beneficial for the women to bring their talents in certain fields into full play. It is widely accepted that women are generally more careful, patient and gifted in certain field like arts compared with their male counterparts and preserving some governmental positions related to such fields for them seems to be a decent idea. Moreover, the move could be regarded as a sigh of equality between men and women, which indicates the women’s value has been realized.
While the above reasons seem sounding, the negative side of the practice should never be overlooked. Firstly, the packed-schedule of a governmental top position is likely to make women become so busy with their job that their family lives are always neglected. The fact that the majority of female top employees in the US government are either single or divorced serves as a convincing example. More importantly, the pract ice also harms certain capable male candidates’ interest and it is likely to make women to be more dependent on such preferential policies.
To sum up, it does bring benefits to the government if more women participate in certain fields of governmental pos itions. Such benefits, nevertheless, are based on the sacrifice of the women’s family lives and the interests of their male counterparts. So I think it is acceptable for the government to encourage women to commit themselves to some high level jobs, but on no account should we reserve them for women purposely.
次重点类
1. 社会类：
(1) 解决贫富差距
(2) 同伴压力好坏
(3) 平衡工作生活
2. 全球化类(1）青年应该礼貌
(2) 游客承担责任
(3) 工作时长影响
3 环境类
(1) 动物当作资源
1.依靠：dependon=relyon 2.导致：leadto=cause=resultin 3.源于：resultfrom=stemfrom 4.使用：use=apply 5.利用：takeadvantageof=makeuseof 6.带来：bring=provide=offer=supply 7.努力做：makemosteffortsto=workhardto=striveto 8.花时间做：spendtime/money/energy/lifeonsth/doingsth 9.专注于：focuson=payattentionto=concentrateto 10.分心/打扰： distractsbfromsth=disturbsb/sth=interruptsb/sth=obsesssbwithsthdistraction=diver sion=disturbance 11.起到作用：servetodo=playarole in doing = have a function to do = make a contribution to (对……做出贡献) 12.目的是：attempt to do = have an intention to do/of = have a purpose to do/of = have an objective to do/of = aim at doing/sth 13.为了：in order to do = for the purpose of doing/sth = with the view of doing/sth 14.有利于：bring benefits to = be benefitial to = bring advantages to 15.有害于：bring harms to = damage sth = ruin sth = undermine sth = be harmful to/for = be detrimental to/for 16.威胁到：endanger sb/sth = risk sb/sth = threaten sb/sth = place sb/sth into the danger/risk/threat 17.影响：have (positive/negative) effects/influence/impacts on sth 18.强调：stress = emphasize 19.忽略：ignore = neglect = overlook 20.联系：connect to/with = communicate with = contact to/with = have an access to = associate with(和……相关) 21.处理：deal with = cope with = handle = tackle 22.避免/预防/远离：keep A from B = prevent A from B = A avoid B = A refrain from B = A be away from B
2017年雅思写作备考手册 雅思写作学科介绍 雅思A类（学术类）写作考试要求考生在60分钟内完成两篇作文（Task1和Task2）。（1）A类（学术类） Task 考试 字数体裁常见题型 时间 数据类：曲线图、柱状图、饼状图、表格及 Task 120分钟150图表类组合图形； 非数据类：流程图、地图。 议论文/ 对某个观点发表支持或反对意见；讨论针锋 Task 240分钟250相对的一组观点；解释某种问题出现的原因并提出 报告 解决的方案。 （2）雅思写作评分标准 A.分数等级
雅思写作的分数与其他科目相同，共包括10个级别，从0分到9分。 B.评分标准 雅思写作的评分标准不像四六级或托福采用整体式的评分，而是分项式评分（analytical scoring）。考官给以下四项分别评等级分： 任务完成情况(Task Achievement for Task 1)/任务回答情况(Task Response for Task 2) 连贯与衔接(coherence and cohesion) 词汇变换(Lexical Resource) 句式多样性和语法准确性(Grammatical Range and Accuracy) 这四方面所占权重相同。 官方公布的最新评分标准，具体如下： Task 1Task 2 Task Achievement Task Response Coherence and Cohesion Coherence and Cohesion Lexical Resource Lexical Resource
Grammatical Range and Accuracy Grammatical Range and Accuracy 2017年雅思写作Task1备考建议： TASK1(图表作文) （1）曲线图 动态图表（C7-2-1） The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in European country between 1979 and 2004. Summaries the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. 首先要识图。曲线图由横轴，纵轴，以及线状数据构成。曲线图有标题，说明图表描述的对象。曲线图的横轴表示时间，纵轴表示数量。且审题时确定主体段时态。 描述方法：按照时间顺序描写曲线图的始点值，终点值，最高点值，最低点值，交叉点值（如果有），对比始点值和终点值，不同的变化趋势，不同的变化幅度，概述整体趋势。 语言方面：要积累“上升”“下降”“平稳” “波动”等变化趋势表达，丰富词汇资源以及增加句式表达的多样性（即多用从句和非谓语动词和插入语等形式）。
积累雅思大作文教育类话题 朗阁雅思考试研究中心 这篇文章主要探讨大学教育学费应该由谁来支付的问题。这个话题其实是模凌两可的，两方面观点都可以展开去说，并不像之前的题目那样有个明显的倾向性。所以，这对于考生来说并不是一个太难的题目，正反两方面内容，分论点，论据都比较充足。 ?学校的责任与重点 ?Some people say university students should pay for their tuition fees. Some other say the government should pay for the tuition fees. What is your opinion? 在回答这个题目的时候，考生需要注意以下几点：1. 不要用现实社会现状来当做理由和论据。可能很多学生会说现在全世界大多数国家的大学学费是需要学生来支付的，这其中必有道理。其实，这个题目的目的就是让考生去表达出自己的想法，然后加以证明即可。2. 不要纠结government. 根据朗阁雅思考试研究中心专家们的经验，很多考生可能都会说到学费可以由大学拉赞助，以奖学金的形式支付给学生。这里考生把重点放到了政府和学生之外的第三方。这种讨论并没有错，只是有一些非常规，不太符合雅思的要求。一般的雅思话题都有两个完全的对立面。如果考生认为应该由第三方来解决的话，那么可以把这一条放在最后的结尾，当成一个建议来说，而不是放到主体段，否则会干扰考生的观点。3. 很多学生会想到很多贫穷的家庭付不起学费这个观点。这个观点看起来似乎合情合理，但其实不然。因为学生负担不起并不代表政府就有义务来支付。如果按照这个逻辑，那很多家庭买不起车，政府难道还要帮每个家庭买车吗？所以，这个论证的关键在于强调教育是基本权利的问题。 Pros: (Government) ?政府有责任和义务来支付学生的学费。教育是学生的基本权利，不应该有人因为金钱问题，支付不起学费而被剥夺接受教育的权利。无论如何，政府最重要的职责都 是带动社会发展与推进。在现今社会，科技逐渐成为一个国家经济，社会发展的重 要推动力。如何能够掌握这些先进科学技术知识就成为了政府职责的重中之重。显 然，培养各个领域的人才是掌握这些科技的重要手段和方法。所以，向大众提供教
在雅思写作的四大评分标准当中，连贯性与衔接性是其中的一项评分标准，连贯性与衔接性其中一方面就是用连接手段（即连接词）来实现的。连接词本身是非常繁琐的知识，在教授连接词时也会遇到很多困难，那么学连接词首先把连接词词性掌握并掌握各词性的用法，学连接词就简便得多。朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，连接词大体可分为四种词性：连词，副词，介词和短语，它们各自的用法又不一样。 连词 如but, and,后接句子，连接并列句时前面逗号可有可无。当然连词也可放句首，这一点在考官范文里有很多体现。 例：In the past, populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished. (并列句中的连词) 段落开始：But how should it be achieved ( 连词放句首) 介词 如before, despite：后接名词或动名词 例：Before talking about the essential role of death penalty, you have to think about the meaning, and the purpose, of any kind of punishment. 副词 副词连接并列句，前面用句号或分号，后面用逗号（当然，如果副词前用句号，那就是另起一句了，不称之为并列句） 例：In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunities for children to stay in their own home up to that age.( 副词另起一句) The crime rate is increasingly high; therefore, the government needs to enforce more laws to curb this situation. ( 副词在并列句中) 短语 如on the contrary, in addition：用法和副词用法完全一样 例：They feel this is one area of life where they have the right to make decisions for themselves. For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be work by persuasion rather than compulsion. The government plays a crucial role in scientific research; on the other hand, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research. ( 短语在并列句中) 掌握连接词的四大词性及用法以后，连接词的教学和运用就容易展开。我们可以参看考官范文，看看各类关系的时候考官如何使用连接词，使文章凸显出来。 因果关系 根据词性及用法可归结于: because / since/ as / for, so (连词), because of/ due to / owing to/ as a result of (介词) for that reason/as a result/ therefore/ accordingly (短语和副词) 例：I think the amount of waste produced is also as a result of our tendency to use sth once and throw it away. （可代替词汇because of/ due to / owing to）
雅思小作文7分万能模板整合 在这一雅思备考阶段，不知道雅思小作文如何观察图表，如何对比构思，尤其是一些涉及数据表达句式，可以借用雅思小作文万能模板进行练习仿写。。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 雅思小作文7分万能模板 1go up and down/ wave/ fluctuate/ beunstable/ be in flexible 起伏不定 2 The first point tonote is the huge increase in the number of 需要注意的第一点就是…的急剧增长 3 The statistics show that这些数据表明 4Form/comprise/make up/constitute/ account for….percent占百分之几 5 This cure graph describes the trendof该曲线图描述了…的 趋势 6 The statistics lead us to theconclusion that由这些数据，我们可以做出如下结论 7 As can be seen from the line graph, 由线状图我们可以看出
8增加：Increase / raise / rise / go up/ soar/ascend/ mount/ climb 9减少：Decrease / grow down / drop / fall/ reduce/descend/ shrink to/decline 10稳定：Remain stable / stabilize / level off/ remainunchanged 雅思小作文7分万能模板 1 It can be seen from the table that 由表格我们可以看出 2 The table shows the changes in thenumber of… over theperiod from…to… 该表格展示了从…到…数据的变化 3 The table provides some data of 该表格提供了有关…的数据 4 As can be seen clearly from thetable, 从表格中我们可以清楚地看出， 5 As can be seen from the table,great changes have taken place in...
6分作文的评分标准 ? addresses all parts of the task although some parts may be more fully covered than others ? presents a relevant position although the conclusions may become unclear or repetitive ? presents relevant main ideas but some may be inadequately developed/unclear ? arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression ?uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical ? may not always use referencing clearly or appropriately; ? uses paragraphing, but not always logically ? uses an adequate range of vocabulary for the task ? attempts to use less common vocabulary but with some inaccuracy ? makes some errors in spelling and/or word formation, but they do not impede communication ? uses a mix of simple and complex sentence forms ? makes some errors in grammar and punctuation but they rarely reduce communication 雅思大作文话题之教育类 Some people think schools should only teach students academic subjects. Others think schools should also teach students how to discriminate between right and wrong. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 3 Some employers think that formal academic qualifications are more important than life experiences and personal qualities when they look for an employee. Why is it the case? Is it a positive or negative development? Schools should concentrate on teaching students the academic subjects that will be useful for their future careers. Subjects such as music and sports are not useful. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 2 Some people think children should obey the rules set by their parents and teachers set, but others think that less control will help children to deal with their future adult life. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 2 Some people think students should go to boarding schools instead of living at home. Do you agree or disagree? 2
雅思大作文常用词汇替换 大家都知道，写雅思作文的时候有个很大的问题就是腹中纵有千言万语，表达出来却都是小学词语。词汇量是拦路虎，但是要克服它却不是一朝一夕的事情。怎么办呢，最高效的办法就是背诵老师们精挑细选出来的常用替换词语了。下面的单词是我们单词系列里的第一部分，针对所有话题的大总结，也是最最常用的。每组里第一个单词是大家最常用的，后面的单词是它的替换词。需要注意的是，每个词的意思还是有小小的区别与常见的搭配，这点也是我给班上的学生讲解的重点，自己备考的同学可以通过查字典和例句来体会这些单词用法的区别。 1.people n. individuals, men, human beings, humanity 2.solve v. resolve, tackle, address, deal with 3.reason n. cause, 4.destroy v. ruin, devastate, harm(伤害), 5.influence, n. effect, impact v. affect 6.dangers n. hazards, perils 7.obvious adj. apparent, evident, manifest 8.good adj. beneficial, positive, meaningful, desirable, 9.bad adj. harmful, negative, baneful 10.famous adj. well-known, prominent, eminent, fame n., reputation n. 11.big adj. huge, vast, enormous, tremendous, immense 12.main adj. major, dominant, predominant, 13.poor adj. deprived, impoverished, poverty n. 14.rich adj. well-off, wealthy, affluent, prosperous +country/economy 15.enough adj. sufficient, adequate, abundant 16. a lot of, a host of, a great deal of +可数/不可数名词 a vast number of +可数 a large amount of + 不可数提示: great, vast, large可以互换位置 17.advantage n. benefit, merit, strong point 18.disadvantage n. drawback, weakness, weak point 19.improve v. enhance, boost, promote, augment, 20.claim v. argue, insist, assert, 21.agree with v. conform to, accord with 22.disagree with v. oppose to, be against 23.ban v. forbid, prohibit prohibition n. 24.obstruct v. hinder, impede obstruction n. obstacle barrier
2020雅思小作文流程图的写作方法 雅思写作考试中的Task1小有三种题型：图表，流程图和地图。考生们备考时多把注意力放在图表题，对后两类题目准备不足甚至无准备，一旦真遇到了流程图和地图，往往束手无策，凭自己的直觉应付写一下，凑够字数交差。流程图和地图题的写作是有一定的方法的，按照方法来写，其实并不难，在本文中，先来探讨流程图作文的写作。 题目给出的是流程图，就是以图示的方法把一个过程或流程清楚地显示了出来，现在要求考生做的是把该流程图还原成说明文。由此可见，我们实际上要做的就是看图作文。而大家都知道，看图作文是我们在小学最初学写作文时的入门做法。照着图来写，省却了要自己想象和构思的过程，这自然比起写议论文的挑战度要低一些。所以，大家应该更有信心去对付流程图作文，毕竟实际上所做的是“看图作文”。 流程图作文是以对流程的描述为主的。全文的安排通常分为两个主要部分：引言段和主体部分。引言段是用来作简介的，介绍该流程图表示了一个什么什么的过程，常用的句型为主语+谓语+宾语模式。然后视情况可以多加一句说整个过程可以分为若干个阶段。引言段只需一段，通常就是这么一二句话。
主体部分是文章的核心部分，主要是说明该流程，所以是说明文式的行文。主体部分可依照整个流程分成几个阶段而大体相应地分为几个自然段。主体部分的写作原则如下： 这是首要前提，理解了流程图表示的是什么以及是怎样的一个过程，才谈得上用文字表达出来。能否看得懂图取决于几方面的因素：词汇量，知识面，生活经验和常识等。考生平时要有心地做一下这些方面的积累和准备。一般来说，流程图是不难看懂的。万一有些什么地方卡住了，也要大胆地合乎逻辑地去猜测，推想，判断，要灵活机敏。 流程图会表示一个过程的流向顺序。因此，不难按照图示的顺序来写。若是分成几个阶段的，就按顺序逐个阶段来描述，通常就相应地分成几个自然段落。 流程图中会提供一些关键的说明性的词，比如步骤或环节的名称，怎样做，添加什么原料，去掉什么，输送到哪儿等等。我们就可以直接利用这些关键词写成句子，方法有两类，依照图的情况而分别采用之。如果流程图比较简短，用扩展的办法，就是以一个关键词为核心词，扩展成一个甚至两个句子，以达到字数的要求。反之，若图比较长而复杂，就采用串的办法，一句话把两个甚至三个步骤串起来，这样可以把较长的过程压缩得短一些来描述。无论用
Currently there is a growing tendency for many a student who has pleasant associations with studying via internet. Others, however, live under the traditional ideas that studying at school enjoys obvious merits. This assay will analyze the boons from both side and put forward my point of view. It is commonly acknowledged that the reasons why computers and internet keep a favorable position in education are divergent. Firstly, it can be an enormously convenient way of study. Students are able to acquire what they want only by slipping the mouse. Also the information online is abundance. Consequently, study efficiency can be enhanced. What’s more, studying at home can also alleviate the pressure of congestion. Provided that fewer student are driven to school, the extent to which the traffic is heavy will be decreased.. Inevitably, on the other hand, there are others who strongly advocate that schooling enjoys many merits. Firstly, it contributes to cultivate students the cense of obeying rules. There are diverse rules in schools which help develop them good merits including respecting teachers. More broadly, teachers can arose students’ interest in terms of what they’re leaving and fosters them self-teaching capacity, therefore, they can be lifelong learners. Last but not least, adolescents are able to master some practical
Make sense 合理In today’s media, some reports simply do not make any sense. Interestingly, people just keep listening to or reading them. Make up for 弥补To the master, no amount of money can make up for the death of a pet. Opt for sth./ opt to do sth. 选择（去做某事）Due to the stiff competition at work, an increasing number of people have opted for early retirement. Participate in 参与Parents should encourage their children to participate in group discussions as that will make children more co-operative individuals. Refrain from 克制（不去做某事）It would be difficult for children to refrain from playing a video game once they get addicted to it. Differ from 与…不同This product differs from other products in cost and performance.
作文范文之雅思小作文table
雅思小作文table 【篇一：雅思小作文表格图实例分析】 雅思小作文表格图实例分析 朗阁海外考试研究中心 表格图是雅思小作文的常考图形之一，也是烤鸭们在备考时必须要准备的一类题型。那么烤鸭们具体应该如何准备表格图呢？下面，朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家将以一道具体的实例，就这一题型的解题思路和步骤做出详尽的分析和解答。 the table below shows personal savings as a percentage of personal income for selected countries in 1989, 1999 and 2009. personal savings as a percentage of personal income 一、审题，决定大体写作方式 首先，读题目，了解到这幅表格图是关于“几个国家的人民个人收入中存款的百分比”以及三个时间点（据此，正文部分描述存款率是时态基调为过去时）。表格上方的title和题目表述一样，没有额外信息，因此，读一遍即可。 然后，审具体表格，决定大致写作方向和方式，即分段方式。表格的审图需要注意以下几个方面：横轴，纵轴和总体数据特征。此图中的横纵轴分别是时间和7个研究对象——7个国 家。横纵轴中间有一栏为时间，那说明，此图原则上应该按曲线图原理来写——即，描述7个国家存款率上升或下降趋势；但是，经过下一步对表格中数据总体特征的总结发现：7个国家的存款率在这一段时间内总体呈现下降趋势。这一发现说明，如果继续按照曲线图原理描述，文章会非常单调，而且对比的空间也不大；相反，同一年份里，
雅思大作文思路：教育类范本今天三立在线教育雅思网为大家带来的是雅思大作文思路：教育类范本的相关资讯，备考的烤鸭们，赶紧来看看吧！ 教育 1.教育应该包括哪些内容? 母题：It is generally believed that education is of vital importance to the development of individuals and the well-being of societies. What should education consist of to fulfil both these functions? (050312) 提示：本题围绕教育的两大功能来展开(个人与社会)，准备好这篇文章，即可应付教育类话题中的最大分支—教育的功能，做到以不变应万变。对于社会角度，可以从促进经济发展、增加社会流动性(social mobility)、维护社会稳定这几个方面来展开，对于个人，可以写改变思维模式、有利于就业和便利生活来写。 子题：大学应当教授理论知识还是实践技能?大学的是应当把学生培养成合格的公民还是让他们自己得益?准备未来职业最好的方法是上大学还是尽快离校积累工作经验?大学要不要扩招?中学阶段应当提供通才教育还是专才教育?要不要延长义务教育年限?要不要让农村地区的学生更容易上学?老师要教学生如何判断是非吗? 2.学校的科目谁来选择? 母题：Some people think that the government should decide which subjects students should study at the university, while others think that students should be allowed to apply for the subject they prefer. Discuss the two views and give your opinion. (060916)
雅思小作文7分万能模板汇总 在这一雅思备考阶段，不知道雅思小作文如何观察图表，如何对比构思，尤其是一些涉及数据表达句式，可以借用雅思小作文万能模板进行练习仿写。。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 雅思小作文7分万能模板 1. as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in thediagram/graph/chart/table... 如图所示... 2. according to the chart/figures... 根据这些表(数字)... 3. as is shown in the table... 如表格所示... 4. as can be seen from the diagram, greatchanges have taken place in... 从图中可以看出，...发生了巨大变化。 5. from the table/chart/diagram/figure, we cansee clearly that...or it is clear/apparent from the chart that... 从图表我们可以很清楚(明显)看到... 6. this is a graph which illustrates...
这个图表向我们展示了... 7. this table shows the changing proportion of a b from...to... 该表格描述了...年到...年间a与b的比例关系。 8. the graph, presented in a pie chart, showsthe general trend in... 该图以圆形图形式描述了...总的趋势。 9. this is a column chart showing... 这是个柱型图，描述了... 10. as can be seen from the graph, the two curvesshow the fluctuation of... 雅思小作文7分万能模板 1. there is not a great deal of differencebetween...and... ...与...的区别不大。 2. the graphs show a threefold increase in thenumber of... 该图表表明...的数目增长了三倍。 3. ..decreased year by year while...increasedsteadily. ...逐年减少，而...逐步上升。 4. the situation reached a peak(a high point at) of [%].
雅思写作Task2范文：去国外留学的利弊去国外留学有利有弊，你怎么看呢？如果让你据此写一篇观点文章，该如何写？请看本文。认真研读一定的雅思范文及作文模板可以帮助我们检验自己的写作水平，并能很好地吸收和应用优秀范文里的优秀内容。 Going overseas for university study is an exciting prospect for many people. But while it may offer some advantages, it is probably better to stay home because of the difficulties a student inevitably encounters living and studying in a different culture. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Model Answer: There is no doubt that going to study in a foreign country, with its different language and culture, can be a frustrating and sometimes painful experience. But while overseas study has its drawbacks, the difficulties are far outweighed by the advantages. Indeed, people who go abroad for study open themselves up to experiences that those who stay at home will never have.
G类雅思小作文备考攻略 G类雅思考试是培训类，如果到英语国家完成中学学习、参加非学术培训、工作或移民，则要选择培训类。G类分为两部分考试，即小作文与大作文，小作文是书信写作，大作文是一篇更偏向于社会性问题的议论文写作。本文主要为大家带来的是G类雅思小作文备考攻略，对于书信写作把握不好的考生可参考学习。 G 类雅思写作介绍 G 类雅思写作包含一篇小作文与一篇大作文，在小作文中，题目包括对一个问题或事件的描述，以及对考生需完成的任务的三点要求。考生要根据题目中的问题或者事件写一封私人信件，形式可为非正式、半正式或正式。文章字数不能少于150字，时间20分钟为宜。 依据题目，考生需要提供以下几个信息，即咨询和/或提供一般性的事实性信息;表达需求、要求、喜恶等;表达看法或投诉;提出要求、建议等。具体而言，考生可能会写信给大学住宿管理人员，说明住宿方面的问题;或是写信给一个新加入的员工，说明其在时间安排方面的问题;或是写信给一家本地报纸，涉及在本地建设飞机场的内容;或是写信给一间租赁公司，要求解决住房的供暖系统问题等等。 考官将从以下方面对作文进行评分：即是否完成了写作要求：考生能否清晰地表达此信的写作目的、能否完整并得当地完成了题目中的三点要求;连贯性和结构层次：考生能否有效组织信息和要点、信息和要点之间的联系是否清晰;词汇来源：考生使用的词汇是否广泛、准确、且适合这一部分写作的要求;语法的多样性和准确性：考生使用的语法结构是否多样、准确、且适合这一部分写作的要求。点击查看详情 既然小作文是一封书信的写作，考生就要遵循书信的写作格式，这样才能写得标准，正确。一般采用平头式的写法，也就是说收信人的姓名和地址置于信纸的左上方，地址、称呼和结束礼词后没有标点符号，日期在右上方。另外，段落从定格开始，段落之间的行距为两行。写信人的名字和
Education题目 1. Some people think university education should prepare students for e mployment while others think it should help students acquire theoretical knowledge. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 一些人认为大学教育应该帮助学生为就业做准备，而另一些人则认为大学教育应该帮助学生获取理论知识。讨论这两种观点并给出你自己的观点。（目的） 2. Students from rural areas often find it hard to access university educat ion. Some people think universities should make it easy for them to stud y at. To what extent do you agree or disagree. 农村地区的学生往往难以获得大学教育的机会。一些人认为大学应该让这些学生更容易适应大学学习。多大程度上你同意或者不同意这种说法。（难） 3. Students at schools and universities learn more from lessons with teac hers than from other sources （ such as the Internet or television）. To what extent do you agree or di sagree. 相比其他途径（比如网络和电视），在学校或大学的学生们会从教师的课程中学到更多东西。多大程度上你同意或者不同意这种观点。（途径） 4. Some people believe that students should take a wide range of course s.However, others believe that students should focus on the subject that they are good at or they are interested in. Discuss both views and give yo ur own opinion. 一些人认为学生应该广泛的学习各种不同的课程。可