Journal of Materials Processing Technology 141(2003)
329–336
High speed grinding of silicon nitride with resin bond diamond wheels
Han Huang a ,Ling Yin a ,Libo Zhou b ,?
a
Gintic Institute of Manufacturing Technology,71Nanyang Drive,Singapore 638075,Singapore
b
Department of System Engineering,Ibaraki University,Nakanarusawsa 4-12-1,Hitachi-Shi 316-8511,Japan
Received 5November 2001;received in revised form 14January 2003;accepted 10February 2003
Abstract
This paper reports on the high speed grinding performance of silicon nitride using resin bond diamond wheels.The investigation focuses on the effect of wheel speeds on material removal mechanisms and ground surface quality.With a wheel of grit size 160?m,the effect of wheel speed on the ground surface quality was insigni?cant because brittle fracture was prevalent during grinding.When using a wheel of grit size 20?m,the ground surfaces exhibited predominantly ductile ?ow and were signi?cantly in?uenced by wheel speed.The maximum chip thickness was used to interpret the associated material removal mechanisms.It was also found that the spindle vibration caused by high wheel speeds could limit the improvement of surface quality.?2003Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.
Keywords:High speed grinding;Silicon nitride;Maximum chip thickness;Removal mechanism
1.Introduction
Silicon nitride is progressively being used to replace met-als and alloys in industrial applications,such as bearings,pump seals and engine blades due to its high strength and toughness at ambient and elevated temperatures and its good wear and corrosion resistance.However,processing dif?-culties and high costs [1–3]associated with machining high quality surfaces have been the major barrier to its wider use.In order to achieve the required roughness,shape and sub-surface damage level,?nal grinding should be conducted in a “ductile”mode.
Previous studies (e.g.[4])have indicated that high speed grinding could be an economic strategy for achieving “ductile”mode grinding.Theoretically,an increase in wheel speed results in a reduction in maximum chip thickness and hence grinding force [5],which should promote duc-tile ?ow by reducing the tendency for brittle fracture.As a result,great efforts have been made in the high speed grind-ing of advanced ceramics [6–9].Unfortunately,high wheel speeds will introduce other factors,such as vibration and wheel wear [7],into the process,which may signi?cantly in?uence the material removal mechanism and grinding quality.Thus,investigations on the effects of these factors on grinding performance at high wheel speeds are needed.
?
Corresponding author.Tel./fax:+81-294-38-5217.E-mail address:lbzhou@dse.ibaraki.ac.jp (L.Zhou).
This paper reports on the study of the high speed grind-ing performance of silicon nitride and the material removal mechanisms when using resin bond diamond wheels.The effects of wheel speed and other grinding parameters on sur-face quality are investigated.The material removal mech-anisms associated with two resin bond diamond wheels of different grit sizes are revealed.In addition,the effect of vi-bration caused by the unbalanced wheel at high speeds on surface quality is discussed.
2.Experimental details 2.1.Specimens
The work material was silicon nitride (Tungaloy,Sin-gapore).Its mechanical properties at ambient temperature are listed in Table 1.The specimens have dimensions of 40mm ×4mm ×3mm.2.2.Grinding experiments
Grinding experiments were conducted on an Okamoto high speed grinder (ACC-63DXNC),as illustrated in Fig.1.The spindle is capable of running up to 20,000rpm.The power of the spindle drive motor is 11/15kW.
Resin bond diamond wheels of grit sizes of about 160and 20?m were used.The wheels have a diameter of 200mm and a width of 6mm.Before grinding,the wheels were
0924-0136/$–see front matter ?2003Elsevier Science B.V .All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00284-X
330H.Huang et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 141(2003)329–336
Nomenclature a e wheel depth of cut
C density of active cutting points d s wheel diameter E elastic modulus
h c critical undeformed chip thickness h m maximum undeformed chip thickness H hardness
T fracture toughness v s wheel speed
v w
workpiece feed rate
Greek letters βconstant related to the wheel topography θsemi-included angle for the undeformed
chip cross-section
balanced at 40m/s using a dynamic balancing instrument (Sigma SB-7001).After balancing,the wheels were trued using a vitri?ed silicon carbide wheel (GC80M7V)with a diameter of 75mm.The truing depths applied were 10?m for the 160?m grit size wheel and 2?m for the 20?m grit size wheel,and the transverse feed rate was 200mm/min.The rotation speeds for grinding and truing wheels were 1240and 960rpm,respectively.During the truing process,grinding coolant was sprayed into the contact zone between the diamond wheel and
the truing wheel.A displacement sensor was used to measure in-line the pro?le of the diamond wheel.After truing,the wheel was dressed using a white
Table 1
The properties of Si 3N 4Material Density (g/cm 3)Elastic modulus (GPa)Micro-hardness (GPa)Fracture toughness (MPa m 1/2)Si 3N 4
3.2
290
17.5
5.5
Fig.1.High speed grinder for machining engineering ceramics.
Table 2
Parameters used in grinding of Si 3N 4Wheel depth of cut (?m)Feed rate (mm/min)Wheel speed (m/s)Grit size of 160?m 40
20040,80,120,16050040,80,120,160100040,80,120,16010500
40,80,120,1604040,80,120,160100
40,80,120,160Grit size of 20?m 0.5200
40,80,120,160140,80,120,1602
40,80,120,160
alumina stick (Grade L)with a mesh size of 400for about 20s under the normal grinding speed with coolant.
Surface grinding was employed in a down grinding mode.Various wheel speeds,wheel depths of cut and feed rates were used to study their in?uences on the grinding per-formance.Detailed grinding conditions used are listed in Table 2.A 2%solution of a soluble water-based Mobil Met 265HSG Coolant (Mobil Met)was applied to the grinding zone at a ?ow rate of 25l/min (with the ?ow speed of about 1.76ml/mm 2s).The wheels were re-dressed at the begin-ning of each grinding test.
2.3.Force measurement and ground sample evaluation Under each set of conditions the grinding process was re-peated three times to obtain an average value of grinding
H.Huang et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 141(2003)329–336331
force.Grinding forces were measured using a piezoelectric dynamometer (Kistler 9257B)and were recorded into a per-sonal computer via a data acquisition system.The rough-ness of ground samples was measured using a pro?lometer (Taylor Hobson)perpendicular to the grinding direction.For each grinding test,three measurements were taken at differ-ent locations.For both force and roughness the mean values and standard deviations were calculated.The ground sur-faces were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).3.Results 3.1.Grinding force
It is shown in both Figs.2and 3that the normal grind-ing force decreased with the increasing wheel speed,as ex-pected.An increase in the wheel speed resulted in a
smaller
Fig.2.Normal grinding force as a function of wheel speed for various depths of cut (feed rate 500
mm/min).
Fig.3.Normal grinding force as a function of wheel speed for various feed rates (depth of cut 40?m).undeformed chip thickness,and thus a smaller grinding force.In Fig.2it is seen that an increase in the depth of cut led to a larger grinding force.The effect of wheel speed on the normal grinding force was more signi?cant when a larger depth of cut was used.The in?uence of feed rate and wheel speed on the normal grinding force is plotted in Fig.3.With an increase in the feed rate from 200to 1000mm/min,the normal grinding force increased more than two times.When the largest feed rate 1000mm/min was used,the nor-mal grinding force decreased more signi?cantly with the in-creasing wheel speed.It was impossible to measure the tan-gential force as it was mixed with the noise signals and was signi?cantly small compared with the normal force.3.2.Surface roughness
The effects of grinding conditions on surface roughness are shown in Figs.4and 5.As expected,the surface rough-ness was improved when the wheel depth of cut was reduced,as can be seen in Fig.4.However,the increase in grinding speed had little in?uence on the surface roughness,although the grinding force was decreased (see Figs.2and 3).The effect of the feed rate on the surface roughness is shown in Fig.5.A reduction in feed rate from 1000to 500mm/min resulted in a large improvement on the surface roughness.However,little improvement was achieved when varying the feed rate from 500to 200mm/min.3.3.Ground surface characterisation
SEM micrographs of ground surfaces with the 160?m grit size wheel are shown in Figs.6and 7.In Fig.6,it is dif?cult to observe a signi?cant quality improvement on the ground surfaces due to the increase in the wheel speed.This implies that brittle fracture could be the dominant removal mode with the 160?m grit size wheel.
Comparison of ground surfaces using a depth of cut of 10?m (Fig.6b and d)and surfaces ground using a
depth
Fig.4.Surface roughness as a function of wheel speed for various depths of cut (feed rate 500mm/min).
332H.Huang et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 141(2003)
329–336
Fig.5.Surface roughness as a function of wheel speed for various feed rates (depth of cut 40?
m).
Fig.6.Ground surfaces at various wheel speeds (depth of cut 10?m,feed rate 500mm/min).Arrows point at four areas:(1)ploughing area,(2)fractured area,(3)smeared area and (4)debris covered area.
of cut of 40?m (Fig.7b and d)shows that there exists little change in the fractured area.However,surfaces ground using the smaller feed rate are smoother than those using the higher feed rate,as seen in Fig.7.Scratching or ploughing grooves are visible on the ground surfaces with both lower and higher feed rates.
From SEM micrographs,it is found that the ground sur-faces usually consist of grooves produced by “ploughing”and pits or pores generated by brittle fracture.Under detailed examination,four types of areas on the ground surfaces were observed:(1)ploughing area,(2)fractured area,(3)smeared area and (4)debris covered area.This is in agreement with the ?ndings in the work of Jahanmir et al.[10].
4.Discussion
4.1.Effect of h m on grinding force and surface roughness It is known that in high speed grinding the increased wheel speed can substantially reduce the maximum undeformed
H.Huang et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology141(2003)329–336
333
Fig.7.Effect of feed rate on ground surfaces(depth of cut40?m). chip thickness,h m,which results in a smaller grinding force.
The value of h m is determined by the following equation
[7]:
h m=
3
C tanθ
0.5
v w
v s
0.5
a e
d s
0.25
(1)
where C is the density of active cutting points,θthe
semi-included angle for the undeformed chip cross-section,
d s th
e wheel diameter,v w the workpiece feed rate,v s the
wheel speed and a e the wheel depth of cut.
The normal grinding forces in Figs.2and3are replotted
in Fig.8as a function of h m calculated using Eq.(1)with C=20andθ=60?for the160?m grit wheel.It is seen that the scattered data in Figs.2and3lie on one common
curve in Fig.8,indicating that the maximum undeformed
chip thickness substantially in?uences the grinding force and
may play an important role in material removal mechanism
of Si3N4.
When plotting surface roughness(in Figs.4and5)as a
function of h m in Fig.9,the data seems to be concentrated
into two groups.It is known that in a brittle mode grinding
process,roughness of the ground surface is not signi?cantly
in?uenced by the h m.However,if h m surpasses a critical value,the fracture will change to a mode at a larger scale,for instance,from micro-fracture to large grain dislodgement. As a result,the surface roughness value jumps to a higher
level.
Fig.8.Speci?c normal grinding force as a function of h m.
334H.Huang et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology141(2003)
329–336
Fig.9.Surface roughness as a function of h m.
4.2.Effect of h m on material removal mechanism Previous studies(e.g.[11,12])have indicated that in the machining of brittle materials a“ductile”mode material re-moval could be achieved when the speci?c material removal volume is suf?ciently small.The critical undeformed chip thickness for“ductile”grinding,h c,is estimated by[11]
h c=β
E
H
T
H
2
(2)
whereβis a constant related to the wheel topography,E the
elastic modulus,H the hardness and T the fracture toughness.
Therefore,it was assumed that in the grinding of Si3N4,
when h m is smaller than h c,“ductile”mode material re-
moval should be achieved.In order to examine the effect
of wheel speed on the material removal mechanism and the
brittle–ductile transition,a set of grinding tests was designed
for the160?m grit size wheel.In the experiment,a constant
feed rate of500mm/min and depth of cut of10?m were
used and the wheel speeds were varied in order to achieve
a h m just below and above h c.The value of h c was cal-
culated using Eq.(2)and is equal to0.25?m when taking β=0.15in this case.The values of h m were0.36,0.25, 0.21and0.18?m,corresponding to the speeds of40,80,
120and160m/s.Unfortunately,the ground surfaces still
exhibit characteristics of layers formed mainly via brittle
fracture,as can be seen in Fig.6.It was not possible to
achieve a smooth surface dominated by“ductile”material
removal even though the depth of cut was further lowered
to the limit of the machine’s capacity.A possible reason is
that for the160?m grit size wheel the protrusion heights
of diamond abrasive grains are widely distributed(com-
pared with h c),approximately varying from20to80?m.
Thus,the actual value of h m for some active cutting points
could be much larger than h c.In addition,the elevated vi-
bration at higher speeds may also contribute to the deteri-
oration of surface quality.Detailed discussion on the
effect Fig.10.Surface roughness of the ground surfaces with the20?m grit size diamond wheel and a feed rate200mm/min.Empty marks:data obtained from experiments balanced at40m/s.Solid marks:data obtained from experiments balanced at the respective grinding speeds.
of vibration on surface quality will be addressed in the next section.
To solve the problem caused by the large protrusion height distribution,a wheel with a smaller grit size of20?m was used.During grinding,wheel depths of cut of0.5,1and 2?m were applied with a constant feed rate of200mm/min. Under these conditions the undeformed chip thickness was varied from0.013to0.032?m,much smaller than the the-oretically calculated h c(0.25?m).The surface roughness obtained using this?ne grit wheel is shown in Fig.10.It is apparent that the roughness values are substantially reduced compared with those obtained using the coarse grit wheel. For the surface ground using a depth of cut of1or0.5?m and a speed of80m/s,its roughness value reaches about https://www.doczj.com/doc/be17831151.html,parison of the detailed surface textures formed using the two different wheels in Fig.11indicates that dif-ferent removal mechanisms were prevailing during grinding. Apparently,brittle fracture is more dominant in the grinding of the specimen shown in Fig.11a and ductile?ow is preva-lent in the case shown in Fig.11b.AFM images in Figs.12 and13also show that the ground surfaces appear to be gen-erated via“ductile”mode material removal.It is worthy to point out that even with the?ne grit wheel defects,such as pores,caused by brittle fracture could still be observed. 4.3.Effect of vibration on the surface roughness
In Fig.10,it is seen that when the depth of cut is below 2?m,a substantial improvement in the surface roughness is obtained.It is also found that roughness value is slightly decreased with increasing wheel speed when the wheel speed is below or equal to80m/s for all the depths of cut used (whose data are represented using empty marks in Fig.10). Further increasing the wheel speed leads to a signi?cantly worsened surface(R a increases from about20to130nm).
H.Huang et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology141(2003)329–336335
Fig.11.SEM micrograph:(a)magni?ed from Fig.6b and(b)of the surface ground using the?ne grit wheel(depth of cut1?m,wheel speed80m/s).
Fig.12.AFM image of ground surface with the20?m grit size wheel(feed rate200mm/min,depth of cut1?m,wheel speed80m/s).
Fig.13.AFM image of the ground surface with the20?m grit size wheel(feed rate200mm/min,depth of cut1?m,wheel speed160m/s).
336H.Huang et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology141(2003)
329–336
Fig.14.Spindle vibration at various wheel speeds.
AFM examinations(in Figs.12and13)con?rm the result. This is attributed to the in?uence of vibration caused by the high wheel speed as the wheel was only balanced at the low-est speed of40m/s.To clarify the explanation,the vibration amplitude was measured at the top of the wheel spindle.It is shown in Fig.14that the wheel balanced at40m/s has relatively low vibration amplitudes at the balanced point and at the wheel speed of80m/s.However,the vibration ampli-tude is tripled at120m/s and is almost10times higher at 160m/s.The increased vibration level at higher speeds lim-its the improvement of surface quality.The effect of wheel imbalance on the surface roughness clearly becomes more in?uential at higher speeds.
To attenuate the vibration at higher wheel speeds,the wheel was balanced at the respective grinding speeds in our later experiments.The surface roughness values obtained are plotted in Fig.10(solid marks)in comparison with the pre-vious results(empty marks).It is seen that the surface rough-ness value is decreased with the increasing wheel speed, indicating that the application of high speed does improve the surface quality.The lowest value achieved is13nm,im-proved compared with the21nm from previous experiments.
5.Concluding remarks
This study reveals that the ground surface quality was not improved with an increase in the wheel speed when grinding in a region where material removal was dominated by brit-tle fracture.Increased wheel speed resulted in an improve-ment in ground surface quality when grinding was conducted within the region where ductile?ow was prevalent.
It is dif?cult to observe the brittle–ductile mode transition during a grinding process when h m is around h c because the actual chip thickness is in?uenced by many factors,such as uneven protrusion height distribution of abrasives,posi-tioning accuracy and vibration caused by the wheel imbal-ance,etc.Ductile?ow dominant grinding is much easier to achieve when h m is much smaller than h c with the?ne grit size wheel.
Vibration caused by wheel imbalance at higher speeds can limit the improvement and signi?cantly worsen the surface quality.To explore the full potential of high speed grinding technology,the wheel has to be balanced at the same speed as used in the grinding process.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Mr.Tan Nghia,Ms.Liu Yuchan, Teo Puaik Luan and Ng Fern Lan for their experimental support and analysis assistance.
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每当人们不尊重我们时，我们总被深深激怒。然而在内心深处，没有一个人十分尊重自己。———马克·吐温 忍辱偷生的人，绝不会受人尊重。———高乃依 敬人者，人恒敬之。———《孟子》 人必自敬，然后人敬之；人必自侮，然后人侮之。———扬雄 不知自爱反是自害。———郑善夫 仁者必敬人。———《荀子》 君子贵人而贱己，先人而后己。———《礼记》 尊严是人类灵魂中不可糟蹋的东西。———古斯曼 对一个人的尊重要达到他所希望的程度，那是困难的。———沃夫格纳 经典素材 1元和200元 （尊重劳动成果） 香港大富豪李嘉诚在下车时不慎将一元钱掉入车下，随即屈身去拾，旁边一服务生看到了，上前帮他拾起了一元钱。李嘉诚收起一元钱后，给了服务生200元酬金。 这里面其实包含了钱以外的价值观念。李嘉诚虽然巨富，但生活俭朴，从不挥霍浪费。他深知亿万资产，都是一元一元挣来的。钱币在他眼中已抽象为一种劳动，而劳动已成为他最重要的生存方式，他的所有财富，都是靠每天20小时以上的劳动堆积起来的。200元酬金，实际上是对劳动的尊重和报答，是不能用金钱衡量的。 富兰克林借书解怨 （尊重别人赢得朋友）
感官动词和使役动词 默认分类2010-05-28 23:14:26 阅读46 评论0 字号：大中小订阅 使役动词，比如let make have就是3个比较重要的 have sb to do 没有这个用法的 只有have sb doing.听凭某人做某事 have sb do 让某人做某事 have sth done 让某事被完成（就是让别人做） 另外： 使役动词 1.使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要有make(使,令), let(让), help(帮助), have(叫)等。 2.使役动词后接受词,再接原形不定词作受词补语。 He made me laugh. 他使我发笑。 I let him go. 我让他走开。 I helped him repair the car. 我帮他修理汽车。 Please have him come here. 请叫他到这里来。 3.使役动词还可以接过去分词作受词补语。 I have my hair cut every month. 我每个月理发。 4.使役动词的被动语态的受词补语用不定词,不用原形不定词。 (主)He made me laugh. 他使我笑了。 (被)I was made to laugh by him. 我被他逗笑了。 使役动词有以下用法： a. have somebody do sth让某人去做某事 ??i had him arrange for a car. b. have somebody doing sth.让某人持续做某事。 ??he had us laughing all through lunch. 注意：用于否定名时，表示“允许” i won't have you running around in the house. 我不允许你在家里到处乱跑。 ******** 小议“使役动词”的用法 1. have sb do 让某人干某事 e.g:What would you have me do? have sb/sth doing 让某人或某事处于某种状态，听任 e.g: I won't have women working in our company. The two cheats had the light burning all night long. have sth done 让别人干某事，遭受到 e.g:you 'd better have your teeth pulled out. He had his pocket picked. notes: "done"这个动作不是主语发出来的。 2.make sb do sth 让某人干某事 e.g:They made me repeat the story. What makes the grass grow?
感官动词 1.see, hear, listen to, watch, notice等词，后接宾语，再接省略to的动词不定式或ing形式。前者表全过程，后者表正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。 注释:省略to的动词不定式--to do是动词不定式，省略了to,剩下do，其形式和动词原形是一样的，但说法不同。 see sb do sth 看到某人做了某事 see sb doing sth 看到某人在做某事 hear sb do sth 听到某人做了某事 hear sb doing sth 听到某人在做某事 以此类推... I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡时有人正敲门,强调当时正在敲门) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听到有人敲门的全过程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (此处有频率词often) （了解）若以上词用于被动语态，须将省略的to还原： see sb do sth----sb be seen to do sth hear sb do sth----sb be seen to do sth 以此类推... We saw him go into the restaurant. → He was seen to go into the restaurant. I hear the boy cry every day. → The boy is heard to cry every day. 2.感官动词look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词，后接形容词。 He looks angry. His explanation sounds reasonable. The cakes smell nice.
英语中感官动词的用法 一、感官动词 1、感官动词(及物动词)有：see/notice/look at/watch/observe/listen to/hear/feel(Vt)/taste(Vt)/smell(Vt) 2、连缀动词(含感官不及物动词) be/get/become/feel/look/sound/smell/taste/keep/stay/seem/ appear/grow/turn/prove/remain/go/run 二、具体用法： 1、see, hear, smell, taste, feel,这五个动词均可作连系动词，后面接形容词作表语，说明主语所处的状态。其意思分别为"看/听/闻/尝/摸起来……"。除look之外，其它几个动词的主语往往是物，而不是人。 例如：These flowers smell very sweet.这些花闻起来很香。 The tomatoes feel very soft.这些西红柿摸起来很软。 2、这些动词后面也可接介词like短语，like后面常用名词。 例如：Her idea sounds like fun.她的主意听起来很有趣。 3、这五个感官动词也可作实义动词,除look(当"看起来……"讲时)只能作不及物动词外,其余四个既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词,此时作为实义动词讲时其主语一般为人。 例如:She smelt the meat.她闻了闻那块肉。 I felt in my pocket for cigarettes.我用手在口袋里摸香烟。 4、taste, smell作不及物动词时,可用于"t aste / smell + of +名词"结构,意为"有……味道/气味"。 例如:The air in the room smells of earth.房间里的空气有股泥土味。 5、它们(sound除外)可以直接作名词,与have或take构成短语。 例如：May I have a taste of the mooncakes?我可以尝一口这月饼吗？taste有品位、味道的意思。 例如：I don’t like the taste of the garlic.我不喜欢大蒜的味道。 She dresses in poor taste.她穿着没有品位。 look有外观，特色的意思，例：The place has a European look.此地具有欧洲特色。 feel有感觉，感受的意思，watch有手表，观察的意思。例：My watch is expensive.我的手表很贵。 6、其中look, sound, feel还能构成"look / sound / feel + as if +从句"结构，意为"看起来/听起来/感觉好像……"。 例如：It looks as if our class is going to win.看来我们班好像要获胜了。 7、感官动词+do与+doing的区别： see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"
1.感官动词用法之一：see, hear, listen to, watch, notice等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形或ing形式。前者表全过程，后者表正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。 I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡时有人正敲门) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听的是全过程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school.(此处有频率词often) 若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式： We saw him go into the restaurant. →He was seen to go into the restaurant. I hear the boy cry every day. →The boy is heard to cry every day. 2.感官动词用法之二：look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词，后接形容词： He looks angry. It sounds good. The flowers smell beautiful. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired. They all looked tired. 这些动词都不用于被动语态。如：The sweets are tasted sweet.是个病句。注意：如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：
谈如何尊重人尊重他人，我们赢得友谊；尊重他人，我们收获真诚；尊重他人，我们自己也 获得尊重；相互尊重，我们的社会才会更加和谐. ——题记 尊重是对他人的肯定，是对对方的友好与宽容。它是友谊的润滑剂，它是和谐的调节器， 它是我们须臾不可脱离的清新空气。“主席敬酒，岂敢岂敢？”“尊老敬贤，应该应该！”共和 国领袖对自己老师虚怀若谷，这是尊重；面对许光平女士，共和国总理大方的叫了一 声“婶婶”，这种和蔼可亲也是尊重。 尊重不仅会让人心情愉悦呼吸平顺，还可以改变陌生或尖锐的关系，廉颇和蔺相如便是 如此。将相和故事千古流芳:廉颇对蔺相如不满，处处使难，但蔺相如心怀大局，对廉颇相 当的尊重，最后也赢得了廉颇的真诚心，两人结为好友，共辅赵王，令强秦拿赵国一点办法 也没有。蔺相如与廉颇的互相尊重，令得将相和的故事千百年令无数后人膜拜。 现在，给大家举几个例子。在美国，一个颇有名望的富商在散步 时，遇到一个瘦弱的摆地摊卖旧书的年轻人，他缩着身子在寒风中啃着发霉的面包。富 商怜悯地将8美元塞到年轻人手中，头也不回地走了。没走多远，富商忽又返回，从地摊上 捡了两本旧书，并说：“对不起，我忘了取书。其实，您和我一样也是商人！”两年后，富商 应邀参加一个慈善募捐会时，一位年轻书商紧握着他的手，感激地说：“我一直以为我这一生 只有摆摊乞讨的命运，直到你亲口对我说，我和你一样都是商人，这才使我树立了自尊和自 信，从而创造了今天的业绩??”不难想像，没有那一 句尊重鼓励的话，这位富商当初即使给年轻人再多钱，年轻人也断不会出现人生的巨变， 这就是尊重的力量啊 可见尊重的量是多吗大。大家是不是觉得一个故事不精彩，不够明确尊重的力量，那再 来看下一个故事吧！ 一家国际知名的大企业，在中国进行招聘，招聘的职位是该公司在中国的首席代表。经 过了异常激烈的竞争后，有五名年轻人，从几千名应聘者中脱颖而出。最后的胜出者，将是 这五个人中的一位。最后的考试是一场面试，考官们都 作文话题素材之为人处世篇：尊重 思路 人与人之间只有互相尊重才能友好相处 要让别人尊重自己，首先自己得尊重自己 尊重能减少人与人之间的摩擦 尊重需要理解和宽容 尊重也应坚持原则 尊重能促进社会成员之间的沟通 尊重别人的劳动成果 尊重能巩固友谊 尊重会使合作更愉快 和谐的社会需要彼此间的尊重 名言 施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺 术，也是仁爱的情操。———刘墉 卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。———徐特立 知道他自己尊严的人，他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。———席勒 真正伟大的人是不压制人也不受人压制的。———纪伯伦 草木是靠着上天的雨露滋长的，但是它们也敢仰望穹苍。———莎士比亚
感官动词的概念和相关考点 1、什么是感官动词？ 听觉：listen to、hear 视觉：look at、seem、watch 嗅觉：smell 触觉：feel、touch 味觉：taste 2、感官动词如何正确使用？ Tom drove his car away. →I saw him drive away. (全过程) 用法一：somebody did sth + I saw this I saw somebody do something. Tom was waiting for the bus. →I saw Tom waiting for the bus. (看不到全过程) 用法二：somebody was doing sth + I saw this I saw somebody doing something 练习： 一、句子翻译 1. I didn,t hear you come in. 2. I suddenly felt sth touch me on the shoulder. 3. I could hear it raining. 4. Listen to the birds singing. 5. Can you smell sth burning? 6. I found Sue in my room reading my letters. 二、灵活运用 1. I saw Ann waiting for the bus. 2. I saw Dave and Helen playing tenins. 3. I saw Clair having her meal. 三、选择最佳选项 1. Did anybody see the accident (happen/happening)? 2. We listen to the old man (tell/telling) his story from beginning to the end. 3. Listen! Can you hear a baby (cry/crying)? 4.—Why did you turn around suddenly? — I heard someone (call/calling) my name. 5. We watched the two men (open/opening) a window and (climb/climbing) through it into house. 6. When we got there, we found our cat (sleep/sleeping) on the table. 四、感官动词的被动语态 Oh，the milk is tasted strange.
尊重他人的写作素材 导读：——学生最需要礼貌 著名数学家陈景润回厦门大学参加 60 周年校庆，向欢迎的人们说的第一句话是：“我非常高兴回到母校，我常常怀念老师。”被人誉为“懂得人的价值”的著名经济学家、厦门大学老校长王亚南，曾经给予陈景润无微不至的关心和帮助。陈景润重返母校，首先拜访这位老校长。校庆的第三天，陈景润又出现在向“哥德巴赫猜想”进军的启蒙老师李文清教授家中，陈景润非常尊重和感激他。他还把最新发表的数学论文敬送李教授审阅，并在论文扉页上工工整整写了以下的字：“非常感谢老师的长期指导和培养——您的学生陈景润。”陈景润还拜访了方德植教授，方教授望着成就斐然而有礼貌的学生，心里暖暖的。 ——最需要尊重的人是老师 周恩来少年时在沈阳东关模范学校读书期间 , 受到进步教师高盘之的较大影响。他常用的笔名“翔宇”就是高先生为他取的。周恩来参加革命后不忘师恩 , 曾在延安答外国记者问时说：“少年时代我在沈阳读书 , 得山东高盘之先生教诲与鼓励 , 对我是个很大的 促进。” 停奏抗议的反思 ——没有礼仪就没有尊重 孔祥东是著名的钢琴演奏家。 1998 年 6 月 6 日晚，他在汕头
举办个人钢琴独奏音乐会。演出之前，节目主持人再三强调，场内观众不要随意走动，关掉 BP 机、手提电话。然而，演出的过程中，这种令人遗憾的场面却屡屡发生：场内观众随意走动， BP 机、手提电话响声不绝，致使孔祥东情绪大受干扰。这种情况，在演奏舒曼作品时更甚。孔祥东只好停止演奏，静等剧场安静。然而，观众还误以为孔祥东是在渴望掌声，便报以雷鸣般的掌声。这件事，令孔祥东啼笑皆非。演出结束后，孔祥东说：有个 BP 机至少响了 8 次，观众在第一排来回走动，所以他只得以停奏抗议。 “礼遇”的动力 ——尊重可以让人奋发 日本的东芝公司是一家著名的大型企业，创业已经有 90 多年的历史，拥有员工 8 万多人。不过，东芝公司也曾一度陷入困境，土光敏夫就是在这个时候出任董事长的。他决心振兴企业，而秘密武器之一就是“礼遇”部属。身为偌大一个公司的董事长，他毫无架子，经常不带秘书，一个人步行到工厂车间与工人聊天，听取他们的意见。更妙的是，他常常提着酒瓶去慰劳职工，与他们共饮。对此，员工们开始都感到很吃惊，不知所措。渐渐地，员工们都愿意和他亲近，他赢得了公司上下的好评。他们认为，土光董事长和蔼可亲，有人情味，我们更应该努力，竭力效忠。因此，土光上任不久，公司的效益就大力提高，两年内就把亏损严重、日暮途穷的公司重新支撑起来，使东芝成为日本最优秀的公司之一。可见，礼，不仅是调节领导层之间关
我们学过了五个与人的感觉有关的动词，它们是look，sound，smel l，taste，feel，我们可称之为“感官”动词。它们的用法有着许多相同点，但也有不同之处，现就此作一小结。 一、这五个动词均可作连系动词，后面接形容词作表语，说明主语所处的状态。其意思分别为“看/听/闻/尝/摸起来……”。除loo k之外，其它几个动词的主语往往是物，而不是人。例如：These flowers smell very sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。 The tomatoes feel very soft. 这些西红柿摸起来很软。 The music sounds beautiful. 二、这些动词后面也可接介词like短语，like后面常用名词。例如： Her idea sounds like fun. 她的主意听起来很有趣。 He looks like his father. 三、这五个感官动词也可作实义动词，除look（当“看起来……”讲时）只能作不及物动词外，其余四个既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词，其主语通常是人。例如： She smelt the meat. 她闻了闻那块肉。
I felt in my pocket for cigarettes. 我用手在口袋里摸香烟。 He tasted the soup and added some salt. Miss Wang asked us to look at the blackboard. 四、taste，smell作不及物动词时，可用于“taste / smell + of + 名词”结构，意为“有……味道 / 气味”。例如： The air in the room smells of earth. 房间里的空气有股泥土味。 The bread taste of sugar. 五、它们（sound除外）可以直接作名词，与have或take构成短语。例如： May I have a taste of the mooncakes？我可以尝一口这月饼吗？ May I have a look at your photo? 六、其中look，sound，feel还能构成“look / sound / feel + as if +从句”结构，意为“看起来/听起来/ 感觉好像……”。例如：
尊重_议论文素材 "礼遇"的动力 --尊重可以让人奋发 日本的东芝公司是一家著名的大型企业，创业已经有90 多年的历史，拥有员工8 万多人。不过，东芝公司也曾一度陷入困境，土光敏夫就是在这个时候出任董事长的。他决心振兴企业，而秘密武器之一就是"礼遇"部属。身为偌大一个公司的董事长，他毫无架子，经常不带秘书，一个人步行到工厂车间与工人聊天，听取他们的意见。更妙的是，他常常提着酒瓶去慰劳职工，与他们共饮。对此，员工们开始都感到很吃惊，不知所措。渐渐地，员工们都愿意和他亲近，他赢得了公司上下的好评。他们认为，土光董事长和蔼可亲，有人情味，我们更应该努力，竭力效忠。因此，土光上任不久，公司的效益就大力提高，两年内就把亏损严重、日暮途穷的公司重新支撑起来，使东芝成为日本最优秀的公司之一。可见，礼，不仅是调节领导层之间关系的纽带，也是调节上下级之间关系，甚至和一线工人之间关系的纽带。世界知识产权日 --尊重知识 在2000 年10 月召开的世界知识产权组织第35 届成员国大会上，我国提议将 4 月26 日定为"世界知识产权日"。这个提案经世界知识产权组织成员国大会得到了确定。2001 年4 月26 日成为第一个"世界知识产权日"。这是我国尊重知识的具体表现。 屠格涅夫与乞丐 --尊重比金钱更重要 俄罗斯文豪屠格涅夫一日在镇上散步，路边有一个乞丐伸手向他讨钱。他很想有所施与，从口袋掏钱时才知道没有带钱袋。见乞丐的手伸得高高地等着，屠格涅夫面有愧色，只好握着乞丐的手说："对不起，我忘了带钱出来。"乞丐笑了，含泪说："不，我宁愿接受您的握手。" 孙中山尊重护士 --尊重不分社会地位 有一天，孙中山先生病了，住院治疗。当时，孙中山已是大总统、大元帅了。但是，他对医务人员很尊重，对他们讲话很谦逊。平时，无论是早晨或是晚间，每当接到护士送来的药品，他总是微笑着说声"谢谢您"，敬诚之意溢于言辞。 1925 年孙中山患肝癌，弥留之际，当一位护理人员为他搬掉炕桌时，孙中山先生安详地望着她，慈祥地说："谢谢您，您的工作太辛苦了，过后您应该好好休息休息，这阵子您太辛苦了! "听了这话，在场的人都泣不成声。 毛泽东敬酒 --敬老尊贤是一种美德 1959 年6 月25 日，毛泽东回到离别30 多年的故乡韶山后，请韶山老人毛禹珠来吃饭，并特地向他敬酒。毛禹珠老人说："主席敬酒，岂敢岂敢! "毛泽东接着说："敬老尊贤，应该应该。" 周恩来不穿拖鞋接待外宾 --衣着整齐体现对人的尊重 周恩来晚年病得很重，由于工作的需要，他还要经常接待外宾。后来，他病得连脚都肿起来了，原先的皮鞋、布鞋都不能穿，他只能穿着拖鞋走路，可是，有些重要的外事活动，他还是坚持参加。他身边的工作人员出于对总理的爱护和关心，对他说："您就穿着拖鞋接待外
关于尊重的论点和论据素材 关于尊重的论点 1.尊重需要理解和宽容。 2.尊重也应该坚持原则。 3.尊重知识是社会进步的表现。 4.尊重别人就要尊重别人的劳动。 5.尊重人才是社会发展的需要。 6.人与人之间需要相互尊重。 7.只有尊重别人才会受到别人的尊重。 8.尊重能促进人与人之间的沟通。 9.我们应该养成尊重他人的习惯。 10.对人尊重，常会产生意想不到的善果。 关于尊重的名言 1.仁者必敬人。《荀子》 2.忍辱偷生的人决不会受人尊重。高乃依 3.尊重别人的人不应该谈自己。高尔基 4.尊重别人，才能让人尊敬。笛卡尔 5.谁自尊，谁就会得到尊重。巴尔扎克 6.君子贵人而贱己，先人而后己。《礼记》 7.卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。徐特立 8.对人不尊敬，首先就是对自己的不尊敬。惠特曼
9.为人粗鲁意味着忘记了自己的尊严。车尔尼雪夫斯基 10.对人不尊敬的人，首先就是对自己不尊重。陀思妥耶夫斯基 11.对于应尊重的事物，我们应当或是缄默不语，或是大加称颂。尼采 12.尊重老师是我们中华民族的传统美德，我们每一个人都不应该忘记。xx 13.尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造。《xx 大报告》 14.对别人的意见要表示尊重。千万别说：你错了。卡耐基 15.尊重人才，培养人才，是通用电器长久不败的法宝。杰克韦尔奇 16.君子之于人也，当于有过中求无过，不当于无过中求有过。程颐 17.施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺术，也是仁爱的情操。刘墉 18.要尊重每一个人，不论他是何等的卑微与可笑。要记住活在每个人身上的是和你我相同的性灵。叔本华 19.要喜欢我们所不尊重的人是很难的;但要喜欢
在基础英语写作中往往有学生对谓语的选用有一定困惑，其中就有一类特殊的动词：感官动词。今天就由来为大家把其用法进行一下总结： (A)感官动词(及物动词)有： see/notice/look at/watch/observe/listen to/hear/feel(Vt)/taste(Vt)/smell(Vt) (B)连缀动词(含感官不及物动词) be/get/become/feel/look/sound/smell/taste/keep/stay/seem/ appear/grow/turn/prove/remain/go/run 一、see, hear, feel, watch, look,这五个动词均可作 连系动词，后面接形容词作表语，说明主语所处的状态。其意思分别为"看/听/闻/尝/摸起来……" look之外，其它几个动词的主语往往是物，而不是人。 例如： These flowers smell very sweet.这些花闻起来很香。 The tomatoes feel very soft.这些西红柿摸起来很软。 二、这些动词后面也可接介词like短语，like后面常用名词。 例如： Her idea sounds like fun.她的主意听起来很有趣。 三、这五个感官动词也可作实义动词,除look(当"看起来……"讲时)只能作不及物动词外,其余四个既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词,此时作为实义动词讲时其主语一般为人。(和1有区别) 例如: She smelt the meat.她闻了闻那块肉。 I felt in my pocket for cigarettes.我用手在口袋里摸香烟。 四、taste, smell作不及物动词时,可用于"taste / smell + of +名词"结构,意为"有……味道/气味"。 例如: The air in the room smells of earth.房间里的空气有股泥土味。 五、它们(sound除外)可以直接作名词,与have或take构成短语。 例如: May I have a taste of the mooncakes?我可以尝一口这月饼吗? taste有品位，味道的意思 例：I don't like the taste of the garlic. 我不喜欢大蒜的味道。 She dresses in poor taste.她穿着没有品位。 look有外观，特色的意思 例：The place has a European look.此地具有欧洲特色。 feel有感觉，感受的意思 watch有手表，观察的意思 例：My watch is expensive.我的手表很贵。 六、其中look, sound, feel还能构成"look / sound / feel + as if +从句"结构，意为"看起来/听起来/感觉好像……"。 例如：
关于学会尊重的高中作文1000字以上 尊重是一杯清茶，只有真正懂它的人才能忽略它的寡淡，品出它深处的热烈。下面橙子为大家搜集整理有关学会尊重的高中作文，希望可以帮助到大家! 高中作文学会尊重曾经听说这样一个故事： 一位商人看到一个衣衫破烂的铅笔推销员，顿生一股怜悯之情。他不假思索地将10元钱塞到卖铅笔人的手中，然后头也不回地走开了。走了没几步，他忽然觉得这样做不妥，于是连忙返回来，并抱歉地解释说自己忘了取笔，希望不要介意。最后，他郑重其事地说：“您和我一样，都是商人。” 一年之后，在一个商贾云集、热烈隆重的社交场合，一位西装革履、风度翩翩的推销商迎上这位商人，不无感激地自我介绍道：“您可能早已忘记我了，而我也不知道您的名字，但我永远不会忘记您。您就是那位重新给了我自尊和自信的人。我一直觉得自己是个推销铅笔的乞丐，直到您亲口对我说，我和您一样都是商人为止。” 没想到商人这么—句简简单单的话，竟使一个不无自卑的人顿然树立起自尊，使—个处境窘迫的人重新找回了自信。正是有了这种自尊与自信，才使他看到了自己的价值和优势，终于通过努力获得了成功。不难想象，倘若当初没有那么—句尊重鼓励的话，纵然给他几千元也无济于事，断不会出现从自认乞丐到自信自强的巨变，这就是尊1 / 7
重，这就是尊重的力量! 尊重，是—种修养，一种品格，一种对别人不卑不亢的平等相待，一种对他人人格与价值的的充分肯定。任何人都不可能尽善尽美，完美无缺，我们没有理由以高山仰止的目光审视别人，也没有资格用不屑一顾的神情去嘲笑他人。假如别人在某些方面不如自己，我们不能用傲慢和不敬去伤害别人的自尊;假如自己在有些地方不如他人，我们不必以自卑或嫉妒去代替理应有的尊重。一个真正懂得尊重别人的人，必然会以平等的心态、平常的心情、平静的心境，去面对所有事业上的强者与弱者、所有生活中的幸运者与不幸者。 尊重是一缕春风，一泓清泉，一颗给人温暖的舒心丸，一剂催人奋进的强心剂。它常常与真诚、谦逊、宽容、赞赏、善良、友爱相得益彰，与虚伪、狂妄、苛刻、嘲讽、凶恶、势利水火不容。给成功的人以尊重，表明了自己对别人成功的敬佩、赞美与追求;表明了自己对别人失败后的同情、安慰与鼓励。只有要尊重在，就有人间的真情在，就有未来的希望在，就有成功后的继续奋进，就有失败后的东山再起。 尊重不是盲目的崇拜，更不是肉麻的吹捧;不是没有原则的廉价逢迎，更不是没有自卑的低三下四。懂得了尊重别人的重要，并不等于学会了如何尊重别人，从这个意义上说，尊重他人也是一门学问，学会了尊重他人，就学会了尊重自己，也就学会和掌握了人生的一大要义。 2 / 7
感官动词表示人的感官动作，可作完全及物动词或不完全及物动词，例如：see/look/watch/notice/observe, hear/listen to, taste, smell, feel/touch. 一、感官动词经常和情态动词can 连用，例如： hear: Can you hear that? 你能听到吗？ see: I can't see much. 我看不太清楚。 feel: I can feel the baby moving inside me. 我能感觉到婴儿在我体内移动。 二、感官动词用于进行时，表明主语或感知者集中在一个特别的对象上，是一种自愿的动作，常见的有listen to, look at, touch, smell 和taste，例如： listen to: He is listening to the radio. 他正在听收音机。 look at: They are looking at the picture. 他们正在看这幅画。 touch: She is touching her cat. 她正在抚摸她的猫。 smell: She is smelling the flowers. 她在闻花。 taste:
We are tasting champagne. 我们正在品尝香槟。 并不是所有的感官动词都可以用进行时，例如： 误：She was hearing a noise. 误：He was seeing a woman in the rain. 但当hear 在表达一种经历时，可以用进行时；see 在表达与人见面或是约会，可以用进行时，等等，例如： hearing: She was always hearing voices in her head. 她脑子里总有声音。 seeing: She is seeing the doctor. 她正在看医生。 He was seeing another woman. 他在和另一个女人约会。 三、感官动词的特殊用法 1、感官动词+ 宾语+ 不带to 不定式，例如： We heard you leave. 我们听见你走了。 解析：此句强调的重点是“We heard". I saw her go. 我看见她走了。 解析：此句强调的重点是"I saw" . 2、感官动词 + 宾语 + 动名词，例如： We heard you leaving. 我们听见你走了。 解析：此句强调的重点是“you leaving",相当于 We heard you when you
“感官”动词用法小结 我们学过了五个与人的感觉有关的动词,它们就是look,sound,smell,ta ste,feel,我们可称之为“感官”动词。它们的用法有着许多相同点,但也有不同之处,现就此作一小结。 一、这五个动词均可作连系动词,后面接形容词作表语,说明主语所处的状态。其意思分别为“瞧/听/闻/尝/摸起来……”。除look之外,其它几个动词的主语往往就是物,而不就是人。例如: These flowers smell very sweet、这些花闻起来很香。 The tomatoes feel very soft、这些西红柿摸起来很软。 The music sounds beautiful、 二、这些动词后面也可接介词like短语,like后面常用名词。例如: Her idea sounds like fun、她的主意听起来很有趣。 He looks like his father、 三、这五个感官动词也可作实义动词,除look(当“瞧起来……”讲时)只能作不及物动词外,其余四个既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词,其主语通常就是人。例如: She smelt the meat、她闻了闻那块肉。
I felt in my pocket for cigarettes、我用手在口袋里摸香烟。 He tasted the soup and added some salt、 Miss Wang asked us to look at the blackboard、 四、taste,smell作不及物动词时,可用于“taste / smell + of + 名词”结构,意为“有……味道/ 气味”。例如: The air in the room smells of earth、房间里的空气有股泥土味。The bread taste of sugar、 五、它们(sound除外)可以直接作名词,与have或take构成短语。例如: May I have a taste of the mooncakes？我可以尝一口这月饼不？May I have a look at your photo? 六、其中look,sound,feel还能构成“look / sound / feel + as if +从句”结构,意为“瞧起来/听起来/ 感觉好像……”。例如: It looks as if our class is going to win、瞧来好像我们班要获胜了It sounds as if the rain is very heavy、
2015年高考作文素材：关于文明的作文素材 高考作文素材点拨及运用思路：文明 一、素材链接: 言语类 (一)名人名言 1.礼仪的目的与作用本在使得本来的顽梗变柔顺，使人们的气质变温和，使他尊重别人，和别人合得来。约翰?洛克 2.善气迎人，亲如弟兄;恶气迎人，害于戈兵。管仲 3.天下有大勇者，猝然临之而不惊，不故加之而不怒。苏轼 4.我们应该注意自己不用言语去伤害别的同志，但是，当别人用语言来伤害自己的时候，也应该受得起。刘少奇 5.礼貌使人类共处的金钥匙。松苏内吉 6.讲话气势汹汹，未必就是言之有理。萨迪 7.火气甚大，容易引起愤怒底烦扰，是一种恶习而使心灵向着那不正当的事情，那是一时冲动而没有理性的行动。彼得.阿柏拉德 8.青年人应当不伤人，应当把个人所得的给予各人，应当避免虚伪与欺骗，应当显得恳挚悦人，这样学着去行正直。夸美纽斯 9.礼貌是儿童与青年所应该特别小心地养成习惯的第一件大事。约翰.洛克 10.不论你是一个男子还是一个女人，待人温和宽大才配得上人的名称。一个人的真 11.正的英勇果断，决不等于用拳头制止别人发言。萨迪 12.礼貌使有礼貌的人喜悦，也使那些授人以礼貌相待的人们喜悦。孟德斯鸠 13.坏事情一学就会，早年沾染的恶习，从此以后就会在所有的行为和举动中显现出来，不论是说话或行动上的毛病，三岁至老，六十不改。克雷洛夫 14.礼貌经常可以替代最高贵的感情。梅里美 15.礼貌是最容易做到的事，也是最珍贵的东西。冈察尔 16.脾气暴躁是人类较为卑劣的天性之一，人要是发脾气就等于在人类进步的阶梯上倒退了一步。达尔文 17.蜜蜂从花中啜蜜，离开时营营的道谢。浮夸的蝴蝶却相信花是应该向他道谢的。泰戈尔
写尊重的初中素材作文 学会尊重 曾看过一个《尊重》的故事：一个商人看到一个衣衫褴褛的铅笔推销员，不假思索地 将10元塞进卖铅笔人的手中，当做施舍。走了没几步，他觉得这样做不妥，连忙返回来，抱歉地向卖铅笔人解释自己忘了取笔。最后郑重其事地说：“您和我一样，都是商人。” 没想到的是，在一年后，在一个热烈隆重的社交场合上，一位西装革履的推销商迎上这位 商人，感激地说：“您可能早已忘记我，但我永远也不会忘记您。您就是那位重新给了我 自尊和自信的人。” 尊重，其实并不难，而在于学会怎样去尊重别人。如果这位商人只是施舍10元后便 离开，那个卖铅笔人也许到今天还认为自己是一个乞丐，也就不会有今天的成就。而这位 商人意识到了那样做是把卖铅笔人看做乞丐，是不尊重他的行为。所以他立即返回，抱歉 地取回铅笔，把卖铅笔人看做和自己一样是商人，应当得到平等的待遇，受到尊重。这虽 然只是一句普通的话，但给予了卖铅笔人的，又岂只是10元，更重要的是自尊和自信， 使得他对自己改变了看法，重塑自尊心，使一个一贫如洗的人看到了自己的优势和价值， 凭艰苦奋斗和自强不息的努力获得了事业的成功，这就是尊重的力量。 我们需要尊重 我们十四岁，风华正茂;我们十四岁，热情奔放。十四岁的我们，尊重别人，同样也 需要别人尊重。 十四岁是一个多思的年华。在生活中，我们学会了思考。看到世间万物，芸芸众生， 我们都要想一想，于是就出现了---日记本。 今天不上晚自习，我没有预先告诉妈妈，想给她一个惊喜。 我轻手轻脚的上了楼，门是虚掩着的，我从门缝往里一看，妈妈正在我的抽屉里翻着 什么。天哪!我的日记本! 我冲了进去，大叫一声:"妈妈!" 妈妈惊讶的转向我，手里的日记本滑落到了地上，手足无措地说:"你，你今天怎么就，就回来了。我，我到你房间打扫卫生，看你抽，抽屉没关好，就¨¨¨" 我气愤地看着满脸惊慌的妈妈，用怨恨的目光瞪了她一眼，就跑出去了。 夕阳淡淡的，忧伤的晚霞笼罩着大地江河。我独自来到桥上，望着点点金光闪烁的河面，心里久久不能平静。
英语中感官动词的用法 二、具体用法： 1、see, hear, smell, taste, feel,这五个动词均可作连系动词，后面接形容词作表语，说明主语所处的状态。其意思分别为"看/听/闻/尝/摸起来……"。除look之外，其它几个动词的主语往往是物，而不是人。 例如：These flowers smell very sweet.这些花闻起来很香。 The tomatoes feel very soft.这些西红柿摸起来很软。 2、这些动词后面也可接介词like短语，like后面常用名词。 例如：Her idea sounds like fun.她的主意听起来很有趣。 3、这五个感官动词也可作实义动词,除look(当"看起来……"讲时)只能作不及物动词外,其余四个既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词,此时作为实义动词讲时其主语一般为人。 例如:She smelt the meat.她闻了闻那块肉。 I felt in my pocket for cigarettes.我用手在口袋里摸香烟。 4、taste, smell作不及物动词时,可用于"t aste / smell + of +名词"结构,意为"有……味道/气味"。 例如:The air in the room smells of earth.房间里的空气有股泥土味。 5、它们(sound除外)可以直接作名词,与have或take构成短语。 例如：May I have a taste of the mooncakes?我可以尝一口这月饼吗？taste有品位、味道的意思。 例如：I don’t like the taste of the garlic.我不喜欢大蒜的味道。 She dresses in poor taste.她穿着没有品位。 look有外观，特色的意思，例：The place has a European look.此地具有欧洲特色。 feel有感觉，感受的意思，watch有手表，观察的意思。例：My watch is expensive.我的手表很贵。 6、其中look, sound, feel还能构成"look / sound / feel + as if +从句"结构，意为"看起来/听起来/感觉好像……"。 例如：It looks as if our class is going to win.看来我们班好像要获胜了。 7、感官动词+do与+doing的区别： see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）