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“英汉翻译教程”复习笔记

“英汉翻译教程”复习笔记
“英汉翻译教程”复习笔记

Unit 1 stories

1. He was thirty-six,his youth had passed like a screaming eagle,leaving him old and disillusioned.

他已三十六岁,青春像一路鸣叫的鹰,早已一闪而逝,留给他的是衰老和幻灭。

2. average height 普通高度

3. gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉

4. in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄

5. ignoring the chair offered him,Chu The stood squarely before this youth more th an ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was,what he had done in the past,how he had fled from Yunnan,talked with Sun Yat-sen,been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai,and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for hims elf and a new revolutionary road for China.

朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子,端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前,用平稳的语调,说明自己的身份和经历:他怎样逃出云南,怎样会见孙中山,怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝,怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲。

6. When both visitors had told their stories,Chou smiled a little,said he would h elp them find rooms,and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candi dates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received.

两位来客把经历说完后,周恩来微笑着说,他可以帮他们找到住的地方,替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续,在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前,暂时作候补党员。

7. Chinese Communist Party

中国共产党

8. 两条要求,忠实——内容,通顺——语言

9. Several times on his trips to China,which he made as a guest of the Chinese G overnment,Bill…s birthday occurred while he was in Beijing.

以中国官方客人的身份,比尔来访中国已多次了,而且在北京停留期间恰适他生日也有好几次了。

10. … This is for you,? Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget ——such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation. Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge,built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River. He was given a chair

and asked to wait a little as darkness came on,then suddenly the whole bridge was outl ined in lights.

“这是为你安排的。” 这句话比尔。莫诺听到过好几次,每一次都令他难以忘怀。有一次,他沿大运河乘船顺水而下,途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬。还有一次,他参观雄伟的南京长江大桥——以前没桥时,要靠轮渡托载火车横渡长江。夜幕渐渐降临了,他被安排坐下,并被告知稍坐等候,然后突然间,整个桥身被灯光勾画出了一个清晰的轮廊。

11. The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teach er,Anne Mansfield Sulliven,came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.

在我的记忆里,安妮。曼斯匪尔德。沙利文教师来的那一天,是我一生中最重要的日子。从这一天开始,我的生活与以前迥然不同,一想到这一点,我就感到非常兴奋。

12. On the afternoon of that eventful day,I stood on the porch,dumb,expectant.

那天下午,我一声不响,怀着期待的心情站在门廊里。

13. Have you been at sea in a dense fog,when it seemed as if a tangible white da rkness shut you in ,and the great ship,tense and anxious,groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart for something t o happen?I was like that ship before my education began,only I was without compass or sounding-line,and had no way of knowi ng how near the harbour was. “ light!Giv e me light!” was the wordless cry of my soul,and the light of love shone on me in t hat very hour.

不知你是否有过这样的经历——在海上航行遇上了大雾,周围一片白,好像着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方,大船上的人又紧张又着急,一面用铅锤探测深浅,一面向岸边慢慢驶去,你的心也怦怦直跳,生怕出事。我在开始受教育之前,就像这样一条船,只是没有罗盘,没有测探绳,也无法知道离海港有多远。“光明!给我光明!” 这就是发自我内心深处的无言的呼唤,也就在这时候,爱心的光芒照到了我的身上。

14. Someone took it,and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who h ad come to reveal all things to me,and,more than all things else,to love me.

有个人握住了我的手,于是我被抱了起来,紧紧地抈在了她的怀里。正是她来到我的身边,将一切展切在我面前,更重要的是,是她将爱带给了我。

15. monkey-like imitation.

猴子模仿似的

16. In the days that followed,I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a gre at many words,among them pin,hat,cup and a few verbs like sit,stand and walk.

接下来的几天里,我在根本不知自己在做什么样情况下,学会了拼好些单词,比如P IN,HAT,CUP 及一些动词,如SIT,STAND AND WALK.

17. That was because I saw everything with the strange,new sight that had come t o me. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken. I felt my way to hearth and picked up the pieces,I tried vainly to put them together.

那是因为我正用一种刚刚获得的全新而奇特的视角来看待一切事物。进屋时,我想起了被我弄坏的那个娃娃。我摸索着来到壁炉前,拾起那些碎片,试图将它们拼接在一起,却没办到。

18. it would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me,and for the fi rst time longed for a new day to come.

当那感概万千的一天快要结束时,我躺在自己的小床里,感受这一天带给我的那些快乐,我觉得没有人比我更幸福了。一生中第一次,我期待着新一天的来临。

19. 一切旧的传统观念,一切阻止社会进步和人性发展的不合理的制度。

All outmoded traditional thinking;any irrational system which obstructs social progre ss or human development.

20. 我觉得有一根鞭子在抽打我的心,又觉得仿佛有什么鬼魂借我的笔为自己伸冤一样。

I felt as if my mind was being whipped,as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to redress the injustices it had suffered.

21.另一个地方

On another occasion.

22. 长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹,而我的文章就像一个丑八怪,不打扮,看起来倒还顺眼些。

Physically attractive people don…t need heavy make-up. Though my writing resembles an ugly monster,it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.

22. 我最恨那些盗名欺世,欺骗读者的谎言。

This means I oppose fabrication,deception and flowery language. What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies.

23. 就学习英语而言,有三个方面值得注意:拼法正确,合乎用法——一个词怎么用,和哪个词连用,很有讲究。句子平稳—合乎语法。

Unit2 HISTORY

1. The country was a place where men worked from dawn to dark,and the laboure r lived not in the sun,but in poverty and darkness. What aids there were to lighten labo ur were immemorial,like the mill,which was already ancient in Chaucer…s time. The i ndustrial Revolution began with such machines;the millwrights were the engineers of the coming age. James Brindley of Staffordashire started his self-made career in 1733 by wo rking at mill wheels,at the age of seventeen,having been born poor in a village.

在农村,人们从早到晚都得干活,劳动者并不是沐浴在阳光下,而在生活在贫困和黑暗之中,那么帮助减轻劳动的机械都不知从哪个年代就有了。比如磨坊,在乔叟的时候就已经是古老的了。而工业革命就是从这些机械开始的。修造磨坊的匠人就是开创新时代的工程师。斯塔福郡的詹姆斯。布林斯雷,出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭;一七三三年,他十七岁,就着手改良磨坊的车轮,从而开始了他那自我奋斗的生涯。

2. in the air

酝酿之中

3.multi-purpose machine

多功能机器

4. Brindley had begun on his own account,out of interest,to survey the waterway s that he traveled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines.

布林斯雷在为他的磨坊和矿井建筑工程到处奔走的时候,出于自愿和兴趣,对沿途经过的河道进行了勘察。

5. they often had little education,and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind.

他们一般都没有受过什么教育。事实上,当时那种学校教育也只能窒息人的创造性。

6. arteries of communication

交通的动脉

7. these things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into towns no w,away from London;it was a country-wide trade.

这些物品都是在远离伦敦渐渐发展成为城镇的农村制造的。这是一场全国范围的贸易。

8.要从词汇,短语和结构三个方面去弄懂原文,但是光这样做还是不够的,还必须把握全篇。

9. It is not alone:it forms one of a triad of revolutions,of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775,and the French Revolution that starte d in 1789. It may seem strange to put into the same pocket an industrial revolution and t wo political revolutions.

工业革命不是孤立的,它是当时三大革命之一,另外两次是美国革命和法国革命,分别始于1775年和1789年。将一次工业革命和两次政治革命相提并论,似乎有些奇。

10. cottage industry

作坊似的

11.what makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in t he countryside.

工业革命特别具有英国特色是因为它植根于农村

12. During the first half of the eighteenth century,in the old age of Newton and th

e decline o

f the Royal Society,England basked in a last Indian summer of village indus try and the overseas trade of merchant adventures.

18世纪上半期,也就是牛顿的晚年,皇家学会逐渐衰败的年代,英国仍享受着农村经济和商业冒险家从事的海外贸易带来的最后欢娱。

13. Eventually,though a few communities continued to be devoted almost exclusivel y to mining,the real wealth of Montana,Colorado,Wyoming,Idaho,and Californ ia proved to be in the grass of soil.

后业虽然少数城镇专门从事采矿业,但蒙大拿,科罗拉多,怀俄明,爱达荷等州的真正财富,也和加州一样,还是在草原和沃土之中。

14. readability,读起来上口,顺。所谓翻译,是翻译意思,而不是翻译词句。只要抓住了意思,译文在词句上可以有一定的灵活性。

15. Despite the great gains in industry,agriculture remained the nation…s basic occup ations. The revolution in agriculture——paralleling that in manufacturing after the war inv

olved a shift from hand labor to machine farming,and from subsistence to commercial a griculture. Between 1686 and 1910,the number of farms in the United States trebled,i ncreasing from 2 million to 6 million while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares.

尽管工业的收益很大,农业仍是国民的基础产业。农业革命——和战后的制造业革命齐驾齐驱,使手工业劳作变为机械耕种,使维持生计的农业变为商业化的农业。从1860年至1910年间,美国农场的数量翻了三番,从2000000个增至6000000个,耕种的面积也从1. 6公顷增至3.52公顷,增长了一倍多。

16. In 1840,Cyrus McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and -a-half hectares a day with the curious machine he had been developing for nearly 10 yea rs.

到了1840年,塞路斯,麦克米克创造了一个奇迹,用他历经近十年研制的神奇机器,一天可割麦2——2.5公顷。

17. In 1862,the Morrill Land-Grant College Act

1862年,政府颁布的有关赠地建校的“莫里尔公地兴学法案”

18. industrial colleges,appropriated fund,were at work.

农业院校,下拨款项,展开了科研活动。

19. 五四运动是反帝国主义的运动,又是反封建的运动。五四运动的杰出的历史意思,在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态,这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义。

The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement. Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature which was absent from th e Revolution of 1911,namely,its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperiali sm as well as to feudalism.

20. 五四运动所进行的文化革命则是彻底地反对封建文化的运动,自有中国历史以来,还没有过这样伟大而彻底的文化革命。

May 4th Movement was uncompromising in its opposition to feudal culture;there ha

d never been such a great and thoroughgoing cultural revolution sinc

e the dawn o

f Chines

e history.

21. 五四运动是在思想上和干部上准备了一九二一年中国共产党的成立,又准备了五?运动和北伐战争。

Both in ideology and in the matter of cadres,the May 4th Movement paved the wa y for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and for the May 30th Move ment in 1925 and the Northern Expedition.

22. 上海,唐山,长辛店等地工人纷纷罢工示威,中国工人阶级第一次作为觉悟了的独立的政治力量登上政治舞台,显示了它的伟大力量。

Workers in Shanghai,Tanghsna,Changxindian and etc,went on strike to express their disapproval. As an awakened,independent,political strength,Chinese working cl ass stepped on the political stage for the first time and illuminated its tremendous power.

23. 在全国人民反帝爱国斗争的压力下,北洋军阀政府被迫释放被捕学生,撤销三个卖国?的职务,拒绝在对德“和约”上签字,反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利。

Under the pressure of a nationwide patriotic struggle against imperialism,the Norther n Warlord government had to release those arrested students,remove the 3 traitors from their posts and refuse to sign on the Peace Treaty with Germany. The struggle against im perialism and feudalism has achieved a foundemental victory.

24. 五四运动是一次彻底的不妥协的反帝反封建的革命运动,它促成了中国工人运动同马克思主义的结合,在思想上和干部上为中国共产党的成立作了准备,是中国新民主主义革命的开端。

May 4th Movement is a revolutionary movement with a thorough and uncompromisin g opposition to imperialism and feudalism. It prompted the combination of Chinese worker s… movement and Marxism and,both in ideology and in the matter cadres,paved the way for the founding of Chinese Communist Party. It was the beginning of the Chinese New Democratic Revolution.

25. Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science. In 1862,the Morrill Land-Grant College Act allotted public land to each state for the es tablishment of agricultural and industrial colleges.

在农业革命中与机械几乎同等重要的是科学。1862年,根据“莫里尔公地兴法案”,国会把公用地分配给各州,以便建立农业和工业学院。

26. the revolution in agriculture——paralleling that in manufacturing after the war inv olved a shift from hand labor to machine farming,and from subsistence to commercial a griculture.

农业的革命——和战后制造业的革命并驾齐驱——使手工业劳动变为机械耕作,从维持生计的农业变成为商业化的农业。

UNIT 3 GEOGRAPHY

1. All this suggested ancient harmonies.

这一切使人感到古代的和谐气氛。

2. The devastating floods and droughts that imposed a recurrent tax of suffering on t he fellahin no longer occur.

过去给农民带来灾难的水旱灾害,现在也不再发生了。

3. About six years ago it became an island. Day by day the sea is eating the land——the dam has stopped the sediment of the Nile from replenishing the shoreline.

大约六年前,那地方变成了一个小岛。海水一天天冲刷陆地——水坝已经使得尼罗河的泥沙无法沉积下来加固海岸了。

4. 旧的教学法只管三件事,识汉字,读汉字读物,写汉字作文。冰心在<北京晚报>发表过一篇文章:“漫谈赏花和玩猫”。

5.Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley,I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era. For the next 1800 miles the thin blue ribbon of the Nile,flowing slowly north,unwound over brown soil and green fields,some only a few yards wide,others as broad as an I owa cornfield. At the edge of the fields,rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon,lay the brown barren deserts.

古埃及的坟墓,庙宇遍布尼罗河两岸,一直沿至苏丹。驾车从开罗往南行至尼罗河谷,映入眼帘的是一番与现代截然不同的景色。蓝色玉带般的尼罗河绵延1800英里,在棕色的土地和绿色的田野间缓缓向北流去。田地有的仅几码宽,有的则如依阿华州的玉米地那么宽。田野的外边缘处是寸草不生的棕色沙漠,有的地方如小山般高高耸起,有的则平平的一直延展至天际。

6. I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long,narrow farm.

我感到自己宛若驾车穿越一个毫无尽头的狭长农场。

7. the road followed the course of the Nile,now passing through the fields,now drawing a black line separating them from the desert.

公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的,所以时而从田间穿过,时而如一条黑色的分界线将田地与沙漠隔开。

8. as the flood receded,the water draining through the soil leached out the salts an

d carried them off to th

e Mediterranean.

洪水退去时,下渗土壤的水会冲走土里的盐分,并最终把盐带入地中海。

9. it enjoys a Mediterranean climate.

属地中海气候

10. The fertility of the surrounding plains,easy access to the Murray lowlands to th

e east and southeast,and the presence o

f mineral deposits in the nearby hills all contribu ted to the city…s growth.

四周平原土壤肥沃,与东和东南方的墨累低地相通。附近山区有矿藏。原为早期农贸中心,现已工业化。

11. The Adelaide Festival of Arts was the first international celebration of its kind to be held in Australia.

阿德莱德文艺节每两年举行一次,是在澳大利亚举办的第一个国际性文艺活动。

12. Adelaide,the capital of South Australia,is one of Australia…s best-planned citi es.

南澳大利亚的首府,阿德莱德,是澳大利亚布局最精巧的城市之一。

13. Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of la wns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings. North Adelaide,which is chiefly residential,is bordered by more parklands,and contains two open squares. N and S A delaide are divided by the Torrens River,spanned by four bridge and lined with orname ntal gradens.

带状绿地从三面环绕,区内的四块空地上有草坪也有树木,打破了市内建筑物的单调格局。北部主要是居民区,其周围也有公园环绕。另外还有两个大广场。南北阿德莱德的分界是特化斯河,河面上建有四座桥,两岸则有花园点缀。

14. The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture,including the town hall on King Wiiliam Street——the wide main N-S thoroughfare.

阿德莱德拥有许多早期澳式建筑的典范,比如贯通南北的主干道路——余威廉大街上的市政大厅。

15. jets of water,aluminium sculptures,draws its water.

喷水孔,铝质雕塑。供水之源

16. Parklands,which separate the city and the suburbs,are preserved in the perpet uity for the use of the people.

分隔市区与郊区的绿地永远留作人们活动的场所。

17. The Imperial Palace

18. Of particular interest if you have time might be the Imperial Ancestral Temple,which is to the right,and the Sun Yat-Sen Park,on the left.

19. Covering an area of 175 acres,the Palace is enclosed by walls over 35ft high a nd surrounded by a moat 57yd wide.

20. the Palace Museum,with four gates,has its main entrance to the south,kno wn as the Meridian Gate. This is the gate you will approach as you continue along the c obbled roadway from Tian An Men. The Imperial Palace is divided into two ceremonial a reas:the Outer Palace and the Inner Court. Through the Meridian Gate and across the G olden Water Bridge,one comes to the Gate of Supreme Harmony,the main gate of th

e Outer Palace. The main building in the Outer Palace are the Hall o

f Supreme Harmony,the Hall of Preservin

g Harmony.

自考英汉翻译复习资料2

21. The Hall of Supreme Harmony,the Meridian Gate,the Outer Palace,the Inn er Court,the Golden Water Bridge,the Gate of Supreme Harmony,the Hall of Comp lete Harmony,the Hall of Preserving Harmony.

太和殿,午门,外朝,内延,金水桥,太和门,中和殿,保和殿

22.总面积共有68.2公顷,燕京八景之一,五龙亭,九龙壁,御花园,白塔,燕京,琉璃瓦,影壁

With a total area of 68.2 ha. One of the eight views of Beijing. The Five Dragon P avilion. Nine-Dragon Screen. The Imperial garden. The White Dagoba. Beijing. Glazed til es. Screen.

UNIT 4 ECONOMY

1. President Clinton realized——as al of us must——that today…s economy is global.

正如每个人必须认识到的那样,克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质。

2. 1977,the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $15 billion,p utting China…s share of world at 0.6 percent. The most populous country in the world,C hina ranked a distant 30th among exporting nations. By 1993 China?s exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion. China had become the world…s tenth largest exporte r.

在1977年,中国进出口总额还不到150亿美元,仅占世界贸易总额的0.6%,世界上人口最多的中国在出口国家中排名靠后,仅是第30位,到1993年,中国进出口总额接近2 000亿美元,它已成为每10个最大的出口国。

3. Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992.

从1980年至1992年,人均国民生产总值平均增长率为7.6%.

4. But the importance of trade in our economy has exploded in the past three decade s. In 1970,the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the US economy. Last year,that figure,at 28%,was more than twice as high. In just the last seven years,jobs supported by US exports have risen by 4 million,to a total of 11 million. That…s almost one out of ten American jobs. Last year US trade equaled $1.8 trillion dollars.

但在过去30年中,我们经济贸易的重要性大大地增加了,在1970年,双边贸易的总值占了整个美国经济的13%.去年上升到28%,比1970年增加了一倍多。就在过去7年中,美国的出口创造的就业机会增加了400万个。总数上升到1100万个。这个数字就占美国就业总数的1/10.去年,美国贸易总额达到了1.8亿美元。

5. Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United St ates. Foreign exchange.

无论是中国还是美国,都不会缩小贸易的重要性。外汇。

6. Bilateral trade,the order of

双边贸易

7. sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.

为未来贸易与金融关系打下了一个坚实的基础。

8. China…s imports from the US,which amounted to $900 million in 1978,rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982. exports rose from $300 million to $ 2.3 billion during that p eriod. Total Chinese trade has also risenj dramatically,from 1978 to 1983 Chinese expor ts increased from roughly 10 billion to 22 billion,while imports increased from 10 billio n to just over 21 billion.

中国从美国的进口额,从??到由9亿美元增至近30亿美元,对美出口额在这期间也从3亿美元增至23亿美元。中国的对外贸易总额也急速攀升,中国的出口额从1978年的约100亿美元增至1982年的220亿美元,进口额与此同时也从100亿美元增长到了210多个亿美元。

9. joint ventures. Offshore oil exploration

合资企业,海上石油勘测

10. there are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial rel ationships will grow in the future.

我们有理由保持乐观的态度,有理由相信,未来贸易与金融关系会继续发展。

11. Food production,industrial production. Light industries.

粮食产量,工业生产,轻工业

12. I believe Chinese economic authorities recognize the problem and the next Five-Y ear Plan will address it effectively.

我相信中国的经济管理部门已认识到这个问题,在下一个“五年计划”中定会有效地解决这一问题。

13. Britain lives by commerce. With 2% of the world…s population,we are the worl d?s fifth largest trading nation. We rely more than any other major economy on the goods and services that we export,the investment that we attract and we make abroad.

英国的生存依赖贸易。虽然英国人口只占全球的2%,它却是世界第五大贸易国。英国对商品和服务出口以及对投资和引资的依赖超过了世界上其他主要经济体。

14.outward investor,net income,the share of foreign investment.

海外投资,净收入,

15. what this means is that Britain has direct experience of the benefits that internati onal trade and investment generate.

这意味着英国直接享受到了国际投资所带来的利益。,国际投资的蓬勃发展符合我国利益。

16. that is the way to maximize her share of world markets;and——as the UK kno ws from direct experience——to attract the stimulus,the technology and the funding that inward investment can offer.

最大限度地扩大其在世界上的市场份额的方法,英国从自身直接的经历中体会到,吸引外资可以带来动力,技术和资金。

17. 严复——<天演论>,信—忠实,达—流畅,雅—尔雅,他并不十分重视“信”,他说“译文取明深义,故词句之间,时有所颠倒附益,不斤斤于字比句次。” 周煦良教授在“翻译三论”一文中说:我认为应当作为“得体”来理解。

18. multilateral disciplines. Brought this home. Zero-sum game. Finite stock. Donor a nd recipient.

多边条约,感触颇深,盈利损失总体持平,经济利益增长值,投资方与被投资方

19. 立足国内资源,实现粮食基本自给,是中国解决粮食供需问题的基本方针。

The basic principle for solving the problem of grain supply and demand in China is to reply on the domestic resources and basically achieve self-sufficiency in grain.

20.根据中国农业自然资源,生产条件,技术水平和其他发展条件,粮食增产潜力很大。

Natural agricultural resources,production conditions,technical level and some other conditions ensure great potential in this respect.

21.即使考虑到土地报酬率递减的因素,也是有条件实现的。

To achieve the target is totally possible even if the factor of diminishing land returns rate is considered.

22.中国政府将在加强对现有耕地保护的同时,加快宜农荒地的开发和工矿废弃地的复垦。

The Chinese government will make efforts to speed up the reclamation of wasteland suitable for farming as well as land discarded by factories and mines.

23. inland waters,aquaculture,aquatic products,intensification,animal by-produ cts,arbor foodstuffs.

内陆水域,养殖,水产品,集约化,畜产品,木本食物。

UNIT 5 CULTURE

1. it…s raining again. As I lie awake in bed,listening to the sound of those razor-sh arp drops pounding on the pavement,my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks,and a chill from within fills me with dread. It?s raining,ag ain.

又下雨了,我躺在床上,睡不着,听着雨点儿落在路面上啪啪作响。我思绪万千,恍恍惚惚进入了一条条幽暗的甬道,回想起许多痛苦的往事。心里一阵冰凉,不禁感到毛骨悚然。是的,又在下雨了。

2.it does this every year in Southern California;at least that…s what they told me la st year when I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.

加利福尼亚南部,年年如此;去年,雨无情地下个不停。我表示惊异,人们就是这样对我说的。

3. every child raised in the West knows about these dangers. At least that…s what I u sed to think. I?m not so sure anymore.

在西部长大的孩子都知道洪水的厉害。至少我过去是这样想的,现在就不敢说的。

4. Habits form,however,and,in a child…s mind,most of the time becomes all of the time,and nobody gives it much thought. Then the rains come.

然而孩子们习以为常,在他们心目中,“大部分时间”变成了“全部时间”,而谁也没有仔细去想这件事。后来就下起雨来了。\

5.在理论方面,鲁迅曾针对当时赵景深的“宁顺而不信”的提法,提出了“宁信而不顺”的主张。1935年,鲁迅在“题未定…草?”一文中又对翻译作了新的概括。他说:“凡是翻译,必须兼顾着两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保存着原作的丰姿。”也就是说,翻译既要通顺,又要忠实。

6. Each day we make choices that affect our lives and,sometimes,the lives of ot hers.

每一天我们都要做出许多选择,大部分是为自己,有的也为别人。

7. Somehow our path took us toward the park,across the footbridge high above the rolling water of the Los Angeles River.

不知怎的,我们就踏上了通向公园的小路。

8.Many children were playing close to the water,and we were stunned by their ign orance and daring. The far bank.

许多孩子在告近水边的地方玩耍。他们的无知与鲁莽把我俩看呆了。

9. He jumped into the water to get his bike and was carried rapidly downstream,a look of panic and horror registering on his young face.

他跳进河里去捞车。急流一下子就把他给冲走了,他吓坏了,脸上现出惊恐的表情。刹那间,我们要做出选择。

10. the greatest instinct,I believe,is to help a child in need.

我想,是本能驱使我们去救助一个危难中的孩子。

11. I could see that he had confronted much more than he could handle,even being as strong and athletic as he was.

从艾勒的表情,我知道,尽管他身强力壮,但当时他面临的困境是他无法摆脱的。

12. feeling of guilt,as a matter of course. That little was lucky to get out.

内疚心理,理所当然,那孩子命大的话会脱险的。

13. Although both my parents died young,I have done well in this respect as regar ds my other ancestors. My maternal grandfather,it is true,was cut off in the flower o f his youth at the age of sixty-seven,but my other three grandparents all lived to be ov er eighty.

我的父母年纪轻轻就去世了,可是说到祖辈,我还是选得不错的。我外祖父固然是在风华正茂之年就弃世了,当时他只有六十七岁,但是我的祖父,祖母和外祖母却都活到了八十以上。

14. my maternal grandmother,after having nine children who survived,one who di ed in infancy,and many miscarriages,as soon as she became a widow devoted herself to women…s higher education.

我外祖母有九个孩子活了下来,有一个孩子很小就死了,她还流产过多次。丈夫一死,她就致力于女子高等教育。

15. if you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effec tive,you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived,still less of the probable brevity of your future.

你要是有广泛的爱好和强烈的兴趣,而且还有能力参加一些活动,你就没有理由去考虑自己已经活了多少岁这样的具体数字,更没有理由去考虑自己的余年大概是很有限的了。

16. one…s thoughts must be directed to the future,and to things about which there i s something to be done.

一个人应当考虑未来,考虑一些可以有所作为的事情。

17. It is easy to think to oneself that one…s emotions used to be more vivid than they are,and one?s mind more keen.

人们往往会对自己说,我过去感情多么丰富,思想多么敏锐,现在不行了。

18. the other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality.

另一件需要避免的事就是老想和年轻人呆在一起,希望从青年的活力中吸取力量。

19. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves,but human beings,owing to the length of infancy,find this difficult.

动物,一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己,它们就不管了;但是人,由于抚养子女的时间长,是难以这样做的。

20.在我国,从二十年代开始从事翻译工作,从五十年代乃至八十年代还在讨论翻译问

题的,大概只有两个人,一个是郭沫若,一个就是茅盾。

21. I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities.

我认为,如果老年人对个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣,并参加适当的活动,我们的晚年是最容易过得好的,他们的晚年才会是一生收获的季节。

22.Yong men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiabl

y feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in old man who has known human joys and sorrows,and has achieved what ever work it was in him to do ,to fear of death is somewhat object and ignoble.

年青时有这种想法是可以理解的。年青人害怕阵亡疆场,而且一想到人生最美好的一切就这么被葬送了,恐惧的心情会更加严重。这种恐惧无可厚非。但作为老年人,人生的悲欢离合你已都经历过了,自己要做的事情也都做了,这时若还恐惧死亡,那就有些让人瞧不起了。

23. An individual human existence should be like a river——small at first,narrowl

y contained within its banks,and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider,the banks recede,the waters flow more quietly,and

in the end ,without any visible break,they become merged in the sea,and painlessl

y lose their individual being.

一个人的一生应像一条河——起初窄窄的,夹在两岸之中,急速地流动阒,冲过岩石,冲下瀑布,渐渐地,河面变宽了,两岸变得越来越远,河水静静地流动着,直到最后,再也

没有什么阻碍了,因为这时,你已融入了大海,毫无痛苦地结束了自己单独存在的那一段历程。

24. 如今,能为他的这本散文集作序,我觉得很荣幸。

I find it a great honour to be asked to write a preface to this collection of his essay s.

25. <心上的河流>写出了他对于小河流水的深情,这使我忆起死回我所热爱的无边的大海。

In “ A River at Heart”,he expressed his deep feelings towards the flowing water of a creek,which reminded me of my own love for the boundless,vast sea.

26.这几年,我因行动不便,整天过着“井蛙”的无聊生活,读了这游记,绚丽生动得如经其境,给了我很大的快乐。

In recent years,unable to move about easily,I have been leading a dull life like t hat of “a frog at the bottom of a well”。Reading his travel notes gave me great pleasure because they are so colourful and vivid that I felt I was actually there.

27.如同旧梦重温一般,我回忆起1936年在伦敦的3个星期,在昼夜看不到日,月,星三光的浓雾之中,参观了大英博物馆,敏纳斯教学——访问了一些英国朋友。

Just like going through old dreams,I remembered the three weeks I had spent in L ondon in 1936. during that time,when the sun,the moon and the stars were hidden be hind the thick fog day and night,I visited the British Museum and the Westminster and called on my English friends.

28.因为住处离罗浮宫很近,我就整个上午“泡”在罗浮宫里。

As I was very close to the Louvre,I would loiter in the palace the whole morning.

29. 吃过早餐,就出来坐在宫门台附上,欣赏宫门口那一大座花坛,花坛里栽的是红,黄,白,紫四色分明的盛开的郁金色。

After lunch,I would come out and sit on the steps at the entrance of the palace,enjoying the big flower beds near the gate filled with blooming tulips of distinctive red,yellow,white and purple.

30. 意大利是我最喜欢的一个欧洲国家。

One of my favourite European countries falls on Italy which is built of stone.

31.佛罗伦萨给我留下的,除了美术馆里的雕像和壁画之外,还有一座座府弟墙壁上的灯座,每座灯下都有一只拴马的铁环,是聚会或宴客时拴马用的,十分别致。

Things I can remember in Florence are the statues and murals in the Art Gallery as well as the lampstands on the walls of each house. Under each lampstand,there is q uni que iron ring used to tie the horses when parties or banquets are held.

UNIT 6 LITERATURES

1. 重神似不重形似“这是在讨论翻译问题时常说的一句话。傅雷—人间喜剧,约翰。克利斯朵夫,最难应付的是原文中最简单最明白而最短。

2.“No,no,no,” replied this individual,who was blond and vigorous and by na ture a little irritable and contentious.

“没有,没有,没有,” 这个人回答说。他长得漂漂亮亮,精神饱满,生性有点暴躁,喜欢争吵。

3.茅盾:“直译的意义若就浅处说,只是…不妄改原文的字句?;就深处说,还求…能保留原文的情调与风格。”

4.“No,sir,but couldn…t I pick it up pretty quick if I tried hard?”

“是没干过,先生。但只要我用心,很快就会学会的,是吧?”

5.Clyde,left alone in this fashion,and not knowing just what it meant,stared,w ondering.

克莱德就这么给甩在这儿了,弄不明白什么意思,两眼直愣愣地想呀想呀。

6.著名翻译家王佐良教授以翻译英诗为主,兼及散文和戏剧。1980年出版的他的<英国诗文选择集>中,有他译的袁斯诗11首,雪莱诗8诗,麦克迪儿米诗10首,有他译的培根的散文3篇,科贝特的散文6篇。1985年出版了他译的<彭斯诗选>.此外他还曾将曹禺的<雷雨>译成英语。

7.I remember my childhood names for grasses and secret flowers.

我记得儿时给各种小草和隐蔽的小花取的名字。

8.It required only a rich winter of rain to make it break forth in grass and flowers.

只要经历一个雨量充足的冬季,草呀,花呀,就会长出来。

9. when June came the grasses headed out and turned brown,and the hills turned a brown which was not brown but a gold anad saffron and red——an indescribable color.

到6月,草就已经长高了,颜色也变成棕色了。山则显出一种特别的棕色,说棕也不是棕,有点金黄,有点桔黄,还有点红——也形容不出是个什么颜色。

10. It was a rasping nervous wind,and the dust particles cut into a man…s skin and burned his eyes.

大风让人们烦躁焦虑,尘土的微粒剐着人的脸,刺痛人的眼睛。

11. The land cracked and the springs dried up and the cattle listlessly nibbled dry tw ings.

土地龟裂,泉水干枯,牛儿无精打采地啃着干树枝。

12. The tall,well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry from the old sea wolf of my imagination.

站在我面前的是一位身材高大,衣着讲究的先生,与我先前想像的老海怪完全不同。

13. A delighted giggle cut through the severe silence. The ice was broken. We all la ughed.

一阵咯咯的欢笑声打破了严肃而沉寂的气氛。谁也不拘束了,大家都笑了起来。

14.在旧社会,我们评剧演员常常挣钱不够吃饭,艺人们大都是拉家带口,生活困难。

In the old society,Pinju players seldom made enough to live on. And as most were saddled with big families their life was hard.

15.腊月二十三封箱,把“祖师爷”请到前台去,后台冷冷清清,演员们就更苦了,要等到年初一开戏了,才能挣到钱。

On the twenty-third of the twelfth lunar month,when theatres closed and the patron saint of actors was invited to the front stage,leaving the backstage deserted,actors wer e even worse off,unable to earn any more until the reopening on New Year…s Day.

16. 真是一个钱撕成八瓣用,心里总是想着怎样能够改善家里的困境。

Each single copper had to be eked out,and I kept racking my brains for ways to i mprove our difficult conditions.

17.每天天不亮戴着星星去排队,工厂没开大门就排上老长的队了。

We had to queue up before dawn when there were still stars in the sky. A long que ue formed before the mill…s gate opened.

18.可我从头到脚淋成了落汤鸡了。

I was drenched from head to foot like a drowned rat.

UNIT 8 POPULAR SCIENCE

1. there were three groups of oils;animal,vegetable and mineral.

油可以分为三大类:动物油,植物油,矿物油。

2. a few other creatures yield oil,but non so much as whale.

有些动物也出油,但都没有鲸鱼出得多。

3. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity.

植物油从古以来就为人们所熟悉。

4. To it we owe the existence of the motor-car,which has replaced the private carri age drawn by the horse,to it we owe the possibility of flying.

就是因为有了这种油,我们才能用上汽车,以代替马车。就是因为有了这种油,我们才有可能飞行。

5. two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat;but if they are separ ated by a thing film of oil,the friction and heat are reduced. No machine would work f or long if it were not properly lubricated.

两个金属面相擦,就要产生摩擦和热;但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油,就可以减少磨擦,降低热度。

6. the statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing that chief oilfields of the world;very few of them are far distant from the oceans of t oday.

石油原于大海的这种观点是被人们所认可的,你要看一眼世界主要油井的分布图就一目了然了,几乎没有远离现在海洋的油井。

7. the rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too.

石油存在处的岩石也都有海洋的渊源。

十二天突破英汉翻译笔记

一天突破英文中定语从句的翻译(一) 4 英文中的介词可以翻成中文里的方位副词的动词 There is a book on the desk. 桌上有本书。 The teacher came into the classroom with a book and a dog.老师带着一本书和一只狗…… 6 一般8个单词以下定语从句前置,多于8个单词后置。定语从句翻译后置方法中,需要译出关系词。 63 非限制性定语从句需要后置译法,且翻译关系词。 7 循环套用1: 中心词+定语1+定语1的定语2+定语2的定语3+…… 翻译方法看长度: 定语1+2=3 前两者放在一起翻译 定语1=2+3 后两者放在一起翻译 14 循环套用2: 中心词+定语1+定语1的定语2 翻译时:2+1+含有中心词的句子 注: 10 which有时指前面整个句子; 14 有时定语从句远离先行词; where“在那里” 11 prior to(主张多用)=before 11 “其”是中文专门用来表示第三人称的词。 13 定语从句一般不可放在句首 13 被动语态:用“为”代替“被” 英汉差异: 13 英文中多用代词;中文多用名词,不怕重复 15 英文多用长句,不注重标定符号的使用;中文多用断句且多用标点 23 英文多用名词;中文多用动词(动词的过渡) 英译汉: 9 适时断句,避免长句 12 重要的句子在后面翻译,不重要的先翻译 15 适时增加表示逻辑关系的词,使句子更具逻辑性 第二天突破英文中定语从句的翻译(二) 18 并列套用:多个并列定语修饰一个中心词 后置译法,关系词只需译一次 18 本位词&外位词

本位词:这,这样,这些 外位词:被本位词所替代的部分 一般用定语从句的which/of来翻译本位词 ...women in novels were stereotype of lacking any features... 小说中的妇女都是这样一种模式,她们缺少…… This assumption rests on the fallacy of the ... 假设是基于这样一种谬论:…… 19 There are not a few of people. 有不少人。 There are very few people who would not like to do it. 没有多少人愿意做这件事情。 20 abnormally 不正常地;病态地;特别,尤其 21 短句翻译:剥洋葱 先次后主,有逗号 21 中文:事实+评论 英文:评论+事实 22 It is often said that...人们常说 it is believed that...人们相信 It is guessed that...人们猜测 It is thought that...人们认为 It is supposed that...人们推测 It is reported that...据报道 插入语 23 表示观点时,提到句首翻译 27 不表示观点时,保留在原来位置,用破折号连接 23 谓语动词的过渡 英译汉 keep one informed current events keep是过渡词,本身动词性很弱,它的存在是为了informed的存在,因此翻译时直接忽略keep翻译inform 汉译英 中文“副词+动词”——英文“副词变动词,动词变名词” 28 West Bejing人为划分的行政区域,西北京 Western Beijing自然地理意义上的范围,北京的西部 the West of Beijing不在北京范围内,北京的西边 29 一般英文的人名和地名都要求固定中文译法 White 怀特 Watt 瓦特 Walt 沃尔特

英汉翻译课堂笔记梳理及扩展

English—Chinese Translation and Extensive Knowledge 第一讲(四课时)翻译的历史起源以及各大著名理论和概论 2012/09/18 第一节:翻译起源以及翻译大家(一) 1.1翻译事业在我国有着悠久的历史。 最早的佛经翻译是西汉哀帝元寿元年(公元前2年)贵霜帝国大月氏王遣使者伊存来中国口授佛经,博士弟子秦景宪协助使伊存得以记录的《浮图经》。 中国历史上出现过三次翻译高潮:东汉至唐宋的佛经翻译、明末清初的科技翻译和鸦片战争至“五四”的西学翻译。佛经翻译是中国翻译事业的起点。中国的翻译活动可以追溯到春秋战国时代。中国真正称得上语际翻译的活动应该说是始于西汉的哀帝时期的佛经翻译。这一时期的佛经翻译活动还只是民间私人事业到了符秦时代,佛经翻译活动就组织有序了。当时主要的组织者是释道安。因此他主张严格的词对词、句对句(word for word, line for line)的直译。道安在此期间请来了著名的翻译家天竺(即印度)人鸠摩罗什。他翻译了三百多卷佛经文献,如《金刚经》、《法华经》、《十二门论》、《中观论》、《维摩经》等。其译文神情并茂、妙趣盎然,堪称当时的上乘之译作,至今仍被视为我国文学翻译的奠基石。 Representative:唐玄奘(西元600-664年)主要生活在初唐时期,一生共翻译了佛教大小乘经论75部1335卷,共计一千多万;玄奘的译著从数量和品质上都达到了中国佛经翻译史上的高峰;堪称:翻译家中的第一人;其成就主要在于是“新译”的创始人。他提出的著名的“五不翻”原则及“既须求真,又须喻俗”的标准,对我国翻译事业有很大影响。 ↓↓ (所谓“求真”就是指翻译必须忠实于原文内容并保持原文风貌;所谓“须喻俗”,就是指译文语言必须通顺易懂并符合其语言规范。玄奘将“须求真”和“须喻俗”有机地结合,使两者相辅相成,) (所谓“不翻”,不是不翻译,而是指“音译”。玄奘列举了5种应该音译的情况,即“五不翻”。其“五不翻”具体为:(1)秘密之,故不翻。佛经中有许多咒语,有其秘密的意思和作用,应该音译,如“陀罗尼”。(2)含多义,故不翻。即一词多义的梵文,在汉语中找不到合适的词汇来表达,因此保留原文,只作音译。如“薄伽梵”,在梵文里便有六层意思。(3)此方所无,故不翻。“此方”即“中国”,指在中国文化中没有的事物应该音译。如“阎浮”树,由于产于印度等地,而我国没有这种树,故保留原意。(4)顺于古例,故不翻。指有些约定俗成的词语应该遵循习惯采取音译。例如“阿耨多罗三藐三菩提”,本来意“指无上正等正觉”,但由于自东汉以来,历代译经家用“音译”翻译,因此保留前人翻译模式,不再翻译成“无上正等正觉”。(5)为生善,故不翻。指具有特殊意义或功能的词语也应当音译。如“般若”虽可意译为智慧,但却是佛教文化中蕴含着特殊意义的一种智慧,一旦把意思直接译出来,则会韵味尽失。“五不翻”原则对我国翻译事业影响极其巨大,直到现在,仍然具有深远的影响。) 1.2文学翻译阶段及其代表人物 文学翻译阶段大致在19世纪60年代到20世纪80年代

英语翻译——笔记整理及单词概述

考研翻译重点词汇 Abstract n.摘要,概要,抽象 adj.抽象的,深奥的,理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.(使)加快,(使)增速, n.接受速成教育的学生 Account (1)看法,认识 (2)解释,说明 Account for 占…(多大)比重; 解释, 说明 Achievement n.成就;成绩;功绩,达到;完成 Acquire vt.得到,养成,vt 获得;招致,学得(知识等),求得,养成(习惯等),捕获, Action n.作用,动[操]作,行动,机械装置[作用],(小说等中的)情节 Activity n.活动,活动的事物,活动性,机能,功能 Actually adv.现实的,实际的;目前的;明确的,有效的 Additional adj.增加的,额外的,另外的 Advance vt.&vi.(使)前进,(使)发展;促进, vt.提出 Advantage n.利益,便利,有利方面,有利条件;优点;优势, (网球等)打成平手(deuce )而延长比赛后一方先得的一分(攻方所得称 advantage in ,守方所得则称 advantage out ) Agree vi.一致;相合同意,赞成约定,允诺,答应,相宜,调和,符合,和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎,差不多,差一点;将近 Amount n.量,数量,数额,总额,总数 vi.合计,共计 An immense amount of … 大量 An amount of … 一些 A certain amount of … 某些 Analogous 与…类似, 与…相似 And 而, 然而 Apply … to … ≈ lie with 存在于,发生于 Approach vt.&vi.接近,走近,靠近; vt.接洽,交涉;着手处理; n.靠近,接近,临近 Appropriate adj.适当的,恰当的; vt.挪用;占用;盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵,辩论; vt.坚决主张,提出理由证明,说服,劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现;出现;发生; vi.起身,起来,起立 As 译为 (1) 像, 如 ; (2) 作为 As … as (比较的两者要一致) = not so … as 译成:“… 和 … 一样 ” As is mentioned above 如上所述, (如上所示,如图所示---作文可以写) Aspect n.方面,方位,朝向 Assert vt.声称,断言,维护,坚持 Assume vt.假设,认定, 臆断,猜想,假装,担,担任,就职 Attempt n.尝试,企图vt.尝试,企图 Augment vt.增加,提高,扩大; n.增加,提高,扩大 Availability n.可用性,有效性,实用性 Base n.基础,底座,基地,根据地 vt.把…建立在,以…为基础 Behavioral adj.动作的,行为方面的 Big bang 大爆炸理论 Branch n.树枝,枝条,支,分科,分系; vi.出枝,树叉 Breakthrough : 突破 Break prison (监狱)越狱 Break out v. 爆发 Out break: n. 爆发

十二天突破英汉翻译笔记(16开夹书打印版)

《十二天突破英汉翻译-笔译篇》笔记 一、定语从句 1、sth. important (adj 修饰不定代词) 后置 a cat alive (asleep, awake, alike) a child adopted(V 过分,可以后置) 2、英文中介词可以译为方位副词和动词。 3、中文:先出主语+废话(定、状、补、插)+ 最重要成分 英文:先出主语+最重要成分+废话(定、状、补、插) 主语+废话+主句 4、否定转移:但凡是because 或by 或表原因的词引导的是(从)句子,它一定不转移;是短语 时一定转移。 5、译法:前置、后置、句首译法。 的关系词 6、一个人或者一群人后接动词+宾从;则此动词常译为认为。 (suggest, assume) 7、英汉互译过程中,为了让句子更加通顺,在不影响句意的情况下可适当增加虚词(如果、而、那么),实词的增减 必须要有明确的句意。 8、循环套用:中心词+定1 +定2 +定3 +…+定n-1 +定n [多个定从套用一定后置] 定 1 +定2 ≈定3 则将前两者放一起译←三个一样长 定 1 ≈定2 +定3 则将后两者放一起译 9、非限一定后置且译出关系词。(难在一定要判断关系词) 10、long before 在很久之前before long 不久后 11、inferior to 比…低级superior to 比…高级 junior to 比…年轻senior to 比…年长 prior to 在…之前 subject to doing 屈服于object to doing 反对 12、非谓语动词位于名词后相当于定从,需按定从处理。 13、abnormally=extremely 极其的,相当的 14、若句子译成中文不通顺则重新断句。 15、并列套用:中心词+定1 +定2 +定3 +…and+定n 后置,且关系词只需译一次 16、中文先事实后评论,英文先评论后事实。(差异一) 17、It is often said that…人们常说……It is believed that…人们认为…… It is guessed that…人们猜测……It is thought that…人们认为…… It is supposed that…人们推测…… It is reported that…据报道……According to static, 据统计……

专八翻译笔记

专八翻译笔记 武汉新东方刘畅? Be strong and of good courage; do not be afraid, nor be dismayed, for the Lord your God is with you wherever you go. – Joshua 1:9 第一章综述 一、何谓翻译? ? T —— tell ? R —— reader ? A —— authentic ? N —— native ? S —— smooth ? L —— language ? A —— and ? T —— touch upon ? E —— essence ? 英语的翻译“translation”是由trans-和-late构成。翻译是指两种语言的信息转换,即甲方说的意思换成乙方的语言表达。Steiner说:“翻译就是理解。”理解的对象就是原文的意义,理解原文的意义是达到翻译标准“忠实、通顺”的前一项(忠实)的前提,“通顺”只是表达阶段的事。不论是什么翻译,意义为先,形式为次。因此,可以说,理解为先,表达为次。 ? 二、大纲要求 ? 1、教学大纲 ? 能运用翻译的理论和技巧,将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语,或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语,速度为每小时250~300个英文单词。英文要求忠实原意,语言流畅。能担任一般外事活动的口译。 ? 2、考试大纲 ? 汉译英项目要求应试者运用汉译英的理论和技巧,翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍,以及一般文学作品的节录。速度为每小时250~300汉字。译文必须忠实原意,语言通顺。 ? 英译汉项目要求应试者运用英译汉的理论和技巧,翻译英美报刊杂志上有关政治、经济、历史、文化等方面的论述文以及文学原著的节录。速度为每小时约250~300词。译文要求忠实原意,语言流畅。 ? 三、试题特点 – 1、文体: ? 汉译英:记叙、介绍、散文、论说 ? 英译汉:散文、论说、评论、演讲 – 2、语域: ? 人文历史,无科技翻译 – 3、内容:无专门学术领域知识 ? 注意: ? 1、各年的翻译选段都是较正式的语体,未见不正式的讽刺性杂文,也未见不正式的小说对话。即使涉及文学,也是作家的作品或思想介绍。 ? 2、为了帮助考生更好地理解待翻译的篇段,一般都提供较多的上下文。但考生务必只翻译划线部分。

十二天突破英汉翻译笔记

第一天突破英文中定语从句的翻译(一) 在中国古代汉语中的后置定语:中国疆域之辽阔,人口之众多,资源之丰富。 China has a vast territory,a large population and plentiful resources. 英文中一个词修饰另一个词的时候存在前置和后置两种情况(属于以a-开头的形容词做定语的时候都要后置) 所有的词组和句子在修饰一个单词的时候都是后置,而没有前置,这样也引起了英文中后置的定语从句 4英文中的介词可以翻成中文里的方位副词的动词 There is a book on the desk. 桌上有本书。 The teacher came into the classroom with a book and a dog.老师带着一本书和一只狗…… 5中文:先出主语+废话(包括定语,状语,补语和插入语等)+最重要成分 英文:先出主语+最重要成分+废话(包括定语,状语,补语和插入语等) 6 英译汉的三部曲:断句(读起来不通顺重新断句),翻译和重读 定语从句的翻译方法: 前置译法:一般8个单词(包括8个单词)以下定语从句前置,但是如果放在中心词的前面难以,那么句子会更加冗长,放在后面也未尝不可 后置译法:多于8个单词后置。定语从句翻译后置方法中,需要译出关系词,在翻译的过程中就是要将它们翻译为具体的名词,而不是置之不理。非限制性定语从句需要后置译法,且翻译关系词 句首译法 7循环套用1: 中心词+定语1+定语1的定语2+定语2的定语3+…… 翻译方法看长度,如果三个定语一样长,根据经验判断把前两个放在一起翻译: 定语1+2=3 前两者放在一起翻译 定语1=2+3 后两者放在一起翻 14循环套用2: 中心词+定语1+定语1的定语2 翻译时:2+1+含有中心词的句子 8一般来说,一个人或是一群人的后面出现了一个动词,动词后面有宾语从句,即使不认识这个单词,我们都会把这个词翻译成“认为” 9some翻译为“某些”,而不是“一些”,因为科学家在表达某种观点时都不存在不确定性 28some kind of 某些 10 which有时指前面整个句子; 14 有时定语从句远离先行词; Where“在那里” 11 prior to(主张多用)=before 新中国建立以前:prior to the foundation of the People’s Republic of China “其”是中文专门用来表示第三人称的词。 13 定语从句一般不可放在句首 被动语态:“为”这个字代替了“被”,因为“被”本身在现代汉语中用的比较少 英汉差异: 13 英文中多用代词;中文多用名词,不怕重复 15 英文多用长句,不注重标定符号的使用;中文多用短句且多用逗号隔开 23 英文多用名词;中文多用动词(动词的过渡) 英译汉: 9 适时断句,避免长句 12 重要的句子在后面翻译,不重要的先翻译 15 适时增加表示逻辑关系的词,使句子更具逻辑性

笔译笔记整理

英语和汉语的差异 Synthetic vs.Analytic 综合与分析 English is a synthetic language marked with inflections(曲折变化形式),while Chinese is an analytic language without any inflection,which is usually implied in the context or explicitly shown in such words as“着、了、过”etc. Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year. 由于受到这样的鼓励,他们为第二年制订了一个更大胆的计划。 Compact vs.Diffusive 紧凑与松散 English sentences are compact tightly combined with connectives or prepositions,while Chinese is diffused,that is,loose in structure. Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part,thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer.现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分,使计算机的体积大大缩小,从而产生了新一代的便携式微型计算机。 A notion has taken hold in the US to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them.在美国有一个根深蒂固的观点,说是只有对那些抚养得起子女的人,才应鼓励其生育。 Hypotactic vs.Paratactic 形合与意合 In English.clauses or phrases are coordinated with or subordinated to one another syntactically while in Chinese theY are placed one after another without coordinating connectives.The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。 He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有一种令人难堪的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。 Complex vs. Simplex 繁复与简单 English sentences are long and complex,while Chinese sentences are short and simple.For example: Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quality of the natural product cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement,or,more often,because the physical properties of the synthetic substance.which is the common name for man.made materials,have been chosen.and even emphasized,so that it would be Of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.人造材料通称为合成材料。许多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料,这或者是由于天然物产的数量不能满足日益增长的需要,或者是由于人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此,合成材料在其应用领域将具有极大的用途。 Impersonal vs.Personal 物称与人称 There are more impersonal structures in English than in Chinese,as shown in the following examples: ·What has happened to you? 你出了什么事儿啦? ·An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到一个主意。 ·A strange peace canle over her when she was alone 她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。 ·Not a sound reached our ears.我们没有听到任何声音。 ·A great elation overcame them.他们欣喜若狂。 ·The truth finally dawned on her.她最终明白了真相。 Passive vs.Active 被动与主动

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王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》【笔记课后习题及翻译示例汇总考研真题详解】(文学翻译)

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1. 文学语言具有准确、形象、生动、自然等特征,译者应根据原作的艺术意境和语言特色,在译文里寻找适当的语言形式,使之文情并茂。 Daffodils all along the hedgerow swung like yellow, ruffled birds on their perches. 清风徐徐,沿灌木篱笆旁的水仙花轻轻地摇摆着,颇似栖息的鸟儿掀动着金黄色羽毛。 2. 运用娴熟的汉语,再现人物语言的形象化和个性化,使译文产生“如闻其声,如见其人”的艺术效果。 “Say, some tenderness, that!” This is reference to a smile or a melting glance on the part of a female. “唷,瞧那样多温存!”这说的是一位女性的嫣然一笑,或者回眸传情。 3. 凭借自己的审美体验,深刻理解原作的艺术美,进而形神兼备地再现这种艺术美。 四、加强文学翻译的基本功训练 有兴趣于或有志于从事文学翻译的青年,可在课内外分门别类地选做一些练习,以集中提高某些方面的表述能力。 18.2 课后习题详解 将下列英文译成汉语: 1. One morning, in the fall of 1880, a middle-aged woman, accompanied by a young girl of inquiry as to whether there was anything a- bout the place that she could do. She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and

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例: It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. [译文]凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太,这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。 [分析]尽管单从翻译技巧上看,可将It is a truth universally acknowledged放到后面,但译者还是有必要依照原文的句法结构,因为原文文字前后的排列可以产生出一种讥讽的口气。 (2) 意思和语言结构完全绑在一起,而英汉两种语言结构上的不同造成了不可译性(untranslatability)。例: The air war heats up as the air war heats up. [译文]随着空战的升温,媒体报道也沸腾不已。 [分析] air war既可指空袭,也可指传媒竞相报道,作者使用这一词,将音和意紧紧地结合在一起,但在中文里却无法将空袭和传媒战用一个语言单位表达,构成不可译性。 3. 翻译界的论战问题 (1) 直译还是意译(Literal Translation VS. Free Translation) (2) 功能对等还是形式对应(Functional Equivalence VS. Formal Correspondence) (3) 重原文的形式还是重原文的内容(Form VS. Content) (4) 靠近源语还是靠近译入语(Source—oriented VS. Target—oriented) (5) 以原作者为中心还是以译文读者为中心(Author—centered VS. Reader-centered) (6) 原作者写作的目的还是译者翻译的目的(The Purpose of the Author VS. the Purpose of the Translator)

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