微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文 意思
P：价格Price Q：数量Number D：需求Demand S供给Supply E：均衡（或期望）Equilibrium 效用Utility TU：Total utility总效用 MU：Marginal utility边际效用 CS: Consumer surplus消费者剩余 MRS：商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitution L：劳动力Labor TP:总产量 AP：平均产量 MP:边际产量 MRTS:边际技术替代率 STC：短期总成本土地( Land）成本（Capital） 边际效用（ Marginal utility）利润（Profit）长期（Long run）TFC：总不变成本Total fixed cost TVC：总可变成本Total variable cost TC：总成本Total cost AFC：平均不变成本Average fixed cost AVC：平均可变成本Average variable cost） AC：平均总成本Average total cost 平均成本（Average cost） MC：边际成本Marginal cost LTC：长期总成本Long run total cost LAC：长期平均成本Long run average cost SAC：短期平均成本Short run average cost LMC：长期边际成本Long run marginal cost SMC：短期边际成本Short run marginal cost TR：总收益Total revenue AR：平均收益Average revenue MR：边际收益Marginal revenue
Chapter 17 Monopolistic Competition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. _ __. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. _ __. 1. Because monopolistically competitive firms produce differentiated products, each firm ( d ) a.faces a demand curve that is horizontal. b.faces a demand curve that is vertical. c.has no control over product price. d.has some control over product pric e. 2. Which of the following conditions distinguishes monopolistic competition from perfect competition? ( d ) a. Number of sellers. b. Freedom of entry and exit. c. Small size firms. d. Differentiation of product. 3. A firm in a monopolistically competitive market is similar to a monopolist in the sense that it ( b ) a.must overcome significant barriers to entry. b.faces a downward-sloping demand curve. c.there are no barriers to entry or exit. d.there is only one seller of the good. 4. If existing firms in the fast-food market, which is a monopolistically competitive market, realize sizable economic profits in the short run, the demand of existing firms will ( a ) a.decrease and become more elastic. b.decrease and become less elasti c. c.increase and become more elastic. d.increase and become less elastic.
【经济人】 从事经济活动的人所采取的经济行为都是力图以自己的最小经济代价去获得自己的最大经济利益。 【需求】 消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能够购买的该商品的数量。 【供给】 生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售的该种商品的数量。 【均衡价格】。 一种商品的均衡价格是指该种商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。 【供求定理】。 其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向的变动，供给变动引起均衡价格的反方向变动，引起均衡数量的同方向变动。 【经济模型】。 经济模型是指用来描述所研究的经济事物的有关经济变量之间相关关系的理论结构。 【弹性】 当一个经济变量发生1%的变动时，由它引起的另一个经济变量变动的百分比。 【弧弹性】 表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间的需求量的变动对于价格的变动的反应程度。 【点弹性】 表示需求曲线上某一点上的需求量变动对于价格变动的反应程度。 【需求的价格弹性】 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的该商品的需求量变化的百分比。【需求的交叉价格弹性】。 表示在一定时期内一种商品的需求量的变动相对于它的相关商品的价格变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品的价格变化百分之一时所引起的另一种商品的需求量变化百分比。 【替代品】 如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者的某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系，这两种商品互为替代品。 【需求的收入弹性】 需求的收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品的需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动的反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当消费者的收入变化百分之一时所引起的商品需求量变化的百分比。 【恩格尔定律】。 在一个家庭或在一个国家中，食物支出在收入中所占的比例随着收入的增加而减少。用弹性的概念来表述它则可以是：对于一个家庭或一个国家来说，富裕程度越高，则食物支出的收入弹性就越小；反之，则越大。 【总效用和边际效用】 总效用是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量的商品的消费中所得到的效用量的总和。边际效用是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的效用量的增量。 【边际效用递减规律】 在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费数量保持不变的情况下，随着消费者对某种商品消费的增
【经济人】 从事经济活动得人所采取得经济行为都就是力图以自己得最小经济代价去获得自己得最大经济利益。 【需求】 消费者在一定时期内在各种可能得价格水平愿意而且能够购买得该商品得数量。 【供给】 生产者在一定时期内在各种价格水平下愿意并且能够提供出售得该种商品得数量。 【均衡价格】。 一种商品得均衡价格就是指该种商品得市场需求量与市场供给量相等时得价格。 【供求定理】。 其她条件不变得情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格与均衡数量得同方向得变动，供给变动引起均衡价格得反方向变动,引起均衡数量得同方向变动。 【经济模型】。 经济模型就是指用来描述所研究得经济事物得有关经济变量之间相关关系得理论结构。【弹性】 当一个经济变量发生1%得变动时,由它引起得另一个经济变量变动得百分比。 【弧弹性】 表示某商品需求曲线上两点之间得需求量得变动对于价格得变动得反应程度。 【点弹性】 表示需求曲线上某一点上得需求量变动对于价格变动得反应程度。 【需求得价格弹性】 表示在一定时期内一种商品得需求量变动对于该商品得价格变动得反应程度。或者说，表示在一定时期内当一种商品得价格变化百分之一时所引起得该商品得需求量变化得百分比。【需求得交叉价格弹性】。 表示在一定时期内一种商品得需求量得变动相对于它得相关商品得价格变动得反应程度。或者说,表示在一定时期内当一种商品得价格变化百分之一时所引起得另一种商品得需求量变化百分比。 【替代品】 如果两种商品之间能够相互替代以满足消费者得某一种欲望，则称这两种商品之间存在着替代关系,这两种商品互为替代品。 【需求得收入弹性】 需求得收入弹性表示在一定时期内消费者对某种商品得需求量变动对于消费者收入量变动得反应程度。或者说,表示在一定时期内当消费者得收入变化百分之一时所引起得商品需求量变化得百分比。 【恩格尔定律】。 在一个家庭或在一个国家中,食物支出在收入中所占得比例随着收入得增加而减少。用弹性得概念来表述它则可以就是:对于一个家庭或一个国家来说,富裕程度越高,则食物支出得收入弹性就越小;反之,则越大。 【总效用与边际效用】 总效用就是指消费者在一定时间内从一定数量得商品得消费中所得到得效用量得总与。边际效用就是指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品得消费所得到得效用量得增量。 【边际效用递减规律】 在一定时间内，在其她商品得消费数量保持不变得情况下,随着消费者对某种商品消费得增加,消费者从该商品连续增加得每一消费单位中所得到得效用增量即边际效用就是递减得。
微观经济学中各个字母缩写对应的中英文意思 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
P：价格Price Q：数量Number D：需求Demand S供给Supply E：均衡（或期望）Equilibrium 效用Utility TU：Total utility总效用 MU：Marginal utility边际效用 CS: Consumer surplus消费者剩余 MRS：商品的边际替代率Marginal rate of substitution L：劳动力Labor TP:总产量 AP：平均产量 MP:边际产量 MRTS:边际技术替代率 STC：短期总成本土地( Land）成本（Capital） 边际效用（ Marginal utility）利润（Profit）长期（Long run）TFC：总不变成本Total fixed cost TVC：总可变成本Total variable cost TC：总成本Total cost AFC：平均不变成本Average fixed cost AVC：平均可变成本Average variable cost） AC：平均总成本Average total cost 平均成本（Average cost） MC：边际成本Marginal cost LTC：长期总成本Long run total cost LAC：长期平均成本Long run average cost SAC：短期平均成本Short run average cost LMC：长期边际成本Long run marginal cost SMC：短期边际成本Short run marginal cost TR：总收益Total revenue AR：平均收益Average revenue MR：边际收益Marginal revenue
微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释 1.需求价格弹性(price elasticity of demand)： 2.蛛网模型（）： 对于生产周期较长的商品 供给的时滞性，需求的不是 动态模型分类，画图 3.边际效用递减（diminishing marginal utility）——基数效用论 不违反边际效用递减规律。因为边际效用是指物品的消费量每增加(或减少)一个单位所增加(或减少)的总效用的量。这里的“单位”是指一完整的商品单位，这种完整的商品单位，是边际效用递减规律有效性的前提。比如，这个定律适用于一双的鞋子，但不适用于单只的鞋子。对于四轮车而言，必须是有四个轮子的车才成为一单位。三个轮子不能构成一辆四轮车，因而每个轮子都不是一个有效用的物品，增加一个轮子，才能使车子有用。因此，不能说第四个轮子的边际效用超过第三个轮子 4.无差异曲线(indifference curve)：一条表示给消费者相同满足程度的消费组合的曲线。 （2）特征：凸向原点越远越大不相交 5.边际替代率(marginal rate of substitution.MRS)：——序数效用论 6.预算线（Budget line/ budget constraint）
7.吉芬物品(Giffen good)：价格上升引起需求量增加的物品。 8.柯布道格拉 斯生产函数 稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。 经济学(economics)：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 效率(efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 平等(equality)：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 机会成本(opportunity cost)：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人(rational people)：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 边际变动(marginal change)：对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 市场经济(market economy)：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。 产权（property rights）：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。 市场失灵(market failure)：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 外部性(externality)： 市场势力(market power)：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。
Managerial Economics
Part 1: 1. The price of good A goes up. As a result the demand for good B shifts to the left. From this we can infer that: a. good A is a normal good. b. good B is an inferior good. c. goods A and B are substitutes. d. goods A and B are complements. e. none of the above. Choose: d) the definition os complements 2. Joe's budget line is 15F + 45C = 900. When Joe chooses his most preferred market basket, he buys 10 units of C. therefore, he also buys : a. 10 units of F b. 30 units of F c. 50 units of F d. 60 units of F e. None of the above Choose: b) We assume that Joe will spend all his income. If C = 10, then 15F =900 – 45(10) =450, so F = 450/15 =30. 3. Kim only buys coffee and compact discs. Coffee costs $0.60 per cup, and CDs cost $12.00 each. She has $18 per week to spend on these two goods. If Kim is maximizing her utility, her marginal rate of substitution of coffee for CDs is: a. 0.05 b. 20 c. 18 d. 1.50 e. None of the above Choose: a) At Kim's most preferred market basket, her MRS equals the price ratio (Pcoffee/PCD), which equals 0.6/12 or 0.05. 4. The bandwagon effect corresponds best to which of the following? a. snob effect. b. external economy. c. negative network externality. d. positive network externality. Choose: d) 5. A Giffen good a. is always the same as an inferior good. b. is the special subset of inferior goods in which the substitution effect dominates the income effect. c. is the special subset of inferior goods in which the income effect dominates the substitution effect. d. must have a downward sloping demand curv e. Choose: c) the definition of Giffen good 6. An Engel curve for a good has a positive slope if the good is : a. an inferior good. b. a Giffen good. c. a normal goo d. d. a, b, and c are tru e. e. None of the above is true. Choose: c) Inferior and Giffen goods have negatively sloped Engel curves. 7. The price of beef and quantity of beef traded are P* and Q*, respectively. Given
微观经济名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society ’ s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Rational : systematically and purposefully doing the best you can to achieve your objectives. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Incentive : something that induces a person to act. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Property rights : the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person ’ s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker ’ s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms. Production possibilities frontier : a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology. Microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. Positive statements Positive statements :claims that attempt to describe the world as it is. :claims that attempt to describe the world as it is. CHAPTER 4 Quantity demanded : the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Law of demand : the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises. Demand schedule : a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Demand curve : a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. Normal good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand. Inferior good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.
内蒙古农业大学 2011/2012学年第一学期 微观经济学课程考试试卷（A） Please print. If the answer is unrecognizable, it will be counted as wrong answer. You should answer in English or Chinese, numbers, or graphs. Ⅰ. Concepts（3 points each, total 15 points） 1. Opportunity cost 2. Externality 3. Deadweight loss 4. Competitive market 5. Diminishing marginal product ，total 20 points) demand for orange decreases. ( f ) 2.The price elasticity of demand remains constant along a linear demand curve. ( t ) 3.When price ceiling is below equilibrium price in a competitive market, the price ceiling is binding, and there is shortage in the market.
( t ) 4.Total surplus is the values to buyers minus the cost to sellers. ( f ) 5. When taxed is levied on the good in a competitive market, the tax revenue got by the government equals the fall in producer and consumer surplus. ( f ) 6. If the world price of a good exceeds the domestic price, the country should import the good instead to export it. ( t ) 7.In the presence of a negative externality, Q optimum is therefore larger than the Q market . ( f ) 8.Price always equals to marginal revenue for all kinds of firms. ( t ) 9. Demand curve for a monopoly firm is the market demand curve. ( f ) 10.In the long run, monopolistic competitive firms produce at their lowest average total cost. ，total 20 points) ( d ) 1. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, these two good are? A. Luxury goods. B. Necessities. C. Substitutes. D. Complements. ( a ) 2. Although buyers and sellers share the burden of tax together, sellers share more if the good is ________ A. Food . B. Clothes. C. Housing.
Chapter 13 The Costs of Production 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. _ __ 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. _ __ 1. Which of the following is an implicit cost? ( ) a.Salaries paid to workers who work for the firm. b.Interest on money borrowed to finance equipment purchases. c.Cash payments for raw materials. d.Foregone rent on office space owned and used by the firm. 2. Sarah has been working for a law firm and earning an annual salary of $90,000. She decides to open her own practice. Her annual expenses will include $15,000 for office rent, $3,000 for equipment rental, $1,200 for utilities, and a $35,000 salary for a secretary/bookkeeper. Sarah will cover her start-up expenses by cashing in a $20,000 certificate of deposit on which she was earning annual interest of $1,000. Assuming that there are no additional expenses, Sarah’s annual implicit costs wil l equal ( ) a.$55,200. b. $221,400. c. $91,000. d. $146,200. 3. Economists assume that the goal of the firm is to ( ) a.maximize total revenue. c. minimize costs. b.maximize profits. d. do all of the above. 4. The difference between accounting profit and economic profit relates to ( ) a.the manner in which revenues are defined. b.how total revenue is calculated. c.the manner in which costs are define d. d.the price of the good in the market. 5. As Al’s Radiator Co. continues to add workers, while keeping the same amount of machinery, some workers may be underutilized because they have little work to do while waiting in line to use the machinery. When this o ccurs, Al’s Radiator Co. encounters ( ) a.economies of scale. c. increasing marginal product. b.diseconomies of scale. d. diminishing marginal product.
复习题： 一、True or False： 1. Government policies that improve equality usually increase efficiency at the same time. 2. A rational decisionmaker takes an action if and only if the marginal cost exceeds the marginal benefit. 3.Trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best, thus increasing each individual's productivity. 4. the production possibilities frontier shows the opportunity cost of one good as measured in terms of the other good. 5. When a production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, the opportunity cost of the first good in terms of the second good increases as more of the second good is produced. 6. For a country producing two goods, the opportunity cost of one good will be the inverse of the opportunity cost of the other good. 7. If a country has the comparative advantage in producing a product, then that country must also have the absolute advantage in producing that product. 8.An increase in the price of pizza will shift the demand curve for pizza to the left. 9. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the right. 10. The demand for gasoline will respond more to a change in price over a period of five weeks than over a period of five years. 11. Suppose that when the price rises by 10% for a particular good, the quantity demanded of that good falls by 30%. The price elasticity of demand for this good is equal to 1/3. 12. Demand is inelastic if the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1. 13.A price ceiling is a legal minimum on the price at which a good or service can be sold. 14. A price floor set above the equilibrium price is not binding. 15 .The equilibrium of supply and demand in a market maximizes the total benefits to buyers and sellers of participating in that market. 16. Efficiency is related to the size of the economic pie, whereas equality is related to how the pie gets sliced and distributed. 17. When markets fail, public policy can potentially remedy the problem and increase economic efficiency. 18. As the size of a tax increases, the government's tax revenue rises, then falls. 19.Because the supply of land is perfectly elastic, the deadweight loss of a tax on land is very large. 20.In principle, trade can make a nation better off, because the gains to the winners exceed the losses to the losers.
Chapter 8 Application: The Cost of Taxation 1. Deadweight loss is the ( a ) a.reduction in total surplus that results from a tax. b.loss of profit to businesses when a tax is imposed. c.reduction in consumer surplus when a tax is placed on buyers. d.decline in government revenue when taxes are reduced in a market. 2. Deadweight loss ( a ) a.means that there is a loss to some individuals without a corresponding gain to others. b.is not really a loss to society because what one individual loses another individual gains. c.can be eliminated by sales taxes. d.can occur even if output is at the efficient level. 3. Deadweight loss measures ( b ) a.the amount people would pay to gain an additional unit of a good. b.the loss from economic inefficiency. c.the difference between two efficient situations. d.the amount required to compensate producers for lost surplus due to the imposition of a sales tax. 4. A per-unit tax on a good creates deadweight loss because ( c ) a.it makes demand more inelastic. b.it makes supply more elasti c. c.by increasing the price consumers pay, and reducing the price sellers receive, it prevents some mutually beneficial trades. d.the government wastes the tax revenues it receives. 5. If the supply curve is perfectly elastic, a per-unit tax ( c ) a.does not create deadweight loss. b.does not reduce consumer surplus. c.does not reduce producer surplus. d.reduces consumer surplus but increases producer surplus.
Chapter1:Key concepts February19,2013 1Introduction Economics is the study of choice under scarcity.Typically,consumers want more goods and services than they can a?ord to buy.Similarly,businesses face constraints in terms what funds and resources that they can https://www.doczj.com/doc/be18883900.html,ernments and countries also face the same type of problem:a government might want to address a large number of social problems,but they have limited resources with which to do so.Economics is about understanding how a party deals with the fact that when they use their resources to pursue one option,they cannot use those resources to do something else.And so,a consumer may have to choose between a new pair of shoes or a textbook,a?rm may have to choose between developing a new product or launching a marketing campaign, and the government may have to choose between improving education or targeting crime. To understand these issues,economics has developed a set of tools that can be used to analyze these problems.This book provides an introduction to those tools.They can be used to help understand economic problems wherever they arise,be it businesses understanding the markets they compete in,or governments trying to develop social policy,or families trying to manage their households.These tools are not meant to capture everything that is occurring in any given situation.Rather,they are designed to simplify(or to model)a complicated and potentially messy real-world issue into a tractable form that can provide valuable insights. Given that resources are limited,the key questions that an economy needs to‘decide’are:(a)what to produce;(b)how to produce it;and(c)who should get what is made.In modern economies,the answers to these questions are largely determined by the market –that is,by the interaction of sellers and buyers in the market.1Sometimes,however, the government also helps determine the answer to these questions,by regulating or intervening in the market.Consequently,our focus in this microeconomics text will be on the study of individuals(consumers,?rms,and governments)and their interaction in markets. This chapter provides a few key concepts that underpin the analysis in the rest of the book,as well as economics analysis in general. 1By‘market’,we simply mean a place where buyers and sellers of a particular good or service meet, such as a traditional bazaar or an online trading site. 1