探析发展电子信息工程技术中英文翻译
Analysis on the development of electronic and Information Engineering Technology in English translation
论文关键词电子信息技术发展现状探讨
Discussion on the development status of electronic information technology
论文摘要21世纪网络信息技术取得飞速的进展，这使得电子信息工程逐渐成为人们生活中的热门话题。随着科学技术的发展，电子信息工程在各个方面影响着人们的生活，人们对于电子信息工程的需求也快速提升，目前我国的电子信息工程面临着巨大的发展需求。电子信息工程技术也发展的越来越快，面临人们如何合理、有效使用电子信息工程的相关问题，本文着重分析电子信息工程的利用及发展现状。
Abstract in twenty-first Century the network information technology rapid progress, which makes electronic information engineering has gradually become a hot topic in people's life. With the development of science and technology, electronic information engineering is affecting people's life in all aspects, people also enhance rapid for electronic information engineering, electronic information engineering in our country at present, facing the huge demand for development. Also the development of electronic information engineering technology more and more quickly, the related issue of how reasonable, effective use of electronic and information engineering, this paper focuses on the analysis of the status and development of electronic and information engineering.
目前，电子信息工程是信息化的现代产物，它将电子技术和通讯信息技术完美的结合起来，并应用于生产和生活的各个领域。但是我们不能满足于它的发展和应用的现状，应该对其不断的完善和更新，以更好更快的发展．更好地为社会主义现代化建设服务。
At present, electronic and information engineering is the modern product information, it will electronic technology and communication of information technology the perfect combination of various fields, and its application in production and life. Development and application of but we can not be satisfied with it, should continue to improve and update, in order to better and faster development. To better serve the socialist modernization.
一、电子信息工程的概念
A concept, electronic and Information Engineering
电子信息工程专业是集现代电子技术、信息技术、通信技术与一体的专业。电子信息工程的基本含义就是利用计算机等先进技术对电子信息进行控制和处理的学科，其研究的信息内容主要是电子设备与信息系统的设计、开发及集成。随着时代的发展，电子信息工程的内容更加广泛，电话信号处理、手机声音、图像传递、网络数据传递、信息数据传递等都需要与电子信息工程现代化技术相关联。现代的电子技术达到对信息的有效控制和各种相关处理的一种工程形式。电子信息工程控制的信息包括应用于各种设备中的信息技术。另外，电子信息工程在经过我国的这些年的发展和进步后，其涵盖的内容也更加广泛，并且在实际应用中同其他的先进的现代化技术开始出现交叉和融台的趋势。所以，我们要想更好的研究电子信息工程与其技术，可以从其产品入手。并且我们可以看到随着社会分工的细化．电子信息工程与其技术参与到的产品研发和应用的部分越来越多。
Electronic information engineering is set in modern electronic technology, information technology, communication technology and the integration of the professional. The basic meaning of electronic and information engineering is the use of computer technology to control and treatment course of electronic information, the information is the main content of electronic equipment and information systems design, development and integration. With the development of the times, electronic information engineering content more widely, telephone, mobile phone voice signal processing, image transmission, network transmission of data, information and data transfer are associated with the modern technology of electronics and information engineering. Modern electronic technology to form effective control and various related to the processing of a project on the information. Control of electronic and information engineering information including apply to all kinds of information technology. In addition, electronic information engineering in the development and progress of these years in China, its contents are more widely, and in the practical application and other advanced modern technology trend of cross and thaw station. Therefore, study of electronic information engineering, we want to better their technology, can from proceed with of its products. And we can see with the refinement of social division of labor. Part of more and more product development and application of electronic information engineering and technology involved in the.
二、电子信息工程现代化技术的作用
Two, the role of modern technology of electronics and Information Engineering
电子信息工程的发展21世纪的前20年是我国在科学技术领域赶超世界先进水平的关键时期，信息技术作为科学技术领域发展最快的门类之一，其重要作用已受到国内外的广泛重视，并成为维护国家安全、增强综合国力的关键所在。党的“十六大”明确指出:“优先发展信息产业，在经济和社会领域广泛应用信息技术。”这是在新的历史条件和时代进步背景下，加快我国信息技术发展的重大战略部署。电子信息技术已经渗透到人们生产和生活的各个领域。
The development of electronic information engineering in twenty-first Century 20 years ago is a critical period for China to catch up with the advanced world level in the field of science and technology, information technology as the field of science and technology development in one category of the most fast, its important role has received extensive attention both at home and abroad, and has become the key to safeguarding national security, enhancing the overall national strength. The party's "big sixteen" clearly pointed out: " give priority to the development of information industry, information technology is widely used in the economic and social fields. " This is in the new historical conditions and the progress of the era background, major strategic plan to accelerate the development of information technology in china. Electronic information technology has penetrated into all fields of people's production and life.
虽然目前来看我国的电子信息工程与其技术发展的还算比较迅速，但是仔细研究就会发现，我国虽然对此技术的应用范围比较广，但是真正掌握的核心技术和手段还是不够的。并没有一个属于自己的电子信息工程和技术的发展体系，大部分的先进技术还是直接引进先进国家的成果。这种情况必须予以改变，因为这样会严重的阻碍我国的电子信息工程技术的长期发展，没有自主研发的技术和产品是不会在电子信息工程的发展中立足的。随着信息技术迅速的发展，电子信息工程已经成为时代的推动者，对社会电子商务的应用越来越重要。Although the current situation of electronic information engineering in China and its technology development is still relatively quickly, but careful study will find, although our country the scope of application of this technology is wide, but to truly master the core technology and method is not enough. The development of the system is not one to belong to own electronic information engineering and technology, advanced technology and most direct or the introduction of advanced countries results. This situation must be changed, because of the long-term development of this can prevent the engineering technology of electronic information of our country is serious, do not have independent R & D technologies and products that are not based on the development of
electronic and information engineering. With the rapid development of information technology rapidly, electronic and information engineering has become the era of promoters, application of e-commerce is more and more important in society.
三、促进电子信息工程发展的途径
Three, to promote the development of electronic information engineering approach （一）加大投入力度，促进信息化建设
( a ) to increase investment, promote the informatization construction
要想使现代化电子信息工程技术更好的发展，就应该加大支持力度，以促进信息化项目建设的发展。应该加大投资力度，不断的拓宽投资和融资渠道，并建立电子信息工程基金，以保证电子信息产业的发展。国家应引导移动通信产业跨越式发展、数字电视、电影推广、互联网的应用及软件信息服务等工程的开发，以促进产业自主创新及技术改造项目的顺利进行。
The development of modern engineering to make better of electronic information technology, should increase support, to promote the development of the informationization construction. Should increase investment, to continue to expand investment and financing channels, and the establishment of electronic information engineering fund, in order to ensure the development of electronic information industry. Countries should guide the development of the mobile communication industry development by leaps and bounds, digital TV, movies, the Internet popularization application and software information service project, in order to promote the industry of independent innovation and technological transformation projects smoothly.
（二）优化发展环境，培养创新型技术人才
( two ) to optimize development environment, the cultivation of innovative talents 要想使现代化电子信息工程技术更好的发展，人才是必不可少的，而人才要想更好的发挥其作用，就应该创造一个有利于电子信息工程人才发展的环境。这二者是相辅相成的。因此，电子信息企业应该创造一个有利于人才发展的环境并建立以人为本的价值观。
The development of modern engineering to make better of electronic information technology, talent is essential, and the talent to better play its role, we should create a favorable talent development of electronic information engineering environment. The two are complementary to each other. Therefore, the electronic information enterprises should create a favorable talent development environment and establish a people-oriented values.
（三）不断扩大网络平台交流
( three ) expanding network communication platform
面对纷繁复杂的社会，多姿多彩的网络世界，有利于人们网络交流。网上交友，工作、学习、生活越来越方便，加强了人们之间的沟通、充分发挥了科技工程信息作用。让世人进入网络世界。
In the face of the complicated society, the colorful world of the Internet, the benefit of the people of network communication. Online dating, work, learning, life more and more convenient, to strengthen the communication between people, give full play to the role of science and technology information. Let the world enter the network in the world.
（四）促进产品服务创新，培育电子信息经济增长点
( four ) to promote the cultivation of innovative products and services, electronic information economy point of growth
增强自主创新认识和知识产权保护意识，培育企业新经济增长点。
To strengthen the independent innovation awareness and consciousness of intellectual property protection, cultivating new economic growth point.
要想使电子信息工程现代化技术更好的发展，就应促进产品服务创新，培育新的经济增长点。在激烈的国内、国际竞争环境下，特别是经济危机的环境下，推陈出新才是电子信息企业的生存之计。在这种情况下，电子信息企业就应该加强和设备制造企业的合作，并建立以企业为主体的技术创新体系，以增强国内发电子信息工程的核心技术研发及制造能力，以实现产品创新和技术创新，以增强电子信息产品在国际的竞争力。
In order to make better development of electronic and information engineering of modern technology, we should promote the innovation of products and services, and foster new economic growth point. In the fierce competition in the domestic, international competition environment, especially the economic crisis environment, bring forth the new through the old is the electronic information enterprises to survive. In this case, the electronic information enterprises should strengthen and equipment manufacturing enterprises, and establish enterprises as the mainstay of technological innovation system, to strengthen the core technology research and development of domestic electronic information engineering and manufacturing capability, to achieve product innovation and technological innovation, to enhance the competitiveness of electronic information products in the world.
（五）着力培育人们自我维护
( five ) focus on cultivating the self maintenance
电子信息工程网络是一个开放的空间，特别是在因特网上，除了要做到本人不攻击他人之外，还要学会预防来自外界的攻击。诸如教会人们应用防火墙和反黄软件来防毒和防黄。在网上聊天时留意激进身份机密，不要随意将电话告知对方等，更不能随意和网友见面。保管好本人上网时运用的各种密码，不要随便泄露给其别人等等。
Electronic information engineering network is an open space, especially on the Internet, in addition to do I don't attack others, but also to prevent the attack from outside. Such as church people application firewall and anti-virus and anti - yellow dog. In an online chat to radical confidential, do not arbitrarily will call to inform each other, more can't meet users free. Keep all passwords I Internet use, do not disclose to others.
（六）合理、适时指导学生应用资源
( six ) reasonable, timely guide students to use the resources
在当今网络时期，作为一个信息技术工程不应局限于本人的喜好，应该组织人们应用网络带来的便利。通过网络联系增强团结、推进网络道德素养的建立，寓教于学、应用。这样既能让他们更多更深地去理解应用网络，更能使他们逐步认识到本人才是网络的真正主人。孙中山先生早在上个世纪初就说过：“世界潮流汹涌澎湃，顺之者昌，逆之者亡。”网络化是当今世界推进社会进步的潮流，上网是二十一世纪公民的“必修课”，我们要以积极的态度来引导人们学习使用网络，同时也要加强网络道德教育，使人们学会正确运用网络，享受科技成果，真正成为新世纪网络世界的主人。
In today's Internet era, as an information technology project should not be limited to personal preferences, people should be organized by the convenience brought by the internet. Strengthen unity, promote the establishment of network moral literacy through the network connection, teach in schools, application. This can make them more and more to understand the application of network, more so that they can gradually realize that the people are the real masters of the network. Mr. Sun Zhongshan early in the last century has said: "the world tide surging, Shun-chang, nizhizhe wu. " The network is the world to promote social progress trend, the Internet is the twenty-first Century civic "compulsory course ", we must adopt a positive attitude to guide people to learn to use the network, but also to strengthen the network moral education, make people learn how to correctly use the network, enjoy the fruits of science and technology, to truly become the
masters of the new century network world.
总之，随着信息化产业不断的发展，电子信息工程也在不断的发展中，为人们工作、生活带来了方便。电子信息工程作为现代化信息技术，已经成为人们生活工作必不可少的应用技术。
In a word, with the development of information industry unceasingly, electronic information engineering is also in constant development, brings convenience for people to work, live. Electronic information engineering as the modern information technology, has become the application of technology is essential in people's life and work.
参考文献：
Reference.
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[1] Li Guolin. Modern technology of electronic and information engineering of " Silicon V alley ", in 2012 4
[2]刘延风.我国电子信息工程发展现状及保障措施探讨《产业与科技论坛》，2009年4期
[2] Liu Yanfeng. A discussion on " China's electronic information engineering development status and measures of industry and Technology Forum ", 2009 4
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
电子信息工程专业课程名称中英文翻译对照 （2009级培养计划）
实践环节翻译
高等数学Advanced Mathematics 大学物理College Physics 线性代数Linear Algebra 复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variable and Integral Transforms 概率论与随机过程Probability and Random Process 物理实验Experiments of College Physics 数理方程Equations of Mathematical Physics 电子信息工程概论Introduction to Electronic and Information Engineering 计算机应用基础Fundamentals of Computer Application 电路原理Principles of Circuit 模拟电子技术基础Fundamentals of Analog Electronics 数字电子技术基础Fundamentals of Digital Electronics C语言程序设计The C Programming Language 信息论基础Fundamentals of Information Theory 信号与线性系统Signals and Linear Systems 微机原理与接口技术Microcomputer Principles and Interface Technology 马克思主义基本原理Fundamentals of Marxism 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论 和“三个代表”重要思想 概论 Thoughts of Mao and Deng 中国近现代史纲要Modern Chinese History 思想道德修养与法律基 础 Moral Education & Law Basis 形势与政策Situation and Policy 英语College English 体育Physical Education 当代世界经济与政治Modern Global Economy and Politics 卫生健康教育Health Education 心理健康知识讲座Psychological Health Knowledge Lecture 公共艺术课程Public Arts 文献检索Literature Retrieval 军事理论Military Theory 普通话语音常识及训练Mandarin Knowledge and Training 大学生职业生涯策划 （就业指导） Career Planning (Guidance of Employment ) 专题学术讲座Optional Course Lecture 科技文献写作Sci-tech Document Writing 高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuits 通信原理Communications Theory 数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing 计算机网络Computer Networks 电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c011799759.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
附录 The new advanced manufacturing technology development Summary: This paper has presented the problems facing today's manufacturing technology，advanced manufacturing discussed in the forefront of science，and a vision for the future development of advanced manufacturing technology. Keyword：Advanced manufacturing technologies; Frontier science; Applications prospects Modern manufacturing is an important pillar of the national economy and overall national strength and its GDP accounted for a general national GDP 20%~55%. In the composition of a country's business productivity，manufacturing technology around 60% of the general role. Experts believe that the various countries in the world economic competition，mainly manufacturing technology competition. Their competitiveness in the production of the final product market share. With the rapid economic and technological development and customer needs and the changing market environment，this competition is becoming increasingly fierce，and that Governments attach great importance to the advanced manufacturing technology research. 1 .Current manufacturing science to solve problems Manufacturing science to solve the current problems focused on the following aspects : (1) Manufacturing systems is a complex systems，and manufacturing
中英文对照翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Policies for Development of Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with
外文资料 所译外文资料： 1. 作者G..Bouwhuis, J.Braat, A.Huijser 2. 书名:Principles of Optical Disk Systems 3. 出版时间：1991年9月 4. 所译章节：Session 2/Chapter9, Session 2/Chapter 11 原文： Microprocessor One of the key inventions in the history of electronics, and in fact one of the most important inventions ever period, was the transistor. As time progressed after the inven ti on of LSI in tegrated circuits, the tech no logy improved and chips became smaller, faster and cheaper. The functions performed by a processor were impleme nted using several differe nt logic chips. In tel was the first compa ny to in corporate all of these logic comp onents into a si ngle chip, this was the first microprocessor. A microprocessor is a complete computati on engine that is fabricated on a sin gle chip. A microprocessor executes a collecti on of machi ne in struct ions that tell the processor what to do. Based on the in struct ions, a microprocessor does three basic things: https://www.doczj.com/doc/c011799759.html,ing the ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform mathematical operatio ns like additi on, subtract ion, multiplicatio n and divisi on; 2.A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to another; 3.A microprocessor can make decisi ons and jump to a new set of in struct ions based on those decisi ons. There may be very sophisticated things that a microprocessor does, but those are its three basic activities. Microprocessor has an address bus that sends an address to memory, a data bus that can send data to memory or receive data from memory, an RD(read) and WR(write) line that lets a clock pulse sequenee the processor and a reset li ne that resets the program coun ter to zero(or whatever) and restarts executi on. And let ' s assume that both the address and data buses are 8 bits wide here. Here are the comp onents of this simple microprocessor: 1. Registers A, B and C are simply latches made out of flip-flops. 2. The address latch is just like registers A, B and C. 3. The program coun ter is a latch with the extra ability to in creme nt by 1 whe n told to do so, and also to reset to zero whe n told to do so. 4. The ALU could be as simple as an 8-bit adder, or it might be able to add, subtract, multiply and divide 8- bit values. Let ' s assume the latter here. 5. The test register is a special latch that can hold values from comparisons performed in the ALU. An ALU can normally compare two numbers send determine if they are equal, if one is greater
我国计算机辅助翻译技术的发展历程 和计算机辅助翻译技术的发展前景 摘要：我国计算机辅助翻译技术发展已有60年之余的历史，各种翻译软件运营而生，但却未被广泛应用，计算机辅助翻译技术是未来翻译事业发展的重头戏，应当得到恰当的长足的修改和完善，为翻译事业发展做出有力的支持。 关键词：计算机辅助翻译技术背景发展历程软件政策语料库前景 一．计算机辅助翻译技术发展的背景 翻译事业的历史源远流长，自人类开始进行文化交流的时期开始，翻译和议员就运应而生了，众所周知的是，翻译工作是一项浩大且繁重的工作，翻译工作不仅是原文与译文的转换，更是文化与文化的重新构建，必然会耗费大量的人力和时间，我国著名作家、翻译家傅雷曾耗时二十余年翻译亨利·德·巴尔扎克的《高老头》，所以翻译工作也一直被认为是“耗费大、效率低”的。 随着我国对外开放的深入，我国与其他国家在经济贸易、文化、政治方面的政府间及民间交流与合作活动日益增多，对翻译的需求量也空前绝后地增大，在这种背景下，繁冗复杂的人工翻译往往供不应求。 上世纪70年代到上世纪90年代计算机技术得到迅猛的发展，科技的进步推动着计算机辅助翻译技术的长足发展 在这种背景下，计算机翻译技术随之被广泛应用起来。 二．计算机辅助翻译技术在我国的发展 早在1956年，中国就开始将计算机翻译技术纳入了全国科学工作发展规划，课题名称为“机器翻译、自然语言翻译规则的建设和自然语言的数学理论”。1957年，中国科学院语言研究所与计算机技术研究所合作开展俄汉机器翻译实验，翻译了9种不同类型的较为复杂的句子。在这一时期，欧洲国家对机器翻译给予了相当大的重视，在这种动力的驱使下，我国机器翻译也进入了乐观的繁荣期。 在文革期间，机器翻译步入萧条期。 进入70年代后，随着计算机技术的发展尤其是计算机硬件的飞速成长以及语言学和计算机的学科联系建设，计算机辅助翻译技术逐步走向繁荣。随着我国文革的结束，各项科学事业建设被重新提上日程，计算机辅助翻译技术迎来了充满希望的春天。 到了90年代，全球范围内科技呈现爆炸式发展，计算机已经成为人们生活中工作中不可或缺的一部分，计算机的普及和Internet 的普遍应用，让计算机辅助翻译机器翻译迎来了一个新的发展机遇。在同一时代，中国取得了前所未有的成就，相继推出了一系列机器翻译软件，例如“译星”、“通译”、等。计算机辅助翻译技术拉开了新的帷幕。计算机辅助翻译软件也走向了专业化和市场化。随着市场需求的扩大，互联网翻译成为一种新型产业，例如“百度翻译”，“有道在线翻译”等等。
VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/c011799759.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/c011799759.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
机器翻译技术的现状及发展 篇一：翻译技术领域的现状与展望 翻译技术领域的现状与展望 作者/王华伟闫栗丽 翻译技术在中国的发展起步相对较晚，但近年来随着中国在全球化进程中扮演着越来越重要的角色，催生了对翻译技术发展的强烈需求。中国翻译行业在借鉴国外同行经验的基础上，于2007~2008年间在翻译技术领域取得了一系列成就，也还存在一些亟需改进的方面，而这也势必对我国的翻译行业产生深远的影响。 1. 国家政策的扶持和行业协会的推动 翻译技术的发展直接关乎整个翻译行业的翻译质量及效率，具备巨大的行业经济效益。对此，科技部、财政部都给与了足够的重视并拨出专项资金进行扶持。在 2008年的科技型中小企业技术创新基金扶持计划中，中文及多语种处理软件及基于先进语言学理论的中文翻译软件等赫然在列。而中国译协也在 2008年的第 18届世界翻译大会上专门辟出了翻译工具、术语管理和翻译标准等分论坛，着力推动翻译技术的探讨与发展。 2. 词典型翻译软件百花齐放 词典是使用范围最广的工具，它以使用便利的优势，几乎占据了每个计算机的桌面，无论语言学习者还是专业翻译人员，几乎都是必备工具。词典的发展从最早的单机版本发展至今，已经有很多种产品
类型，我们可以见到的有：电子词典、在线词典、手机词典等。“金山词霸”的网络版本“爱词霸”在这两年获得了长足的发展，如爱词霸网络释义、谷歌金山词霸等一系列特色功能的相继推出，将词典型翻译软件的应用领域从传统的桌面计算机拓展到网络、手机等，并取得了显著的成功。另外，类似Google这样的搜索引擎，因为信息量大，检索便利而成为很多专业翻译人员查词的重要辅助工具。 值得一提的是，最新推出的基于用户发布词汇的词典编撰系统之前的词典都是以各大出版社公开发行的词典中的词条作为主要数据库来源，为用户提供查询上的便利。但是传统出版词典的方式存在发布周期长、词汇更新慢的缺陷。互联网的出现，加快了信息传播的速度，也提高了用户对新词更新的速度要求，为了方便新词汇的发布，词典编纂系统也就应运而生了。这是一种基于用户的词典发布系统，用户可自由发起词典编纂项目，自发组织人员参与项目，发起人可以按照需要给小组成员分配不同的权限，将词汇添加等基本工作和审核人员明确区分，既确保了词典的专业性，也实现了专业语料的适时更新和发布。 3. 机器翻译应用软件融入普通网民生活 谷歌语言工具的推出打破了互联网语言的藩篱，用户可以方便简捷地将目标语言的网页转化成自己的母语进行浏览。事实上，这也是机器翻译软件的一个应用领域，而国内的相关软件如金山快译等，专注于为普通网民提供更为友好的英中日网站浏览体验，并在亚洲语言的机器翻译应用方面积累了大量的经验。其他如华建等长期从事机器
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 平设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。
在唐朝（618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在2俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。J an Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”