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2015年高考上海卷语文试题及答案解析

2015年高考上海卷语文试题及答案解析
2015年高考上海卷语文试题及答案解析

2015年高考上海卷语文试题及答案解析

一阅读80分

(一)阅读下文,完成第1—6题。(17分)

地图与理论模型

①工程师在设计汽车时会按比例制作汽车模型,这种实物模型可以直观地呈现出汽车的构造,而且可以让一些实验更加便捷。举办一场宴会前,我们会思考应该邀请谁参加、需要准备哪些食物等,这时我们其实也构建了一个模型。这种模型与汽车模型不同,它不是一种实物,而是一种“理论”。科学家的工作与此相似,也是构建某种理论模型,只是这类模型的特点理解起来比较困难。

②地图也是一种模型。地图与理论模型的类比有助于我们了解理论模型的特点。我们先来做一个练习。请看一张某大学校园的局部地图:

③这张地图的右边画有一个箭头。请问:箭头指示的东西足什么?

④人们通常会回答:箭头指示的是一幢建筑。如果我说这答案不仅是错的,而且根本不着边,你会怎样想?你肯定会怀疑这是个把戏。没错,你的怀疑是正确的,但这个把戏的背后却是最为核心的问题。

⑤正确的答案是,箭头指示的是一个矩形图框。这就是真正为箭头所指的东西。人们会回答箭头指向了一幢建筑物,是因为根据地图和与之对应的实际环境,矩形图框显然表示一幢建筑物。但建筑物只是矩形图框所表示的物体,而不是矩形图框本身。

⑥这个练习的目的是指出地图与其所表示的对象不是一码事。当然,这只是一个把戏,生活中没有人会混淆地图上的一个矩形图框和现实中的一幢建筑。毕竟,你可以将一张街道地图折起来放进你的口袋,却不可能把一个街道折起来放进口袋。而理论模型与客观对象间的差别却容易被人忽略,这需要我们格外注意。

⑦我们都知道地图和它所表示的对象是不同的,但二者之间又存在着重要的联系。那么,地图是如何与一个特定空间发生联系的呢?

⑧第一,地图与它所表示的对象在结构上具有特定相似性。就地图而言,结构的特定相似性是空间上的。例如,地图中的线条的空间关系,与地图所表示的街道的空间关系相对应。

⑨第二,我们拥有一套社会约定来绘制和阅读地图。没有这些约定,地图只是绘有不同线条的纸。这套约定十分浅显,并为人们熟知,所以大多数人在看地图时,根本没有意识到自己使用了这些约定。

⑩理论模型也离不开约定,只是具体情况有所不同:没有几个人知道用来解释宇宙大爆炸这一理论模型的约定。人们需要了解更多的学科专业知识,才能“绘制”和“阅读”理论模型。

?通过地图与理论模型的类比,我们还发现了值得进一步追问的有趣的问题:存在完美的地图吗?答案依赖于什么是“完美的地图”。如果“完美的地图”是指对一个地方的所有特征进行完整、精确表征的地图,那么,这样的地图几乎不可能存在。

?表征所有的特征意味着不仅要表示出所有的街道、建筑的地点,而且还要表示出建筑的高度、新旧程度,甚至还要表示出全部的植物、被丢弃的自行车等等。所以,地图不那么完美的一个方面,在于它的不完整性:地图只是有选择地表示某些特征,如建筑的空间位置,而忽略其他特征,如建筑的高度、新旧程度等。另外,地图表示出来的特征有多精确?例如,上海地图能精确表示出东方明珠塔和虹桥机场之间的距离吗?它精确到千米、米、厘米了吗?显然,没有一张地图能做到完全的精确。

?地图的上述特点,理论模型也同样具有。不妨说,理论模型就是科学家为我们理解世界而绘制的“地图”。

1.如果要替换第⑥段中的“毕竟”一词,根据上下文,恰当的一项是()。(2分)

A.因为B.况且C.因此D.也许

2.作者在文中设计的练习为什么只是一个把戏?请联系第⑨段加以分析。(3分)

3.全文以地图作类比的作用是_______________。(2分)

4.对文章的写作手法分析正确的一项是()(3分)

A.第①段中用汽车模型的例子是为了通过类比引出宴会模型。

B.第⑥段画线部分使用夸张手法,突出了把街道放入口袋绝无可能。

C.第⑩段写到“植物”“自行车”,不属于举例子这一说明方法。

D.举东方明珠塔和虹桥机场为例是因为它们间的距离不易精确测量。

5.作为说明文,本文的语言除严谨准确外还有其他特点,请举例分析。(3分)

6.综览全文,概括理论模型的特点。(4分)

(二)阅读下文,完成第7—11题。(19分)

雪天张抗抗

①每年下第一场雪的日子,我总会想起多年前,一个雪天的经历。

2017年高考英语上海卷【附解析】

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2005年高考上海语文试题及答案

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2015上海高考英语试题及答案

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