and semantic rules.
1. __________ resulted mainly from the eapansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.
A. Pragmatics
B. Pragmatism
C. Phonology
D. Practicalism
2. Once the notion of _________ was taken into consideration, semantics spiiled into pragmatics.
A. meaning
B. context
C. form
D. content
3. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes _______.
A. a sentence
B. an act
C. a unit
D. an utterance
4. A ___________ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.
A. semantic
B. syntactic
C. pragmatic
D. grammatical
5. _______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.
A. Speaking
B. Speech
C. Sound
D. Spoken
6. ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.
A. A locutionary
B. An illocutionary
C. A perlocutionary
D. A speech
7. One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of
__________ acts.
A. locutionary
B. illocutionary
C. perlocutionary
D. speech
8. The illocutionary point of __________ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.
A. directives
B. commisives
C. expressives
D. declarations
9. All the utterance that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _________ form.
A. syntactic
B. semantic
C. grammatical
D. pragmatic
10. The cooperative Principle is proposed by ________.
A. John Searle
B. John Austin
C. Paul Grice
D. John Lyons
11. Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the ________ of language use was left unconsidered.
A. brevity
B. context
C. accuracy
D. none of the above
12. Of the three speech acts, linguistic are most interested in the _________.
A. locutionary act
B. perlocutionary act
C. illocutionary act
D. none of the above
13. The maxim of quantity requires: ___________.
A. make your contribution ad informative as required.
B. Do not make contribution more informative than is required.
C. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
D. Both A and B.
14. The maxim of quality requireds: do not say what you believe to be
________.
A. false
B. true
C. brief
D. orderly
15. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _______.
A. utterance meaning
B. speech act theory
C. conversational implicatures
D. all of the above.
16. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey _________ is literally said.
A. more than
B. less than
C. the same as
D. none of the above.
c
1. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
2. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
4. The meaning of an utterance is decontextualized，therefore stable utterances always take the form of complete sentences
5. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.
6. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.
Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.
1.How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other？
2.How does a sentence differ from an utterance？
3.Discuss in detail the locutionary act，illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.
4. What are the representative approaches to Syntax and their main contents.
5. What is semantic triangle, and explain it in detail.
6. what are synonymy, antonumy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy. Explain them by details.
7. what are entailment presupposition and semantic anomaly. Explain them by details and examples.
FFFTTTF
Sentence, transformational, deep, coordinate, structure, grammatical, syntax ABAD
FFTTTTF
【Keys】:
1. A
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. A 10. C 11.
B 12.
C 13.
D 14. A 15. C 16. A
第一章作为语言学一个分支的语义学 语义学的建立以法国学者米歇尔·布勒阿尔1897年7月出版《语义学探索》为标记。 该书1900年翻译为英文“语义学：意义科学的研究（Semantics:Studies in the Science of Meaning）”。 这本专著材料丰富，生动有趣，重点在词义的历史发展方面，兼顾词汇意义和语法意义。 全书共三编：1，讲词义变化的定律，介绍变异、扩散、类推等概念；2，讲如何确定词义，介绍释义、比喻、多义、命名等；3，讲词类、词序、组合规则等，涉及语法意义。 除了语言学的语义学，还有逻辑学的语义学，哲学的语义学，还有心理学家对语义的研究。 a,逻辑学的语义学是对逻辑形式系统中符号解释的研究，又称“纯语义学”，对象并非自然语言的语义。 b,哲学的语义学围绕语义的本质展开涉及世界观的讨论。“语义学”或“语义哲学”又是本世纪前半叶盛行于西方的至今仍有影响的一个哲学流派的名称。 c,心理学家研究语义，主要是想了解人们在信息的发出和接收中的心理过程。 d,语言学的语义学把语义作为语言（乃至言语）的一个组成部分、一个方面进行研究，研究它的性质，内部结构及其变异和发展，语义间的关系等等。 布勒阿尔的书给语义的发展以重要地位，声称研究语义的变化构成了语义学。同时它把语义限制在“词语”的意义上，主要是词义上。这两个特点一直贯穿在他以后半个多世纪的若干代表性著作里。 继布勒阿尔之后，一部有世界影响的语义学专著是两位英国学者奥格登和理查兹合写，1923年出版的《意义的意义》（The Meaning of Meaning）。这两位学者还曾共同创制了后来遭到各种非议的“基本英语”(Basic English).
从认知语言学的角度看一词多义现象 摘要：一词多义指一个词项具有多个相关义项的语言现象。新义项的产生不是随机的, 也不是盲目的, 而是人类认知参与下语言历时变化的结果, 因此认知角度的一词多义研究能够比较清楚地揭示一词多义的根源与本质。新义项以基本义项为核心, 按照辐射型或链接型方式排列, 构成一个词项意义的原型范畴。人们总是从基本义项出发, 主要利用隐喻和转喻思维等方式, 将新义项赋予现有词项, 从而使一词多义现象表现出明显的认知理据性。 关键词: 认知; 一词多义; 范畴化; 隐喻; 转喻 Abstract:Polysemy is the linguistic phenomenon in which a lexical item has more than one related meaning. It is the diachronic result of language development facilitated by human cognition. New meanings, centering on the basic meaning and arranged in a radiant or linear manner, form the prototypical category of a w ord. People tend to attach new meanings to a lexical item by w ay of categorization, metaphor and metonymy, which results in the striking motivational features of polysemy. Key words: cognition, polysemy, categorization, metonymy, metaphor 几乎所有的语言中都存在一个普遍现象, 即一个词可能会承载二种以上的意义, 语言学家将此语言现象称为一词多义现象。通过赋予同一词形以更多的词义来减少词的数量, 它极大地丰富了我们的语言，减轻了人们词汇记忆的负担，是人们进一步认知世界的简便、有效的途径,是优于造词、构词和借词的语言手段。因而，一词多义现象一直成为了语义学研究的热点。传统的理论对于一词多义现象做过众多的研究, 其中主要有: K atz 和Fo rdo r( 1963) 基于组词间的类似性提出的语义成分分析法(semantic feature analysis); 由德国学者J. Trier 提出的词在语义上是互相联系的完整的词汇系统语义场理论以及传统的真值语义分析。传统的语义学理论更多地将它归于历史的、社会的因素。这些固然是词义变化的重要因素, 但它们只是外部因素, 传统的语义学理论终究没有看清词义变化和一词多义的关系, 也未能充分地解释一词多义现象形成的缘由。本文试图从认知语义学的角度运用范畴化的型理论对一词多义现象的形成方式，发展模式以及认知手段进行研究。 1.认知语言学的语义观 认知语言观承认客观世界的现实性及对语言形成的本源作用, 但更强调人的认知的参与作用, 认为语言不能直接反映客观世界, 而是由人对客观世界的认知作用之。所谓“心生而言立” , 其认知模式是: 客观世界—认知加工一概念生成一语言符号(赵艳芳,20 0 1 : 3 5 )。Lakof与Jo h n s o n (1 9 8 0 : 1 9 5 : 1 9 9 9 ) 以及L a k o f (19 8 7 )根据他们提出的体验哲学认为: 人类的认知、概念、意义、推理和语言等均源于对客观外界的感知和经验, “体验哲学和C L (cognitive linguistics ) 认为认知来源于实践, 语言是体验和认知的结果” (王寅, 2 0 0 5 : 1 6 )。认知是和语言不可分的, 认知是语言的基础和发端。语言是由客观世界, 人的认知体验, 社会、文化历时与共时价值观及其语用因素促动形成的、具有动态演绎、延异性质和形态的象征符号系统和精
Chapter 5 Semantics Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Dialectal（方言的）synonyms（同义关系）can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. F 2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. F 3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. T 4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. F 5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. T 6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. T 7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F 8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T 9. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T 10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. T Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 11. Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning. 12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. 13. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 14. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. 15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called homophones（同音/形异义词）. 16. Relational opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. 17. Componential（指数）analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components. 18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called selectional restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 19. An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. 20. According to the naming theory of meaning, the words in a lan-guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete
概念： 语言符号的任意性、 任意性：也叫绝对任意性 理据性：也叫相对任意性、可论证性、象似性 从语言发展阶段看：原生阶段具有任意性、派生、合成阶段具有理据性，句法组合具有象似性。从语言系统看：单纯词具有任意性。合成词和句子具有任意性。任意性和理据性都是语言符号的特点。 本义、 一般指词的原始意义或较早的意义，从字面上讲，也就是本来的意思。 引申、 引申大体上可以分成隐喻和换喻两种方式。 引申义 词语由本义引申而成的新义。 语义特征(义素)义素 对义位（义项）进行分解得到的语义区别性特征。 语义场、 语义场实际是以一个共同的意义成分为核心聚集起来的词义的聚合。这些词义相互联系、相互制约，在意义上形成一个“场”。 语义场类型 （1）联想语义场： 上下位义场：同属于一个上位概念的下位概念构成联想语义场。颜色词和亲属词。 部分整体义场 顺序义场 2）反义义场 极性对立义场：非A一定B：大小 互补反义义场：非A即B类：死活 关系反义义场：夫妻 （3）同义义场 生日/诞辰父亲/爸爸 （4）多义义场 语义范畴、 语法范畴: 把同一性质的语法意义综合和概括所形成的语法意义的类别 论元（语义角色、语义格）、题元 跟动词发生语义关系的名词（代词）是题元（theme），根据名词和动词具体的语义关系，每一个题元便获得了一个题元角色（thematic role）。乔姆斯基提到的题元角色主要有以下一些：（1）施事（Agent）
（2）受事（Patient） （3）主事（Theme） （4）经事（Experiencer） （5）与事（Beneficiary） （6）工具（Instrument） （7）处所（Location） （8）目标（Goal） （9）来源（Source） 范畴、 大脑对客观世界进行认知加工，经过加工后的世界是主客观相结合的产物。这种主客观相互作用的认知加工过程就是对事物的分类过程即范畴化过程，结果形成认知范畴。 家族相似性 通常认为某一词类的全体成员一定共有某一分布特征，那么全体成员具有家族相似性。1.以运动会为例，各种比赛项目交叉相似。称为家族相似性。 二、原型 .原型是某类范畴中最好、最典型的成员。跟它最接近的成员最具原型性，反之为边缘成员有以下特点： ①决定范畴内涵的属性机器数目是不确定的。 ②范畴的边界是模糊的③成员的地位成员不平等④原型性更高的成员最大限度地区别于其他范畴的原型成员⑤原型是由完形感知形成的。 原型施事、 原型施事范畴中最好、最典型的成员。有5个特征，分别是：自主性、感知性、使动性、位移性和自立性。 原型受事、 原型受事范畴中最好、最典型的成员。有6个特征，分别是：受动、变化、自立、渐成、关涉、类属。 隐喻 借助具体事物谈较为抽象的事物。基本表达公式：A是B。 转喻 根据两个事物的相关性，以一个代替另一个的现象。也是人类普遍的思维方式。 框架： 为了理解语言中词的意义，首先要有一个概念结构，这个概念结构为词在语言及言语中的存在和使用提供背景和动因。这个概念结构就是语义框架。理解其中一个概念就要激活整个框架和框架内所有元素。 意象图式、
The relationship between semantics and pragmatics As a branch of linguistics, semantics can be simply defined as the study of linguistic meaning, which studies literal, structural or lexical meaning conveyed by words, phrases and sentences. What we concerned with is the denotation of the word, namely the relationship between words , phrases and sentences not the possible connotations. It is context independent, de-contextualized.and it deals with what is said. while pragmatics is a study which can be defined as the analysis of meaning in a particular context, which studies non-literal, implicit meaning. It deals with the relations between language and context that are basic to language understanding. pragmatics is context dependent, contextualized. What we concerned is what is communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. Through the definition of semantics and pragmatics, we can see that semantics and pragmatics both concern the meaning of language. But they research the different sides of language, and they have different study methods. The study objects of semantics is words, phrases and sentences, what we need to know is their meaning, sense , reference and presupposes. Different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. And one word may belong to another word. So we can conclude the words to these relations, Such as synonymy, polysemy, homonymy,hyponymy and antonymy. And when we talk about the sense relations between sentences ,we may think of presupposes. Whether it is right under the presupposes. All those are semantics. It would not change with the
语义学与翻译 【摘要】语义学是从哲学和语言学方面研究意义的一门学科。第二次世界大战以后，由于不同学科的相互影响，对语义的研究迅速发展。20世纪20～30年代盛行的逻辑实证主义对以后的语义研究产生了重大影响。以卡纳普为代表的“学院派”语义哲学家认为，现代逻辑的主要任务是对“理想”的语言作语法（句法）的语义描写和分析。所指“理想”语言的语义即联结语言符号和世界可见现实或可感知经验的纽带。在他们看来，自然语言在某种程度上是原始的、模糊的、不精确的和容易混淆的。美国人类语言学家沃夫提出了语言相对论，认为说话者学习和使用的语言决定了说话者的感知和思想框架。到40年代，剑桥学派代表人物g.e.穆尔及l.维特根斯坦又提出了“普通语义学”理论。50年代，美国语言学家哈里斯、乔姆斯基等创立转换-生成语法理论，对自然语言的句法结构提出更深刻的见解。 【关键词】语义学；翻译；转换生成语法理论 一、定义 胡壮麟的《语言学教程》里是这样给语义学定义的“semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. it is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items， but also with levels of language below the word and above it， e.g. meaning of morphems and sentences. the following are what the key concepts look like： semantic components， denotation of
认知语义学的六个基本特征 摘要：本文综述概括了认知语义学的六个基本特征，以期更好地了解认知语言学的理论内涵与理论效力，并运用到实际的语言与认知研究中。它们是：意义即概念化、意义的主要基础是感知、语义成分基于空间和拓扑物体、基本认知模型是意象图式模型、语义是句法的基础并且部分地决定句法、概念具有原型特征。 关键词：认知语义学；基本特征；理论效力 Abstract: The paper reviews the six basic tenets of cognitive semantics in order to better understand what cognitive semantics is and what it can do in the research of language and cognition. The six tenets are: semantics is conceptualization, meaning is perceptively grounded, semantic elements are spatial or topological elements, cognitive models are primarily image-schematic, semantics is the basis for syntax which is at least determined by semantics, concepts show prototypical effects. Key words: cognitive semantics; basic tenets; theoretical power Title: The six basic tenets of cognitive semantics 1. 引言 语义学研究大体可以分为两个传统：客观途径和认知途径。客观途径认为，语言表达式的意义是客观外部世界中的某物，即句法结构向客观世界（包括可能世界）物体的映射，因而常用真值条件来定义。那么，语言的意义与语言使用者没有关系。而认知途径认为，语言表达式的意义即心理实体，是语言构成成分向认知结构的映射。语义与外部世界的关系是次要的，而且只有在认知结构确定下来以后才能确定下来。那么，意义独立于真值。外部世界的作用只有在考察认知结构与它的关系时才被考虑进来。 根据Talmy（2000：5）的论述，认知语义学研究概念内容及其在语言中的组织方式。概念内容不但包括意念（ideational）内容，还包括情感、感知等体验内容。认知语义学作为认知语言学的最重要部分，它的一些基本主张也就是认知语言学的基本主张，可以概括为六个基本特征。下文将分别讨论。 2. 意义即（认知模型中的）概念化 这一命题标志着认知语义学同传统语义学的根本分歧。传统语义学的基本取向是客观主义。客观主义的认知观和语言观可以表述为（Lakoff 1987；163）： 客观认知：思想是抽象符号的操作。符号的意义对应于外在世界的实体和范畴。因此，大脑可以表征外部世界，折射（mirror）自然。 客观概念：概念是表达下面两种关系的符号：1）符号与概念系统中的其他概念有关联；2）与客观现实世界或可能世界的实体和范畴相对应。 传统语义学认为，语言的意义总是与可能世界相联系，如命题是可能世界与真值的函数。 认知语义学认为，意义存在于脑海中，即语言的意义是语言表达式向认知或心理实体的映射。这一观点否定了真值条件在确定语言的意义中的首要地位。相反，由于真值是认知结构与世界的关系，那么，语言表达式的真值就是次要的了。 但是，意义即概念化的观点不同于Fodor的思维语理论，虽然他也是用心理实体来表征语言的信息。Fodor的思维语理论指的是，说话人根据一组内在的规则计算语言的推理并形成语言回应。构成思维语的心理实体形成语言，语言的句法结构由一组组递归性规则管辖。事
语用学概论 （1）丈夫：我去办公室啦。 （2）妻子：老公，今天是星期天。 （1）父亲：今天哪儿也不想去。 （2）女儿：老爸，今天是星期天。 （1）下午踢球去吗？ （2）晚上还有考试。（昨天把腿拉伤了。） （1）小王：怎么样？ （2）小李：资料都拿走了。 （1）老师：现在几点了？ （2）学生：路上自行车没气啦。 第一讲什么是语用学 一、语用学的起源 ?“语用学”术语的提出 1938年美国哲学家莫里斯在著作《符号理论基础》（Foundation of the theory of signs）中首次使用了“语用学”这一术语（Pragmatics）。这个术语是莫里斯参照pragmatism（实用主义）和pragmaticism（实效主义）创造出来的。 符号学（semiotics）包括：句法学（sy ntax）、语义学（semantics）、语用学（pragmatics）三分。 句法学（Syntactics or sy ntax）研究“符号之间的形式关系”； 语义学（semantics）研究“符号及其所指对象的关系”； 语用学（Pragmatics ）研究“符号和使用者的关系”（Morris,1938） 《符号、语言和行动》（1946 ） 语用学是符号学的一个部分，它研究符号的来源、应用及其在行为中出现时所产生的作用或效果。 ?语用学与符号学 ?语用学与语言哲学 自20世纪30年代末开始，皮尔斯、莫里斯和卡纳普等把语用学作为符号学的一部分，其研究仅限于哲学，这可算是语用学发展的第一个阶段。从20世纪50年代初到60年代末，以希勒尔、奥斯汀、塞尔和格赖斯等为代表的语言哲学家对言语行为和会话含意理论的探索，使语用学有了突破性的进展，他们的研究成果基本上奠定了语用学的理论基础，这可算是语用学发展的第二个阶段，此时的语言学研究仍限于哲学范围内。正式因为哲学家对语言的探讨，为70年代语用学成为语言学的一门独立学科准备了条件。70年代以后，特别是1977年在荷兰正式出版发行了《语用学学刊》以后，语用学作为语言学的一门新兴学科才得到确认。 ?语用学作为一门新兴学科的标志： ?1977年，《语用学杂志》（Journal of pragmatics）在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹正式出版发行； ?1983年由列文森（Levinson）所编著的第一部语用学教科书《语用学》问世； ?1986年“国际语用学会”正式成立。 （沈家煊，1996） 二、语用学的发展 ?1、语言研究发展历史： ?20世纪初：结构主义语言学—50年代后期：转换生成语法理论—70年代初：语义学研究（引入语 境概念，为语用学的发展开辟了道路）。 ?归纳为：形态——句法——语义——语用几个阶段。 ?发展缘由
Understanding meaning The associative meaning of colors Abstract: Conceptual meaning and associative meaning are the two main kinds of meaning, in which the former refers to the central part concerning the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes while the second one refers to the mental connections to explain its use. It’s very hard to understand the associative meaning because it is affected by many factors like, cultural, social, ideological etc. take color as an example, in different culture it has different meaning. Key words: associative meaning, factors affecting meaning, color 1 types of meaning G.. Leech(1985: 13-26) divided “meaning”into two categories: conceptual meaning and associative meaning . The conceptual meaning is also called logical meaning, which is the central part，concerning the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes. The associative meaning includes connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, which plays an important role in daily communication. Only have a better understanding of it can we have a better communication with other people. 2 characteristics of associative meaning 2.1 instability:associative meaning is not the central part of the meaning. Rather, it is something attached to it. it will be different for different people in different occasion. it is also affected by a lot of factors like, nationality, race, ethnic, religion, class, occupation, aesthetic point of view even personal experience. for example, home, for many people, means “ comfort, quietness and freedom”. As the saying goes: “east or west, home is best.”. However, for some couples who have unhappy marriages or children who are always scolded by parents, home means “quarrel, confinement like a prison”. Also for the same New York, it has different associative meaning. Some people worship it as a heaven while others will hate it as if it’s a heal. Like the journalist Caskie Stinnett wrote in his essay Farewell, My unlovely: “The sad aspect of my departure was that there was so little sadness connected with it (New York), and after ten years it seemed to me that I should have looked back with some slight mistiness in my eyes. A lot of
框架语义学与译文质量评估 朱晓敏 （常熟理工学院外国语学院 江苏常熟 215500） 摘 要：Fillmore 提出的框架语义学是认知语义学的支柱理论之一，该理论认为：对任何一个概念的理解必然会激发一整套相关经验概念，包括它的隐含意义和社会文化意义。框架语义学试图从认知科学的角度破解人类识解语义的“黑匣子”，为了我们了解分析语义的产生，识解、转移提供了强有力的工具。翻译研究与语义学紧密相关，本文试图从框架语义学的角度分析译文质量，希望推动认知语言学在翻译中的运用。 关键词：框架；框架语义学；译文质量评估［中图分类号］H315.9 ［文献标识码］ A ［文章编号］1003-6539（2010）12-0015-04 Frame Semantics and Assessment of Translation Quality Zhu Xiaomin （School of Foreign Languages of Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China ） Abstract ：Frame Semantics, one of the founding theories of Cognitive Semantics, argues that understanding of any concept inevitably triggers a whole set of relevant concepts including its implied and socio-cultural meanings. The employment of Cognitive Science partially enables Frame Semantics to uncover the “black box” in which human beings construe meaning. Translation Studies and semantics are closely related. This paper endeavors to assess translation quality from the perspective of Frame Semantics in the hope that studies with the assistance of Cognitive Linguistics will ? ourish in the near future. Key words ：Frame; Frame Semantics; translation quality assessment ［收稿日期］ 2010 - 3 - 2 ［作者简介］ 朱晓敏 （1979～ ），男，常熟理工学院讲师，南京大学博士研究生，主要从事翻译理论与实践研究。 翻译是一项古老的文化交流活动，中西方的翻译实践都源远流长。有实践就必然有对翻译活动的理性思考和探究。虽然人类对翻译的研究和翻译实践一样古老，但翻译作为一门独立的学科却发轫于20世纪70年代。由于翻译与语言天生不可分离的关系，所以翻译研究与现代语言学的发展保持着同步。虽然是后起之秀，翻译学却在广泛吸收新兴语言学科的基础上不断发展壮大。各个相关学科的理论模式被不断引入到翻译学中，从不同的角度对翻译的各个方面进行研究，取得了可喜的成果，如翻译的文化学理论、翻译的交际学理论、翻译的后现代理论、翻译的符号学理论等。当下，翻译的跨学科研究已经成为一种趋势。在各种跨学科研究中，从认知语言学角度，具体说是从认知语义学角度对翻译的研究，已经 得到了国内外学者的关注。认知语义学支柱理论之一的框架语义学试图从认知科学的角度破解人类识解语义的“黑匣子”，因而得到语言学家的广泛重视。本文试图从框架语义学的角度分析译文质量，希望能为认知语言学在翻译中的运用打开一扇窗，以期出现更多这方面的研究。 一、框架语义学理论简介 Minsky 是较早提出框架理论的学者之一，他认为我们的知识以数据结构形式贮存在记忆中，称为“框架”。框架代表典型的情景，这些典型情景以如下方式使用：“在遇到新的情景时（或对当前问题的看法作出改变时），我们必须从自己的记忆中筛选出一个结构，即框架。这是一种
1.Where do you think meaning comes from? During the first half of the twentieth century,philosophy of language was concerned less with language use than with meanings of linguistic expressions.Indeed, meanings were abstracted from the linguistic items that have them,and(indicative) sentences were often equated with statements, which in turn were equated with proposition.From the point of semantics and pragmatics,there are two types of meanings--literal meaning and speaker’s meaning.What a sentence literally m eans is determined by the rules of the language--those rules that the semanticist attempts to capture.But speaker’s meaning is a matter of intentions:what someone means is what he overtly intends to get across through his utterances.Meaning comes in many varieties. Some of these varieties are said to belong to the field of semantics,others to the field of pragmatics. 2.What are the similarities and differences between semantics and pragmatics? How are the two related to each other? Similarities: 1.They are two aspects of linguistics. 2.Both Semantics and Pragmatics are closely related to meaning.Semantics refers to the meaning of words and sentences.While, Pragmatics deals with the meaning of utterances. 3.They two are successional process of interpretation:pragmatic interpretation (such as the working out of Gricean implicatures )is claimed to commence only after the semantic interpretation of a given sentence has been worked out. 4.Both Semantics and Pragmatics are related to signs. They have different focuses:Semantics is concerned with the relation between signs and objects. Pragmatics takes the relation between signs and their interpreters as its subject matter. Differences: There are different approaches to find out how semantics and pragmatics can be distinguished. According to Bach these are the three most decisive ones: A.Truth-conditional vs. non-truth-conditional meaning This approach, named Carnapian approach by Recanati, distinguishes semantics and pragmatics in the following way. Semantics is said to be concerned with truth-conditional meaning (/words-world relations (Recanati)), pragmatics with non-truth-conditional meaning. In short: pragmatics= meaning– truth conditions B. Conversational vs. non-conversational meaning At this approach, semantics studies the conventional aspects of meaning and pragmatics those of non-conventional meaning. Therefore a semantic interpretation cannot be cancelled, but a pragmatic interpretation can . C. Context independence vs. context dependence At this approach, semantics is concerned with linguistic phenomena that are insensitive to context and pragmatics with those that are. But according to Bach content also varies with context in semantics. (e.g. deictics, demonstratives). He distinguishes between two types of context: Narrow context: contextual information relevant to the determination of the content of