1．希腊罗马
Homer Author of epics
Sappho Lyric poet
三大悲剧家：
Aeschylus Tragic dramatist
Sophocles Tragic dramatist
Euripides Tragic dramatist
喜剧家：
Aristophanes Comedy writer
历史学家：
Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history
Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse
the greatest historian that have ever lived
哲学和科学：
Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics
Heracleitue Fire is the primary element
Democritus Materialist, one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory
Socrates Dissect of oneself, virtue was high worth of life, dialectical method
Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas
Aristotle Direct observation, theory follow fact, idea and matter together made
concrete individual realities
Euclid a textbook of geometry
Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the
weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I"ll move
the World“
Others Diogenes （the Cynics） Pyrrhon（the Sceptics） Epicurus （the Epicureans） Zeno
（the Stoics）
4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander, king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克
2.基督教和圣经
Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine, known as Canaan，Hebrew 人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament, 6th century B.C.,他们在Babylon 形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus, Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。
Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.——100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate,在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible 叫Seeptuagint
3.中世纪
开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败
5-11世纪
a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged
1054,教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
反击Moslems，开始了Crusades
Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732
St. Thomas Aquinas（Scholasticism）写了 Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal hierarchy （层次，等级） of society is God"s rule The power of feudal rulers is God"s will Pope is Christ"s Plenipotentiary
Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular
Roger Bacon and Experimental Science one of the earliest advocates of scientific research, called for careful observation
Dante（但丁）神曲 one of the landmarks of world literature
Chaucer first modern poet in English literature
4.文艺复兴与宗教改革
14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice
Boccaccio the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世纪
Petrarch Sonnet, father of modern poetry
文艺复兴早期的艺术家：
Giotto forerunner of renaissance
Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective
Donatello one of the first artists engaged in anatomy
Giorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures
意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
Raphael Known for his
Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World
Pre-Luther Religious Reformers
John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation, took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382
Jan Hus Czech Religious leader
John Calvin 基督教教义 one of the most influential theological works Calvinism
Rabelais 拉伯雷 <巨人传> french writer
Ronsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人法国第一个近代抒情诗人
Montaigne 蒙田散文
集 French Writer
Cervantes father of modern European novel spain
Thomas More British writer
Shakespeare 作品包括<<哈姆雷特>><<麦克白>><<奥瑟罗>><<李尔王>><<威尼斯商人>><<第十二夜>><<皆大欢喜>><<罗密欧与朱丽叶>><<安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉>><<亨利四世>><<亨利五世>> crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就
Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父
Vesalius marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy （解剖学） founder of modern medicine
Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy
Machiavelli Father of political science
Vosari
1492, Columbus发现了America
1487,Dias发现了the cape of good hope
1497,da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope
5. 17世纪
Copernicus 天体运行论 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine
Kepler Kepler"s Law （the three laws of planetary motion）德国 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton"s discovery of the laws of gravitation
Galileo 意大利 acceleration in dynamics, the law of inertia, the law of falling bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律
Newton 英国
Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understanding: self-conscious （自我意识）conscious（意识）unconscious/subconscious （潜意识）他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人
Milton Areopagitica， English revolution
Bacon Knowledge is power 英国反对deductive method，创立了inductive method 认为哲学应该与神学分开
Hobbes 利维坦 Materialist （knowledge come from experience） Social Contract 英国认为最好的统治方式是monarchy
Locke 政治论 Materialist views （ideas derived from sensation or from reflection） Social Contract
英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John Milton
Cromwell the man of action
John Milton the man of thought 在英国文学史上ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer
Descartes 笛卡尔 Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am 法国 it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France
Corneille 高乃依熙得法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现
Racine the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表现情感和理性的冲突
Moliere 达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗吝啬鬼 the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies
很多科学器械在被发明：microscope, telescope, thermometer, barometer, pendulum
1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高无上的权利
法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front
East Front of the Louvre
英国最著名建筑：St. Paul"s Cathedral
6.启蒙运动 the age of reason
18th century intellectual movement starting from France
the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke"s materialist theory and Newton"s theory of gravitation
Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes
18世纪两大著名运动：
The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.
独立宣言
The French Revolution（1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792
人权宣言
French Philosophy and Literature
Montesquieu Separation of powers
法国启蒙运动的先驱
Voltaire most famous of his novels
Rousseau one of the greatest figures of French enlightenment
Diderot
English Literature
Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason, translation of Homer, good at heroic couplet 擅长英雄双韵体
Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England 鲁滨逊漂流记
Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time
Henry Fielding Father of the English novel
Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel
Samuel Johnson editor of
18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊 The Tatler 和 The Spectator, Addison 和Steele经常在上面写文章
German Literature and Philosophy
Lessing German dramastist German classicism
Goethe Apprenticeship/Travels> the Greatest German Poets
Schiller
a founder of modern German litera
ture
Kant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens> reason>
The Musical Enlightenment
J. S. Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical Enlightenment
Handel 亨德尔 being his crowning masterpiece
Bach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best
The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly between 1750 and 1820
Haydn Classical period Viennese school
Mozart
Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position, leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music
7. 浪漫主义 Romanticism
late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany
The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise: the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution
New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book , which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism.
Romanticism in Germany
The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism
Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism
It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress
The Jena School: Schlegel Brothers, Novalis and Tieck
Heine: 海涅在1836年发表<<论浪漫派>>，宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束
Romanticism in England
Blake:
The Lakers: Wordsworth and Coleridge
Byron: is considered his masterpiece the fact that the
poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed
an ardent love of liberty and a fierce hatred of tyranny
Shelley noted for his lyrics
Keats famous for his sonnets
Walter Scott
Romanticism in France
Chateaubriand :
Victor Hugo: 法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。他于1827年发表的Cromwell>是法国浪漫主义运动的一篇重要宣言。他的长篇小说
巴黎圣母院悲惨世界宣
扬了“爱”与“仁慈”等人道主义精神。The greatest poet of his day
George Sand:法国浪漫主义文学最杰出的女作家
Romanticism in Italy
Manzoni: 约婚夫妇是意大利文学史上第一部以爱压迫的劳动人
民为主人公的小说
Leopardi: he was the greatest poet of Italy Romanticism
Romanticism in Russia
Russia Romanticism began that way-adapting French plays and translating German and English poetry
Pushkin: 俄国浪漫主义先锋（van） a
Byronic character his masterpiece is 创造了俄国文学中
的第一个“多余的人”的典型
Lermontov: draws a fine portrait of Pushkin
Romanticism in Poland
Adam Mickiewicz: beginning of Polish Romanticism
is his masterpiece
Art and Architecture
Goya Spanish painter and etcher（蚀刻家）欧洲浪漫主义先驱 Execution of the Third of May> Children>
David French Painter
Delacroix 代表着法国浪漫主义绘画
的最高成就
Gericault French painter
Turner English landscape painter
Constable English landscape painter
Turner and Constable代表了浪漫主义画派的最高成就
Music
早期浪漫主义音乐家：
Beethoven（贝多芬） German Composer marked the
beginning of 19th century programme music
Schubert（舒伯特）Austrian composer
Chopin（肖邦）Polish composer
Schumann（舒曼）German composer
Mendelssohn（门德尔松）German composer
后期浪漫主义音乐家：
Berlioz（伯辽兹）French composer
Liszt（里斯特）Hungarian composer
Wagner（瓦格纳）German composer
Brahms（伯拉姆斯）German composer
Tchaikovsky（柴科夫斯基）Russian composer
8. 马克思主义和达尔文主义Marxism and Darwinism
The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism
German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy:
Hegelian dialectics 黑格尔辩证法
Feuerbach"s materialism费尔巴哈唯物论
Marxist Philosophy
Dialectical materialism马克思主义辩证唯物论
Historical materialism 马克思主义历史唯物论
English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy
Capital is the most important work by Marx about
Marxist economics
Surplus value was the source of profit, the source of the wealth of the capitalist class
Doctrine of surplus value in Capital is the cornerstone of Marx"s economic theory
Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism
Robert Owen: English industrialist and social reformer Henri de Saint-Simon: French social philosopher
Charles Fourier: French social philosopher
Darwinism
As Newton dominated 17th century science with the discovery of the laws governing the bodies of the universe, Charles Darwin dominated the 19th century science for his discovering of the laws governing the evolution of man himself. In the history of science he takes up a position as important as these occupied by Copernicus, Galileo and Newton.
Darwin was not the first man to put forward the theory of evolution
Lamarck was the first man whose conclusion on the subject. However, he failed to produce any evidence, French naturalist（自然主义者）
Lyell English geologist
Karl Marx
Darwin"s works and Theories:
On the origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
The Descent of Man
9. 现实主义Realism
arise in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France
Realism in France
Stendhal 司汤达红与黑是法国批判现实主义第一部成
熟的作品巴马修道院
Balzac巴尔扎克 Balzac has been called the French Dickens as Dickens has been
called the English Balzac
Flaubert 福楼拜非常重视艺术形式he is often called the first French realist
包法利夫人
Zora 左拉 founder of the naturalist school
鲁贡玛－马卡尔家族史
Maupassant 莫伯桑
Realism in Russia
Gogol果戈里 the first master of fiction in Russia
Chickikov A character in Shame, and hypocrisy
Turgenev屠格涅夫 the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West
Dostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基罪与罚
卡拉马佐夫兄弟
Leo Tolstoy列夫托尔斯泰战争与和平
安娜卡列尼娜复活
Chekhov契诃夫海欧万尼亚舅舅 Sisters>三姐妹樱桃园
Realism in Northern Europe
Ibsen a plea for the emancipation of woman
His plays are viewed as the fountainhead of much modern drama
Strindberg The above three are
his autobiographical works His first play is
Realism in England
This period occurs at the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria, 这时期意味着大英帝国的顶峰，但太平盛世只是外表，整个国家内乱不断，危机重重
Charles Dickens 大卫科波菲尔荒凉山庄
艰难时世其小说展现了广阔的社会生活，真实情节
与诗意气氛的结合，幽默、风趣与悲剧的结合
George Eliot（Mary Ann Evans-PEN NAME） is regarded by some
critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century
Thackeray萨克雷名利场他的写作范围多局限于上流社会
Thomas Hardy Mayor of Casterbridge>
Bernard Shaw萧伯纳 won the Nobel Prize in 1925
Realism in the United States
Harriet Beecher Stowe: greatest of all anti-slavery manifestoes
Walt Whitman:
Considered to be the greatest of all American poets
Mark Twain: 哈克贝里芬历险记 a
masterpiece of humour, characterization and realism, has been
considered the first modern American novel 镀金岁
月
Henry James 出身世家，所以关注上层人物 the master beyond all masters
贵妇人画像
Art
Courbet库尔贝 French artist 反映生活的真实是创作的最高原则
石工奥尔南的葬礼
Millet米勒French artist “农民画家”播种者拾穗者
Impressionism in Art印象派艺术
Manet 草地上的午餐
福列斯贝热尔酒吧间
Monet 日出印象
Post-Impressionism in Art 后印象派艺术
Paul Cezanne赛尚
Van Gogh 凡高 dutch painter
Paul Gauguin 高更 French painter
10. 现代主义及其它思潮Modernism and other trends
also called “the tradition of the new” “dehumanization of art” originating from the end of 19th century
Discoveries made at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century:
Rontgen: the discovery of X-rays 伦琴德国物理学家发明X射线
Becquerel: the discovery of radioactive properties of uranium 贝克勒尔法国物
P> 理学家放射性现象的发现者，肯定了铀元素自发射线的性质
Marie Curie the discovery of radium居里夫人法国物理学家和放射学家发现镭
Soddy the discovery of isotopes 索迪英国放射化学家同位素
Rutherford the discovery of the atomic nucleus卢瑟福英国物理学家发现原子核
Einstein Special Theory of Relativity General Principles of Relativity
Contemporary Western Literature Eliot Conrad polish novelist Woolf English novelist Lawrence English writer considered one of the “makers” of modern English fiction Love> Yeats Irish writer
Joyce Man> Irish writer
Pound a leading figure of the Imagist movement American poet
Faulkner
Hemingway Tolls>
Thomas Mann
The most influential and representative German author of his time
Gide French writer
Proust French novelist
Albert Camus French novelist
Gorky
The greatest Russian literary figure of the 20th century Sholokhov soviet author
Literature and Philosophy Since 1945
Angry Young Men in England 英国愤怒的青年
Amis
Osborne
Beat Generation in America美国垮掉的一代
Ginsberg
Kerouac
Nouveau Roman （New Novel）法国新小说派
Robber-Griller
Sarraute
The Theatre of the Absurd欧洲的荒诞派
Beckett Irish writer
Ionesco French writer
Black Humour 美国黑色幽默派
Heller
美国文学笔记 I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期) :( 1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790） III.The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）Edgar Allan Poe（1809-1849） Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) Henry Daivd Thoreau (1817-1862) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) Herman Melville (1819-1891) Walt Whitman (1819~1892) Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) IV.The Realism and Naturalism（现实主义和自然主义) : （1865-1918） Mark Twain (1835-1910) Henry James (1843-1916) Stephen Crane (1881-1900) V. The Modern period (现代主义时期）: 1918-1945 F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) William Faulkner (1897-1962) Ernest Hemingway (1899—1961) Ezra Pound (1885—1972) Robert Frost（1847-1963） Eugene O’ Neil (1888-1953) VI. Contemporary literature（当代文学):（1945- ） I. Colonial Period（殖民地时期）（约1607-1765） II. The Revolutionary period（革命时期): (1765-18世纪末）Benjamin Franklin（1706-1790）： 1. Summary: One of the greatest founding fathers of the American Nation First great self-made man in America
欧洲文化入门参考资料 这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。 《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务： 本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。 三、课程的基本要求： 本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。 了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络； 了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等； 了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物； 将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较； 学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。 四、教学内容、要求及学时分配： 希腊、罗马文化 基督教及其《圣经》 中世纪 文艺复兴与宗教改革 十七世纪 启蒙运动 浪漫主义 马克思主义与达尔文学说 现实主义 现代主义及其它 五、考试考核办法：笔试 六、教材及参考书：
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
作业 1．第1题 Which one of the following statements about the Great Famine is NOT true? A.It was the worst famine in European history. B.It lasted for seven hard years. C.In cities alone, there was shortage of food supplies. D.By the time it ended, the Great Famine had wiped out 10 percent to 15 percent of the entire European population. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 Which of the following statements about Joan of Arc is NOT true? A.She was born in a well-to-do peasant family. B.She grew up with a strong religious belief. C.Charles refused her to accompany the army. D.She was burned at stake. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translated because_____. A.it is impious to translate the very words of Allah. B.it is too difficult to translate the rhymed prose of Qur’an. C.the original meaning of Qur’an would be distorted. D.the beauty of Arabic language would be violated. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 Which one is not the factor that led to the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’s death? A.the regional and ethnic diversity B.the conflicts between different successors to the throne
欧洲西部配套练习题 一、选择题(每小题只有一个正确答案) 1．对欧洲欧洲西部位置范围的叙述,正确的是( ) A．欧洲西部大部分位于西半球B．欧洲西部只有西面濒临海洋 C．欧洲西部主要位于北温带和亚热带D．欧洲西部面积约500万平方千米,包括30多个国家 2．如图所示景观以欧洲西部哪个国家最为着名（） A．法国B．西班牙C．荷兰D．意大利 3．既临大西洋又临地中海的国家有（） A．意大利和罗马B．西班牙和葡萄牙C．法国和西班牙D．法国和葡萄牙4．不属于欧洲西部的地形区是（） A．波德平原B．阿尔卑斯山脉C．西欧平原D．乌拉尔山脉 5．欧洲西部没有的气候类型是（） A．温带季风气候B．温带海洋性气候C．地中海气候D．高山高原气候6．下列有关欧洲的叙述，错误的是（） A．欧洲的经济发展水平居世界各大洲之首 B．欧洲西部的大多数国家都属于发达国爱 C．欧洲西部是国际旅游业最发达的地区 D．农业在欧洲西部经济中所占比重大，农牧业都发达 7．欧洲西部农业发达，荷兰等国的农业类型（） A．种植业B．畜牧业为主C．林业为主D．渔业为主 8．素有“欧洲的牧场和食品库”之称的国家是（） A．丹麦B．德国C．挪威D．瑞典 9．欧洲西部适宜牧草生长的有利条件是（） A．热量充足B．地处高原C．光照条件好D．气候冷湿
10．下列各国不属于三大旅游国的是（） A．英国B．法车C．意大利D．西班牙 11．欧洲三大着名旅游国共同的旅游资源是（） A．都有峡湾海岸的文化古迹B．都有一望无垠的平原 C．都有阳光灿烂的地中海海滨D．都有印刷精美的邮票 12．下列欧洲国家，符合“工业大国”“农牧业大国”“着名旅游国”特征的是（）A．英国B．德国C．意大利D．法国 13．下列国家与着名旅游城市的搭配，正确的是（） A．希腊--罗马B．瑞士-- 威尼期C．奥地利--维也纳D．意大利--雅典14．下列城市与其别称组合正确的是（） A．千年古都--巴黎B．音乐之都--维也纳 C．水城--罗马D．艺术之都--威尼斯 15．根据材料，下列说法正确的是（） 欧洲西部面积约500万平方千米，占欧洲面积的一半左右，居民绝大多数为白种人，人口约5亿，人口密度约第平方千米70人，而世界平均人口密度约每平方千米40人，欧洲西部有36个国家，大约占世界国家总数的五分之一。 A．国家众多、人口稠密、居民以白种人为主B．国家最多、人口最多、居民以白种人为主 C．国家不少、人口稀少、居民以黑种人为主D．国家不多，人口不少、居民以黄种人为主 16．既能在夏季观赏到午夜太阳，又可观赏峡湾风光的国家是( ) A．芬兰B．英国C．瑞典D．挪威 17．关于欧盟的叙述,正确的是( ) A.是一个区域性的国际政治经济组织 B.是一个国际性的石油输出国组织 C.任何国家的人们都能够在欧盟工作、学习、退休和旅行
美文学美国部分——浪漫主义时期 Part two: American Literature Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期 1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s L eaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”） 2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。 3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。 4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 5. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。 6. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。 7. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。 8. Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。 9. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记 1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture. 2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 第一章 1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour. 3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会) 4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer. 5、The events of Homer‘s own time. (错) (They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.) 6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad. 8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey. 9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。In the 20th century. 10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C. 11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》 ②Sophocles(之首) 《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页 ③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》 B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece. To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides. 12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页 Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游
1、读图回答问题 （1）写出图中字母代表的海域名称：A B （2）根据图中信息，描述欧洲西部的纬度位置特点 （3）根据图例，结合所学知识，分析欧洲西部的地形特点 （4）根据图中气温曲线图和降水柱状图分析，从①地到②地到③地，气温年较差逐渐变（大或小），年降水量逐渐变（多或少）。影响这种气候差异的主要因素是 (5)欧洲西部畜牧业发达，在欧洲人的餐桌上常见各类乳产品和牛羊肉。试从气候和地形两方面分析该地区畜牧业发达的有利条件。 （6）下列景观图中，属于法国的是（填字母），能够反映荷兰特色的是（填字母）。由于对丰富和人文景观的开发，使本区成为国际业最发达的地区之一。 2、读欧洲图回答问题 （1）根据图示，描述欧洲西部的海陆位置 （2）欧洲西部国家众多，绝大部分是（发达、发展中国家），图中A国是、意大利的首都是。
(3)欧洲西部旅游资源丰富，有许多著名的旅游景点，如：国白金汉宫，荷兰的。（4）欧洲西部海岸线曲折，深受来自洋西风影响，气候最为典型。 （5）当地人的餐桌上常见牛排、奶酪等食品，与山东不一样，请从气候、地形、农牧业三方面说明原因。 （6）名闻遐迩的西门子、奔驰宝马都来自欧洲，可见欧洲西部的工业以业为主。 现在国民经济的支柱产业是业。 3、读欧洲图回答问题 （1）从甲图可看出，欧洲西部除南北两侧有山地分布外，广大的中部，地形以________为主，这种地形对气候的影响是________________________________________． （2）乙图基本反映了欧洲西部主要气候类型的特点。请你简要描述其特点： _____________________________________________________________________ （3）丙图反映出欧洲西部国家________业发达。 （4）该区域气候宜人，暑假期间小明一家人打算去欧洲旅游，请你帮他设计一下旅游线路，包括去哪些国家，观看哪些景点？ （5）在伦敦当地居民餐桌上多见牛排、奶油、奶酪等食品，原因是 _____________ _；欧洲西部地中海沿岸园艺业发达，盛产水果的自然条件是 __________________________________________________________________。 4、受北大西洋暖流的影响，欧洲西部大部分地区的气候类型是( ) A．温带季风气候 B．温带海洋性气候 C．地中海气候 D．温带大陆性气候 5、对欧洲西部自然环境所产生影响的描述，正确的是( ) A．受温和湿润的气候影响，欧洲西部很多国家工业非常发达 B．欧洲西部气候温和湿润，适合多汁牧草的生长，乳肉畜牧业发达 C．欧洲西部气候湿润，阴雨天气较多，利于谷物成熟，大面积种植了水稻、小麦等 D．受温和湿润的气候影响，欧洲西部平原面积广大 6、关于欧洲西部的叙述，正确的是 ( ) A．发展中国家集中的地区 B．国家众多、人口稀少的地区 C．工业以制造业为主 D．大量进口机械、汽车、化学物品和食品的地区 7、观赏下列风光，应去的国家是（） A．参观水城威尼斯﹣﹣荷兰 B．观赏峡湾风光﹣﹣挪威 C．观赏花卉与风车﹣﹣西班牙 D．观看斗牛比赛﹣﹣英国
《英语文学文化及影视赏析》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明 1、课程名称（中英文）：英语文学文化及影视赏析/English Literature and Culture & Appreciation of English movies 2、学时学分：75学时理论教学，2学分 3、适用专业：非英语专业研究生 4、开课学院：外国语学院 5、课程负责人：姜萌萌 二、课程描述： 本课程拟对英语经典文学与相关文化概况进行简要介绍，并遴选英美国家的经典作家和作品，对其文学特色、文化背景进行分析。课程重视文学作品与时代背景、西方历史文化的联系，在教学中将理论与实践相结合，做到寓教于乐。在课内，不仅有作家作品、相关文化背景和信息的介绍、经典作品片段的解读，并通过课堂讨论以及影视作品的欣赏帮助学生最直观地理解西方文化与文学作品的文本意义。在课外，学生需要查阅相关资料，完成相关问题的回答与读书报告，以一种轻松愉悦并且多方面切入的方式学习、了解和体验英语文学文化。该课程目的在于通过英语文学文化的学习，提高学生对英语语言的掌握能力、增强对英语文学经典的理解力和对西方文化的审美能力，进一步养成对英语的敏感性，培养人文素质和文学涵养。 三、教材： 王守仁主编，《英国文学选读》，北京：高等教育出版社。 陶洁主编，《美国文学选读》，北京：高等教育出版社。 秦秀白，《英美国家概况》，北京：高等教育出版社。 王佐良，《欧洲文化入门》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。 自编讲义 四、教学方式： 理论与实践相结合。 五、考核方式： 提交一篇与所学课程相关的课程论文，用英语完成。 总成绩=期末考试成绩70%+平时成绩30%（考勤占10%）
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案 第一章 填空题： 1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian 2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey 3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides 4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus 5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides 6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C. 7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar 8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly. 判断题 1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes 2. Herodotus’s historical writing i s on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians 名词解释： 1. Pax Romana 答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 2. “Democracy” in a ncient Greece 答：1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens. 2）Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题： 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went
欧洲西部练习题 一、选择题： 1.欧洲西部的主要地形为( ) A.平原和山地 B.山地和丘陵 C.平原和高原 D.高原和盆地 2.读图，图中瑞典的旅游业有点特殊，游客在这里过夜的人数占总旅游人数的90％以上，而且往往第二天一早就离去，其原因是( ) A.商业服务多在夜晚 B.森林晚会吸引了游客 C.游客观看这里的极夜现象 D.到这里参加圣诞节活动 3.阅读下文，思考下列说法正确的是( ) 欧洲西部面积约500万平方千米，占欧洲面积的一半左右，居民绝大多数为白种人，人口约5亿，人口密度约每平方千米70人，而世界平均人口密度约每平方千米40人，欧洲西部有36个国家，大约占世界国家总数的五分之一。 A.国家众多、人口稠密、居民以白人为主 B.国家最多、人口最多、居民以白人为主 C.国家不少、人口稀少、居民以黑人为主 D.国家不多、人口不少、居民以黄种人为主 4.阅读下列短文：欧洲西部工农业总产值占世界比重为33.3％，对外贸易额约占世界比重的50％。下列有关短文的说法正确的是( ) A.欧洲西部工农业发达，对外贸易发达 B.欧洲西部工业发达，对外贸易欠发达 C.欧洲西部农业发达，对外贸易落后 D.欧洲西部工农业差别很大，对外贸易发达 5.有人从欧洲西部带来一些那里产的柑橘，你认为最可能来自( ) A.西欧 B.北欧 C.南欧 D.中欧 6.假如让你到欧洲去考察世界上最大的海港，你应该去( ) A.荷兰海牙 B.英国伦敦 C.荷兰鹿特丹 D.法国马赛 7.如果你的家人冬季到西欧去旅行，你一定会告诉他那里( ) A.冬季比北京冷 B.冬季比北京温暖 C.冬季气候和北京差不多 D.冬季比北京干燥 8.读下图，罗马气温曲线降水柱状图，该气候的特点为( ) A.终年高温多雨 B.冬季温和多雨、夏季炎热干燥 C.冬季寒冷干燥、夏季高温多雨 D.冬季高温多雨、夏季低温少雨 9.欧洲流经国家最多的河流是( ) A.莱茵河 B.威悉河 C.多瑙河 D.伏尔加河 10.读德国面积、人口、主要工业产品占世界总量的比重表： 面积人口钢煤发电量汽车世界% 100 100 100 100 100 100 德国% 2.5 1.3 5.1 7.0 4.5 14.2 A.发达的工业国 B.发达的农业国 C.经济发展较快的国家 D.经济基础薄弱的国家 11.德国农业比重很小，仅占国民总产值的1.6％，但机械化程度高，以乳肉畜牧业为主。德国北部平原地势低平，冬冷夏凉，土壤贫瘠，德国因地制宜，合理利用土地，在德国北部形成了( ) A.全国重要的粮食生产基地 B.以畜牧业为主的农业区 C.全国林业基地 D.以水果、蔬菜为主的农业区 12.德国85％的人口居住在城市，人口分布比较均匀，中小城市散布全国，人口超过百万的