非谓语动词
非谓语动词是指那些在剧中不能单独充当句子位于成分的动词形式。基本形式有四种：
不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）、分词（participle）、和独立主格结构（absolute structure）。
一、不定式
动词不定式是非谓语动词中使用最广泛的一种，在句子中，它除了做谓语外，可以担当
其他任何成分，可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。它在句中其名词、形容词和副词的作用。
语态
一般式
（尚未发生）
进行式
（正在发生）
完成式
（先于谓语动词发生）
主动to do to be doing to have done
被动to be done to be being done to have been done
举例：
It isn’t cold enough for there
to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.
He seems to be eating something.
According to your market report, demand seems to be returning.
The local health organization is reported to have been set up twenty-five years ago when Dr.
Audio became its first president.
不定式的语法功能：
1) 作主语
The traditional rule was that it’s safer
(to stay where you are), but that’s been f
undamentally inverted. The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.
2) 作宾语
Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into
which they plug each day’s events.
He feels it his duty to help others.
3) 作表语
But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
4) 作定语
Tom made the decision to go around the world in three years all alone.
She has the ambition to learn other languages.
The pressure to compete causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a
constant emotional strain.
5) 作状语
A sad thing about life is when you meet someone and fall in love, only to find out in the end
that you have wasted years on someone who wasn’t worth it.
6) 作补语
The man was seen to fall heavily to the ground and never get up again.
注：使役动词如make、let、have等以及感官动词hear、see、feel、watch、notice等之后所加的不定式要省略to，但是在被动语态中不可省略。例如我们说see sb play on the ground，但被动态中我们说sb is seen to play on the ground。
不带to的动词不定式
1. 在do…but/except结构中，当but或except前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后接不带to
的动词不定式。
The train is late, and I can do nothing but wait.
比较：There was so serious a matter that I had no choice but to call in the police.
2. 在had better, would rather/sooner…than…, rather…than, would just as soon, might just as
well, cannot (help) but…等之后都必须接动词原形。
Tom cannot but ask his supervisor to help him solve the difficulty he has encountered in doing the project.
3. 在do far more than后面不定式省略to。
In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes.
4. 在感官动词或使役动词，如hear, listen to, feel, see, look at, watch, notice, observe, perceive,
let, make, bid, have, note, leave等之后，不定式作宾语补足语时不带to。
She felt someone pat her on the head.
for + 名（代）词+ 不定式
It’s just inconceivable for a child to do that job.
That is for you to decide.
It’s time for us to go.
He stood aside for her to pass.
不定式的完成式：
1. 不定式的一般式to do不能表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作，若要表达此意，需用to have
done
Albert Einstein, the great American scientist, is estimated to have had the incredible IQ of 200.
2. 表示非真实的过去，本打算做但实际上没有实现的动作，如mean, intend, think, plan, hope,
wish, purpose, would/should like, was/were等。
I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.
I planned to have visited you last night, but I was too busy.
I was to have visited you last night.
I was to have telephoned, but I forgot.
二、动名词
语态一般式进行式
主动doing being done
被动having done having been done
举例：
Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.
There is no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
以主动态表被动义：deserve, need, require, want, bear, take(需要), stand(忍受), worth等。
The method deserves recommending.
Your hair needs cutting.
That novel is not worth reading.
动名词的语法功能：
1) 作主语
Home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder – kitchen rage.
2) 做宾语
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing.
3) 作表语
The high cost of raw materials is keeping prices up.
Wasting time is robbing oneself.
4) 作定语
Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.
动名词的复合结构：名词属格或物主代词+ 动名词
them did not surprise us.
Sophia’s having seen
your trying to deceive me.
It’s no use
I can’t bear
his staying up so late.
Excuse my interrupting you.
三、分词
现在分词：动词原形+ing
过去分词：动词原形+ed
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence (by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations), manipulating a number of variables relating to (people’s
ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced).
现在分词与过去分词区别
从语态角度讲，现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动1. What he said was very touching.
2. I was touched by the sight.
从时态角度讲：现在分词表动作正在进行，过去分词表动作的完成。1. falling leaves, fallen leaves
2. the rising sun, the risen sun
3. developing countries, developed countries
现在分词与动名词的区别：
1）现在分词是动词的一种非限定形式，主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句子中做定语、表语、状语，有时也用在复合结构中。
This is an amusing story.
The book is interesting.
The students came into the classroom, laughing and talking.
I heard him singing in the room last night.
2）动名词也是动词的另一种非限定形式，顾名思义，它既源于动词，又具有名词的功
能，因此它在句子中起名词的作用，可单独或以动名词短语的形式做主语、宾语、定语、表语。
Learning a foreign language well is no easy job.
My favorite sport is skating.
Have you finished correcting the students’ paper?
We had better put off discussing it till next week.
当现在分词和动名词充当不同的功能时，很容易区分：
1. My mother goes shopping every day.
2. My mother does shopping every day.
3. Being a qualified middle school English teacher is not easy.
4. Being a college student, I must study hard.
当现在分词和动名词充当相同的功能时，例如表语和定语，区别就比较困难：
5. The situation is encouraging.
6. Reading is learning.
现在分词多表示主语或逻辑主语的具体特征或行为，动名词则表示抽象的、一般的行为。
7. a leading comrade 定语= a comrade who leads
8. a swimming pool 定语= a pool used for swimming
现在分词多表示所修饰对象的动作，它与被它修饰的名词倒过来是主谓结构，而动名
词则表示所修饰词的用途，和所修饰的词逻辑上没有主谓关系。
9. a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping
10. a sleeping car = a car used for sleeping
又如：dining hall, teaching facilities
分词的语法功能
1）做定语
Blue skies are not always a guarantee of continuing fine weather.
Adam and Eve were induced to eat the Forbidden Fruit by Satan.
A man getting up as soon as the cock crows is a hard-working man.
Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists from South Africa.
2）做状语
While playing the piano, she got very excited.
Not recognizing the voice, he refused to give the person his address.
Even though defeated again, the scientists didn’t give up.
The suitcase was locked, left to Tom.
He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards.
Seen from the spaceship, the earth is a blue planet.
3）作表语
Travelling is interesting but tiring.
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.
4）做宾补
The parents can hear their daughter singing.
heard because a lot of people cried in the hall.
I didn’t make myself
练习：
Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that
the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries
with unsurpassed might.
Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
四、独立主格结构
独立主格是一种书面文体的状语表达形式。
1. 像一个句子，有自己的主语，却没有完整、独立的谓语，但与变了形的谓语形式在逻
辑上构成主谓或主系关系；
2. 在形式上与主句没关系，常用逗号与主句隔开（不绝对）；
3. 在功能上相当于一个带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句，但没有连词的引导。
举例：
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
The meeting gone over, everyone wanted to go home earlier.
They will send you the book for ﹩10, postage included.
For a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job or not. The plan was that the contending parties should reach an early agreement on basic principles, the details to be worked out later.
独立主格生成法：
1. 有be动词去掉be动词
2. 无be动词，加-ing
Jimmy walked slowly to the playground. His face was covered with tears.
→Jimmy walked slowly to the playground, his face covered with tears.
The taxi sped away. Its lights disappeared into distance.
→The taxi sped away, its lights disappearing into distance.
特殊：以下三种情况不能去掉be动词，而要变成being
1. 独立主格的逻辑主语为代词时：
It was Sunday. We went to church.
→It being Sunday, we went to church.
2. There be句型中：
There was no bus. We had to go home on foot.
→There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
3. 表示正在被做
The dinner is being cooked. We have to wait for a while.
→The dinner being cooked, we have to wait for a while.
独立主格结构基本形式
名词/代词+现在分词/过
The test finished, our holiday began.
去分词
名词/代词+形容词He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
名词/代词+副词Class over, all students went to play on the playground.
名词/代词+不定式More time to be given, we will make full use of it,
名词/代词+介词短语The murderer got into the house, a knife in his hand.
The grand mediocrity of today – everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring – means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle class India compared to
the tribes.
Other things equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
with/without的复合结构做独立主格
（独立主格作伴随状语时，可用with的复合结构，也可不用）
1. with+名词/代词+形容词/方位副词(做宾补)
With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
2. with+名词/代词+介词短语(做宾补)
A careful balance has to be struck: if you show a labor-saving device, follow it up with a complicated recipe on the next page; on no account hint at the notion that a woman could get herself a job, but instead foster her sense of her own usefulness, emphasizing the creative aspect of her function as a housewife.
3. with+名词/代词+不定式(表示主动或将来的动作)
With a lot of work to do, she hurried home as fast as possible.
4. with+名词/代词+现在分词(表示正在进行)
Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on.
5. with+名词/代词+过去分词(表示被动或动作已经完成)
With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into
the skilled workman.
to短语作独立主格
To tell (you) the truth, we don’t want to include you.
to begin with to be honest to speak frankly
to start with to tell you the truth
to be frank to put it briefly
练习：
The last eve being the eve of his betrayal, it is not difficult to understand the significance given to the number by the early Christmas.
Either put it to the test yourself, or help out someone who is trying to travel hopefully with his thumb outstretched.
第一章概论 1.1语法的内容 1.1.1词法与句法 语法是研究词形变化和句子结构的科学。研究词形变化的部分称为词法(Morphology),如名词的数、格，动词的时态、语态，都属于词法范畴。研究句子结构的部分称为句法(Syntax)，如句子的成分、语序、句子种类等，都属于句法范畴。这两部分虽各有不同内容，中间的关系却非常紧密。在谈词法时不可避免要涉及句法，在句法中也有很多部分与词法有关。因此我们在学习的过程中，既要注意这两者之间的差异，又要注意两者之间的联系，机械地把它们分割开对学习是不利的。 1.1.2 语法与词汇 语法虽有一定的独立性，但它与词汇是密不可分的。语法指遣词造句的规律，但它离不幵词汇。语法体现在词汇中，而词汇受语法的制约。语法好比是骨架，而词汇好比是血肉，两者也是枝与叶的关系。要形成有机的躯体和繁茂的枝叶，必须把两者结合在一起。在英语入门阶段，主要学词汇，也学少量语法。等词汇积累到一定水平，例如巳掌握三四千词，则有必要多学一些语法。头一遍可学一套简明语法。等词汇积累到6,000至8,000时，可以学一本比较大型的语法。学语法可以帮助更快地积累词汇和掌握词汇，提髙语言学习的自觉性。不论是加强语言理解力或使用的能力，语法都可以发挥重要的作用。比较理想的做法是把语法和词汇交叉学习，经过多次反复，才可更深入掌握语言。学词汇大体上是加强感性认识，学语法则是提高理性认识。只有把两者结合起来才能真正掌握语言。这本语法的特点是对词汇给予充分的重视，脱离了丰富的词汇，语法会是一些干巴巴的条文。只有两者并重，才能学到有血有肉生动的语言。 1.2词类 1.2.1词类 英语中的词可根据词义、句法作用和形式特征，分为 十大类，称为词类(Parts of Speech)，它们是: 名词Noun (n,) 人或事物的名称girl, history 代词Pronoun (pron.) 代替名词、数词等they, many 数词Nuineral (num.) 表示数目或颖序nine, third 形容词Adjective (adj,) 表示人或事物的特征brave, small 动词Verb (v.) 表示动作或状态hear, know 副词Adverb (adv.) 表示动作恃征或性状特征nicely, very 冠词Article (art.) 用在名词前，帮助说明其意义a(n), the 介词Preposition (prep. ) 用在名词、代词前说明与別的词的关系for，from 连词Conjunction (conj,) 用来连接词与词或旬与句and, if 感叹词Interjection (inter上) 表示说话时的感情或n气oh, ah 在这十种词类中，前六种可以在句子中独立担任成分。如名词可用作主语、宾语等，动词可用作谓语等，称为实意词（Notional Words)。介词、连词、冠词都不能独立在句子中担任任何成分，称为虚词（Form Words)。感叹词一般不构成句子的成分，可以看作特殊的一类。除了这十大类之外，还有表示肯定与否定的yes和no，还有不定式前的小品词（Particle) to。实意词大多数在句子中都重读，只有助动词、情态动词和动词be以及人称代词等在某些情况下弱读，而虚词一般都不重读。 1.2.2限定词 关于词类的区分，大多数语法学家都按上述分法。但有一些英国语法学家把一些词归在一起，称为限定词（Determiners),主要指用在名词前帮助说明 词义的词， 1> 冠词a，an，the; 2>物主代词my，your，his等； 用作定语的某些不定代词，如some，any，many，little，few，both，each等； 用作定语的指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词等，如this，what，whose，whatever等。 而美国语言学家不作这种区分，用作定语的代词他们干脆称为形容词，如： This is Helen’s room.(代词） This room is mine. (形容词） You can have either of them. (代词） You can have either one.(形容词） 这样处理在字典中也比较方便。但从实用角度看，统统称为代词也未尝不可。代词也可用作定语，在本书中基本不作过细的区分，只在必要的地方点一点。 1.2.3分清词类至关重要 要学好英语，第一件事就是分清词类。每学一个词都要知道它属于哪个词类，是名词还是动词，这样区分至关重要。各种词类都有自己的特点，只有知道一个词属于哪个词类，才能正确使用它。同时还应弄清各个句子成分应由哪类词来担任，例如： 主语、宾语多由名词担任： 剧本的成功给他很大的鼓舞。（作主语） The success of the play has been a great encouragement to him. 她祝他成功。（作宾语） She wished him (success). 谓语一般由动词担任： 试验成功了。（作谓语） The experiment has succeeded. 定语常由形容词担任： 他是一位成功的作家。（作定语） He is a successful writer. 状语多由副词担任： 他工作很顺利。（作状语） He worked successfully. 从这些句子中可以看出，不分清词类就寸步难行。 1.2.4同一个词可用作多种词类 同一个词只用作一个词类的情况是相对较少的，多数词都可兼作不同词类，例如： after可用作介词、连词、副词、形容词： 做事后诸葛亮是容易的。（作介词) It is easy to be wise after the event. 你走之后我将把这消息告诉他们。（作连词） I will tell them the news after you leave. —会儿之后有人敲他的门。(作副词） A moment after there was a knock at his door. 在以后的岁月中，我对它熟悉起来。（作形容词） In after years l became familiar with it. double可用作形容词、动词、名词和副词： 他那天再次干了双份工作。（作形容词） He again did double work that day. 由于天气不好，蔬菜的价格翻了一番。（作动词） The price of vegetables has been doubled because of the weather. 简和汤姆赛赢了混合双打。（作名词） Jane and Tom won the mixed doubles.
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（动名词） 敬告： 以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。 过去分词长什么样？规则的情况下与动词过去式相同，当然有不规则的情况；过去分词可以充当定语、状语、补语、定语，不可能充当主语、宾语； 过去分词不像现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式，只有一种形式done表示。 1、过去分词可以充当主谓宾补句型中的宾语补语；它与宾语是被动关系，或者说它与宾语是动宾关系。 (1) We found the fish eaten by our cat. (2) I can’t make myself understood because of my poor English. 2、过去分词可以充当定语；充当定语当然是修饰主语、宾语等名性的结构；表达过去分词的动作是被动的或完成，或即被动又完成的。 (1) The party had last night (which was had last night) was very cheerful. (2) USA is a developed country (a country which has been developed). (3) A great number of students questioned (who had been questioned) said they were forced to practice the piano. 3、过分词可以充当状语，它与主句主语是被动关系，或者说它与主句的主语是动宾关系； 过去分词一般只强调被动动作而不强调时间，多用于条件和原因状语；(1) Taken in time, the medicine will turn out to be very effective. If the medicine is taken in time, it will turn out to be very effective. (2) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.
一、选择题 1．—Is the young woman playing the violin? —________． A．Yes，she is B．No，she doesn't C．Yes，she does D．No，he isn't 2．They like playing football, ________? A．do they B．don’t they C．aren’t they D．are they 3．—________ hours do you exercise every day? —Two. A．How long B．How often C．How much D．How many 4．—________ — It is orange. A．What is this? B．What color is it? C．What are these? D．What color are they? 5．—Is your name Kangkang? —________ A．Yes, I am. B．No, I’m not.C．Yes, it is. D．Yes, it’s. 6．—__________ your name, please? —Yes, B-E-N, Ben. A．How do you spell B．How can you speak C．Can you spell D．What is 7．—Where__________ your friend __________from? —He comes from England. A．is; come B．do; come C．does; come D．are; be 8．—He’s never stolen anyt hing before，______ he? —______. It’s his third time to be taken to the police station. A．hasn’t：Yes B．is；Yes C．has；Yes D．has；No 9．---Is Alice writing? ---__________. She is listening to music. A．Yes, she is B．Yes, she does C．No, she doesn’t D．No, she isn’t 10．— ______ can I keep the books, madam？ — For two weeks. A．How long B．How many C．How often D．How much 11．— Why ______ you like the cat？ —Because she’s kind of ______. A．do; boring B．don’t; interesting C．do; interested D．don’t; boring 12．—_____ the population of the U.S.A．in 2005? —It _____ about 296 million. A．What is; is B．What was; was C．How many is; was D．How many was; is 13．—Could I smoke here?
2017年考研英语重点语法解析 2017考研英语语法重难点精解(真题) 一般将来时(Simple Future Tense) 一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态，其形式和用法如下所述。 1. will/shall+动词，表示单纯的将来含义。 例句：Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could decline. (2001年第23题) 分析：该句是复合句。written and spoken作定语修饰language;that后是一结果状语从句。 译文：有朝一日，软件既能用来做文字翻译又能做口头翻译，而且能翻译得很好，以至于对任何通用的第二语言的需求都会下降。 例句：Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth and will be very expensive. (选自2006年Text 2) 分析：该句是复合句。which引导的定语从句修饰its own hotel;从句中you may be sure 是插入语，从句的主干部分为which will be decorated with...and will be very expensive。 译文：希尔顿正在那儿建立自己的酒店，你或许可以肯定它将配有(以莎士比亚剧中人物的名字命名的)哈姆雷特汉堡包店、李尔王休息室、班柯宴会包间等，而且价格非常昂贵。 2. be going to+动词，表示按计划或打算在最近的将来做某事，也可表示对未来的预测。 例句：As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people who in general are lighter skinned, there is going to be a constant racial conflict in the world. (1999年第18题) 分析：该句是复合句。定语从句who in general are colored和who in general are lighter skinned分别修饰poor people以及richer people;从句的主干部分为poor people are in conflict with richer people。 译文：一般来说，只要穷人与富人(也就是一般的有色人种和白色人种)之间有冲突，那么这个世界上的种族冲突就不会停止。 例句：Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly?contested market. (选自2005年Part C) 分析：该句是简单句。 译文：显然，只有规模最大、应变能力最强的电视传媒集团才能够在这个精彩纷呈而又竞争激烈的市场中生存。 3. be to+动词，表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作或要求别人去做的事，常用来表示官方的命令、决定、禁止、许可等。 例句：If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed，they must first change the relationship between America?s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. (选自2011年Text 4) 分析：该句是复合句。其中，在主句中，定语从句it hopes to attract修饰audience。 译文：如果吉尔伯特和纽约爱乐乐团想获得成功，他们首先必须改变美国最古老的交响乐团和其想要吸引的新一批观众间的关系。 例句：But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of
初中英语语法——三大从句汇总 在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即 状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。以 下是一些基本的从句的语法知识点 A、定语从句专项讲解与训练 一、定语从句概念 定语从句（attributive clause），顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属 于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外， 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先 行词。请看示例： The woman who lives next door is a teacher. 先行词定语从句 在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语 里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示： 先行词主格宾格所有格 人 who whom whose 物 which which whose of which 人、物 that that — （一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如： An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。 I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first
一、选择题 1．—Let's think about _______ A Bite of China tonight? —That sounds good! A．watch B．watching C．to watch D．watches 2．—Do you prefer basketball with me? 一No,I’d rather at home and watch TV. A．play;stay B．to play;to stay C．play;to stay D．to play;stay 3．If you really don’t know _______ at the party, you can come to me. A．who will you talk with B．who to talk C．who to talk to D．who you will talk 4．—You don’t know what great difficulty I had ________ to get the two tickets. —But the film is really worth _________ twice. A．managing; seeing B．to manage; seeing C．managing; being seen D．managed; to see 5．Our parents won't allow us _____ in the river alone. A．swim B．to swim C．swimming D．swam 6．—It’s time _____ lunch. —OK. Let’s _____. A．for; go B．for; going C．to; going D．to; go 7．— Mr. Wang, I have trouble __________ the text. — Remember __________ it three times at least. A．to understand；reading B．understanding；to read C．understanding；reading D．to understand；to read 8．Dan shows an interest in musical instruments and is often heard _____ the guitar. A．play B．played C．playing D．to play 9．The snow makes them______ cold, so they want to make a fire_______ warm. A．feel , to keep B．to feel, keep C．feel, keep D．to feel ,to keep 10．It usually takes him half an hour ________ the homework. A．finish B．finishing C．to finish 11．The journey made them ________very tired. A．to feel B．feeling C．feel 12．I don’t know how________there. I need to look at the map.
一、选择题 1．- ______ do you go to visit your grandparents? - Once a week. A．How far B．How much C．How often D．How long 2．–________ would you like me to pay you? –Either Ali Pay or WeChat Pay. I don’t care. A．How B．What C．Why D．Who 3．—________ is it from your home to school? —It’s about ten minutes’ walk. A．How long B．How far C．How many 4．—________is the CISM Military（军事的）World Games held? — Every 4 years. A．How soon B．When C．How often D．How long 5．—I got into a fight with my best friends, what should I do? —________write him a letter? A．How about B．What about C．Why D．Why don't you 6．—Is your name Jim Green? —________. A．Yes, I am B．Yes, it is C．No, I am D．Yes, I’m 7．—Are these your friends? —________. They are his friends. A．Yes, these are. B．No, they aren't. C．No, these aren't. 8．— __________ books do you read every year? — About 30, I love reading. A．How much B．How old C．How many D．How often 9．—Is the young woman playing the violin? —________． A．Yes，she is B．No，she doesn't C．Yes，she does D．No，he isn't 10．—________ is it from the New Town to the old city centre? —About 30 minutes by underground. A．How soon B．How often C．How long D．How far 11．— ________do you go to school? — At seven. A．Where B．How C．Why D．When 12．—Raymond,you feed the birds today, ________?—But I fed it yesterday. A．do you B．will you C．didn’t you D．don’t you 13．—How is everything going at school ,dear ? —________. A．All right, thanks. B．Not too bad, I guess
考研英语十二大基础语法体系 对于任何英语句子，要分析其结构，这样才能找到英语语言的规律。每种语言都有它的难点，汉语的难点在于汉语不是拼读语言，汉字很难写，而且有四种声调。其实，许多接触过多种外语的人都认为，英语的语法比法语、德语、俄语、日语等都简单，是最容易学的。著名语言学家乔姆斯基说过，语法是内生的、也就是随着语言的诞生而诞生的。因此，学习语法和学习语言是相辅相成的。 一、英语动词的时态 （一）英汉两种语言在时态表达方式上的差异： 英语的词类与汉语的不同。汉语词类形态稳定，比如“书”这个字，“一本书”、“三本书”都一样，没有词形变化。英语就不同了，book, books仅从词形上就能知道是单数还是复数。 动词是英语中变化最多、最复杂的词类。有人说，学好英语就是学好动词，此言甚是。同一个动作或状态分别在不同时间发生或存在，表达这个动作或状态的动词就要用不同的形式，这就是时态。 （二）英语动词的形式： 英语的时态是通过动词的变化来体现的。因此，了解动词的形式及其变化规律非常重要。英语的实义动词有以下五种形式： (1)动词原形：动词原形在句子中形式不变。主要用于主语为非第三人称单数的一般现在时，情态动词之后， 或根据语法规定必须用动词原形的其他情况。 (2) 一般现在时第三人称单数形式（简称现单三）：主要用于主语为第三人称单数的一般现在时。 (3) 过去式：主要用于一般过去时。 (4) 现在分词：主要用于进行时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 (5) 过去分词：主要用于完成时态，或语法规定的其他情况。 动词一般现在时第三人称单数（现单三）的构成，见下表：
即某些字母组合的不规则动词有一定的规律。如：weep→wept, sleep→slept, sweep→swept 以上每个时间段中分别有四种状态：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。因此我们便有了四四一十六个时态。 态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）。 比如在“They are doing their exercises.”这个句子中，动词由原形do 变成are doing 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于正在进行的状态当中，所以叫现在进行时； 在“They have done their exercises.”这句中，动词由原形do 变成have done的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并处于完成的状态，所以叫现在完成时； 在“They always do their exercises.”中，动词用原形do 的形态，说明这个事情是发生在现在、并且是一般情况下永远如此，所以叫一般现在时。 在这三句话中，动词do 虽然用了不同的形态，其意义没有变化，而是事情发生的时间和状态变了。其余类推。 （三）时态详解 16个时态中，常用的有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用。 下面把各种时态的构成和用法做一个全面的介绍。
中考英语语法笔记整理大全 名词 表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。 注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词“the”，但它不大写。 3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有了变 化。eg. beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒，work--- a work 工厂，著作，glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯，room空间---a room一个房间 二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。 1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加“a或an”；复数形式 是在名词后加“-s或-es”。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化及其读音可依照下表：
2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化 ①改变单数名词中的元音字母 eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese, mouse--mice ②单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,… ③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数 eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers 注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news 3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。（三大考点：前面不能加a/an 表达“一个”，一般只有单数，作主语时，谓语动词要用单数）不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法: (1)同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物， time 时间--- times 时代，green 绿色---greens 青菜 (2)有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物 eg. hope ---hopes 希望hardship --- hardships 艰苦 (3)物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, … 4. 关于某国人原则：中日不变Chinese—Chinese Japanese---Japanese 英法变Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen 其他加s American-Americans German--Germans 三、名词的所有格 名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+’s；另一种是用of, 表示“……的”。 1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾+’s。eg. Mr. Mott’s robot, children’s clothes
高中英语语法讲解【非谓语动词】【专题要点】 非谓语动词和独立主格结构主要用法如下： 1.动名词和动词不定式作主语、宾语； 2.只跟动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语； 3.只跟动词不定式作宾语的常见动词； 4.既可以跟动名词又可以跟动词不定式作宾语，且意义不同的动词或短语； 5.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的区别； 6.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作定语时的区别； 7.不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语时的区别； 8.动名词的复合结构在句中作状语； 9.there be 结构的两种非谓语形式； 10.独立主格结构在句中作状语； 11.with复合结构在句中作状语或定语。 【教法指引】 非谓语动词包括不定式、v-ing形式和过去分词，是高中英语学习的难点，也是高考考查的重点。高中英语非谓语动词是一个重要考点，教师在引导学生复习备考中要注意重点突出、训练得当，尤其是对以下要点的复习： 1.不定式、现在分词与过去分词的用法区别； 2.非谓语动词的主动式与被动式； 3.非谓语动词完成式的用法； 4.非谓语动词用作伴随状语； 5.非谓语动词用作目的状语； 6.非谓语动词用作结果状语； 7.非谓语动词用作宾语补足语；
8.非谓语动词的逻辑主语问题； 9.非谓语动词用作主语的问题； 10.“（be+）过去分词+介词”结构； 11.动名词的复合结构和there be结构的非谓语动词形式。 对于独立主格结构的复习，教师必须要讲清它的构成方式和在句子中的作用以及与with复合结构和分词之间的辨析的关系。 【知识网络】 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别 （1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 Smoking is prohibited（禁止）here．这里禁止抽烟。（抽象） It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。（具体）（2）动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。（经验） Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。（经验） （3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job.我只花了五分钟的时间来完成这项工作。 2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 （1）不定式作表语 1）不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。 What I would suggest is to start work at once. 我的建议是立刻开始干。
初中英语语法大全：分外疑问句 用疑问词引导的疑问句叫做分外疑问句。回答分外疑问句时不能用yes或no。用降调。为了便于理解、掌握分外疑问句，我们把疑问词分为三类：疑问代词：what，who，Which，whose，whom 疑问副词：when，where，why，how 疑问形容词：what（which，whose）+名词 1疑问代词的用法 1.what引导的疑问句 此类疑问句可以对主语、表语和宾语提问。 a.对主语提问 What is in your pocket？ 你口袋里有什么？ 这个问题可以有两种回答： a：There is an egg in it. 在口袋里有一个蛋。 b：An egg is（in it）. 一个蛋（在里面）。What“s in the room？ 屋子里有什么？ There are a lot of chairs in it. =A 1ot of chairs are in it.有许多椅子。 注意
回答此句型的问题时，答句的单复数根据实际情况而定。 b.对宾语提问 What did you buy？你买了什么？ I bought a bike.我买了辆自行车。 c.对表语提问 What is this？这是什么？ It“s a bench.这是一条长凳。 What is your mother？你妈妈是干什么的？ 注意 What is +人？此句型是问人的职业，大凡译为“是干什么的？”She is a teacher.她是个老师。2.Who，whom，whose引导的疑问句 此类疑问句可以对主语、表语和宾语提问。 Who broke the window？（对主语提问） 谁打破了窗户？ who可以对主语和表语提问。whom是who的宾格，对宾语提问，但在口语中who可以代替whom。 Li Ming did.李明打破的。 Who is that woman？（对表语提问） 那个女人是谁？ She is my mother.她是我妈妈。（关系） 或者：She is Rose.她是罗思。（姓名）
考研英语：语法长难句
目录 第一课奋斗的开始-简单句 (3) 一什么是英语句子？ (3) 二英语句子的基本结构 (3) 三句子的成分 (4) 四简单句的考点分析 (6) 第二课难点稍露尖尖角并列句 (9) 一什么是并列句？ (9) 二并列连词及与其同义的逻辑关系词 (9) 三并列句的考点分析 (9)
第一课奋斗的开始-简单句一什么是英语句子？ 英汉句法结构的差异 举例： ?北京机场就要到了。 ?我要去剪头。 二英语句子的基本结构 1.主谓 2.主谓宾 谓语：实义动词 3.主谓表 谓语：系动词 系动词主要分为以下六类： ?be ?感官动词：look, smell, taste, sound, feel ?变化：become, get, turn, grow, fall ?保持：keep, stay, remain, stand ?表象：seem, appear
?终止：prove 4.主谓双宾 5.主谓宾宾补 举例： ?I bought him a dog. ?You should keep the room clean and tidy. ?We made him our monitor. ?His father told him not to play in the street. 三句子的成分 1.谓语 1）谓语的成分： 举例： ?Your mother must very beautiful. 2）动词能不能多？ 举例 ?Laugh at others is my hobby. ?I enjoy see movies. ?My dream is become a rich lady. 练习 ?他穿上外衣，锁上门，离开了家。 ?大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。 ?长江流经不同的生态体系，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。 ?我爱你，你爱我。 ?冬天来了，春天就不远了。
直接引语与间接引语 引述别人的话语一般采用两种方式：⑴直接引述别人地原话，把它放在引号内，这叫直接引语；⑵用自己的话转述别人的话，这叫间接引语，间接引语相当于一个宾语从句。（一）主句为过去时态，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态要发生变化。 （二）人称在间接引语中的变化： 直接引语中的人称代词在转化为间接引语时，也要有相应地变化。一般遵循“一随主，二
（四）句子结构的变化： ①直接引语是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连接词that(也可以省略)，同时人称时态，时间状语，地点状语作相应变化。 [ I’ll telephone him this evening ] she said. 改后：she told me that she would telephone him that evening. Mr Black said [ I made the plan yesterday afternoon ]. 改后：Mr Black said that he had made the plan the previous afternoon. [ I am living here now. ] she said. 改后：She said that she was living there then. ②直接引语是一般疑问句，变为间接引语是，用whether/if 引导，疑问语序变为陈述语序，同时人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语作相应变化。谓语said通常变为asked。She asked Tom [ Are you going to Beijing next week? ] 改后：She asked Tom wether he was going to Beijing the next week. He asked us [ Can I stay here for another two days? ] 改后：He asked us if he could stay there for another two days. ③直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，用原来的疑问句引导，疑问语序变为陈述语序，同时人称，时态，时间状语，地点状语作相应变化。
一、表格的用法 1.doing 的用法 （1）在要求动词后（作宾语）：avoid避免appreciate 感激/欣赏acknowledge承认/自认 admit 承认advocate提倡/主张consider 考虑 can't help不禁 can't stand受不了contemplate细想complete完成confess坦白 dislike不喜欢，讨厌deserve值得 delay 延迟 deny否认 dread可怕defer拖延detest嫌恶 enjoy享有/喜爱envy嫉妒endure忍受excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅 fancy幻想/爱好favor 造成/偏爱figure描绘/计算hate讨厌 imagine设想involve卷入/包含keep保持miss错过mention说到/讲到mind 介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit允许 postpone推迟practice 实行/实践prevent阻止quit放弃停止risk冒险recall回想resist抵抗/阻止 resume恢复repent悔悟resent怨恨stand坚持/忍受suggest建议save营救/储蓄tolerate忍受
worth值得 You should try to avoid making mistakes. The book is worth reading. The book deserves reading. （2）表进行 Walking on the grassland, I saw a snake.=When I was walking on the grassland, I saw a snake. The man speaking English is Tom. = The man who is speaking English is Tom. （3）表主动 The man speaking English is Tom = The man who speaks English is Tom. = The man who spoke English is Tom. Nobody dinks boiling water but boiled water.= Nobody dinks water that is boiling but the water that has boiled. （4）表伴随 I stand outside waiting for Mr. Chen. I lie in bed reading a novel. （5）表性质；特点 The film is very moving. She is understanding, so you had better discuss your business with her.