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CFA个人呕心沥血总结的Level 1各章考点ethic

CFA个人呕心沥血总结的Level 1各章考点ethic
CFA个人呕心沥血总结的Level 1各章考点ethic

Study Notes of

Standards and Practice Handbook

0. Code of Ethics

·Act with integrity, competence, diligence, respect, and in an ethical manner with the public, clients, prospective clients,

employers, employees, colleagues in the investment

profession, and other participants in the global capital markets.

·Place the integrity of the investment profession and the interests of clients above their own personal interests.

·Use reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment when conducting investment analysis, making

investment recommendations, taking investment actions and

engaging in other professional conducts.

·Practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner that will reflect credit on themselves and the

profession.

·Promote the integrity of, and uphold the rules governing, capital markets.

·Maintain and improve their professional competence and strive to maintain and improve the competence of other investment

professionals.

I.Professionalism

A. Knowledge of law

B. Independent and Objectivity

C. Mispresentation

D. Misconduct

Offer gift/benefit/compensation etc. to compromise independence is violation.

C&S (Codes and Standards) do not require reporting to the government regulatory organizations for violations or CFAI for potential violations (but it’s encouraged).

Advices from legal counsel do not absolve M&C (Members and Candidates) from requirement to comply.

Best ways: report to supervisor (first time), dissociate (if necessary later).

Company paid trip should be strictly for business.

Modest gifts/entertainment is OK, but should be careful. Gift from customer is OK, but all accepted need to be disclosed.

Working with IBD is appropriate only when conflicts are adequately and effectively managed and disclosed.

No corporate issuer should reimburse M&C for air transportation.

Frequent meeting should be paid attention to.

Non-flat fee related to security performance should not be accepted.

Factual Information from recognized and statistical reporting services need not be cited.

Knowingly means either knows or should have known.

Chartroom is also included in communication related to Misrepresentation.

If performance guarantee is built in to the structure of the product itself or institution’s agreement to cover loss, M&C can tell customers.

Author and publisher should both be mentioned.

Must not misrepresent abilities.

Oral communications should also avoid plagiarism.

Misrepresent by unintentionally error is not a violation, but should be corrected and related parties should be informed once found.

Source of plain-language s should also be acknowledged.

Risk relaying on second-hand information should be avoided-best way: obtain a copy from original source.

Misconduct is related to M&C’s professional life, mostly related to dishonesty.

Personal beliefs usually do not cause a violation.

Any words like luxury high-level, etc from company should be a violation.

Reporting can be treated as dissociation.

Both offer and solicit benefit is a violation.

Oral communication can also violate plagiarism.

Flight and hotel paid by covering company is acceptable.

Government bond still have interest rate risk, so guarantee should be carefully expressed.

II.Integrity of capital markets

A. Material nonpublic information

B. Market manipulation

Material non-public information: change in auditor certification or no longer qualified; government reports of economic trends (before published).

Less reliable & more ambiguous, less material,

Not necessary to wait for the slowest method to delivery information.

Aware of information selectively disclosed.

Briefing or conference call / disclose to only analyst cannot be called public.

Guidance or interpretation of public information may be material & non-public.

Mosaic theory: should save and document the research.

Report of famous analyst (may influence the market) is a kind of material non-public before published.

“Looking over firewall” need approval.

Sometimes prohibition to avoid using material non-public can tell out, at this time, take only the contra side of unsolicited customer trades.

Fail to prevent transfer and misuse of material non-public is a violation.

If the impact of an information is unknown (such as the direction of price change cannot be predicted), it is not considered material.

Unreliable information could not be considered.

Market manipulation: Prices & Volume; Transaction based & Information based.

Transaction based: manipulate the security itself; manipulate an instrument to control derivatives.

Trading for tax purpose is not prohibited, such as selling and immediately buying back.

Using inaccurate/misleading information may cause market manipulating.

The best action when heard material nonpublic information is to promote public disclosure.

Legal disputes and government economic trends report can be material nonpublic before disclosed.

The departure of the fund manager is not material.

If a client who has material nonpublic information makes an trade order based on that, M&C should decline.

III.Duties to clients

A. Loyalty, Prudence and Care

B. Fair dealing

C. Suitability

D. Performance presentation

E. Preservation of confidentiality

The client of pension plans or trusts is the beneficiaries of them.

Clients who are unaware of the recommendation change should be advised before the contrary order accepted.

Determining suitability should base on the characteristics of entire portfolio, not issue-by-issue analysis.

Voting proxies should be made sure according to the interests of the client, both fail to vote or vote too much to save cost might be violation.

Proxy voting policy should be disclosed.

If uncertain of clients action, ask; if in doubt, disclose in written and obtain client’s approval.

Terminated accounts should be included in performance presentation.

Deleting an asset from recommendation list is also a recommendation change.

Illegal information of clients could be relayed only to proper authorities.

While CFAI investigates clients’ confidential information, analyst should offer.

The clients’ investment purpose is confidential (even for charity).

M&C need disclose strategy, but not specific trades if they agree with strategy.

Firms can offer different levels of services (different in depth but not priority) as long as this is disclosed to all clients.

Disseminate new recommendations should be based on suitability and known interest, not all clients.

Limit the number of people who are privy to the fact that a recommendation is going to be disseminated.

Process executing orders in first-in first-out order (Don’t confuse with inventory accounting).

Disclose trade allocation procedures (it can be asymmetric only due to the different need of clients).

If clients withhold information, suitability analyst can’t be complete but must be done based on provided information; thus, M&C are responsible only for assessing

suitability.

M&C who manage pooled assets to a specific mandate are not responsible to the suitability of the share purchasers.

Pay attention of the material changes in clients’ situations to confirm if there’s any suitability change.

Providing confidential information to CFAI’s Professional Conduct Program (PCP) is not a violation.

Passing confidential information to authorized employees/colleagues is permitted.

The word equal is not necessary in fair dealing, or it may violate suitability.

M&C can not be the client of himself.

Soft dollar arrangement is required to be disclosed only if it causes conflict or potential conflict.

Annual inquiry of client’s situation is required.

It is applicable law, not Code and Standard that decides whether illegal activity of client should be reported to authorities.

Authorized fellow employee can be disclosed confidential information.

Only pro-rata allocation of IPO is permitted.

Sitting in the board should be disclosed to both employer and clients.

Generally offering to do a client’s information update through mail is not sufficient to comply with Suitability.

A recommendation list can be sent without regard to suitability.

Soft dollar must be used for the benefit of clients, but is not required for the exact client.

Charging different fee for same service violates the Fair Dealing.

Ask someone to help to “introduce” non-complete or biased performance is a violation.

IV.Duty to employers

A. Loyalty

B. Additional compensation arrangements

C. Responsibility of Supervisors

The clients’ investment purpose is confidential (even for charity).

It’s not required to put employer’s interests ahead of family and other personal obligations; it should be discussed and balanced.

With non-compete agreement absence, S&M can contact old clients if not using contact list from old employee but the memory himself or public information.

Accepting addition jobs with no conflic t with employee do not need permission.

Supplemental & contingent compensation arrangement from clients should be reported in written to employer and obtain consent.

While company has no proper compliance procedures,M&C should decline supervisory responsibility in writing.

Even rejected material is the property of the employer.

The additional compensation from clients should be disclosed to employer, but the disclosure to other clients is not M&C’s duty.

Cheating the employer is not related to DUTY TO EPLOYER.

Accepting additional compensation should be disclosed to and obtain written consent from all parties involved.

Delegation of supervisory responsibility does not relieve the duty of supervisor.

If appropriate code and action failed to stop violation, the supervisor is not in violation.

Once a violation is discovered, supervisor should increase supervision or place appropriate limitation on the wrongdoer.

After termination form the employer, soliciting clients is no longer a violation.

CEO is not necessary to be the supervisor of the employee.

Undertaking independent practice is required to disclose and obtain written consent only to&from employer.

The preparation of independent activity or leaving the employer is not required to be disclosed.

V.Investment Analysis, Recommendations, and Action

A. Diligence and reasonable basis

B. Communication with clients and perspective clients

C. Record retention

If a member does not agree a group’s views which have been worked out in reasonable procedure and base, he does not necessarily remove his name from the

report, but have to document a notice.

By periodically checking the reasonable base, third-party research can be used for investment recommendation.

M&C must keep existing clients informed with respect to changes to the choice of investment process on an ongoing basis.

Without other standards, CFAI recommends at least 7 years of Record Retention.

While working in new company, M&C can recreate models used before by only knowledge and recreate supporting documents at the same time.

Using the research result of the firm is not lack of diligence and reasonable unless there’s a reason to believe the basis is questionable.

Detailed information must be available (and availability disclosed) while brief recommendation is offered.

VI.Conflicts of Interest

A. Disclosure of conflicts

B. Priority of transactions

C. Referral fees

Conflicts can be exist between clients, employer and self.

Power to vote or direct the voting is a kind of interest.

Special compensation from employer might be conflict with client’s interest, should be disclosed.

Disclose must be made prominently, only disclose in footnote is not enough.

Only when the investment decision that causes conflict is determined should the disclosure be made.

There should be black out periods prior to trades for clients to prevent manage of front running.

Job offer or potential is a kind of conflict source.

The beneficial owning of security by immediate relative is a conflict, but non-immediate is not.

VII.Responsibilities as a CFAI Member or CFA Candidate

A. Conducts as M&C in the CFA program

B. Reference to CFAI, the CFA Designation, and CFA

Program

Cheating in any examination is a violation.

Expressing opinion or beliefs concerning CFAI or CFA program is not inhibited.

Using CFA committee position to benefit self is a violation.

Members must sign PCS (Professional Conduct Statement) & pay dues annually.

CFA related sign must used either after the name or as adjectives (not nouns).

M & C have the right to express his/her opinion of CFA and CFA plan even if it’s negative opinion.

Annual conduct report is an obligation of Members.

“Highest ethical standard” is permitted to describe CFA.

CFA一级和二级难度对比

CFA一级和二级难度对比 来源:浦江.财经 6月份的CFA考试已经过去,但大家的备考脚步却不能停止,毕竟CFA有三个级别,只有考完了并通过了三级后,你才可以如释重负。对于CFA三级而言,一级、二级为选择题会给人错觉是不是通过会很简单了?这是个很错误的想法,CFA考试不会是简单的,就一级、二级难度也是很大的。那么浦江.财经就这两个级别难度对比来说明。 一、从学习内容看 CFA二级虽然在知识领域上和一级基本重合,但对理解深度的要求则比一级高很多,而且题目设置的技术难度也有明显提升。如果说CFA考生通过死记硬背概念和一定的考试技巧,或许是可以侥幸通过CFA一级的考试。但是当你面临二级的考试时,它所考核的偏重就在于综合应用了。 这时候,考生需要将一、二两个级别的考试内容结合在一起。考生在备考的时候,学会理解以后还要进行活学活用。所以,通过CFA二级考试需要的是真才实学。 二、从知识点内容看 其实,CFA二级考试具体的考试内容还是和一级差不多的那几个科目。但是,知识点变零散了,而且没有一级那么明显的系统化。在考生的备考过程中,知识点的理解、梳理和运用,都需要考生自己去总结,去发现各个章节和各个知识点之间的联系:也就是融会贯通。 三、从出题模式看 CFA一级考试全是单项选择题,上下半场各有120道。每道题目各自独立,互不影响。二级考试上下半场各只有60道题,出题形式则是一篇短文附带一组问题。问题之间很多是前后相关;一旦对整体文意把握不准,或者前一题做错,那么后一题做错的几率就陡然升高。

四、难度总结 CFA一级考试:难度在于计算和零散知识点的记忆,同时强调记忆和计算,所以考生在复习和考试的过程中极容易遇到陌生的知识点,在复习的时候对教材的逻辑难于把握和整理。比如理解基本的经济分析方法和常识,基本的金融市场运行实践(指数计算,股票内在价值DDM 计算的基本公式,财务报表分析技术),考卷也考察对某些重要计算公式的理解(比如正态分布的性质、对单尾或者双尾检验的理解,经济学的MC、MP的计算过程理解和图形分析,债券的久期和凸性等)。所以广大考生在复习一级考试的时候,要着重对整体框架把握的基础上,通过后面大量做题再对单个零散知识点进行把握,做到复习的时候心中有数把握框架,做题的时候注重细节。 CFA二级考试:越来越侧重于对题干中信息量的把握、每个LOS的串联记忆还有对计算信息量得筛选。二级之所以难度较高,还在于二级考试考察理解和运用,而非单纯的记忆。所以我们在复习二级考试的过程中,应该淡化一些基本公式的死记硬背(如定量分析还有衍生品中的一些公式),重点应该在于理解每个章节的框架还有每个知识点的内在含义,这样在做题的过程中才能有的放矢,对每个案例中的信息进行有效的检索、筛选,提高自己的阅读能力还有对题目所给的信息的检索能力。

CFA一级笔记-第八部分 固定收益证券

CFA一级考试知识点 第八部分固定收益证券 债券五类主要发行人 超国家组织supranational organizations,收回贷款和成员国股金还款 主权(国家)政府sovereign/national governments,税收、印钞还款 非主权(地方)政府non-sovereign/local governments(美国各州),地方税收、融资、收费。 准政府机构quasi-governments entities(房利美、房地美) 公司(金融机构、非金融机构)经营现金流还款 Maturity到期时间、tenor剩余到期时间 小于一年是货币市场证券、大于一年是资本市场证券、没有明确到期时间是永续债券。 计算票息需要考虑付息频率,未明确的默认半年一次付息。 双币种债券dual-currency bonds支付票息时用A货币,支付本金时用B货币。 外汇期权债券currency option bongds给予投资人选择权,可以选择本金或利息币种。 本金偿还形式 子弹型债券bullet bond,本金在最后支付。也称为plain vanilla bond(香草计划债券) 摊销性债券amortizing bond,分为完全摊销和部分摊销。 偿债基金条款sinking found provision,也是提前收回本金的方式,债券发行方在存续期间定期提前偿还部分本金,例如每年偿还本金初始发行额的6%。 票息支付形式 固定票息债券fixed-rate coupon bonds,零息债券会折价发行,面值与发行价之差就是利息,零息债券也称为纯贴现债券pure discount bond。

高顿CFA一级考试复习备考技巧分享

高顿CFA一级考试复习备考技巧分享 CFA一级考试复习备考技巧简述 1.所有知识点和公式要做到烂熟于胸。 2.制定合理的学习时间进度表并严格按照计划进行学习复习,CFA考试的准备过程是对考生耐力和意志力的考验,建议考生严格按照制定的学习计划进行学习复习。 给予考生的建议: 考生应根据自身专业背景和金融基础详细制定学习计划 每周约10至15小时,共约18周进行CFA的学习 每个session至少需一周时间学习 临考前预留四到六周时间反复操练习题并进行模拟考试 考试前两个学习日强化公式记忆 3. 在认真学习完一遍Study Notes后,学员应根据自身情况及LOS的要求,找出考试要点、难点,逐个攻破。 每个Study session的学习内容都是自成体系,考生可分科目进行复习,总结各科目的理论、公式,经典题及难题。在深入理解各科知识点的基础上,再将整个知识体系融会贯通,全面性、条理性、逻辑性地把握知识要点。 4. 抓住三个重点 从考试内容比重来看,FSA, Equity,Corporate Finance以及Fixed Income占分较多,考生应侧重学习。 FSA部分在实际考试中很强调对不同accounting method的理解,其中LIFO,FIFO的对比,Revenue recognition方式的使用范围,及对Financial ratio的影响,Operating/Capital lease财务比率对比等内容每年必考。FSA部分是CFA 考试通过的关键。如果时间和精力有限,建议从这部分先开始看,Corporate Finance在学习过程中由于知识点较为连贯,是CFA一级考试比较容易拿分的部分,建议考生牢固掌握WACC,DDM,CAPM等知识重点,保证考试时的答题正确率。 5.熟练掌握公式和概念间的互动关系 CFA一级考试题量大,时间短,因为建议考生在理解性记忆的基础上强制性记忆。例如:LIFO和FIFO对Net Income,cash flow的影响,在考场上没有时间去一步步推导它们之间的关系,而是一下就能想到在物价水平不变和上升的市场环境中,使用LIFO的现金流相对于FIFO方法要偏大,真正做到将公式和互动关系烂熟于胸。 6. 模拟做题至关重要 答题速度是通过CFA一级考试的关键。CFA考试是对考生能力和体力的双重考核,试想一个从没跑过一万米的人去参加一万米比较,成绩可想而知。模拟做题的目的在于巩固学习成果,提高做题速度,找出薄弱环节并弥补学习的不足之处。 7.建议考生参加专业课程培训 CFA是一张综合能力证书,其备考过程就是知识积累,能力培养的过程,变专业知识为个人实际能力才是投资CFA考试的最大收益。CFA一级考试的所有知识点在随后的二级三级考试中都会被要求综合应用。CFA一级学习如果

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