2011年硕士研究生入学考试(二)真题及参考答案Section I? Use of English
Directions：
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark
A，B， C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The Internet affords anonymity to its users， a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has? 1?
across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved? 2?? bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly? 3?? ？
Last month，Howard Schmidt，the nation's cyber-czar，offered the federal government a? 4? to make the Web a safer place-a "voluntary trusted identity" system
that would be the high-tech? 5? of a physical key， a fingerprint and a photo ID card，all rolled? 6? one. The system might use a identity card，or a digital credential? 7? to
a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.
The idea is to? 8? a federation of private online identity systems. User could? 9?
which system to join，and only registered users whose identities have been
authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would
require an Internet driver's license????? 10??? by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these"single sign-on"
systems that make it possible for users to?? 11? just once but use many different
services.
12 .the approach would create a "walled garden" n cyberspace，with safe "neighborhoods" and bright "streetlights" to establish a sense of a?? 13? community.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a "voluntary ecosystem" in which "individuals and
organizations can complete online transactions with? 14? ，trusting the identities of
each other and the identities of the infrastructure? 15? which the transaction runs".
Still，the administration's plan has? 16? privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach；others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative
push toward what would? 17? be a compulsory Internet "drive's license" mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with? 18? by some computer security experts，
who worry that the "voluntary ecosystem" envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave
much of the Internet? 19? .They argue that all Internet users should be? 20? to register
and identify themselves，in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on
public roads.
1．????
2．????
3．????
4．????
5．????
6．????
7．????
8．????
9．????
10．????
11．? on ? on? in ? in
12．? vain? effect? return ? contrast 13．????
14．????
15．????
16．????
17．????
18．????
19．????
20．????
Section II?? Reading Comprehension Part A
Directions：
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A，B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)
Text? 1
Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January
2000： a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the
decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the
end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman's compensation
committee；how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked？By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking
up too much time，she said.
Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful，yet less biased，advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere，they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals.
If the sky，and the share price is falling，outside directors should be able to give
advice based on having weathered their own crises.
The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10，000 firms and more than 64，000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they
simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most
likely reason for departing a board was age，so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a
surprise departure，the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-
action lawsuit also increases，and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect
tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and
subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive，it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up." Leaving riskier，smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.
But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a
blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks，even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who
want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.
Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons，once again very popular on campus.
21. According to Paragraph 1，Ms. Simmons was criticized for???????? .
[A]gaining excessive profits
[B]failing to fulfill her duty
[C]refusing to make compromises
[D]leaving the board in tough times
22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be???????? .
[A]generous investors
[B]unbiased executives
[C]share price forecasters
[D]independent advisers
23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director's surprise departure，the firm is likely to??????? .
[A]become more stable
[B]report increased earnings
[C]do less well in the stock market
[D]perform worse in lawsuits
24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors???????? .
[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm
[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm
[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm
[D]will decline incentives from the firm
25. The author's attitude toward the role of outside directors is??????? .
[A]permissive
[B]positive
[C]scornful
[D]critical
Text? 2
Whatever happened to the death of newspaper？ A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled
to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own
doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations？Should the state subsidize them ？It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers，which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry，have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago，but profit all the same.
It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists
overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13，500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers
even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures
have proved the right ones and，sadly for many journalists，they can be pushed further.
Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses，with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual
in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008，according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In
Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly，Japanese newspapers are much more stable.
The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody，but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and
film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign
bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.
eir own doom" (Lines 3-4，Para. 1)，the
26. By saying "Newspapers like … th
author indicates that newspaper??????? .
[A]neglected the sign of crisis
[B]failed to get state subsidies
[C]were not charitable corporations
[D]were in a desperate situation
27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because?????? .
[A]readers threatened to pay less
[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs
[C]journalists reported little about these areas
[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products
28. Compared with their American counterparts，Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they?????? .
[A]have more sources of revenue
[B]have more balanced newsrooms
[C]are less dependent on advertising
[D]are less affected by readership
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper
business？
[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.
[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.
[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.
[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be???????? .
[A]American Newspapers：Struggling for Survival
[B]American Newspapers：Gone with the Wind
[C]American Newspapers： A Thriving Business
[D]American Newspapers： A Hopeless Story
Text? 3
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of
prosperity and growth，with soldiers returning home by the millions，going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
But when it came to their houses，it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war，Americans had learned to
live with less，and that restraint，in combination with the postwar confidence in the future，made small，efficient housing positively stylish.
Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The
phrase "less is more" was actually first popularized by a German，the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe，who like other people associated with the Bauhaus， a school of design，emigrated to the United States before World War II
and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture，but none more so that Mies.
Mies's signature phrase means that less decoration，properly organized，has more impact that a lot. Elegance，he believed，did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects，he employed metal，glass and laminated wood-materials
that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies's
sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient，rather than big and often empty.
The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago's Lake Shore Drive，for example，were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1，000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city's Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their
airy glass walls，the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings' details and proportions，the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.
The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright
started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1，200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th
century.
The "Case Study Houses" commissioned from talented modern architects by
California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another
homegrown influence on the "less is more" trend. Aesthetic effect came from the
landscape，new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House，Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters，though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was
widely shared.
31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans'???????? .
[A]prosperity and growth
[B]efficiency and practicality
[C]restraint and confidence
[D]pride and faithfulness
32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus？
[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.
[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.
[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.
33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design???????? .
[A]was related to large space
[B]was identified with emptiness
[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration
[D]was not associated with efficiency
34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago's Lake Shore Drive？
[A]They ignored details and proportions.
[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.
[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.
[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.
35. What can we learn about the design of the "Case Study House"？
[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.
[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration
[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.
[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.
Text? 4
Will the European Union make it？The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a
"Bermuda triangle" of debt，population decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems，the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core，the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro
zone's economies，weaker or stronger，will one day converge thanks to the discipline
of sharing a single currency，which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe's single currency from disintegration is
stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone's dominant powers，France and Germany，agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone，but disagree about what to harmonies.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness，barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not
obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-
projects and even the suspension of a country's voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It
insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club，among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour；in the inner core alone，Germany fears， a small majority favour French interference.
A "southern" camp headed by French wants something different："European economic government" within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated，that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from
richer to poorer members，via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally，figures close to the France government have murmured，curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization： .，curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world's largest trading block. At its
best，the European project is remarkably liberal：built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries，its internal borders are far more open to goods，capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest
edges of globalization，and make capitalism benign.
36. The EU is faced with so many problems that?????????? .
[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets
[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned
[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro
[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
37. The debate over the EU's single currency is stuck because the dominant powers???????? .
[A] are competing for the leading position
[B] are busy handling their own crises
[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization
[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration
38. To solve the euro problem ，Germany proposed that?????? .
[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased
[B] stricter regulations be imposed
[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination
[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __? __.
［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds
［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries
［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds
40. Regarding the future of the EU，the author seems to feel __? __.
［A］pessimistic
［B］desperate
［C］conceited
［D］hopeful
Part B
Directions：
Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
46．Direction：
In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese，write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)
Who would have thought that，globally，the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world's airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2
emissions？
Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can
leak between and grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get
the "right" answer. To deliver results to its users quickly，then，Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world，packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2，these computers emit a great deal of heat，so the centres need to be well air-conditioned，which uses even more energy.
However，Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and
make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction，but there is much to be done，and not just by big companies.
2011考研(二)小作文
suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a
letter to:
(1)Congratulate him/her,and
(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life
you should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe
2011考研（二）大作文
write a short essay baesd on the following your writing,you should:
1)interpret the chart and
2)give your comments
you should write at least 150 wrods
write your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)
参考答案
客观题
1-5?ACBDD???6-10?BACCA???11-15?DBACA??16-20?CDACD
21-25BBDAA
26-30DBCBB
31-35BDCDB
36-40DCBAC
41-45EDCFG
46．
有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.
很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。根据你查询正确答案的尝试次数，
谷歌搜索引擎会插手克的二氧化碳的排放量。要快速将结果传递给用户，谷歌必须用强大
和大量的计算机系统来维护全球巨大的数据库中心。这些计算机在散发大量热量的同时也
产生大量的二氧化碳气体。所以中心处理器必须要有很好的散热装备，然而却耗能更多。
2011考研(二)小作文
suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admited to a university write him/her a letter to:
(1)Congratulate him/her,and
(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life
you should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use "zhangwe
英语(二)小作文范文：
A Letter to Liming
Jan-15-2011
Dear Liming,
Congraduate on you success in passing the entrance examination.
Now, please allow me to give you some suggestion during your holidays.
First of all, you should read. Because it makes a full man. Reading during the holiday
helps you get the habit of it that when you become a freshman. College life is so plentiful
but reading is the most important thing.
Second, to do some housework can bring you another feelings. Once you get into
the college, you must do the things for yourself, including washing, clear the room and
shedule your daily life and etc.
However, reading and housework doesn’t mean all of your holiday. You need
contact with your friends or communicate with them. The reason is that old friends will be
in your memory and new friends will be there. And we all know that the friendship among
senior school.
From the things I mentioned above, hope they will bring you a richful life in your
college.
Zhangwei
2011考研英语（二）大作文
write a short essay baesd on the following your writing,you should:
1)interpret the chart and
2)give your comments
you should write at least 150 wrods
write your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)
英语二大作文范文(文都版)
As can be seen clearly from the chart, the market share taken by domestic car
brands increased rapidly from 25% in 20008 to nearly 35% in 2009, while conversely, the
market share owned by Japanese car brands dropped by 10% from 35% in 2008 to 25%
in 2008. What’s more, the market share taken by American car brands is on the upward trend, from 10% to nearly 15%.
Three reasons, in my opinion, can account for the changes in car market in these
two years. First, the rise of Chinese cars is of little surprise as we have seen Chinese
enterprises’ commitment to developing self-owned technologies, which not only free them
from potential risks, but also bring about long-term benefit. Second, Japanese cars,
which used to be highly praised for their outstanding quality and superior stability, is now
performance reeling from a crisis of confidence. Last, the improvement of American cars’ must be attributed to the marketing strategy employed by American sellers. They
launched a lot of marketing campaigns designed specially for Chinese market, which won them applaud as well as benefit.
In order to maintain the good momentum of development, domestic cars should on one hand stick to their self-independent policy, and on the other, learn some experiences from Japanese car’s failures and Americans’ success.
一．考研阅读的基本解题思路：（四步走） 第一，扫描提干，划关键项。 第二，通读全文，抓住中心。 1.通读全文，抓两个重点： ①首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题）； ②其他各段的段首和段尾句。（其他部分略读，有重点的读） 2.抓住中心，用一分半时间思考3个问题： ①文章叙述的主要内容是什么？ ②文章中有无提到核心概念？ ③作者的大致态度是什么？ 第三，仔细审题，返回原文。（仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩）定位原则： ①通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。（关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等） ②自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。 ★要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。 第四，重叠选项，得出答案。（重叠原文=对照原文） 1. 通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选项，选出答案。 2.作题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由（高中的时候大家都这样做的） 二．阅读理解的解题技巧 1.例证题： ①例证题的标记。当题干中出现example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 时。 ②返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。 ③搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。 注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题？不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。 ④找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。 ⑤例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。 要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。 2.指代题： ①返回原文，找出出题的指代词。 ②向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子（先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不会离得太远）。 ③将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。 ④将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。 3. 词汇题：“搜索代入”法
考研阅读技巧 一、考研阅读的整体解题思路与步骤 时间分配：每篇16分钟最佳，最多可延长至20分钟左右。 第一步：快速划出段落序号以及各段首句0.5分钟 第二步：阅读首段，了解文章主题（Theme）1-2分钟 宏观把握，随机应变，根据第一段内容，才能更好的给定位打下基础。 第三步：扫描题干，尽量找出题干能够提供的信息（Key Words）1分钟 定位词的优先考虑顺序: 1、首先标出明确告诉位置的题目所在（某段某行） 2、专有名词优先，包括人名、地名、书名以及带引号的词等 3、数字、时间、时段（包括某些介词短语） 4、较长、较复杂的词组（名词动词词组优先） 5、重要的动词、形容词或副词等实词 6、条件词、因果词、比较词等虚词（往往起到辅助作用） 第四步：变速浏览原文，抓住中心7-8分钟 注意把握三个阅读原则： 原则一：首段原则（文章的第一段逐字读明白，可以反复和回读） 原则二：首末句原则（其余各段的首尾句要细读，其他各句正常阅读即可） 原则三：“路标”原则。所谓路标词，就是表示作者思想衔接和转折的功能词汇。 1、中心词 2、转折词 3、态度词 4、例证词 5、列举词 （具体请见第四部分）
第五步：仔细审题，定位原文3-5分钟 原则一：关键词定位原则 原则二：自然段定位原则 原则三：长难句定位原则 注意一：关键词在原文可能是原词本身，也可能是关键词的同义词。 注意二：问原因的问题，一般问主要原因（major reason） 注意三：“邪恶的眼睛”（in the eyes of），注意问的是谁的观点和态度。 第六步：重叠选项，斟酌答案。3-5分钟 原则：不能仅凭借印象做题，考研阅读的干扰项干扰性巨大，除了理解原文，分辨正确和错误的选项也是一种重要的基本功。一般对原文进行同义替换的是答案： 同义替换的手段有：a)关键词替换b)句型替换c)正话反说d)语言简化（总之，换汤不换药！） 原则一：选最佳答案而不是正确答案（四个选项都要认真看，不能偏心）。 原则二：不放过任何一个选项，仔细读每个选项，鉴于强干扰性，要求必须记住：选一个选项应有选的理由，不选一个选项也应有不选的理由。 原则三：每个选项都当成生命中最重要的句子，其中每个单词哪怕是时态、冠词都有可能引起错误。 二、考研阅读的猜题技巧及救命法则 1、“体现中心思想的选项往往是答案” 考研文章中所有的细节、例子、引语都是为了说明文章主旨、段落主旨，所以考细节的题目，虽然不是主旨题，但能体现中心思想的选项是答案的可能性要远远大于其他选项。 2、“不看文章时，看似极其合理的选项不是答案；看似不太合理的选项往往是答案”
考研英语阅读做题经验 和方法 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】
考研英语真题经验和方法 阅读理解的文章大多为说明文或者议论文。针对这两类文章，考生应该有不同的阅读重点和策略。对于说明文来说，最重要的是抓住文章的说明对象、事实和数据；对于议论文来说，最重要的是总结作者的观点和结论、抓住作者的态度，以及作者的观点和态度与其他人的观点和态度之间的关系等等。 13个重点考点和四大命题原则。考生应该熟记这些重点考点，并在平时的练习中训练自己对这些考点的敏感程度，做到使自己的神经能够一找到这些考点就会条件反射般地兴奋起来，从而增强对重点的记忆和理解。下面首先将一一介绍阅读理解文章的敏感考点。 1、首段和尾段 一篇文章的主题句、或者说是中心思想往往出现在文章的首段或者尾段。大家在阅读了一定数量的文章之后就能够发现，许多文章开门见山地在文章第一段中就提出了要说明的对象或者要论证的观点，这些中心思想句的位置一般都是文章第一句话或者第一段的最后一两句话。 此外，文章的最后一段一般都会对全文的说明和论证进行总结，这些句子往往位于最后一段的第一句话或最后一句话。通过一些标志性词汇或者短语，我们可以更快地找到这些总结性句子，如： allinall,inshort,toconclude,inconsequence,insummary,inaword,asaresult,the refore,accordingly,thus等。 主题句考查了考生是否能够把握文章大意的能力，因此是常考且几乎是必考的一个考点。 2、段首和段尾 无论是说明文还是议论文，一篇文章往往会分成几个部分或层次进行说明和论证，每一个段落一般都是一个部分或者层次。英美人写文章的逻辑性非常强，文章结构都非常规范，因此每个段落的首句和尾句也经常是该段落的中心思想句，因此也是出题的重点区域，涉及的问题包括了中心思想题、推理判断题和细节题等。下文也将会提到，在进行快速阅读的时候，考生只需要浏览文章每一段的第一句话就大致能够判断这篇文章的中心思想和主旨。 3、长难句 上文提到了长难句是阅读理解的主要难度所在，其中包含了同位语、插入语、定语、不定式、分词、各种从句等，使得句子长达好几行。因此这些复杂的句型也往往成为了试题的重点所在。考生应该加强训练自己对付长难句的能力，平时练习中有意识地去分解这些句子，理解其中的指代关系和句子层次。 4、列举处 所谓的列举是指通过一些表示顺承关系的词语逐项列出一些事实或者观点，标志性的词汇包括First,Second,Third…;Firstly,Secondly,Thirdly… Finally;Firstofall,Then,Inaddition,Further,Furthermore,Besides,Moreover…针对这一考点的题目通常考查文章细节，有时候也涉及对文章内容的推理判断。这种题目没有固定的提问方式，不过通常会有两种题型：第一种是从四个答案选项中选择正确的一项，错误选项的意思往往与文章的意思相反或因果关系颠倒；第二中
2016考研英语阅读八大题型解题技巧
2016考研英语阅读八大题型解题技巧 1. 例证题： ①例证题的标记。当题干中出现example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 时。 ②返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。 ③搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性 的表达通常就是它的论点。 注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题?不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。 ④找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。
⑤例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。 ? 即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。(╳) 要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。 2. 指代题： ①返回原文，找出出题的指代词。 ②向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语
或句子(先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不会离得太远)。 ③将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。 ④将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。 3. 词汇题：“搜索代入”法 ①返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。 ②确定该词汇的词性
③从上下文(词汇的前后几句)中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词(如一下子找不到就再往上往下找)，代入所给词汇在文章中的位置(将之替换)看语义是否合适 ④找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相，即答案 注意：a.如果该词汇是简单词汇，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。 b.考研阅读不是考察字认识不认识，而是考察是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断。 c.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词
2020考研英语二各题型答题技巧汇总 技巧一、完形填空 1.题量较多，分数较低，可以的话放在最后来回答。 2.答题步骤可分为： (1)先通读题目和选项，题目一般含有文中的关键词，选项一般是对某一个段落或某几个段落的概括总结。通读题目和选项后，会对文章的主题和大概内容有所了解。 (2)找出题目的关键词所在的段落，找出选项中与关键词所在段落同义、近义或相关性的词语，实现关键词的对接，确定句子间的关联性，从而选出正确答案。另外，通过阅读选项，有可能找出跟其他选项表达完全不同意思的句子，通过阅读文章，我们就可以直接将该选项排除，进一步降低选项的难度。 (3)把选出的选项同题目连在一起阅读，查看内容是否连贯，前后是否一致。 3.参考“红花绿叶”原则： (1)红花词：以下8个词(词组)均出现过3次以上，每次都作为正确答案出现：however，while，although，forexample，suchas，because... (2)绿叶词：以下10个词均出现2-3次，但从未成为正确答案：at，ifonly，onlyif，nowthat...
技巧二、阅读理解 1.五种题型不同的应对方法： (1)细节题 根据题目寻找关键词，再根据关键词定位所在段落。80%往下找，20%往上找，要注意的是，跟文章几乎一模一样的选项，一般是错误的，正确答案是和文章主旨相符合的。 (2)主旨题 需要看清楚这篇文章的主要描写的对象是什么。因为错误选项中最常见的就是混淆关系，张冠李戴。此外，这类题型答案多在文章末段可以找到，要多加留心文章的最后一段。同时，如果问某一段的中心思想，要注意这一段的首句和尾句。 (3)态度题 要审题。要注意文章中的主人物的观点和作者的观点是不同的。考生们在写这类题目时，可以在看文章时候划下语气词和主语，同时注意文章中的转折词，一般在转折词的后面可以找到答案。 (4)推断题 主要考查学生对这篇文章的理解，所以必须要根据题意通读文章内容。 (5)词义题
考研英语阅读技巧总结 考研文章特点 1.有一定的超纲词出现，句型结构复杂 2.作者的观点不一定很明确 3.四个选项的设置极具迷惑性，干扰性很强 阅读要求 1.每分钟60个单词 2.理解文章主旨要义 3.理解文中掌中的具体信息 4.理解文章中的概念含义 5.进行有关的判断、推理和引申 6.根据上下文推测生词的含义 7.理解文章中的总体结构和上下文之间的关系 8.理解作者的意图观点或态度 9.区分论点和论据 解题步骤（读文章和做题的时间相同） 1.通篇细读，把握文章中心，各段核心内容，首段以及每段首尾句必把握 2.仔细审题干，确定题目类型，返回原文定位，再次阅读文章 定位方法： 1)根据大写字母，时间地点，人名，数字来定位 2)根据长难句定位 3)根据自然段定位原则来定位 3.分析选项，对比原文信息，得出答案 十大题型 1.细节事实题 题干中有明显提到了时间地点或人物等细节信息，有可能针对文章中一句话或几句话，题干和选项之间可能存在因果关系 解题关键： 1)根据选项或题干中的时间，地点，人物，事物等关键词定位 2)根据题干或选项中的重点词或同义词定位
3)根据出题顺序返回原文定位 4)根据长难句，复杂句定位，长难句一般出题 2.例证题 标志：case、example、exemplify、demonstration、illustration、illustrate、demonstrate 不在于看懂句子，而在于看懂例子支持的观点。 解题步骤： 1)返回原文找回该例子，若是整段都是该例子内容，则到上一段中寻找观点 2)若例子只是一句话或几句话，则在本段中寻找观点。80%向上，20%向下搜索该句 子所支持的观点。 3)在四个选项中寻找与找到的观点表达最一致，意思最接近的一个作为句子的答 案。 4)有时候论点在文章中不太明显，需要根据例子之前的信息进行归纳总结。 5)引用，列举，类比也是为了说明观点。 3.词汇题 1)标志：在题干中明确指出原文中的单词和短语，要求辨别其词含义。 2)该单词本身并不重要，重要的是上下文。 3)如果该单词认识属于考研大纲词汇，则其往往不是答案，其正确是根据上下文理解 的一个更加深入的含义，该含义也许和单词表面意思没任何关系。 4)做题方法：把四个选项代入原文，根据上下文一致或相反地逻辑关系进行判断。 4.句子理解题 1)标志：在题干中明确指明一句话，要求理解其含义。 2)做这类题，重要的不是上下文，而是句子本身。 3)重点是返回原文，对该句子进行语法，词法，句法的精确解析及深层含义。一般来 说，正确答案与原句话之间是同义关系，只不过用其他语言表达。若该句话的含义 有时不好确定时，则可依据上下文判断，因为局部信息要和整体含义保持一致。 4)句子理解题错误选项的特征一般是分析推理，做题必紧扣原文。 5)正确选项不包含过于绝对性的词。 5.指代词题 在题干中明确指出原文中某个代词，要求理解其含义，辨别其指代关系，it，that，why 1)首先是返回原文，找回该代词所在的句子，并准确分析该代词的含义。 2)向上搜索离该代词最近的名词，名词性短语，句子。 3)将找到的词或句子，短语的意思代入句子，替代该指代词，看哪个词义上最完整。 4)在选项中找出与最终确定的词，短语，句子最接近的一个作为正确答案。 6.中心主旨题
2018考研英语二阅读做题方法大揭秘！ 一、先看问题再读文章 大家要时刻记得，阅读的主要目的就是做题，一定要先看题。先把题目浏览一遍，既提前知晓了文章在谈什么，又可以带着问题去有目的地阅读。 带着考点去浏览文章，不仅能够精确定位，也可以提高答题速度一举多得。记得阅读时间要把控好。既要读到要点，又要快速高效。 二、回到文中找答案 如果你自信对文章读的比较透，理解得比较准，在答题时最好也不要轻易勾出选项，还是需要把题目再带回原文中，核实准确再作答。 我用的真题（吕升运的考研圣经）在阅读答案解析部分，对每一个题都做了“回文定位”，给出了定位正确答案的方法。我感觉这个真的非常实用，大家选择真题就可以选择类似的。 因为有时候我们会有先入为主的概念，阅读中的理解不见得一定是精准的，须得把文章和题目结合起来，找出真正的契合点，找到文章的原句所在，才算真正把握好了答题的分寸。
三、细节题不过分延伸 考研英语阅读侧重于精读能力的考查，所以对细节题考察的非常多。对文中某一段、某一句或者某一单词、词组的理解，也是最需要把握分寸的所在。 纵观历年真题，几乎所有的细节题的正确答案，既不会直接照搬原文，也不会让你又过多的延伸，而往往都是同义替换，所谓“万变不离其宗”，答案一定不会有太大偏差。这个分寸，还需要自己再复习过程中做题去总结。 四、主旨题和态度题 主旨题和态度题也是最常见的考点，这些“题眼”也是非常好找的。文章主旨题一般会在前两段和最后一段；段落的主旨需
要自己去稍加概括。 态度题不难定位，但最大的难点在于如何确定观点是支持还是反对或是保持中立？这就需要一些态度词的积累。平时在复习阅读题中，要多多关注这类词。 五、注意同义替换的法则 考研英语阅读部分包含了大量的同义替换，这不仅仅是考察词汇的掌握能力，也是考察大家的观察能力和推理能力。有时候，一次词汇还会同义替换为一个词组。这样不仔细观察是难以发现的。 总而言之，阅读题就是需要技巧加耐心，大家也要有针对性的进行练习。上面这些技巧是我自己的做题经验，还有一些“零元课”视频里讲到知识点。希望对大家的备考有所帮助。 98%人都在用的考研英语二复习书： 一、词汇 1.《非常词汇》 适合人群：英语一和英语二通用 推荐理由:800个句子浓缩所有大纲单词，通过句子记单词，让你不再由A背到Z，背单词不再那么枯燥，记忆量大大变小了。赠送4大赠本中的《必考词+基础词+偶考词+超纲词》重点分明，如果时间不充足，那么只需要背必考词就可以啦！ 2.闪过英语考研《必考词汇应用全书》
2017考研英语：阅读理解命题技巧分析 试题质量的优劣关系到考试是否达到预期目的，因此命制试题是整个考试的中心环节。命题小组在命制试题时必须遵循既定的命题原则而且通常运用一些有规律可循的方法和手段去到达试题的测试目标。鉴于此，各位考生如能熟知考研试题的命题技巧，在解题时也会更加得心应手。 一、《大纲》对阅读理解A部分的评价目标 命题小组在设计试题时，一方面要在试题中考查考生是否能够读懂不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%，包括信函、书报和杂志上的文章），而且还考查考生是否能够读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献、技术说明、产品介绍等。根据所读材料，考生应该能够：(1)理解主旨要旨；(2)理解文中的具体信息；(3)理解文中的概念性含义； (4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申；(5)根据上下文推测生词的词义；(6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系；(7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度；(8)区分论点和论据。 二、命题的流程及方法 1）选材改编 在试题命制过程中，一般命题人在选好适当的文章之后，命题人要对原文进行以下几方面的改编： 第一、调整词数，将四篇文章的总词数控制在1600以内； 第二、删去文章标题。文章标题概括文章的主题，如果出现，文章大意就未睹先知。为了测试对文章主题和其他内容的理解，阅读理解原文的标题都要删去，让考生根据文章的内容去总结和把握； 第三、删减细节信息。出于把文章字数控制在要求的范围内的考虑，一些可有可无的细节、不影响文章总体结构的细节内容都要删除； 第四、替换超纲词汇。为了将超纲词汇控制在要求的范围内（全文的3%），也为了便于考生真正发挥阅读水平，有些超纲词汇被替换。如在2009年阅读理解的第一篇文章当中将超纲词汇mediocrity替换成了commonness；在第二篇文章当中将超纲词汇algorithms 替换成了programs；在第三篇文章当中将超纲词汇apex替换成了peak；在第四篇文章当中将超纲词汇aura替换成了atmosphere。 第五、合并拆分段落。为了使文章语言更加精炼，结构更加严谨，在删去部分内容后，为使上下文连贯，相邻段落被合并。为了使上下文更有层次，有时也会将统一的段落拆分。 经过以上几步改编，之后的文章不仅没有破坏原文的结构和内容，反而显得更加精炼：结构严谨，层次清晰，一篇成型的文章就完成了。 2）命制题干 在命制题干时，命题人遵循以下原则： 第一，题干应仅描述一个单一的问题，最好是一个问句或一个不完全的陈述句。题干和选项皆不宜过长，都要简洁、清楚，考点明确，尽量减少不必要的词语。在各选项中共同使用的文字或术语应该反映在题干上； 第二，题干和选项中不应含有与所考查内容无关的材料。尽量避免在题干中使用否定词。一旦在题干中出现了否定词，应该特别予以强调，如用黑体或者全大写；
考研阅读的基本解题思路：（四步走） 第一，扫描提干，划关键项。 第二，通读全文，抓住中心。 1. 通读全文，抓两个重点： ①首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题）； ②其他各段的段首和段尾句。（其他部分略读，有重点的读） 2. 抓住中心，用一分半时间思考3个问题： ①文章叙述的主要内容是什么？ ②文章中有无提到核心概念？文章的核心概念是什么（一般是反复出现的一个核心词） ③作者的大致态度是什么？（是谁对谁的态度） 第三，仔细审题，返回原文。（仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩）定位原则： ①通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。（关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等） ②自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。 ★要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。 第四，重叠选项，得出答案。（重叠原文=对照原文） 1. 通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某 处比较，重叠选项，选出答案。 2.作题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由 结论性的句子需要慢读，引用说明的句子需要快读。 引用的作用有两点：1。支持自己的观点。2.批评别人论据的论点。 十大解题思路：
1.细节事实题 标志：文章提到具体的时间，地点，人物，问它们具体的关系。五个w，一个h。 做题的关键：返回原文（题干返回原文：1，根据关键词返回原文2.自然段返回原文；选项返回原文：1，重点词，同义词返回原文2.根据长难句返回原文） 迷惑选项的设置方式：1偷换概念（比如说蒙古人喝牛奶，而选项却说蒙古人喝豆浆）2.正反混淆（肯定说成否定，反之亦然）3，因果倒置4常识判断（符合常识的不一定对，但不符合常事的一定不对）5扩大范围（破车不是车，破车是破车） 2.例证题 标志：illustration 、demonstration、case 、example 、exemplify时 做题关键：准确找到例子所支持的观点，而不在于能看懂例子本身 做题步骤：返回原文，找到例子出处。然后，从例子出发，80%向上搜索，20%向下，找到该例子支持的观点，在四个选项中寻找与表达的观点最一致，意思最接近的一个。 干扰选项的特征： A就事论事。把例子中某一部分内容概括一下放到选项中。（特殊例证题，从文章的一个观点出发，来考文章之外的内容，做题关键:要把握观点） B混淆论点论据。 C列举无关常识。 要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。 3，词汇题（搜索代入法） 标志：在题目中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组，要求辨别出意思 ①返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。 ②确定该词汇的词性 ③从上下文（词汇的前后几句）中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词（如一下子找不到就再往上往下找），代入所给词汇在文章中的位置（将之替换）看语义是否合适 ④找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相，即答案 注意：
高分学姐总结的考研英语一阅读理解复习方法与技巧 大家都深知考研英语一阅读部分的重要性，但是对于如何复习考研英语阅读还是比较茫然，今天我就根据自己复习考研英语的经验，再结合“零元课”视频讲解的阅读技巧和考点分析，跟大家谈谈如何复习阅读理解才能达到最好的复习效果。 PS：有些是摘录“零元课”讲师的原话，在此特别鸣谢各位老师。 考研英语阅读题型一般分为7种：推理题、例证题、词汇题、句子理解题、指代题、主旨题、态度题。下面就分别谈谈各题型的复习技巧。 （一）词汇题 主要测试考生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力，考察词汇的掌握情况。标志是The word “…”inline …refers to … 复习方法：精读历年真题，将近十年真题文章中的生词全部记住，重点记忆一词多义的，还有固定搭配和相关词组，也要注意近反义词和近似词义辨析。推荐《考研真相》，对词汇注释很细致，也做了一些拓展，利于记忆相关词汇，增加词汇量。 做题技巧：1.返回原文注意结合上下文，理解该词的意思； 2.如果是考纲内词汇，则字面意思必然不是正确答案； 3.词汇的正确答案，经常蕴藏在原文该词出现的前后。 （二）例证题 例证题主要是考查考生通过段落、句子来推测文章的主旨、
支持的观点等。标记词有：“example, illustrate, case, exemplify, illustration”等。 复习方法：这种题型一是考察考生文章理解能力，二是考察考生逻辑能力，这些都需要多做题，多多总结，做题的时候要回文定位，总结常考的套路，学会利用文章来把握人物观点和文章主旨。 做题技巧：1.回文定位；2.90％向上，10％向下，搜索该例证周围的区域，找出例证支持的观点。一般要对该观点进行同意替换，既是正确选项。 （三）推理题 推理题一般包括数字推理，知识推断和逻辑推理，它主要考查我们理清上下逻辑关系的能力。推理题常常考查考生：1.进行有关的判断、推理和引申；2.理解作者的意图、观点或态度等。逻辑词常用的有:“infer, imply, suggest, conclude”等。 复习方法：同样需要多多做题，总结解题技巧，需要学会找关键词，比如转折，承接，递进……这些都是逻辑题的出题点，思路一定要清晰，逻辑题一般会有很多陷井，需要学习如何去规避。 做题技巧：1.各选项回文定位；2.依据原文的意思进行:“三错一对”的判断；3.注意推理时的“最近答案”原则。 四、句子理解题 句子理解题要求考生：理解文中的具体信息；理解文中的概
一、考研阅读的基本解题思路(四步走: 第一,扫描提干,划关键项。 第二,通读全文,抓住中心。 1. 通读全文,抓两个重点: ①首段(中心句、核心概念常在第一段,常在首段出题; ②其他各段的段首和段尾句。(其他部分略读,有重点的读 2. 抓住中心,用一分半时间思考3个问题: ①文章叙述的主要内容是什么? ②文章中有无提到核心概念? ③作者的大致态度是什么? 第三,仔细审题,返回原文。(仔细看题干,把每道题和原文的某处建立联系,挂起钩 定位原则: ①通常是由题干出发,使用寻找关键词定位原则。(关键词:大写字母、地名、时间、数字等 ②自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的,一般每段对应一题。 ★要树立定位意识,每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。 第四,重叠选项,得出答案。(重叠原文=对照原文
1. 通过题干返回原文:判断四个选项,抓住选项中的关键词,把选项定位到原文的某处比较,重叠选项,选出答案。 2.作题练习要求:要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由 二、阅读理解的解题技巧 1. 例证题: ①例证题的标记。当题干中出现example,case,illustrate,illustration, exemplify 时。 ②返回原文,找出该例证所在的位置,既给该例子定位。 ③搜索该例证周围的区域,90%向上,10%向下,找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。 注意:举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题?不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。 ④找出该论点,并与四个选项比较,得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。 ⑤例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是:就事论事。?即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。(╳ 要求:在阅读中,遇到长的例子,立即给这个例子定位,即找出起始点,从哪开始到哪结束。 2. 指代题: ①返回原文,找出出题的指代词。 ②向上搜索,找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子(先从最近点开始找,找不到再找次近的,一般答案不会离得太远。
考研阅读技巧总论 1．考研阅读理解文章的考点 1）首段和尾段 一篇文章的主题句、或者说是中心思想往往出现在文章的首段或者尾段。许多文章开门见山地在文章第一段中就提出了要说明的对象或者要论证的观点，这些中心思想句的位置一般都是文章第一句话或者第一段的最后一两句话。此外，文章的最后一段一般都会对全文的说明和论证进行总结，这些句子往往位于最后一段的第一句话或者最后一句话。通过一些标志性词汇或者短语，我们可以更快地找到这些总结性句子，如：all in all, in short, to conclude, in consequence, in summary, in a word, as a result, therefore, accordingly, thus等。主题句（一般是首段首句、二段一句、末段末句）考查了考生是否能够把握文章大意的能力，因此是常考且几乎是必考的一个考点。 2）段首和段尾 无论是说明文还是议论文，一篇文章往往会分成几个部分或层次进行说明和论证，每一个段落一般都是一个部分或者层次。英美人写文章的逻辑性非常强，文章结构都非常规范，因此每个段落的首句和尾句也经常是该段落的中心思想句，因此也是出题的重点区域，涉及的题目包括中心思想题、推理判断题和细节题等。在进行快速阅读的时候，考生只需要浏览文章的每一段的第一句话就大致能够判断这篇文章的中心思想和主旨。 3）长难句 长难句是阅读理解的主要难度所在，其中包含了同位语、插入语、定语、不定式、分词、各种从句等，使得句子长达好几行。因此这些复杂的句型也往往成为了试题的重点所在。 4）列举处 所谓的列举是指通过一些表示顺承关系的词语逐项列出一些事实或者观点，标志性的词汇包括First, Second, Third...; Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, ...Finally; First of all, Then, In addition, Further, Furthermore, Besides, moreover...针对这一考点的题目通常考查文章细节，有时候也涉及对文章内容的推理判断。这种题目没有固定的提问方式，不过通常会有两种题型：第一种是从四个答案选项中选择正确的一项，错误选项的意思往往与文章的意思相反或因果关系颠倒；第二种是从四个答案选项中选择错误的一项，即“except”题型，一般对照原文就能够找出错误的选项 5）举例处 一般的说明文和议论文都需要一些例子来支持作者的说明和论证，这些例子往往与作者的说明与论述有很大的关联，具有重大的意义，因此也成为了考题出处的热点。这种题目在文章中的线索非常明显，一般都带有如下的标志性词汇：for example, for instance, take…as an example, as, such as, like等。在做这种题目的时候，考生要牢记所举的例子一般都与文章的中心思想有着密切的联系，因此要在选项中去寻找与中心思想意思最接近的那一项。同时，一般文章举例处的前一句或者前几句就是与该例子相关的作者论点，所以在做此类题目的时候就需要追本溯源地往前读，才能保证所选答案的正确率。1999年以后几乎每年的考研阅读题中都有1-2道关于例证的题目，这应当引起考生的高度重视。常用的举例方法有两种：一是先提出观点，后举例说明；二是先列举事例再做出结论。考生应当学会举一反三，在具体的阅读文章中识别出各种例证。 6）引用处 说明文或者议论文中经常引用他人的观点来支持、佐证作者的观点。引文有可能是从正面来支持作者的观点，也有可能是作者通过驳斥反面观点从而论证自己的观点。因此，引文间接
阅读技巧： 核心思想就是“分块阅读”。一篇阅读有5个问题，每个问题是按顺序分布的。比如说一篇阅读有5段，第一问在第一段中找答案，第二问在第二段中找，以此类推，这就是所谓的“分块阅读法”，分块阅读的基础就是——题目是按顺序分块设置的。至于如何在“块”中发现答案，要找的就是“同义替换”，下文中会有详细介绍。（当然诸如“这篇文章的题目应选什么？”的问题除外，需要结合整篇文章作答，不过这类问题很少） 因此阅读的技巧和关键就在于“通过问题分解文章，缩小每次的阅读内容，各个击破”。切记不要一口气读完文章后将5个问题一齐作答，一来记不住文章的要点和细节，二来会中出题人的陷阱（干扰项其实就是在细节上做手脚），如偷梁换柱等。 阅读的方法如下： （1）扫一遍5个问题，对题干信息有个印象，看一眼就行了，不需要记住。然后按顺序精读，对含有题干信息的语句仔细阅读。另外，留意“Which of thefollowing would be the best title of the test?”、“The author’s attitudetowards…”这之类的问题，在分解阅读时可以顺便留意一下作者的观点态度。 （2）第一个问题，答案一般就在第一段。后面几问同理，这样整篇文章被分解成四五个部分，一部分最多三四个长句，对每个部分认真阅读，目标清晰，很容易得到正解；同时，每个部分，废话居多，真正的答案往往就其中一句话或其中一个关键短语，选对选项的关键在于找准同义替换（有种题型不能用找“同义替换”的方法，后面的补充说明里有讲）。（3）正确的选项往往以同义替换的形式出现。这一点是成败的关键，考研英语阅读的每一个问题都是非常严谨的，其严谨在于：正确选项实质上就是原文中某句话的同义替换，而不是靠蒙和猜，正确选项一定能在原文中找到相应的依据。 同义替换分2种。第1种是：正确选项中的某个短语和原文中的某个短语意思相同，如explore和probe都是“探索”，shared和collective都是“共同的”，purchase和for the sale 都表示“交易、买卖”；第2种是：正确选项是对原文中某句话的概括，如：“discovery is described as seeingwhat everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought” 概括起来就是“scientific work calls for acritical mind”（当然这里critical的一词多义要非常熟悉才行）；“Politicians have repeatedly“backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but addingto holidays and especially pensions that are already generous”概括起来就是“the income in the statesector is indirectly augmented”（第二个例子的意思是“国有部门虽然工资没涨太多但是其福利奖金有所增加”，所以概括起来就是“间接地增加了国有部门收入”）。关于同义替换的具体运用，详见《附件一》。 （4）注意出题人设置干扰项时的惯用伎俩。干扰项无非以下几种： ①偷梁换柱：原文中说“人物A做了事件B”，干扰项为可能为“人物C做了事件B”，而人物C其实在原文中另一处出现的。如果仅凭印象选择，很容易出错。 ②前后混淆：如“人物A在文中第3段提出了某观点”，干扰项可能为第1段里的某个观点，前后顺序颠倒。原理上与偷梁换柱差不多。 ③以偏概全：原文中说“事件A的必要条件是B、C、D”，干扰项可能为“如果B发生，则A 一定发生”。 ④过度引申：原文中说“A今天做了某件事”，干扰项可能为“A经常做这件事” ⑤无中生有：干扰项是YY出来的，在原文中找不到依据，比过度引申更离谱 ⑥曲解原文：原文中说“A很好”，干扰项可能为“A不好”，当然不会这么直接
考研英语二阅读理解答题技巧 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲出炉啦！还在考研战场奋斗挣扎的孩纸们请看过来啦。 下面带着大家一起来整理下考研英语（二）阅读的答题技巧。 技巧1：与众不同者往往是答案。 真题2014年Text 1： These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat；regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time—as stories or memories—particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others. 21. According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase? A. A big house. B. A special tour. C. A stylish car. D. A rich meal. 真题2008年Text 1： Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having announced his aim (the house) in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. “My whole motto(座右铭)was ‘Start small, think big, and have fun’, ”says MacDonald, 26, “I really kept my effort on the creative side rather than the business side. ” 41. The word “techies”(Line 4, Para 1) probably refers to those who are ＿＿＿. A. afraid of technology B. skilled in technology C. ignorant of technology D. incompetent in technology 真题2008年Text 2： Some are skeptical .Steve Malanga of the conservative Manhattan Institute notes that Newark has deep social problems: over 60% of children are in homes without fathers. The school system, taken over by the state in 1995, is a mess. But there is also some cause for hope. Since Mr. Booker was elected, there has been a rise in investment and re-zoning for development. Only around 7% of nearby Newark airport workers used to come from Newark; now, a year, the figure is 30%.Mr Booker has launched a New York-style war on crime. So far this year, crime has fallen 11% and shootings are down 30 %( through the murder rate looks likely to match last year’s high). 49. Mayor Booker’s effort against crime seem to be ______ A. idealistic B. impractical C. effective D. fruitless 技巧2：对比的选项中有一个为答案。 真题2007年Text 4： Why is learning less important than a higher grade-point average(GPA)? When we’re threatened or sick, we make conditional promises. “If you let me pass math I will ….”“Lord, if you get me over this before the big homecoming game I’ll….”Once the situation is behind us, so
考研英语阅读从错一半到得38分，竟然有这种好方法..... 方法如下 1.词汇 词汇是基础，大纲词汇必须掌握。考研英语阅读中如果一句话中有一两个单词不认识，很可能导致这句话的意思搞错，甚至把整篇文章的主导思想搞错；如果问题选项中有单词不认识就更麻烦了。 说一下自己的体会，一开始做阅读练习的时候，错一大片，有时候甚至错一半，当时真是怕英语不过线，然后我痛定思痛，认真总结了阅读错的原因，我发现，是因为词汇关没过，文中一些单词不认识导致对文章关键句甚至作者的主体思想理解错误。其实之前我也把单词过了一两遍，但是忘得特别快，特别是一词多义，我只记住其最基本的意思，而记不住其他意思。 所以我下决心一定要攻克单词关，我看了新东方王江涛老师的文章之后，受益匪浅，然后开始一步一步地去做。我花了接近20天（视个人情况而定，我记东西很笨），几乎其它什么事也不做，就背单词。之前写错了，这20天背了两遍，后来每天花在单词上的时间明显缩短，因为已经比较熟悉了，最后四五遍背下来把单词书背得滚瓜烂熟，真的是每个单词的每一种意思都知道，而且经过四五遍记忆之后，不像以前那样容易忘了，因此两次重复的间隔周期可以延长，单词关算过了。不过刚开始这个背单词计划的
时候，真是痛苦得抓墙，不过两遍之后，轻松多了，因为记不住的越来越少，本来就记住的印象也越深。 最后做往年真题的时候，近几年的真题阅读都是错1个或全对，考研时阅读就错了1个，错的那个争议也比较大，不可强求吧。更重要的是英语掌握了得当的方法，节省了很多时间，可以投入更多的精力在数学和专业课上。 因此，要想阅读得高分，必须首先攻克单词。 2.词汇书选择 《星火式巧记速记精练》（分三册），这本书将词汇分类，便于记忆，特别有助于记住一词多义；很多人都推荐这本书，我之前也用过其它词汇书，最后觉得星火这本书是最佳选择。 背单词的具体思路如下： 首先找一本包括考研5500个单词的词汇书。5500个单词不可能全不认识——500个初中词汇和2000个高中词汇是基础，所以，真正需要记忆的词汇只有两三千个。然后每天坚持背诵一部分。如果记忆力较好，10天可以搞定；记忆力不好，20天也可以