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信息管理专业英语实用教程 1-10单元课后翻译

信息管理专业英语实用教程 1-10单元课后翻译
信息管理专业英语实用教程 1-10单元课后翻译

Unit 1

1. Management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources.

管理就是通过计划、组织、领导和控制组织资源,有效率有效果地实现组织的目标。

2. Planning defines where the organization wants to be in the future and how to get there.

计划定义了组织未来要实现的蓝图以及如何去实现它。

3. Organization failure can occur when managers are not serious about control or lack control information.

当管理者不能严肃对待控制或者缺少控制信息时,组织可能发生失败。

4. The ultimate responsibility of managers is to achieve high performance, which is the attainment of organizational goals by using resources in an efficient and effective manner.

管理人员的最终责任是获得高业绩,而这是有效率有效果地运用资源而达成的组织目标。

5. There are no ‘people less’organizations, so managers must learn how to motivate, lead and communicate; they must also understand interpersonal relations and the behavior of groups of people.

“无人”的组织是不存在的,所以管理者必须知道如何激励、领导和沟通,还必须理解人际关系和群体行为。

6. Managers are excellent communicators and value shapers, lightning rods to get the job done.

管理者是卓越的沟通者和价值塑造者,指挥完成工作。

7. It is now apparent that overly centralized, excessively layered, and rigid organizational structures are not always effective or efficient.

现在很清楚的是,过于集中、过度分层、以及过于严格的组织结构并不是总有效或者有效率的。

8. A manager frequently reminds his or her management team of the company’s goals and how well those goals are being achieved.

一个管理者会不断提醒他或她的管理团队组织的目标以及目标的完成情况。

9. Strategic planning is the process of developing and analyzing the organization’s mission, overall goals, general strategies, and allocating resources.

战略规划是开发和分析组织的使命、总体目标、总体战略以及分配资源的过程。

10. The purpose of the organizing function is to make the best use of the organization’s resources to achieve organizational goals.

组织职能的目的是为了充分地利用组织的资源去实现组织目标。

Unit 2

1.As used in a broader sense, statistics refers to the statistical tools used to collect, present, analyze, and interpret data for the purpose of making more effective decisions. 广泛的意义上说,统计就是为了做出有效的决策而用于收集、提出、分析、解释数据的统计工具。

2.Statistical thinking is necessary not only for efficient citizenship, but also for effective decision making in various facets of business. 统计思想不仅是对于有效的公民有用,对于在企业

经营的各个层面做出有效决策也是必要的。

3.W.Edwards Deming, noted statistician and quality control expert, insisted that we should start statistics education before high school. W.爱德华兹·戴明——著名的统计学家和质量控制专家——坚持认为人们在高中之前就应该开始统计教育。

4.Just as attorneys have “rules of evidence”and accountants have “commonly accepted practices”, persons dealing with numerical data follow some standard guidelines.

正如律师有“关于证据的法规”和会计有“通常接受的惯例”一样,处理数字数据的人也遵循一些标准的指南。

5.Masses of unorganized numerical data, such as the census of population, are of little value as is, however, statistical techniques are available to organize this type of data into a meaningful form.

大量的未加工的数字数据,例如人口普查,原数据只有很少的价值,然而,运用统计方法可以把这类数据加工成一个有意义的形式。

6.To infer something about a population, we usually take a sample from the population. 为了推断一个总体的某些情况,人们通常从总体中选取一个样本。

7.Much of the appeal of statistical method is that they allow us to describe, predict, and sometimes control the world around us.

大部分统计方法的引人之处在于它们允许人们描述、预测、并且有时间控制周围的世界。

https://www.doczj.com/doc/c82962767.html,rmation developed through the use of statistics has enhanced our studying of how life works, helped us learn about each other, allow control over some societal issues, and helped individuals make informed decisions. 通过使用统计加工的信息已经提高了人们对生活如何运作的研究,帮助了人们了解彼此,允许对一些社会问题进行控制,并且帮助个人做出明智的决定。9.A representative sample can be used to make inferences about a larger population, but descriptive statistics are the only useful results for an unrepresentative sample.

一个代表性的样本可以用来做出关于较大总体的推

论,但是只有描述统计能得出对没有代表性样本的有用结果。

10.When the individuals measured constitute the whole population, there is no need for statistical inference because the truth is known.

当被测量的个体构成了整个总体,就没有统计推断的必要了,因为事实已经知道了。

Unit 3

1.All information, from train schedules to discount-price goods, will be as close as the press of a key

所有信息,从火车时刻表到折扣价商品,只需按一下按钮就能得到。

2.The children have a happy environment at school.

孩子们在学校有一个快乐的环境

3.The manufacturer invoiced our company for two typewriters.

制造厂家给我们公司开了一张两台打字机的发票。

4.My accounts balance for the first time this year!

我的账上今年第一次出现了收支平衡!

5.The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous structures in the world.

埃菲尔铁塔是世界上最著名的建筑物之一。

6.Please program the computer to do the job instead of manual operation.

请给电脑编制一个程序做这项工作以此代替手工操作。

7.The binary system of numbers is used in digital computers.

数字计算机都使用二进制数字系统。

8.The motherboard is main board of a computer, usually containing the circuitry for the central processing unit, keyboard, and monitor and often having slots for accepting additional circuitry.

计算机的主要部分是主板,通常包括中央处理单元的电路系统、键盘、显示器和为了接受额外的电路所安置的插槽。

9.Programmers use the term “data structures”to describe various ways to organize data within a program.

程序员使用术语“数据结构”来描述在一个程序里组织各种数据的方法。

10. At what rate does the dollar convert into pounds?

美元以什么汇率兑换成英镑?

Unit 4

1.The research project has only been under way for three months, so it’s too early to evaluate its success.

这个研究项目进行了不过三个月,所以对它的成绩做出评价为时尚早。

2.The firm decided to computerize its wages department.

公司决定使用电脑管理发薪部门的工作。

3.The boss gave me so many instructions at one time that I got muddled up.

老板一下子给了我那么多指示,把我弄得糊里糊涂4.He isn’t particularly clever but industrious. 他并不特别聪明,但很勤奋。

5.New settlers came in increasing numbers.

新的移民日益增多。

6.The local library is a valuable resource.

当地的图书馆是个宝贵的资源。

7.The committee discussed strategic marketing factors.

委员会讨论了至关重要的市场因素。

8.These difficulties are caused by natural disasters.

这些困难都是由自然灾害造成的。

9.There are three options open to us in that matter.

在这个问题上我们有三个选择。

10.This information will be less confusing if it’s produced in tabular form.

这一信息如果制成表格,就不太容易让人混淆。Unit 5

1.The lowest level manager can access only the data that he needs at his level.

最底层的管理员只能存取他所在层次所需的数据。

2.Decision Support is a new University function designed to support access, integration and delivery of administrative data.

决策支持是用来支持访问,集成和交付管理数据的新的大学的功能。

3.Decision Support is also responsible for transition of data from University mainframes to servers over the next 5 years and for the existing Information Warehouse.

在未来五年里,决策支持也负责把现存的信息库从大学主机传输到服务器,也负责现有的信息仓库。4.The primary job of the use is in the definition and discovery of information used in decision making.

用户的主要工作是定义和发掘用于决策的信息。5.If client profile information is available, services can be more easily tailored to the client.

假如客户配置信息是有效的,那么对客户的服务就更容易实现了。

6.Modern Marketing techniques can be used to attract and retain clients.

现代化的市场技术可以用来吸引和留住客户。

7.Risk assessment of the projects can be determined before the project is begun.

项目的风险评价可以在项目开始之前就做出。

8.Sharing the same concepts of a DSS, an ESS

focuses more in the end-user requirement of maximum interactivity and user-friendliness. 共享同一个DSS的概念,ESS更多的关注于最终用户的最多的需求和用户的友好的关系。

9.The GDSS stared originally from the Management Information System at University of Arizona. GDSS最早起源于亚利桑那大学的管理信息系统

10.Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better.

人工智能是研究怎样让计算机在同一时刻完成只有人工才能完成的工作。

Unit 6

1.ERP attempts to integrate all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve all those different departments’ particular needs. ERP试图整合公司所有部门和智能到单个电脑系统上,这个系统能服务于所有不同部门各自的特定需要。

2.People don’t like to change how they do their jobs. That is why the value of ERP is so hard to pin down.

人们不喜欢改变他们工作的方式,这就是为什么ERP的价值难以忽视的原因。

3.To get the most from the ERP software, you have to get people inside your company to adopt the work methods outlined in the software.

为了从使用ERP中获得最多好处,你不得不让在你公司内的人采用软件里描述的工作方法。

4.Even if a company installs ERP software for the so-called right reasons and everyone can agree on the optimal definition of a customer, the inherent difficulties of implementing something as complex as ERP is like teaching an elephant to do the hootchy-kootchy.

尽管一家公司为所谓正确的原因安装ERP软件,并且每个人都对一个用户的最佳定义达成一直意见,但是实现如ERP一样复杂的实物的内在难度就像教一头大象跳肚皮舞那么困难。

5.ERP helps the manufacturing process flow more smoothly, and it improves visibility of the order fulfillment process inside the company. ERP帮助制造流程更运转平稳,并改进公司内部订单完成过程的可见度。

6.Don’t expect to revolutionize your business with ERP. It is a navel-gazing exercise that focuses on optimizing the way things are done internally rather than on customers, suppliers or partners.

不要期望用ERP彻底改革你的业务。关注于优化公司内部做事的方式,而不是关注顾客、供应商或合作伙伴,是木棺狭隘的行为。

7.Needless to say, the move to ERP is a project of breathtaking scope, and the price tags on the front end are enough to make the most placid CFO a little twitchy.

当然,运作ERP是一项惊人的工程,即使最镇定的首席财务官也会为前期的标价而焦躁不安。

8.We have treated ERPs as projects, with the assumption that someday the projects would end. But an enterprise system is not a project. It’s a way of life.

我们一直将ERP当作项目来对待,认为它总有结束的那一天,但是一个企业系统不是一个工程,它是一种生活方式。

9.Even if an organization could declare final

victory on implementation of ERPs, many additional years could be spent in getting real business value from them.

即使一个组织能对ERP系统的实施宣布最后的胜利,它也可能投入另外的许多年时间去获得其真正的业务价值。

10.Just as courtships and honeymoons are different from marriages, living with ERP systems will be different from installing them. 正如求爱和蜜月不同于婚姻的生活,真正接受ERP 系统和安装上ERP系统也不是一回事。

Unit 7

1. Structural design gives a system the long-term stable structure that can reduce discovery costs, localize maintenance work, and provide a foundation for reuse.

结构化设计给系统一个长期稳定的结构,从而可以减少开发成本,使维护工作局部化、提供了重复使用的基础。

2. I believe there are some simple ways to integrate the functional and structural view.

我相信有有一些简单的方法可以把功能化和结构

化的观点结合在一齐。

3. Most popular programming languages use classes as their basic building block.

最流行的编程语言使用雷作为基本构建块。

4. Classes are the foundation of object-based and object-oriented programming in C++.

在C++中,类是基于对象的基础,也是面向对象编程的基础。

5. I think this tendency to hierarchy comes from our need to organize—and that’s fine—but I think it goes too far in most popular programming languages work.

我认为这种层次化的趋势来源于我们对组织的需要,这很好,但是我认为它在大多数的面向对象中走得太远。

6. We start to reduce complexity by grouping objects together into classes, which is in accordance with how most popular programming languages work.

我们通过将对象组合成类,是根据最流星的编程语言工作的,以降低复杂性。

7. These programming languages are popular

because they are efficient.

这些编程语言因为很有效,所以很受欢迎。

8. Because roles are closer to objects, they are closer to the structure of Use Cases than classes are.

因为角色更接近对象,所以它们比类更接近用案的结构。

9. Hierarchy has become an important abstraction tool in many design paradigms.

层次结构已成为许多设计范例的一个重要的抽象工具。

10. Object-oriented program has become the dominant programming style in the software industry over the last 10 years or so.

在软件工程领域,面向对象变成在以后十年或更长的时间里将占据主导地位。

Unit 8

1.The general principle in Data Flow Diagramming is that a system can be decomposed into subsystems, and subsystems can be decomposed into lower level subsystems, and so on.

数据流程图的一般原则是系统可划分为子系统,一

个子系统又可以被划分为下一级的子系统,直到完成。

2.Data enters the system from the environment; data flows between processes within the system; and data is produced as output from the system. 数据从外部环境进入系统,在系统内处理过程之间流动,最后作为产品从系统中输出。

3.SSADM has been used by the government in computing since its launch in 1981.

SSADM(结构化系统分析方法模型)自从1981年产生以来,已经在政府部门的系统处理中使用。

4.SSADM revolves around the use of three key techniques, namely Logical Data Modeling, Data Flow Modeling and Entity/Event Modeling. SSADM经常使用3个关键技术,即逻辑数据建模、数据流建模和实体/事件建模。

5.The RAD approach has been used successfully in many organizations and is currently gaining more formal support with the advent of DSDM (Dynamic Systems Development Method, DSDM Consortium, 1995), a framework for RAD.

RAD方法已经在多个组织中成功使用,随着DSDM(动态系统开发方法,DSDN协会建立于1995年),RAD的

一个架构的出现,通常可获得更正式的支持。

6.The model is the basis of the methodology’s view of the world, e.g. the Waterfall and Spiral models of Information Systems Engineering. 模型是方法学观察客观世界的基础,例如信息系统工程中的瀑布模型和蜘蛛模型。

7.The scope of a methodology defines its start and end points within the ISE lifecycle.

方法论的研究范围定义了他在信息系统工程生命周期中的起始点和结束点。

8.The SDLC is based upon two principles: dividing projects into phases, and using written documentation and approvals to maintain control.

SDLC(系统开发生命周期)基于2个原则:把工程划分为不同的阶段,用记录文档和审查来维持其控制。

9.Rapid response methodologies are clearly borne out of the need for a methodology that is flexible and usr-involved with a short implementation schedule, yet retains critical controls that do not slow down the process. 在方法学中,快速响应方法清楚的证实了需要一种

具有灵活性和用户相关短期执行进度表,然而也严格控制快速处理过程的方法。

10.The SDLC includes ten phases during which defined IT work products are created or modified.

SDLC定义IT产品的开发和修改过程时划分为10个阶段。

Unit 9

1.A basic understanding of computer networks is requisite in order to understand the principles of network security.

要理解网络安全的原理首先要了解计算机网络的基础知识。

2.The International Standards Organization (ISO) Open System Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model defines seven layers of communications types, and the interfaces among them.

国际标准化组织(ISO)的开放系统互连(OSI)参考模型定义了通信类型的7层结构和他们之间的接口。3.In order for you and I to talk when we’re out of earshot, we need a device like a telephone. 为了在听力范围外进行交谈,我们需要像电话机一

样的设备。

4.The key to building a secure network is to define what security means to your organization.

建立一个安全的网络的关键就是定义什么对你的组织来说才是安全。

5.A simple network can be constructed using the same protocols and such that the Internet uses without actually connecting it to anything else.

一个简单的网络由同一协议连接,所以它同Internet连接不需要其他东西。

6.The Internet is made up of a wide variety of hosts, from supercomputers to personal computers, including every imaginable type of hardware and software.

互联网由多种多样的主机组成,从超级计算机到个人电脑,包括能想象到的各种硬件和软件。

7.UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple transport-layer protocol.

UDP(用户数据协议)是一个简单的传输层协议。

8.A firewall is simply a group of components that

数学专业英语

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1数学、方程与比例 词组翻译 1.数学分支branches of mathematics,算数arithmetics,几何学geometry,代数学algebra,三角学trigonometry,高等数学higher mathematics,初等数学elementary mathematics,高等代数higher algebra,数学分析mathematical analysis,函数论function theory,微分方程differential equation 2.命题proposition,公理axiom,公设postulate,定义definition,定理theorem,引理lemma,推论deduction 3.形form,数number,数字numeral,数值numerical value,图形figure,公式formula,符号notation(symbol),记法/记号sign,图表chart 4.概念conception,相等equality,成立/真true,不成立/不真untrue,等式equation,恒等式identity,条件等式equation of condition,项/术语term,集set,函数function,常数constant,方程equation,线性方程linear equation,二次方程quadratic equation 5.运算operation,加法addition,减法subtraction,乘法multiplication,除法division,证明proof,推理deduction,逻辑推理logical deduction 6.测量土地to measure land,推导定理to deduce theorems,指定的运算indicated operation,获得结论to obtain the conclusions,占据中心地位to occupy the centric place 汉译英 (1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. (2)如果没有运用数学,任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. (3)符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用,它常用于表示概念和命题。 Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. (4)17 世纪之前,人们局限于初等数学,即几何、三角和代数,那时只考虑常数。Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. (5)方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. (6)方程又称为条件等式,因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. (7)方程很有用,可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂,设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外,工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

大学英语精读第一册课后翻译1-8单元

1) 史密斯太太对我抱怨说,她经常发现与自己十六岁的女儿简直无法沟通。 Mrs. Smith complained to me that she often found it simply impossible to communicate with her 16-year-old daughter. 2) 我坚信,阅读简写的 (simplified) 英文小说是扩大我们词汇量的一种轻松愉快的方法。 I firmly believe that reading simplified English novels is an easy and enjoyable way of enlarging our vocabulary. 3) 我认为我们在保护环境不受污染 (pollution) 方面还做得不够。 I don’t think we’re doing enough to protect our environment from pollution. 4) 除了每周写作文外,我们的英语老师还给我们布置了八本书在暑假里阅读。 In addition to/Apart from writing compositions on a weekly basis, our English teacher assigned us eight books to read during the summer vacation. 5) 我们从可靠的消息来源获悉下学期一位以英语为母语的人将要教我们英语口语。 We’ve learned from reliable sources that a native English speaker is going to teach us spoken English next term/semester. 6) 经常看英语电影不仅会提高你的听力,而且还会帮助你培养说的技能。 Seeing English movies on a regular basis will not only improve your ear, but will also help you build your speaking skills. 7) 如果你们对这些学习策略有什么问题,请随便问我。我将更详细地进行讲解。 If you have any questions about these learning strategies, please feel free to ask me. And I’ll explain them in greater detail. 8) 那个加拿大女孩善于抓住每个机会讲汉语。这就是她为什么三年不到就熟练地掌握了汉语口语的原因。 The Canadian girl is good at seizing every opportunity to speak Chinese. That’s why she has gained a good command of spoken Chinese in less than three years.

数学专业英语课后答案

2.1 数学、方程与比例 (1)数学来源于人类的社会实践,包括工农业的劳动,商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。 Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches. (2)如果没有运用数学,任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。 No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics. (3)符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用,它常用于表示概念和命题。Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often. (4)17 世纪之前,人们局限于初等数学,即几何、三角和代数,那时只考虑常数。 Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. (5)方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。 Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations. (6)方程又称为条件等式,因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it. (7)方程很有用,可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。 Equations are of very great use. We can use equations in many mathematical problems. (8)解方程时要进行一系列移项和同解变形,最后求出它的根,即未知量的值。To solve the equation means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until the root of the equation is obtained, which is the value of unknown term. 2.2 几何与三角 (1)许多专家都认为数学是学习其他科学技术的必备基础和先决条件。 Many experts recognize that mathematics is the necessary foundation and prerequisite of studying other science technology. (2)西方国家的专家认为几何起源于巴比伦和埃及人的土地测量技术,其实中国古代的数学家对几何做了许多出色的研究。 The western experts think that geometry had its origin in the measurements by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands. Infect, the ancient Chinese mathematicians made much remarkable study for geometry. (3)几何的学习使学生在思考问题时更周密和审慎,他们将不会盲目接受任何结论。 In studying geometry, the student is taught to think clearly and critically and he is led away from the practice of blind acceptance of any conclusions. (4)数学培养学生的分析问题的能力,使他们能应用毅力、创造性和逻辑推理来解决问题。

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握,第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分: 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

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