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the differences and fusion in wedding customs between china and america

the differences and fusion in wedding customs between china and america
the differences and fusion in wedding customs between china and america

海南师范大学

本科毕业论文开题报告表

论文题目:中美婚礼习俗的差异与融合学院:外国语学院

系别:英语系

专业:英语

学生姓名:

学号:

指导教师:

填表时间:2012年10月9日

海南师范大学英语专业

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学院:外国语学院专业班级:英语本科2009级3班

本科毕业论文指导教师评价表

学院:外国语学院专业班级:英语本科2009级3班

本科毕业论文复审教师评价表

学院:外国语学院专业班级:英语本科2009级3班

海南师范大学

本科毕业论文答辩记录表

学院:外国语学院专业班级:英语本科2009级3班

海南师范大学

本科毕业论文答辩成绩评定表

学院:外国语学院专业班级:英语本科2009级3班

海南师范大学本科生毕业论文

中美婚礼习俗的差异与融合

姓名:

学号:

专业:英语

年级: 2009级

系别:英语系

完成日期: 2013年3月

指导教师:

The Differences and Fusion in Wedding Customs between China and America

A Thesis Submitted

to Faculty of Foreign Language College,

Hainan Normal University

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts

By

Supervisor:(lecturer)

March 30, 2013

本科生毕业论文独创性声明

本人声明所呈交的毕业论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果,除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,本论文中没有抄袭他人研究成果和伪造数据等行为。与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示谢意。

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Acknowledgements

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to all those who have given me their generous help, commitment and enthusiasm, which have been major driving force for me to complete the current paper.

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my supervisor Zeng Xuying, for her patient instruction, guidance and inspiration. During the process of my writing this paper, she has devoted on guiding and helping me carefully and patiently. Thanks very much for her guidance and suggestions from the selection of the subject to the whole outline and the detail context of the whole paper. It is a great honor to learn from such a kind and smart teacher.

Beside, I am also greatly indebted to all the friends who gave me their help and time in helping me work out my problems and collecting and finding information and resources during the difficult course of the paper.

In a word, I hope all these people can make their dreams come true in the future. Best wishes to all of them.

Contents

1. Introduction (1)

2. Chinese Wedding Customs (2)

2.1 Old Chinese Wedding Customs (2)

2.2 Modern Chinese Wedding Customs (4)

3. American Wedding Customs (6)

3.1 Old American Wedding Customs (6)

3.2 Modern American Wedding Customs (9)

4. The Differences in Wedding Customs between China and America (9)

4.1 The Differences in Location (9)

4.2 The Differences in Procedures (10)

4.3 The Differences in Media (10)

4.4 The Differences in Ceremonies (10)

4.5 The Differences in Tones (11)

4.6 The Differences in Dressing (11)

4.7 The Differences in Receptions (12)

4.8 The Differences in Atmosphere (12)

5. Reasons for the Differences in Wedding Customs between China and America (13)

5.1 The Influence of Different Historical Backgrounds and Cultural Origins...... . (13)

5.2 The Influence of Different Economy (14)

5.3 The Influence of Different Love and Marriage Concepts (14)

5.4 The Influence of Different Values (14)

5.5 The Influence of Different Religions (15)

6. Fusion of Wedding Customs between China and America (15)

6.1 Chinese P eople’s Western Style Wedding Ceremony (16)

6.2 Western P eople’s Chinese Style Wedding Ceremony (16)

7. Conclusion (17)

Bibliography (18)

The Differences and Fusion in Wedding Customs between

China and America

Author:Supervisor: (lecturer)

(Foreign Language College, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158)

Abstract:This paper firstly introduces the evolution of Chinese and American wedding customs from the traditional patterns to the modern ones. Then it tries to compare the differences between Chinese and American wedding customs to reflect the cultural differences between the two countries. The comparison is mainly from the aspects of wedding location, procedure, media, ceremony, dressing, tone, reception and atmosphere. And it also analyzes the causes of the differences in historical and cultural origins, economy, love and marriage concepts, values and religions. Finally, this paper explores the fusion between Chinese and American wedding customs to reflect the development tendency of human society. Thus a better understanding of Chinese culture will be achieved and the significance of cross-cultural communication would be recognized, which could enable a better practical performance in cross-cultural communication.

Key words:wedding customs; differences; fusion

中美婚礼习俗的差异与融合

作者:指导教师:(讲师)

(海南师范大学外国语学院,海口,571158)

摘要:本文首先通过对中美两国婚礼习俗的对比探究---从传统的婚礼习俗到现代婚礼习俗的演变,进而比较中美婚礼习俗的差异,主要从婚礼的地点、步骤、媒介、仪式、服饰、色调、婚宴及婚礼气氛的不同来体现出两国的不同文化;然后从历史背景、文化模式、经济制度、爱情婚姻观、价值观与宗教信仰方面分析产生差异的原因。最后通过探讨中美婚礼习俗的融合让人们更好地了解中国文化和人类社会发展的趋势,更深一层地认识跨文化交流的意义,从而更好地进行跨文化交际。

关键词:婚礼习俗,差异,融合

1. Introduction

Since ancient times, marriage is the first thing for human beings. And it is a cultural phenomenon of the married relationship. The writer Ross Cozy used to describe the purpose of marriage, she said “Marriage is an ancient old system, and this system exists everywhere by some forms. Its main purpose is nothing but more than contact the families of the bride and groom and make two families become more and more strengthen in the economic and social position. The main goal of marriage is to maintain the family and offspring. Of course, a woman hopes to find a good and strong husband, while a man wants a loyal mother and a good housewife, and undoubtedly the two sides also invariably want love.”1

Wedding customs are associated with the development of marriage. It is a ceremony for two people who are going to be married and become husband and wife. It is also an occasion to prove their love in public and to make this relationship known by others. It is a grand issue for people all around the world, thus wedding could exist everywhere with different kinds of social and cultural backgrounds. It is an important part of the culture of various countries, reflecting the cultural characteristics of the country. It shows the social aspects of life and the development trend of people’s views on family, marriage, values and religions. It’s the cultural accumulation and spiritual wealth created by human beings.

As a country with a long history of civilization, China has unique traditional festival culture characteristics and a system of complex wedding customs. And they are quite distinct from those in English-speaking countries in the west. With the changing times, the wedding customs are developing from the complex wedding customs to the simple ones, from the traditional wedding customs in the feudal society to the modern wedding customs in a combination of Chinese and Western elements. Although much etiquette and customs have disappeared, some certain wedding customs are still retained today. Large of American population is made up of people from different places during the two-continuing immigration movements and it is a country with more t han two hundred years’ history which has a greater diversity of racial, ethnic, cultural and religions groups than any other nation on earth. Therefore, although the American wedding customs are affected by many countries, they have formed their unique characteristics.

The wedding customs diversity between China and the United States is a cultural 1麻秦华中美婚礼大观科教文汇2009.5 下旬刊235

conflict. Due to the concept of the different historical and cultural origins, economy, love and marriage concepts, values and religions, there are some different wedding customs between the two countries, such as wedding location, procedure, media, ceremony, dressing, tone, reception and atmosphere, etc. As the time goes on, the mutual exchange and the integration of multi-culture become an inevitable trend during the development of social civilization. In modern times, most of foreign people hold a wedding in Chinese style, while Chinese people in western style. It means that the forms of wedding are changing in people’s lives. The colliding and fusion between Chinese and American wedding show the trend of development of a human society. Along with the development of the globalization, it is increasingly important for us to enhance cultural exchange with different countries. With the reform and opening up to the outside world, the social economy, cultural communication and corporation are developing rapidly in China and also in other countries around the world. Different wedding customs between China and the United States as one of the non-verbal cultures become more obvious, and the fusion of pluralistic culture also have great effects on people’s lives.

2. Chinese Wedding Customs

As one of the oldest civilized countries in the world, China held a simple view on marriage and formed a wedding customs since more than 100 million years ago. And more than 2000 years ago, in the feudal social system, China had formed a complete set of wedding customs. China is a united multi-ethnic country, but Chinese traditional wedding customs are based on the Han nationality wedding customs. Although different nationalities in different times have their own wedding customs in China, in ancient times, “Three Letters and Six Etiquettes”2was the essential process to the traditional marriage in China.

2.1 Old Chinese Wedding Customs

In Chinese traditional wedding customs, the “Three Letters”includes betrothal letter, gift letter and wedding letter, which was the valid record of protecting the marriage in ancient times. When a woman was engaged to a man, the man’s family should give the betrothal letter to the woman’s family. The gift letter was a list of the types and quantities of the wedding gifts. The wedding letter was a document which

2林琳中美传统婚俗比较文学界.文化万象235

used to express the celebration and acceptance for the bride to join into the groom’s family and which is prepared and presented to the bride’s family on the day of the wedding.

According to the famous politician Zhou Gong in Western Zhou Dynasty, the “Six Etiquettes” refers to the process which was from the proposing to the getting married including six processes which are proposal, birthday match, present proposal gifts, present wedding gifts, choose the wedding date and wedding ceremony. And the matchmaker made a very important part in this process.

Proposal was the first process of “Six Etiquettes”. If a man wanted to marry with a woman, his family would ask a matchmaker to the woman’s family to make a proposal. If the proposal was successful, the matchmaker would be rewarded with profuse gifts and feasts to show the two families’ gratitude. The gifts often were geese, which meant loyalty. In traditional wedding customs, most of the marriages were arranged by the parents and the matchmaker. Many unmarried young people could not see and were unfamiliar with each other till their wedding day.

If the woman’s family accepted the proposal, the next process was birthday match. The man’s family would ask the matchmaker to get the woman’s name and her birthdates, thus the man’s family would know the woman’s name and assure the compatibility of the potential between them. If the fortune-tellers told the man the woman was right for him, the marriage would enter into the next process. If some signs of astrology conflicted, which means that the marriage would bring disasters or misfortune on both families, the marriage would stop in this process.

Presenting betrothal gifts was the third process. In this process the man became a groom and the woman became a bride. The bride’s family would receive a card which was written about the result of the fortune-telling before the groom’s family would arrange the matchmaker to present the presenting betrothal gifts and give the betrothal letter to them.

The fourth process was present wedding gifts. After the bride’s family accepted the proposal, the matchmaker would choose a lucky day to take the groom, the wedding gifts and cash gift to the bride’s family before two or four weeks of the wedding date. At the same time, the bride’s family should also give some gifts to the groom’s family as etiquette.

Choose the wedding date refers to the groom’s family would ask the fortune-tellers to choose a lucky day as holding wedding ceremony and gave some advises to the

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法: 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which(最为正式的用法) 3)the way + 省略(最为自然的用法) 举例:I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法: 在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2)The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3)The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4)The way =because

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光纤通信原理及应用 摘要:光纤通信技术是利用半导体激光器等光电转换器将电信号转换成光信号,并使其在光纤中快速、安全地传输的一门新兴技术。光纤是一种理想的传输媒体,它具有传输时延低、高通信质量、高带宽、抗干扰能力强等特点。光纤在高速以太网中有着广泛的应用。论文主要分析了光电信号的转换、光纤通信的基本原理并介绍了光纤在通信领域中的一些应用。 关键词:光纤通信;光电转换;全反射 1. 引言 光纤是用光透射率高的电介质构成的光通路,它是一种介质圆柱光波导,它是用非常透明的石英玻璃拉成细丝,主要由纤芯和包层构成双层通信圆柱体。光纤通信就是在发送端利用半导体激光转换器将电信号转换成光信号并利用光导纤维传递光脉冲来进行通信,光波通过纤芯以全反射的方式进行传导,有光脉冲相当于1,没有光脉冲相当于0。同时,接收端利用光电二极管或半导体激光器做成光检测器,检测到光脉冲时将光信号还原成电信号。在由于可见光的频率非 常高,约为8 10MHz的量级,因此一能做到使用一根光个光纤通信系统的传输带宽远远大于其它的传输媒体的带宽。同时利用光的频分复用技术,就纤来同时传输多个频率很接近的光载波信号,使得光纤的传输能力成倍地提高。 2.理论模型 在光纤通信系统的发送端使用光电信号检测电路将电信号转换成光信号,并使得光信号以大于某一角度入射到光通道,此时光信号在光纤以全反射的方式不断向前传输,并在接收端再将光信号转换成电信号进行进一步的处理。 2.1 光电信号检测电路的基本原理 光电检测电路主要由光电器件、输入电路和前置放大器组成。其中,光电检测器件是实现光电转换的核心器件,它把被测光信号转换成相应的电信号;输入电路为光电器件正常的工作条件,进行电参量的变换并完成前置放大器的电路匹配;前置放大器能够放大光电器件输出的微弱电信号,并匹配后置处理电路与检测器件之间的阻抗。 2.1.1 光电信号输入电路的静态计算 图解计算法是利用包含非线性元件的串联电路的图解法对恒流源器件的输入电路进行计算。反射偏置电压作用下的光电二极管的基本输入电路如下:

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义(二) 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语: 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势,忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

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(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法: 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“theway+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Read the followingpassageand talkabout it wi th your classmates.Try totell whatyou think of Tom and ofthe way the childrentreated him. 在这个句子中,the way是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in which的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1.the way之后,引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此,<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的:This is thewayhowithappened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2.在正式语体中,that可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中,that则往往省略。由此我们得到theway后接定语从句时的三种模式:1) the way+that-从句2)the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句 例如:The way(in which ,that) thesecomrade slookatproblems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法

不对。 Theway(that ,in which)you’re doingit is comple tely crazy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Weadmired him for theway inwhich he facesdifficulties. Wallace and Darwingreed on the way inwhi ch different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way(that) hedid it. I likedthe way(that) sheorganized the meeting. 3.theway(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如: That’s the way(that) shespoke. = That’s how shespoke.

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”,注意以下用法: 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式,通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如: Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法,其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如: It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词),也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句,但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如: 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正:I don’t like the way he spoke. 正:I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正:I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误:I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法: That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看,你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题: ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A,而不选其他几项,则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法,下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示:在一定程度上,从某方面说。如: In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注:in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示:即将来(去),就要来(去)。如: Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示:在路上,在行进中。如: He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示:(婴儿)尚未出生。如: She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子,现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children,and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了,另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法

光传输通信基本原理

第一部分光传输通信基本原理 第一章、光纤通信原理 第一节、光纤通信的概念 一、光纤通信的概念 光纤通信概念:利用光纤来传输携带信息的光波以达到通信的目的。典型的光纤通信系统方框图如下: 模拟信息模拟信息 数字光纤通信系统方框图 从图中可以看出,数字光纤通信系统基本上由光发送机、光纤与光接收机组成。发送端的电端机把信息(如话音)进行模/数转换,用转换后的数字信号去

调制发送机中的光源器件LD,则LD就会发出携带信息的光波。即当数字信号为“1”时,光源器件发送一个“传号”光脉冲;当数字信号为“0”时,光源器件发送一个“空号”(不发光)。光波经低衰耗光纤传输后到达接收端。在接收端,光接收机把数字信号从光波中检测出来送给电端机,而电端机再进行数/模转换,恢复成原来的信息。就这样完成了一次通信的全过程。其中光发送机的调制方式有两种:直接调制也称内调制(一般速率小于等于2.5GB/S时);间接调制也称外调制(一般速率大于2.5GB/S时)。 二、光纤通信的特点 1、通信容量大 2、中继距离长 3、保密性能好 2、适应能力强 5、体积小、重量轻、便于施工和维护 6、原材料来源丰富,潜在的价格低廉 第二节、光纤的导光原理 一、全反射原理 我们知道,当光线在均匀介质中传播时是以直线方向进行的,但在到达两种不同介质的分界面时,会发生反射与折射现象,如图2.5所示。

图2.5 光的反射与折射 根据光的反射定律,反射角等于入射角。 根据光的折射定律: n Sin n Sin 1222θθ= (2.2) 其中n 1为纤芯的折射率,n 2为包层的折射率。 显然,若n 1>n 2,则会有θ2>θ1。如果n 1与n 2的比值增大到一定程度,则会使折射角θ2≥90°,此时的折射光线不再进入包层,而会在纤芯与包层的分界面上掠过(θ2=90°时),或者重返回到纤芯中进行传播(θ2>90°时)。这种现象叫做光的全反射现象,如图2.6所示。

The way的用法及其含义(一)

The way的用法及其含义(一) 有这样一个句子:In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年,这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么?其意义如何?在阅读时,学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子,如:No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中,the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是,“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how;第二句的意思是,“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中,the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展,the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面,我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析: 一、the way作先行词,后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如:“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如:“火灾如何发生的,有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.

《光通信原理与技术》课程教学大纲(正式)

《光通信原理与技术》课程教学大纲 课程中文名称:光通信原理与技术 课程英文名称:Optical Communication Technology 课程编号:ZF17402 课程性质:专业方向课 学时:(总学时54、理论课学时42、实验课学时12) 学分:3 适用对象:电子科学与技术专业本科学生 先修课程:电磁场与电磁波、通信原理等 课程简介:随着网络化时代的到来,人们对信息的需求与日俱增。现代光通信原理在现代信息科学技术中更是占有举足轻重的作用。通过本课程的学习,使学生掌握和了解光纤通信的原理,系统组成,关键技术及新技术,实际应用的光纤通信系统,以及当前光纤通信领域的最新动态,为今后从事与之相关的工作打下基础。 一、教学目标及任务 光通信原理与技术是电子科学与技术本科专业学生专业课程模块中的一门核心课程,通过本课程的学习,学生将掌握光纤通信的基本原理和光纤数字通信系统的组成,了解光纤通信的未来与发展,为进一步学习现代光纤通信技术打下基础。本课程对培养学生综合应用以前所掌握的光学和通信系统基本知识、模拟和数字通信基本知识等有良好的促进作用。 二、学时分配

三、教学内容及教学要求 第一章光纤通信概论(4学时) 教学要求: 1.了解光纤通信发展的历史; 2.理解光纤通信系统在当今通信领域的重要地位和作用及基本组成。 教学重点与难点: 1.光纤通信发展的历史; 2.光纤通信系统的基本组成。 教学内容: 第一节光纤通信发展史 1.什么是光纤通信; 2.光纤通信中光的作用及特性; 3.光纤通信的优势; 第二节光纤通信系统 1.光发射机; 2.光纤; 3.光接收机; 4.光放大器; 本章习题要点: 光纤通信系统就其基本组成而言有三部分:光发射机、光纤和光接收机,学生应掌握它们的概念和作用。作为光传输煤质的光纤,其衰减特性决定了它的工作波长以及光系统的作用距离,这种局限可由光放大器大大缓解。光纤的色散则限制了传输数据的速率。输入到光纤中光强的大小对光纤特性也有影响,这就是非线性效应。通信容量作为光纤通信系统的主要性能指标也应掌握。 第二章光纤(8学时) 教学要求: 1.了解光纤的种类及其不同的用途; 2.理解阶跃和梯度光纤的光线理论,了解用光线法分析多模光纤的传输原理; 3.理解单模光纤的波动理论。掌握用波动理论讨论单模光纤中的模式特性,光纤中模式的概念,光纤的单模条件; 4.掌握光纤的损耗及色散概念及特性; 5.了解光纤的带宽概念。 教学重点与难点: 1.数值孔径、传播时延、时延差的概念及影响因素;; 2.光纤单模传输条件;

way 的用法

way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗? 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法,方式”讲时,如表示“以……方式”,前面常加介词in。如例1; ●way作“方法,方式”讲时,其后可接不定式to do sth.,也可接of doing sth. 作定语,表示做某事的方法。如例2,例3;

(整理)光纤通信原理及基础知识

偏振模色散受限的最大理论传输距离 B 当比特率大于10Gbs 偏振模色散必须考虑降低光纤偏振模色散值 改进光纤的几何形状导致裸纤的旋转 10 PMD ps4 km 25 Gbs 10 Gbs 40 Gbs 30 180km llkm lkm 10 1600 km 100 km 6km 05 6400 km 400 km 25km 02 40000 km 2500 km 156km 光纤的光学及传输特 性参数之一------偏振模色散受限的最大理 论传输距离光纤的基本参数固有和非固有的偏振模色散原因包层 中心为椭圆包层偏心进入气体侧压涂层椭圆涂层偏心非固有 原因侧压弯曲扭曲光纤的光学及传输特性参数之一------偏振 模色散光纤的基本参数定义光纤作为单模光纤工作的最 短波长工作波长超过此波长时只能传输基模此时光纤为单模光纤工作波长低于此波长 时除基模外高次模也可传输此时光纤为多模光纤光纤的光学及 传输特性参数之一------截止波长光纤的基本参数弯曲损耗 宏观弯曲损耗是指光纤在以远远大于光纤外径的曲率半径弯曲时所 引入的附加损耗微观弯曲损耗是指光纤受到不均匀应力的 作用光纤轴产生的微小不规则弯曲所引入的附加损耗光纤的光学及 传输特性参数之一------弯曲损耗光纤的基本参数衰减系数 色散系数截止波长弯曲损耗 1310nm波长处036dBkm 1550nm 波长处022dBkm 1310nm波长处 0ps nmkm 1550nm波长处19ps nmkm cc1260nm 以75mm为直径松绕100圈1550nm波长处附加衰减005dB

the-way-的用法讲解学习

t h e-w a y-的用法

The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.

光纤通信原理及技术

光纤通信原理及技术 目录 引言 (1) 正文 (1) 第1章概述 (1) 1.1光纤通信的基本概念 (1) 1.1.1光纤通信的定义 (1) 1.1.2光纤通信发展过程 (1) 1.1.3光纤通信的优点 (2) 1.2光纤通信系统的构成及分类 (2) 1.2.1光纤通信系统的基本构成 (2) 1.2.2光纤通信系统分类 (2) 第2章光纤 (3) 2.1光纤基本的概念 (3) 2.1.1光纤基本结构 (3) 2.1.2光纤分类 (3) 2.1.3 光缆结构及类型 (3) 2.2 光纤传感原理 (4) 2.2.1 光纤传感器的优点 (4) 2.2.2光纤传感器的基本工作原理 (4) 2.3 光纤传感器的分类 (5) 2.3.1 光纤传感器的分类(三种方式) (5) 2.3.2 功能型光纤传感器 (5) 2.3.3 非功能型光纤传感器 (6) 2.3.4 强度调制型光纤传感器 (6) 2.3.5 偏振调制型光纤传感器 (7) 2.3.6 频率调制型光纤传感器 (7) 2.3.7 波长调制型光纤传感器 (8) 2.3.8 相位调制型光纤传感器 (8) 2.3.9 时分调制型光纤传感器 (8) 第3章光端机 (9) 3.1光端机的功能 (9) 3.2光端机基本组成 (9) 第4章复用技术 (9) 4.1光复用技术概述 (9)

4.2波分复用(WDM)的基本原理 (10) 4.3波分复用(WDM)系统结构 (10) 4.4波分复用系统优点 (10) 第5章同步数字系列(SDH) (10) 5.1 基本概念 (10) 5.2 SDH帧结构 (11) 第6章现代光纤网络 (11) 第7章未来的全光网络 (12) 第8章光纤通信技术的发展趋势 (12) 结束语 (13) 参考文献 (13) 引言 计算机的发明使得信息资源的利用更加有效,而网络技术的诞生又使信息资源的应用达到更加充分和完善的地步。信息全球化促进了经济全球化,经济全球化又推到了信息全球化。信息全球化中光纤通信以其独特的优越性,已经成为现代通信发展的主流方向,现在世界上绝大部分的通信业务都是采用光纤通信方式传送的。特别是,以光纤作为主要传输介质的互联网已遍布全球各地,没有光纤通信,就没有今天因特网(Internet)的巨大规模,现代信息社会的发展也就不可能这样快速。 第1章概述 1.1 光纤通信的基本概念 1.1.1光纤通信的定义 光纤通信是以光波作为传输信息的载波、以光纤作为传输介质的一种通信。光纤通信中用户通过电缆或双绞线与发送端和接收端相连,发送端将用户输入的信息(语音、文字、图形、图像等)经过处理后调制在光波上,然后入射到光纤内传送到接收端,接收端对收到的光波进行处理,还原出发送用户的信息并输送给接受用户。 根据光纤通信的以上特点,可以看出光纤通信归属于光通信和有线通信的范畴。 1.1.2光纤通信发展过程 大体说来,光纤通信的发展经历了以下四个阶段。 1.20世纪60年代的研究探索阶段 1966年英籍华人科学家高锟(Charles Kao)发表了名为“用于光频率的介质纤维表面波导”的论文,提出了用石英光纤做光波导进行光纤通信的新概念。该论文是打开现代光纤技术大门的钥匙,具有重要的指向性意义。 2. 20世纪70年代的技术起步阶段

way的用法总结大全

way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少,今天给大家带来way的用法,希望能够帮助到大家,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地,大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。

way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句

the_way的用法大全教案资料

t h e_w a y的用法大全

The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆,下面的可以不看了 另外,在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的

无线光通信的原理和核心部件的一些思考

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