六级语法长难句讲义
主编许密衫
第一节简单句
1.1 句子的成分
主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种。
主语：发出动作(名词、代词、动名词)
●名词
●代词
人称代词：（主格）I,you,she,he，（宾格）him，me
e.g. He love me.
物主代词：my,you?re,his,her
反身代词：myself,yourself,
●动名词：doing，going
谓语：动词
●实意动词
●系动词
Be动词:is, am, are
感官动词：feel, seem, hear
●情态动词：can, may, could, would …
宾语：承受动作（动作的承受者，名词，代词）
e.g. I love a girl.
表语：系动词后面出现的
e.g.I am a girl.
宾语与主语的区别：取决于前面的宾语
状语：时间、地点、目的、方式、条件、原因、结果
1.2 什么是简单句？
相对于从句而言，没有从句的可认为是简单句
主语部分（subject group）
谓语部分（predicate group）
e.g.Professor Ward teaches English to university students.
1.2.1 简单句类型
●主谓：
主语+不及物动词
e.g. He smell.
●主谓宾：
主语+及物动词+宾语
e.g. I love a girl.
主语+不及物动词+介词+宾语
e.g. I wait for you .
●主系表：
●主谓宾宾：
直接宾语，间接宾语
I give you a book.
●主谓宾宾补(补语：形容词、短语、名词)
I find it interesting. 我发现它很有趣。
I make you happy.
1.2.2 简单句例句
1)The household survey has a larger problem. （2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第4段／第1句）
S：The household survey
V：has
2)That makes finding a solution all the more difficult （2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第2段／第5句）.
S：That
V：makes
3)The urge（to quantify） is embedded in our society（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第5段／第1句）.
量化的冲动根植于于我们的社会中
I have a plan (to carry out).
我有一个（要执行的）计划。
To do不定式做定语。
4) People are generally being given bad advice to slow down,take it easy, stop worrying, and retire to Florida.（2013年12月第2套／第1篇／第2段／第3句）
主干：People are generally being given bad advice.
具体建议的内容:简单句的扩充
星期六（时间状语）我们（主语）在腾讯课堂（地点状语）学（谓语）四级（宾语）。
1.2.3 并列句与从句
1）“We?re not educating people about the problem, and it?s getting worse.”(2014年6月／第一篇／第四段／第二句）
并列句（不是从句，原因：没有自己的引导词）
引导词：and but or 不是从句的引导词！
从句引导词：Why what when where who which how that if because so as since
2）“You justify carrying devices around the hospital to do medical records, but you can surf Internet or do Facebook, and sometimes Facebook is more tempting,” said Dr. Peter Papadakos at the University of Rochester Medical Center. （2014年6月第3套／第1篇／第3段／第1句）
并列句（不是从句，原因：没有自己的引导词）
3）The UK enjoys an excellent reputation around the world for the high quality of our education system, so the government needs to ensurethat institu-tions have all the support they need to attract international students whomake a 年12月第3套／第2篇／第4段／第2句）
从句结果状语从句宾语从句定语从句
1.2.4 复合句与从句
复合句（Compound Sentence）分为并列复合句和主从或从属复合句，并列复合句是有并列连词：and、or、but连接；从属复合句由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成
从句：
1)有自己的主谓
2)有引导词（引导词有时候可以省略）。
第二节从句的概念
从句：
1)有自己的主谓
2)有引导词（引导词有时候可以省略）。
2.1简单句？从句？
1）Not surprisingly, the costs are steep（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第1段／第2句）.
2）This is hardly revolutionary, but it is presented in a charming format （2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第3段／第3句）.
3）With no sign of a new budget to close this gulf, one credit agency has already downgraded California's debt.
4）For most of the 20th century（状语） the home of Silicon Valley and Hollywood has been the brainier and trendier of the two. （2014年6月第1套／第2篇／第1段／第2句）.
5）Technology can make us smarter or stupider, and we need to develop a set of principles to guide our everyday behavior and make sure that（宾语从句） tech is improving and not impeding our mental processes. （2014年6月第1套／第2篇／第3段／第3句）.
6）Indeed, evidence from cognitive science challenges the notion that（同位语从句） skills can exist independent of factual knowledge. （2014年6月第1套／第2篇／第3段／第3句）.
第三节主语从句
3.1 什么是主语从句？
引导词： t hat when why how whether what which who
1）主语的部分是一个句子。
这件事让我很郁闷。
It makes me depressed.
(That he left )makes me depressed.
That 是不能省略的。
2）(明天什么时候开会)还没有定下来。
(When we shall hold the meeting) is not decided yet.
汉语多话题
英语多主语
3.2 例句
1) A ccounts suggest thathe was subjected to cruel beatings and emotional tor-ture,and that he was humiliated (羞辱) constantly by his father,What（主语从句） sets Jackson?s family apart is that（表语从句） his father used his reign of terror to train his children as musicians and dancers（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第4段／第2句）.
此处that不能省略，and并列句中that不可省略
Train sb as……
让杰克逊家庭分崩离析的是他父亲用自己的暴政（威慑手段）来训练孩子成为歌手和舞者。
2）It is essential that a meeting be convened this week.
That a meeting be convened this week is essential.
本周开会有必要
为了避免头重脚轻经常用IT做形式主语。
It is appropriate that this tax (should) be abolished.
（That this tax should be abolished）is appropriate
废除这项税很合适、恰当。
It?s unfair that so many people should lose their jobs.
（That so many people should lose their jobs ）is unfair.
很多人要失去他们的工作不公平。
3）Furthermore it is obvious ||that （the strength of a country…s economy is di-rectly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry）,|| and that （this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds）.
再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
That 主语从句引导词
That 并列不能省略
S1 （the strength of a country…s economy is directly bound up with the ef-ficiency of its agriculture and industry）
（this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds）
V1 is
S2 the strength of a country…s economy ; this
V2 is bound up with; rests upon
4）(That he is still alive) is a wonder.
他还活着真是一个奇迹。
主句的主语 S1： That he is still alive
主句的谓语 V1：is
从句的主语 S2 ：he
从句的谓语 V2 ：is
Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen.
主句的主语 S1： Whether it will do us harm
主句的谓语 V1： remains
从句的主语 S2： it
从句的谓语 V2： will do
它是否会对我们造成伤害还有待观察
（Whoever is top ）wins the game （when two matched players meet）.
两强相争勇者胜。
主句的主语 S1：（Whoever is top ）
主句的谓语 V1： wins
从句的主语 S2：Whoever
从句的谓语：is
When we arrive doesn?t matter.
Matter动词很重要 It matters.
主句的主语 S1 When we arrive
主句的谓语 V1 doesn?t matter.
从句的主语 S2 we
从句的谓语 V2 arrive
What we need is money.
S1：what we need
v1：is
s2：we
v2：need
1）他说的话我不明白。What he said is not clear to me.（主语从句）
2）我不明白他说的话。 I don’t understand what he said.（宾语从句）
第四节宾语从句
宾语从句
1）动词+宾从
I said( that I wanted to leave).
2）介词+宾语从句
I am interested in( what you said).
3）形容词+宾语
I am glad( that you could come here).
此处that最好不要省略
4.1 及物动词后的宾语从句
I remember (that we have learned this word before).
S1： I
V1： remember
S2： we
V2： have learnt
真题解析
1）Directionally, they capture the trends, but the idea that we know precisely how many are unemployed is a myth（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／
第2段／第3句）.
the idea that we know（how many are unemployed） is a myth
及物动词+宾语从句
the idea is a myth。主干。
同位语从句+宾语从句
Miss wang, our teacher,(同位语)came in the classroom.
名词后面可以跟定语从句。
THAT 同位语从句
2）Demographers reckon that three-quarters of humanity could be city-dwelling by 2050, (with（伴随状语） most of the increase coming into fast-growing towns of Asia and Africa)（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第2段／第2句）.
S1： Demographers
V1： reckon
S2： three-quarters of humanity
V2： could be
人口学家认为四分之三的人类到2050年将成为城市居民，大部分
人的增长都是在亚洲和非洲的城市里。
With 的复合结构
With sb. Doing 做某事（doing 不是表示时态，而是表示主动）
With sth. Done 被做（done 不是表示时态，而是表示被动）
With the society developing, cities are becoming crowd.
With the work done, I can go out now.
With many guests to be paid a visit to,
With many guests visiting, 有很多客人到访
makes climate more extreme（2013年6月第3套／第2篇／第1段／第1句）.
3）He claims (that global warming caused the current drought in America?s Midwest), and(that supposedly record-high corn prices could cause a
global food crisis)（2013年6月第3套／第2篇／第2段／第2句）.
宾语从句中That可以省略，但是两个宾语从句并列不省略That
他认为全球变暖引起了美国中西部的干旱，而且很有可能发生的
是，创造历史新高的玉米价格会引起全球范围的食物危机。
S1： he
V1： claims
S2：global warming; record-high corn prices
V2：caused could cause
4.2介词后宾语从句
4）The payroll survey also doesn?t capture the number of self-employed, and so says little about（how many people are generating an independent income）（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第3段／第5句）
S1 主句的主语The payroll survey
V1 主句的谓语doesn?t capture， says
S2 从句的主语people
V2 从句的谓语are generating
关于工资单的调查没有抓住（记录）那些自主创业谋生的人数，而且在拥有独立的收入的人数这个问题上提及的很少。
6）But in the course of trying to do so（在试图这么做的过程中）, they gen-erated a lot of ideas about the nature of the problems and about （what poten-tial solutions would look lik e）
（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第3段／第5句）.
S1 主句的主语they
V1 主句的谓语generated
S2 从句的主语potential solutions
V2 从句的谓语would look lik e
7）And when the two groups were tested on what they?d learned the second group “significantly outperformed” the first（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第5段／第6句）.
And when the two groups were tested on（ what they?d learned），
the second group “significantly outperformed” the first
当两组被测试关于他们学到了什么的时候，第二组明显表现好于第一组。
S1 主句的主语the second group
V1 主句的谓语outperformed
S2 从句的主语the two groups
V2 从句的谓语were tested
S3 they
V3 had learned
1）反语 Irony当他娶了这个女人的时候，他的人生“走向了巅峰”。
2）Linda说；“他的人生走向了巅峰。”············当他娶了这个女人的时候，他的人生“走向了巅峰”。
第五节表语从句
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的，那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。
1）The problem is that the statistics aren?t an objective measure of reality; they are simply a best approximation.（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第2段／第3句）
2） Democrats and Republicans can and will take sides on a number of is-sues, but a more crucial concern is that both are basing major policy decisions on guesstimates rather than looking at the vast wealth of raw data with a critical eye and an open mind（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第5段／第3句）.
3）His main thesis is that the buzz of urban life, and the opportunities it of-fers for com-operation and collaboration, is what attracts people to the city which in turn makes cities into the engines of art, commerce, science and progress（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第3段／第2句.
4）
All in all, if you want to bring up a Mozart or Bach, the key factor is how hard you are prepared to crack the whip（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第6段／第1句.).
5）
That?s why we establish or reestablish connection by greeting strangers and frie nds with a handshake（2013年6月第3套／第1篇／第4段／第6句.).
第五节状语从句（1）
时间状语从句
1）Those factors are more than enough to make up for the squalor(肮脏),disease and spectacular poverty that those same migrants must often at first endure when they become urban dwellers（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第2段／第4句）.
2）In the chapter on skyscrapers, for example, Mr. Smith touches on con-struction methods, the revolutionary invention of the automatic lift, the practi-calities of living in the sky and the likelihood that, as cities become more crowded, apartment living will become the norm（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第4段／第1句）.
条件状语从句
3）They are a vital part of an array of data that we use to assess if we?re doing well or doing badly, and that in turn shapes government policies and cor-porate budgets and personal spending decisions（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第2段／第2句）.
4）if you are one person with two jobs, you know up as two workers.（2013
年6月第1套／第1篇／第3段／第4句）
让步状语从句
5） Although it?s often assumed musical ability us inherited, there?s abund ant evidence that this isn?t the case（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第1段／第2句）.
6) Whenever a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it（2013年6月第3套／第1篇／第3段／第4句）.
原因状语从句
7) Unemployment in January jumped to a 16-year high of 7.6 percent, as 598,000 jobs were slashed from US payrolls in the worst single-month decline since December, 1974.（2013年6月第1套／第1篇／第1段／第2句）
8) This nameless person pushed the human race over a historic threshold, for it was in that year that mankind became, for the first time in its history, a predominantly urban species（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第1段／第2句）.
9) And, fortunately, this year?s drought appears unlikely to cause a food cri-sis, as global rice and wheat supplies retain plentiful（2013年6月第3套／第2篇／第4段／第1句）.
第六节定语从句（1)
关系代词引导
1) Mr. Smith has written a breezy guidebook, with a series of short chapters dedicated to specific aspects of urbanity-parks, say, or the various schemes that have been put forward over the years for building the perfect city（2013年6月第1套／第2篇／第3段／第4句）.
2) Finally, Krugman conveniently forgets that concerns about global warm-ing are the main reason that corn prices have skyrocketed since 2005（2013年6月第3套／第2篇／第5段／第1句）.
3) Among the government?s most interesting reports is one that estimates what parents spend on their children（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第1段／第1句）.
4) Societies that cannot replace their populations discourage investment and innovation（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第3段／第1句）.. 5) Young Americans already face a bleak labor market that cannot instill(注入) confidence about having children（2013年12月第1套／第1篇／第6段／第1句）.
英语六级经典长难句分析（15句） 1. This is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would survive if they had to start from the beginning and learn about the world wholly by trial and error, for there are the have possible decisions which would prove fatal. (199 2. 阅读. 6. Text 2) 【译文】这是个困难而又糟糕的事，因为如果动物出生后不得不从头学习生存本领，并且仅仅依靠尝试错误体验世界，那么只有极少数动物能够存活，因为它们做出的决定有可能是致命的。 【析句】复合句。主句由and连接两个并列句子组成，This is a difficult and unpleasant business and few animals would survive, and前的句子是简单句，and后的句子后又跟有if引导的条件状语从句和for 引导的原因状语从句for there are decisions, decisions又有which引导的定语从句修饰。 2. Vigorous criticism is constructive in science more than in some other areas of human endeavor because in it there are adequate standards of
考研英语基础—长难句 第二部分并列句 查错： Few of the nation's largest cities are state capitals;thus neither New York nor Chicago is the seat of its state's government. I was ill therefore I could not come. 练习: 一、修改病句 1I was in the middle of the night,slipped into his house, 2he is my teacher,he graduated from oxford university. 3he stole my apple,that make me angry. 4Forgive me for writing such a long letter I did not have time to write shorter one. 5I don’t want to bore you,I can’t find anyone to bore. 二、串连句子:用括号中的连接词连接下面各组句子。 1)It was a cold snowy day． He had no money left for food．(and) 2)study hard． You’11fail in the exam．(or) 3)it is so badly cold． I went to have class anyway．(but) 4)I enjoy playing football． She enjoys playing football，too．(so) 5)He must be ill． He is absent today．(for) 6)Some people waste water Others haven’t enough．(while)
历年考研英语真题长难句解析 考研英语试卷中，阅读理解和翻译共有50分，占到了全卷分数的半壁江山。毫不夸张地说，把这两部分做好，在英语考试中取得理想的成绩便不再是奢望。那么怎么样才能做好这一部分的试题呢？关键要通过大量的练习，增强阅读英文句子，尤其是其中长难句的能力。长难句一般是指结构复杂难以理解的句子，也有一些其实结构并不复杂，但因为句子很长也很容易让人困惑。长难句出现不多，但是常常大大增加我们理解的难度，成为我们获取高分的拦路虎. 下面就近八年来考研试题中阅读理解和翻译中出现的长难句都列出来，分析它们的结构，指出其中的考查难点，并对如何恰当翻译它们给出建议,，希望大家能从中得到一些启发。 1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, (an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business). 句子主干：Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element… 语法难点：本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of 结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句，一个是(which was) representing…, 另一个是(which was) detached…。 可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略引导词+be的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。 句子翻译：对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。 翻译技巧：实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句，一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况，把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从这个阶层开始另起一句。 2. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large, comfortable classes( who had retired on their incomes,and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’meeting to dictate their orders to the management.) 句子主干：Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who… 语法难点： 1)有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构，分句由who…, and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语，真正的主句谓语是sprang of.retire on指依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名词）. 2) that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指红利，that of sth结构是名词性的，that of sth相当于which is结构，目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句，把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法，目的是避免行文的单调，考生朋友们要注意分辨。 句子翻译：像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了，大批隐退的享乐阶层人士
2019年12月英语六级考试长难句翻译练习(12) 1. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate(强调) contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature. 2. The hydrologic(水文地质的) cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation (降水(量)), thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration(散发). 3. My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. 4. In the early 1950’s historians who studies preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite (精华) ： the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates (要人) who had hitherto (迄今) usually filled history books. 5. The historian Frederick J. Tuner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian(农民) discontent (不满) that had been
考研英语：语法长难句
目录 第一课奋斗的开始-简单句 (3) 一什么是英语句子？ (3) 二英语句子的基本结构 (3) 三句子的成分 (4) 四简单句的考点分析 (6) 第二课难点稍露尖尖角并列句 (9) 一什么是并列句？ (9) 二并列连词及与其同义的逻辑关系词 (9) 三并列句的考点分析 (9)
第一课奋斗的开始-简单句一什么是英语句子？ 英汉句法结构的差异 举例： ?北京机场就要到了。 ?我要去剪头。 二英语句子的基本结构 1.主谓 2.主谓宾 谓语：实义动词 3.主谓表 谓语：系动词 系动词主要分为以下六类： ?be ?感官动词：look, smell, taste, sound, feel ?变化：become, get, turn, grow, fall ?保持：keep, stay, remain, stand ?表象：seem, appear
?终止：prove 4.主谓双宾 5.主谓宾宾补 举例： ?I bought him a dog. ?You should keep the room clean and tidy. ?We made him our monitor. ?His father told him not to play in the street. 三句子的成分 1.谓语 1）谓语的成分： 举例： ?Your mother must very beautiful. 2）动词能不能多？ 举例 ?Laugh at others is my hobby. ?I enjoy see movies. ?My dream is become a rich lady. 练习 ?他穿上外衣，锁上门，离开了家。 ?大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。 ?长江流经不同的生态体系，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。 ?我爱你，你爱我。 ?冬天来了，春天就不远了。
考研英语：历年真题经典长难句深度解析 一、It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself. 1.重点词汇及短语： describe…with…用……描述…… articulate 【生义】v. 清楚地表达，描述【熟义】adj. 明晰清楚的 reaction n. 反应 grasp v. 理解，领会（尤指复杂的事情或观点） 2.句子成分分析：本句为主从复合句，主干是It is also the reason...。why引导定语从句，解释说明the reason。定语从句中包含了一个时间状语从句when we try to describe music with words。关系副词why引导限定性定语从句，修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。例如：He didn’t tell me the reason why he was so upset. 从句引导词选用关系副词why还是关系代词that/which，取决于先行词reason在从句中充当的成分：先行词reason在从句中作副词性成分，应该用why。例如：Please tell me the reason why he was late.（先行词reason在从句中作原因状语）；先行词reason在从句中作
名词性成分，应该用that/which。例如：Please tell me the reason that/which made him late.（先行词reason在从句中作主语） 3.参考译文：这也是为什么当我们试图用语言描述音乐时，我们只能表达出自己对音乐的感受，而无法领悟音乐本身。 二、Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: "The creation of the 'statistics board' was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.” 1.重点词汇及短语： impel v. 促使，迫使【用法】impel sb to do sth迫使某人做…… statistics board 统计板 concern n. 忧虑，担心；重要的事情concern about/over/with 对……关心application n. 申请书；应用；应用程序 2.句子成分分析：本句的主干是...McNutt said...。分词短语Asked whether...the change作句子的状语。引号中的内容是said的宾语，其主干是The creation of the "statistics board" was motivated...and is part of...。句中的broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research解释说明concerns的内容。句中的to increase...we publish解释说明drive的内容，
2016考研英语长难句语法解析之独立主格 结构 复习2016考研英语的考生，不知道你们的复习进程如何，是否懂得要各项内容均衡“发展”，今天我们来给大家讲一讲长难句中独立主格的七大类型。独立主格，顾名思义，它不是一个句子。在英语中，任何一个句子都要有主语和谓语，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词等名词性成分作逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，因此称为“独立主格结构”。 独立主格结构在整个句子中的功能就相当于一个自带主语的状语从句。众所周知，非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句中带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫作独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用，如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。有时还可以作定语。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。 1.名词(代词)+不定式 【例句】Nobody to come later, we will not continue to wait.如果一会儿没有人来，我们就不等了。 2.名词(代词)+现在分词 【例句】The teacher being ill, we’d better visit him.老师生病了，我们最好去看看他。 3.It being+名词(代词) 【例句】It being the Spring Festival, the shops were closed.由于过年，商店都关门了。 4.There being+名词(代词) 【例句】There being no further business, I declare the thing is decided.没有什么事要再继续讨论了，我宣布这事就这么决定了。 5.名词(代词)+过去分词 【例句】More time given, we should have done the job much better.如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
第一天 China is the homeof silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are allgreat inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and ZhouDynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques hadreached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD),Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia andconnected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a newera of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’ssilk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design andcolor, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has beenaccepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of orientalcivilization. 中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。 But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. 但是，对一小部分学生来说，职业教育也许是条可取之路。因为在其他因素相同的情况下，技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关键。 第二天 Chinese Era The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording andnaming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng,xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si,wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancientsfound that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and twolunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stemsand the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. Interms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. TheChinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in usenow. according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the yearof “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelveEarthly Branches”. 天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯
2015考研英语基础班讲义 (语法长难句部分) 考研英语长难句解析 一、考研英语长难句之定语从句 一、定语从句 定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。 例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题) 例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise插入语或隐性定, market- oriented economy 分译in which在这种经济中consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.合译 例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. 例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly. 例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled. 例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.
历年考研英语真题长难句解析 1. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. 【译文】这不是昙花一现。在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低于预测水平。 【析句】这是一个并列句，前后用分号隔开两个子句，是递进关系。在第一句中，no可以用not a代替。在后一个句子中，inflation是主语，lower是谓语系动词的表语， than expected和in Britain and America，以及前面的over the past couple of years都是介词短语作状语。 【讲词】a flash in the pan意为"昙花一现的人或事"。Many people believe that the young singer is a flash in the pan.(许多人认为那位歌手红不了多久。) When I first heard the news,I too dismissed it as a flash in the pan.(我一开始听到这个消息时，也认为这事长不了。) 2. Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States,since conventional measures suggest that both economies,and especially America's,have little productive slack. 【译文】经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率感到特别诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有生产萧条的时
新概念英语长难句语法结构解析（1） 1. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas--legends handed down from one generation of story-tellers to another. 解读:legends作sagas的同位语,后接被动分词短语做定语。 基本结构：主＋定＋谓＋宾＋同位。 翻译:他们保存历史的唯一方法是把历史作为英雄故事讲述--由说书者代代相传。 2.One can tell the difference almost at a glance for the spider always has eight legs and an insect never more than six. 解读:主谓宾+原因状语（省略句） an insect never more than six 应该理解为昆虫只有六条腿而不是昆虫绝不多于六条腿,全句翻译如下: 翻译:谁都可以一眼就看出蜘蛛与昆虫不同,蜘蛛都是八条腿,而昆虫最多只有六条。 3. Such inns as there were dirty and flea-ridden; the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine. 解读:第二个分句中,simply是副词，意为“食物只有.......”，而accompanied含被动意思，说明人们把陈面包和乳酪搭配着吃，并不是乳酪自己同面包相配。第二句作者把谓语省略了。 翻译：那里的小旅店通常又肮脏，跳蚤又多．吃的食物仅仅是当地产的乳酪加上存放了一年之久的面包，大家只能就着下等酒把它们吞下去． 4.The gorilla is something of a paradox in the African scene. 解读：这里的paradox并不是说猩猩是自相矛盾的动物，而是指人们对其捉摸不透。 翻译：大猩猩是非洲景观中有点让人捉摸不透的家伙。 5.All this and many other things remain almost as much a mystery as they were when the French explorer Du Chaillu first described the animal to the civilized world a century ago. 解读:句子是一个比较复杂的主从复合长句，应该采用分句法，逆序法来译，先将when 引导的状语从句译，再译出主句。 翻译：100年前法国探险家Du Chaillu第一次向文明世界叙述过这种动物，如今这一切和其他许多事情几乎像100年前一样，仍然是个谜。
初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义 语篇学语法 从句 larrived inLondonon afoggyday,togotoaveryimporta n tmeeti n g.Thepla ce ① where the meeti ng was going to be heldwas on theothersideofthetow n.Alltrafficcametoastop ② because the drivers were not able to see more tha n a yard in front of them.Themeeti n gwouldbegi n at9:00,soldecidedtogothere on foot. Mi nu teslater,lwascompletelylost.lstoodtherea n dthought ③ that I would have to phone to the meet ing to eGpla in ④ that I was not able to arrive there on time.The nl hearday oun gma n ' svoiceco min goutofthefog, “【suppose ⑤ you are lost.Canlhelpyou? ” Iwasverygladtohaveaman ⑥who could take me to the meeti n g.Afterwardltoldhim ⑦ where I wan ted to go,tookhisarm,a ndwestarted.Wewalkedquitefast,turnin gcornersa ndcross in groads. way so easily. “I knowthispartofLondonquitewell, ” hesaid. “ But in suchafogit ' simpossibletoseea nything, ” Isaid. “I amblind,sir. ” hea nswered, “ In thefog,itiseGactlythesameformeasus ⑧As I followed him through the dark streets 」wondered ual. ⑨ why he found his
1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. （NMET2003.C篇）这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学 大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展， 她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。 简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。 2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. （NMET2003.E篇） 由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办 公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎；overtime超时地。 3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. （NMET2003.E篇）或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科 技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词promising有前途的。 4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste. （NMET2003.E篇）这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。 简析：关键词other than而不是。 5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers. （NMET2003.D
下载毙考题APP 免费领取考试干货资料，还有资料商城等你入驻 邀请码：8806 可获得更多福利 2018考研英语长难句解析：每日一句(72) 2010年真题Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Text 2 第5段第1句 The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. 译文：联邦巡回法院的举动是紧随最高法院最近的一系列决议之后开始的，这些决议缩小了专利持有人受保护的范围。 分析：该句的主干为The Federal Circuit’s action comes…。in the wake of…是时间状语，其中包含定语从句that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders，修饰的先行词decisions，说明了这些决议所造成的影响。 词汇指南 come [k?m](vi.)来,来到(中考词汇)(2009年-阅读1、2010年-阅读3、2013年-阅读3)(co-共同,一起，me= move-移动→ 往一起移动、往一起来——即来,来到) 考点搭配： come in 意义所在(2009年-阅读1) come up with 提出，想出，提供(2010年-阅读3) those to come 后人(2013年-阅读3) series[ si?ri:z](n.)连续,一系列;(系列)丛书(中考词汇)(2007年-阅读1、2013年-完型)(ser=sert-词根,插入,加入，i-连字符，es-复数 → 随后加入、使其成为前后相连的一些——即连续,系列，引申为(系列)丛书。) 考点搭配：a random series of numbers 随机的序列数(2007年-阅读1) 考试使用毙考题，不用再报培训班
【关键字】化学、活动、地理、政治、英语、情况、功夫、方法、条件、空间、领域、质量、模式、计划、运行、传统、地方、认识、问题、系统、密切、现代、合理、合作、保持、发展、建设、建立、制定、提出、发现、了解、研究、位置、关键、稳定、意识、力量、成果、地位、根本、精神、基础、需要、利益、环境、途径、能力、需求、主导、方式、渠道、作用、规模、结构、水平、速度、关系、分析、履行、吸引、逐步、形成、制约、树立、丰富、保护 历年真题长难句摘选精析 1．Our linguistic（语言上的）and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. 【分析】这是一个复杂的简单句；句子的主干是Our blindness and casualness are losing us. with which 引导一个定语从句修饰casualness. take notice of 意思是“注意到”。 【译文】我们对语言、文化的无知，以及那种对其他国家形成的品味、手势、风俗和语言的漫不经心的态度，正使我们在世界上失去朋友，错过商机，丧失威信。 2．A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those babies eliminates(消除) all need to call for a lawn(草坪) care specialist, and provides the perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without all those messy chunks (块)of dirt lying around. 【分析】这是一个复杂的简单句；句子的主干是A simple trip eliminates all need and provides holes. messy chunks of dirt：乱七八糟的脏东西。 【译文】只要穿这种娇小的鞋在院子里走一走，就完全没必要请修剪草坪的专家了，因为这会形成大小合适的洞为草坪提供氧气，周围还不会留下那些乱七八糟的脏东西。 3．But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. 【分析】这是一个带有比较级的句子，主干是：But my own worry today is less that than. 【译文】但我今天所担心的不是广泛泛滥的文盲问题，而是更加奢侈一点的问题，即：对中产阶级读者读写技能下降了的担忧，他们不愿把安静的地方、难得的家庭生活的机会、时间和注意力用来读书，而典型的读书活动正需要这些。 4．This violation of concentration, silence, solitude（独处的状态）goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. 【分析】这是一个并列句。第一个分句的主干是：this violation goes to the heart of literacy.，第二个分句的主干是this new form renders…,let alone …。 【译文】这种对精神集中、安静、独处状态的妨碍同阅读概念直接冲突；在娱乐背景下半读书半分散精力的读书新方式不可能专心致志地理解，更不要说任何一个人对真正喜爱的一首诗或一篇散文所能表示的最大赞赏是将其背诵下来了。 5．And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet's reddish surface. 【分析】句子的主干是it is clear that imperatives will have to compel human beings to leave