英文资料及中文翻译
Mobile Communication
Cellular Telephone Systems
A cellular telephone system provides a wireless connection to the PSTN for any user location within the radio range of the system. Cellular systems accommodate a large number of users over a large geographic area, within a limited frequency spectrum .Cellular radio systems provide high quality service that is often comparable to that of the landline telephone systems .High capacity is achieved by limiting the coverage of each base station transmitter to a small geographic area called a cell so that the same radio channels may be reused by another base station located some distance away. A sophisticated switching technique called a handoff enables a handoff enables a call to proceed uninterrupted when the user moves from one cell to another.
A basic cellular system consists of mobile stations, base stations and a mobile switching center (MSC). The Mobile Switching Center is sometimes called a mobile telephone switching office (MTSO),since it is responsible for connecting all mobiles to the PSTN in a cellular system. Each mobile communicates via radio with one of the base stations and may beheaded-off to any number of base stations throughout the duration of a call .The mobile station contains a transceiver, an antenna, and control circuitry ,and may be mounted in a cuticle or used as a portable hand-held unit .The base stations of several transmitters and receivers which simultaneously handle full duplex communications and generally have towers which support several transmitting and receiving antennas. The base station serves as a bridge between all mobile users in the cell and connects the simultaneous mobile calls vis telephone lines or microwave links to the MSC. The MSC coordinates of all of the base stations and connects the entire cellular system to the PSTN.A typical MSC handles 100000 cellular subscribers and 5000 simultaneous conversations at a time, and accommodates all billing and system maintenance functions, as well .In large cities, several MSCs are used by a single carrier. Cordless Telephone Systems
Cordless telephone systems are full duplex communication systems that use radio to connect a portable handset to a dedicated base station ,which is then connected to a dedicated telephone line with a specific telephone number on the pubic switched
telephone network (PSTN).In first generation cordless telephone systems (manufactured in the 1980? s ), the portable unit communicates only to the dedicated base unit and only over distances of a few tens of meters.
Early cordless telephones operate solely as extension telephones to a transceiver connected to a subscriber line on the PSTN and are primarily for in-home use.
Second generations cordless telephones have recently been introduced which allow subscribers to use their handsets at many outdoor locations within urban centers such as London or Hong Kong. Modern cordless telephones are sometimes combined with paging receivers so that a subscriber may first be paged and then respond to the page using the cordless telephone. Cordless telephone systems provide the user with limited range and mobility, as it is usually not possible to maintain a call if the user travels outside the range of the base station. Typical second generation base stations provide coverage ranges up to a few hundred meters.
Basic Knowledge of Communication
Communication System
A generalized communication system has the following components :
(a)In formation Source .This produces a message which may be written or spoken words, or some form of data.
(b)Transmitter .The transmitter converts the message into a signal ,the form of which is suitable for transmission over the communication channel.
(c)Communication Channel .The communication channel is the medium used transmit the signal, from the transmitter to the receiver. The channel may be a radio link or a direct wire connection.
(d)Receiver. The receiver can be thought of as the inverse of the transmitter .It changes the received signal back into a message and passes the message on to its destination which may be a loudspeaker, teleprompters or computer data bank.
Once this new baseboard signal ,a “group” of 4 channels , has been formed it is moved around the trunk network as a single unit .A hierarchy can be set up with several channels forming a “group”, several groups a “super group” and several “super group” either a “mastergroup”or “hyper group”.
Groups or super groups are moved around as single units by the communications equipment and it is not necessary for the radios to know how many channels are involved .A radio can handle a super group provided sufficient bandwidth is available .The size of the groups is a compromise as treating each channel individually
involves far more equipment because separate filters , modulators and oscillators are required for every channel rather than for each group .However the failure of one module will lose all of the channels associated with a group.
Time Division Multiplexing
It is possible, with pulse modulation systems, to use the between samples to transmit signals from other circuits .The technique is known as time division multiplexing (TDM).To do this it is necessary to employ synchronized switches at each end of the communication link to enable samples to be transmitted in turn ,from each of several circuits .Thus several subscribers appear to use the link simultaneously . Although each user only has periodic short time slots, the original analog signals between samples can be reconstituted at the receiver.
Pulse Code Modulation
In analog modulation, the signal was used to modulate the amplitude or frequency of a carrier , directly .However in digital modulation a stream of pulses ,representing the original ,is created .This stream is then used to modulate a carrier or alternatively is transmitted directly over a cable .Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)is one of the two techniques commonly used.
All pulse systems depend on the analog waveform being sampled at regular intervals. The signal created by sampling our analog speech input is known as pulse amplitude modulations .It is not very useful in practice but is used as an intermediate stage towards forming a PCM signal .It will be seen later that most of the advantages of digital modulation come from the transmitted pulses having two levels only ,this being known as a binary system .In PCM the height of each sample is converted into a binary number .There are three steps in the process of PCM: sampling, quartering and coding .
Optical Fiber Communications
Communication may be broadly defined as the transfer of information from one point to another .When the information is to be conveyed over any distance a communication system is usually required .Within a communication system the information transfer is frequently achieved by superimposing or modulating the information on to an electromagnetic wave which acts as a carrier for the information signal .This modulated carrier is then transmitted to the required destination where it is received and the original information signal is obtained by demodulation .Sophisticated techniques have been
developed for this process by using electromagnetic carrier waves operating at radio requites as well as microwave and millimeter wave frequencies.
Typical optical fiber communications system is shown in Fig.1-3.In this case the information source provides an electrical signal to a transmitter comprising an electrical stage which drives an optical source to give modulation of the light wave carrier .The optical source which provides the electrical-optical conversion may be either a semiconductor laser or light emitting diode (LED).The transmission medium consists of an optical fiber cable and the receiver consists of an optical detector which drives a further electrical stage and hence provides demodulation of the optical carrier .Photodiodes (P-N,P-I-N or avalanche ) and ,in some instances ,phototransistor and photoconductors are utilized for the detection of the optical signal and the optical-electrical conversion .Thus there is a requirement for electrical interfacing at either end of the optical link and at present the signal processing is usually The optical carrier may be modulated by using either an analog or digital information signal.. Analog modulation involves the variation of the light emitted from the optical source in a continuous manner. With digital modulation, however, discrete changes in the length intensity are obtained (i.e. on-off pulses). Although often simpler to implement, analog modulation with an optical fiber communication system is less efficient, requiring a far higher signal to noise ratio at the receiver than digital modulation. Also, the linearity needed for analog modulation is mot always provided by semiconductor optical source, especially at high modulation frequencies .For these reasons ,analog optical fiber communications link are generally limited to shorter distances and lower bandwidths than digital links .
Initially, the input digital signal from the information source is suitably encoded for optical transmission .The laser drive circuit directly modulates the intensity of the semiconductor laste with the encoded digital signal. Hence a digital optical signal is launched into the optical fiber cable .The avalanche photodiode detector (APD) is followed by a front-end amplifier and equalizer or filter to provide gain as well as linear signal processing and noise bandwidth reduction. Finally ,the signal obtained is decoded to give the original digital information .
Broadband Communication
As can be inferred from the examples of videophone and HDTV, the evolution of future communications will be via broadband communication centered around video signals. The associated services such as video phone, video conferencing, video
surveillance, cable television (CATV) distribution, and HDTV distribution to the high-speed data services such as high-resolution image transmission, high-speed data transmission, and color facsimile. The means of standardizing these various broadband communication services so that they can be provided of standardizing these various broadband communication services so that they can be provided in an integrated manner is no other than the broadband integrated services digital network in an integrated services digital network (B-ISDN). Simple put, therefore, the future communications network can be said to be a broadband telecommunication system based on the B-ISDN.
For realization of the B-ISDN, the role of several broadband communication technologies is crucial .Fortunately ,the remarkable advances in the filed of electronics and fiber optics have led to the maturation of broadband communication technologies .As the B-ISDN becomes possible on the optical communication technologies .As the B-ISDN becomes possible on the optical communication foundation . the relevant manufacturing technologies for light-source and passive devices and for optical fiber have advanced to considerable levels . Advances in high-speed device and integrated circuit technologies for broadband signal processing are also worthy of close attention. There has also been notable progress in software, signal processing, and video equipment technologies . hence, form the technological standpoint ,the B-ISDN has finally reached a realizable state .
On the other, standardization activities associated with broadband communication have been progressing. The Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) standardization centered around the T1 committee eventually bore fruit in the form of the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) standards of the International Consultative Committee in Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT), paving the way for synchronous digital transmission based on optical communication .The standardization activities of the integrated services digital network (ISDN), which comm enced in early 1980?s with the objective of integrating narrowband services ,expanded in scope with the inclusion of broadband services ,leading to the standardization of the B-ISDN in late 1980?s and establishing the concept of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) communication in process . In addition, standardization of various video signals is becoming finalized through the cooperation among such organizations as CCITT, the International Radio-communications Consultative Committee (CCIR ) ,and the International Standards Organization (ISO),and reference protocols for high-speed packet communication are being standardized through ISO, CCITT, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE).
Various factors such as these have made broadband communication realizable. Therefore, the 1990?is the decade in which matured broadband communication technologies will be used in cibhybctuib with broadband standards to realize broadband communication networks. In the broadband communication network, the fiber optic network will represent the physical medium for implementing broadband communication, while synchronous transmission will make possible the transmission of broadband service signals over the optical medium. Also, the BISDN will be essential as the broadband telecommunication network established on the basis of optical medium and synchronous transmission and ATM is the communication means that enables the realization of the B-ISN. The most important of the broadband services to be provided through the B-ISDN are high –speed data communication services and video communication services.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Demand for rich media services such as Internet access ,video on demand ,digital television and voice over IP grows more clamorous every day .So ,too ,does the need for high-per-formic distribution technology .
To meet this demand , service providers are turning to ATM technology –a flexible ,scalable way of moving high-speed video and data across networks .ATM?s sophisticated bandwidth utilization capabilities enable providers to efficiently transport large ,complex video packets without taxing a network .
The majority of traffic ported over the ATM infrastructure is voice and data, Video will soon be as prominent and will drive the need for more high-capacity ATM networks .The basis of ATM technology is a high-efficiency ,low –latency switching and multiplexing mechanism ideally suited to an environment in which there are specific bandwidth limitations.
ATM allocates bandwidth on demand by construction virtual channels and virtual paths between source and destination points on the ATM network boundaries. These channels are not dedicated physical connections, but are permanent virtual connections or switched virtual connections that are deconstructed when no longer needed.
The speed and reliability of ATM switched networks can?t be matched by other popular WAN technologies, which are ill-equipped to transport high-performance data. However, even in an ATM environment, the nuances and peculiarities of digital video make it impractical to transport real-time video in its native uncompressed format over ATM. Using MPEG-2 sophisticated compression techniques, providers can alleviate
technical roadblocks when managing and ensuring the integrity of large ,super –fast video streams over ATM.
Local MPEG-2 video streams are typically transported via an interface known as digital video broadcast asynchronous serial interface .ATM edge devise deconstruct either an MPEG-2multiple program transport stream (MPTS) or single program transport stream to the program level and ultimately to the packet-identifier (PID) level .At the PID level., streams can be reordered and combined back into another MPTS. This process is referred to as remultiplexin. Each packet of MPEG-2 data is then tagged with a PID, a 13-bit field that identifies the association between a program ,transport stream and packet .This architecture is likely to become the predominant distribution method for rich media services.
WDN
Even visionaries such as Albert Einstein and lascar Newton ,who contributed significantly to our understanding of the properties of light and its fundamental importance ,would not likely imagine the communications networks of today .Highways of light span the globe ,transmitting massive amounts of information in the twinkling of an eye .The equivalent of millions of telephone calls are transmitted on a single fiber ,thinner than a human hair .Astounding as these advances may seem, we are only at the beginning of what is possible.
The current explosion of traffic in the worldwide networks is ample evidence of the speed with which we are adopting new communications technologies. The growth of wireless systems and the Internet are well-documented phenomena. No matter what application it is that is generating traffic, most of this traffic will be carried by the unifying optical layer. For this reason ,the growth of various applications such as telephony (whether cellular or fixed ),Internet ,video transmission ,computer communication and database access leads directly to an increase in the demand placed on the optical network .It is very likely that the optical network placed on the optical network .It is very likely that the optical network will be used to convey large amounts of video information in the future .
The most striking recent advances in optical networking have taken place in the field Wavelengths Division Multiplexing (WDM). These advances have benefited both terrestrial and submarine systems, increased available capacities by several orders of magnitude and, correspondingly reduced costs.
Until quite recently, it was possible to send only one wavelength, or color, of light
along each fiber .A lot of effort has therefore been concentrated in maximizing the amount of information that can be transmitted using a single wavelength. Commercial systems will soon be able to carry 40Gbit/s on a single wavelength, while in the labs 320Gbit/systems have already been demonstrated.
WDM, on the other hand, makes it possible to transmit a large number of wavelengths using the same fiber. Effectively sending a “rainbow” of color, where there was only one color before. Already today , commercially available systems can transmit 400 Gbit/s of information on a single fiber .That is equivalent to transmitting approximately 200 feature-length films per second .Recently ,a team of researchers from Bell Labs demonstrated long-distance ,error-free transmission of 3.28 Gbit/s over a single optical fiber.
The major advance that has led to the WDM revolution has been the invention of the Optical Amplifier (OA). Before the invention of the OA, after having traveled down a fiber for some distance , each individual wavelength had to be concerted into electronic form ,then back into optical form and then retransmitted into the next span of fiber .This was relatively expensive ,since the optical components involved are highly specialized devices .The OA ,however ,can boost the signal power of all wavelengths in the fiber ,thus eliminating the need for separate regenerators, and allowing many wavelengths to share the same fiber .Advances in optical amplifier design have been considerable .First ,the operating window has expanded from 12nm ,in the first generation ,to about 80 nm today .This allows the OA to amplify more signals simultaneously .Second ,the development of gain equalization techniques has enabled a much flatter response and allows a number of these amplifiers to be connected in series. There have also been advances in the fibers themselves .In the early days of optical systems ,optical fibers were not built for multi-wavelength transmission .Today?s fiber, on the other hand ,are designed to have wide transmission windows and are optimized for high –capacity ,multiple –wave-length transmission.
The growing demand on optical network is a complex issue .On the one hand ,the growth in capacity demand is extraordinary ,and this in itself would be a big enough challenge to meet .However ,this in accompanied by an increasing variety of services and applications ,as well as much more exacting requirements for quality differentiation .For example ,there is quite a difference in the quality requirement for a signal being used to transmit an emergency telephone call or live video coverage of a medical operation ,as compared with an E-mail that is not urgent and can arrive after several hours .
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ca13451336.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
移动通信现状及技术发展展望
移动通信现状及技术发展展望 信息来源：中 国电信业分类：电信通 信 发布时间：2005 年12月8日 目前世界电信业的技术发展进 入了新的发展阶段，出现融合、调整、变革的新趋势。尤其是3G、NGN和宽带技术的发展和应用，已经成为今后一段时期的全球发展热点。 可以预见，“十一五”期间，我国电信市场规模还将继续稳步扩大，人们对通信的依赖和需求程度也将不断提高。国民经济的稳步持续发展、社会信息化进程的不断推进、用户消费能力的提高，都将进一步刺激电信市场需求的增长。那么，各项通信技术在未来的五年里将会出现怎样的 发展态势？《中国电信业》杂志发表中国移动通信集团公司副总工程师真才基的署名文章，对“十一五”期间电信技术的发展走向进行全面 深入的分析和预测。真才基全球移动通信发展回顾全球移动通信发展虽然只有短短20年的时间，但它已经创造了人类历史上伟大的奇迹，截至2005年6月份全球移动用户已经达到19亿。目前，在移动通信领域有一些
趋势已经发生或者是正在发生，总结起来有以下的几个趋势和特点：1、移动通信在通信市场中的主体地位进一步加强移动话音业务超过固定，差距逐步拉大，异质竞争明显，主要体现在两个方面：从用户数看，2002年底，全球移动用户数已经超过了固定用户数(中国则是2003年进入这个拐点)。截至2004年5月，近100个国家的移动用户数已经超过固定用户数，这一趋势仍在继续。移动超过固定，实质上反映了人类对移动性和个性化的需求在急剧上升。未来，移动通信将成为人们最主要的通信方式。从收入看，全球移动电话收入已经接近固定电话收入，有可能在2004年或者2005年超过固定电话收入。移动电话的资费与固定电话资费越来越靠近，同时移动通信的“个人化”，使得移动话音对固定话音的分流作用更加凸现。 2、GSM体系依旧占据主导地位近3年来全球GSM的主流地位愈加凸显出来，与CDMA相比，市场优势更加明显。截至2004年年底，全球GSM /WCDMA体系的占75.14%，而CDMA体系在全球移动市场的份额为13.91%，因此GSM/WCDMA用户
中文地址翻译英文详细讲解以及例句 No.3, Building 2, Jilong Lignum Market, Dalingshan Town, DongGuan City, Guangdong Prov, China 或者 No.3, Building 2,Jilong Mucai Shichang, Dalingshan Town, DongGuan City, Guangdong Prov, China 翻译原则：先小后大。 中国人喜欢先说小的后说大的，如**区**路**号 而外国人喜欢先说大的后说小的，如**号**路**区，因此您在翻译时就应该先写小的后写大的。 例如：中国广东深圳市华中路1023号5栋401房，您就要从房开始写起，Room 401, Buliding 5, No.1023,HuaZhong Road, ShenZhen, GuangDong Prov., China（逗号后面有空格）。注意其中路名、公司名、村名等均不用翻译成同意的英文，只要照写拼音就行了。因为您的支票是中国的邮递员送过来，关键是要他们明白。技术大厦您写成Technology Building，他们可能更迷糊呢。 现在每个城市的中国邮政信件分拣中心都有专人负责将外国来信地址翻译成中文地址,并写在信封上交下面邮递员送过来. 重要: 你的邮政编码一定要写正确,因为外国信件中间的几道邮政环节都是靠邮政编码区域投递的。 常见中英文对照： ***室/ 房Room *** ***村*** Village ***号No. *** ***号宿舍*** Dormitory ***楼/ 层*** F ***住宅区/ 小区*** Residential Quater 甲/ 乙/ 丙/ 丁 A / B / C / D ***巷/ 弄Lane *** ***单元Unit *** ***号楼/ 栋*** Building ***公司***Com./*** Crop/***CO.LTD ***厂*** Factory ***酒楼/酒店*** Hotel ***路*** Road ***花园*** Garden ***街*** Street ***信箱Mailbox *** ***区*** District ***县*** County ***镇*** Town ***市*** City ***省*** Prov. ***院***Yard ***大学***College **表示序数词，比如1st、2nd、3rd、4th……如果不会，就用No.***代替，或者直接填数字吧！ 另外有一些***里之类难翻译的东西，就直接写拼音*** Li。而***东（南、西、
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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5栋 Building No.5 ----------- 请看相关资料 翻译原则:先小后大。 中国人喜欢先说小的后说大的,如 **区 **路 **号 而外国人喜欢先说大的后说小的,如 **号 **路 **区,因此您在翻译时就应该先写小的后写大的 . 中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小, 如:X 国 X 省 X 市 X 区 X 路 X 号, 而英文地址则刚好相反, 是由小到大。如上例写成英文就是:X 号, X 路, X 区, X 市, X 省, X 国。掌握了这个原则,翻译起来就容易多了! X 室 Room X X 号 No. X X 单元 Unit X X 号楼 Building No. X X 街 X Street X 路 X Road X 区 X District X 县 X County X 镇 X Town
X 市 X City X 省 X Province 请注意:翻译人名、路名、街道名等,最好用拼音。 中文地址翻译范例: 宝山区示范新村 37号 403室 Room 403, No. 37, SiFang Residential Quarter, BaoShan District 虹口区西康南路 125弄 34号 201室 Room 201, No. 34, Lane 125, XiKang Road(South, HongKou District 473004河南省南阳市中州路 42号李有财 Li Youcai Room 42 Zhongzhou Road, Nanyang City Henan Prov. China 473004 434000湖北省荆州市红苑大酒店李有财 Li Youcai Hongyuan Hotel Jingzhou city Hubei Prov. China 434000 473000河南南阳市八一路 272号特钢公司李有财
第1章移动通信现状问题与基本解决方法 1.1移动通信1G—4G简述 现在，人们普遍认为1897年是人类移动通信的元年。这一年意大利人.马可尼在相距18海里的固定站与拖船之间完成了一项无线电通信实验，实现了在英吉利海峡行驶的船只之间保持持续的通信，从而标志着移动通信的诞生，也由此揭开了世界移动通信辉煌发展的序幕错误!未找到引用源。错误!未找到引用源。错误!未找到引用源。。 现代意义上的移动通信系统起源于20世纪20年代，距今已有90余年的历史。本文主要简述移动通信技术从1G到4G的发展。移动通信大发展的原因，除了用户需求的迅猛增加这一主要推动力外，还有技术进展所提供的条件，如微电子技术的发展、移动通信小区制的形成、大规模集成电路的发展、计算机技术的发展、通信网络技术的发展、通信调制编码技术的发展等。1.1.1第一代移动通信系统（1G） 20世纪70年代中期至80年代中期是第一代蜂窝网络移动通信系统发展阶段。第一代蜂窝网络移动通信系统（1G）是基于模拟传输的，其特点是业务量小、质量差、交全性差、没有加密和速度低。1G主要基于蜂窝结构组网，直接使用模拟语音调制技术，传输速率约s错误!未找到引用源。。 1978年底，美国贝尔实验室成功研制了先进移动电话系统（Advanced Mobile Phone System, AMPS），建成了蜂窝状移动通信网，这是第一种真正意义上的具有随时随地通信的大容量的蜂窝状移动通信系统。蜂窝状移动通信系统是基于带宽或干扰受限，它通过小区分裂，有效地控制干扰，在相隔一定距离的基站，重复使用相同的频率，从而实现频率复用，大大提高了频谱的利用率，有效地提高了系统的容量错误!未找到引用源。错误!未找到引用源。错误!未找到引用源。。
Accounting ethics Barron's Kathleen Elliott Abstract Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli, and later expanded by government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. Ethics are taught in accounting courses at higher education institutions as well as by companies training accountants and auditors. Key words：Accounting Ethics Education Contents 1 Importance of ethics 2 History 3 Teaching ethics 4 Accounting scandals 1.Importance of ethics The nature of the work carried out by accountants and auditors requires a high level of ethics. Shareholders, potential shareholders, and other users of the financial statements rely heavily on the yearly financial statements of a company as they can use this information to make an informed decision about investment. They rely on the opinion of the accountants who prepared the statements, as well as the auditors that verified it, to present a true and fair view of the company. Knowledge of ethics can help accountants and auditors to overcome ethical dilemmas, allowing for the right choice that, although it may not benefit the company, will benefit the public who relies on the accountant/auditor's reporting. Most countries have differing focuses on enforcing accounting laws. In Germany, accounting legislation is governed by "tax law"; in Sweden, by "accounting law"; and in the United Kingdom, by the "company law". In addition, countries have their own organizations which regulate accounting. For example, Sweden has the Bokf?ringsn?mden (BFN - Accounting Standards Board), Spain the Instituto de Comtabilidad y Auditoria de Cuentas (ICAC), and the United States the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). 2.History Luca Pacioli, the "Father of Accounting", wrote on accounting ethics in his first book Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni, et proportionalita, published in 1494. Ethical standards have since then been developed through government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. These various groups have led accountants to follow several codes of ethics to perform their duties in a professional work environment. Accountants must follow the code of ethics set out by the professional body of which they are a member. United States accounting societies such as the Association of Government Accountants, Institute of Internal Auditors, and the National Association of Accountants all have codes of ethics, and
韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced
唯美的中文翻译成英文 Abandon 放弃 Disguise 伪装 Abiding 持久的，不变的~friendship Indifferent 无所谓 Forever 最爱 I know what you want 我知道你想要什么 See you forget the breathe 看见你忘了呼吸 Destiny takes a hand.命中注定 anyway 不管怎样 sunflower high-profile向日葵，高姿态。 look like love 看起来像爱 Holding my hand, eyes closed you would not get lost 牵着我的手，闭着眼睛走你也不会迷路 If one day the world betrayed you, at least I betray the world for you! 假如有一天世界背叛了你，至少还有我为你背叛这个世界! This was spoiled child, do not know the heart hurts, naive cruel. 这样被宠惯了的小孩子，不知道人心是会伤的，天真的残忍。
How I want to see you, have a look you changed recently, no longer said once, just greetings, said one to you, just say the word, long time no see. 我多么想和你见一面，看看你最近的改变，不再去说从前，只是寒暄，对你说一句，只说这一句，好久不见。 In fact, not wine, but when the thought of drinking the unbearable past. 其实酒不醉人，只是在喝的时候想起了那不堪的过去。 The wind does not know clouds drift, day not know rain down, eyes do not understand the tears of weakness, so you don't know me 风不懂云的漂泊，天不懂雨的落魄，眼不懂泪的懦弱，所以你不懂我 Some people a lifetime to deceive people, but some people a lifetime to cheat a person 有些人一辈子都在骗人，而有些人用一辈子去骗一个人 Alone and lonely, is always better than sad together 独自寂寞，总好过一起悲伤 You are my one city, one day, you go, my city, also fell 你是我的一座城，有一天，你离开了，我的城，也就倒了。
经典中文的英译 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near.
合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no
中文地址翻译成英文地址的方法和技巧 中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小，如：Ｘ国Ｘ省Ｘ市Ｘ区Ｘ路Ｘ号，而英文地址则刚好相反，是由小到大。如上例写成英文就是：Ｘ号，Ｘ路，Ｘ区，Ｘ市，Ｘ省，Ｘ国。 1.各部分写法 ●Ｘ室：Room Ｘ ●Ｘ号：No. X ●Ｘ单元：Unit Ｘ ●X楼/层：X/F ●Ｘ号楼：Building No. Ｘ ●住宅区/小区：ResidentialQuater ●Ｘ街：ＸStreet ●Ｘ路：ＸRoad East/Central/West东路/ 中路/ 西路 芙蓉西二路/ West 2nd Furong Road Central Dalian Rd. /大连中路 芙蓉中路的“中”可以用Central，也有用Middle的，一般用Mid比较简洁。 ●Ｘ区：ＸDistrict ●Ｘ镇：ＸTown ●Ｘ县：ＸCounty ●Ｘ市：ＸCity ●Ｘ省：ＸProvince ●国家（State）中华人民共和国：The People’s Republic of China、P.R.China、P.R.C.、 China ●X信箱：M ailbox X 请注意：翻译人名、路名、街道名等，最好用拼音。 各地址单元间要加逗号隔开。
2.英文通信地址常用翻译 201室/房Room 201 二单元Unit 2 马塘村MatangVallage 一号楼/栋Building 1 华为科技公司Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
xx公司xx Corp. / xx Co., Ltd. 宿舍Dormitory 厂Factory 楼/层Floor 酒楼/酒店Hotel 住宅区/小区Residential Quater 县County 甲/乙/丙/丁A/B/C/D 镇Town 巷/弄Lane 市City 路Road（也简写作Rd.，注意后面的点不能省略）一环路1st Ring Road 省Province(也简写作Prov.） 花园Garden 院Yard 街Street/Avenue 大学College/University 信箱Mailbox 区District A座Suite A 广场Square 州State 大厦/写字楼Tower/Center/Plaza 胡同Alley（北京地名中的条即是胡同的意思） 中国部分行政区划对照 自治区Autonomous Region 直辖市Municipality 特别行政区Special Administration Region 简称SAR 自治州Autonomous Prefecture