a
My brother, Jimmy, did not get enough oxygen during a difficult delivery, leaving him with brain damage, and two years later I was born.
Since then, my life revolved around my brother's.
Accompanying my growing up was always "go out and play and take your brother with you".
I couldn't go anywhere without him, so I urged the neighborhood kids to come to my house for some out-of-control kid-centered fun.
My mother taught Jimmy practical things like how to brush his teeth or put on a belt.
My father, a saint, simply held the house together with his patience and understanding.
I was in charge outside where I administered justiceby tracking down the parents of the kids who picked on my brother, and telling on them.
My father and Jimmy were inseparable.
They ate breakfast together and on weekdays drove off to the navy shipping center every morning where they both worked—Jimmy unloadedcolor-codedboxes.
At night after dinner, they would talk and play games late into the evening.
They even whistledthe same tunes.
So when my father died of a heart attack in , Jimmy was a wreck, beneathhis careful disguise.
He was simply in disbelief.
Usually very agreeable, he now quit speaking altogether and no amount of words could penetratethe vacantexpression he wore on his face.
I hired someone to live with him and drive him to work, but no matter how much I tried to make things stay the same, even Jimmy graspedthat the world he'd known was gone.
One day I asked, "You miss Dad, don't you?"
His lips quiveredand then he asked, "What do you think, Margaret? He was my best friend."
Our tears began to flow.
My mother died of lung cancer six months later and I alone was left to look after Jimmy.
He didn't adjust to going to work without my father right away, so he came and lived with me in New York City for a while.
He went wherever I went and seemed to adjust pretty well.
Still, Jimmy longedto live in my parents' house and work at his old job and I pledgedto help him return.
Eventually, I was able to work it out.
He has lived there for years now with many different caretakersand blossomedon his own.
He has become essential to the neighborhood.
When you have any mail to be picked up or your dog needs walking, he is your man.
My mother was right, of course: It was possible to have a home with room for both his limitations and my ambitions.
In fact, caring for someone who loves as deeply and appreciates my efforts as much as Jimmy does has enriched my life more than anything else ever could have.
This hit home a few days after the September th disaster on Jimmy's th birthday.
I had a party for him in my home in New York, but none of our family could join us because travel was difficult and they were still reckoningwith the sheerterrorthe disaster had brought.
I called on my faithfulfriends to help make it a merryand festiveoccasion, ignoring the fact that most of them were emotionally drainedand exhausted.
Instead of the customary"No gifts, please", I shouted, "Gifts! Please!"
My friends—people Jimmy had come to know over the years—brought the ideal presents: country music CDs, a sweatshirt, one leatherbelt with "J-I-M-M-Y" on it, a knittedwool hat and a cowboycostume.
The evening led up to the gifts and then the chocolate cake from his favorite bakery, and of course the ceremonywasn't complete without the singing.
A thousand times Jimmy asked, "Is it time for the cake yet?"
After dinner and the gifts Jimmy could no longer be restrained.
He anxiously waited for the candles to be lit and then blew them out with one long breath as we all sang "Happy Birthday".
Jimmy wasn't satisfied with our effort, though.
He jumped up on the chair and stood erectpointing both index fingersinto the air to conduct us and yelled, "One... more... time!"
We sang with all of the energy left in our souls and when we were finished he put both his thumbsup and shouted, "That was super!"
We had wanted to let him know that no matter how difficult things got in the world, there would always be people who cared about him.
We ended up reminding ourselves instead.
For Jimmy, the love with which we sang was a welcome bonus, but mostly he had just wanted to see everyone else happy again.
Just as my father's death had changed Jimmy's world overnight, September th changed our lives; the world we'd known was gone.
But, as we sang for Jimmy and held each other tight afterward prayingfor peace around the world, we were reminded that the constant love and support of our friends and family would get us through whatever life might present.
The simplicitywith which Jimmy had reconciled everything for us should not have been surprising.
There had never been any limitations to what Jimmy's love could accomplish.
b
It was an autumn night in my native Nova Scotia.
A light rain was falling, making tapping sounds on the tin roof and the smell of mouldfilled the old
lodgewe were vacationing in for the weekend.
A shiverin the air inspireda fire on the Franklin stove.
We were all sippinghot chocolate and then my father went over to the uprightpiano, pushed up the sleeves of his shirt and began picking out a tune with one finger.
He was not much of a pianist, but he knew the love of song and family.
My mother put down her sewing and joined him on the bench and then my brother drifted to the piano as well.
Finally, a poor singer and so usually a violinist instead, I added my voice for a line or two.
My father, ever considerate, said, "See, you can sing, darling. That was good."
I have often remembered how warm, happy and loved I felt growing up.
It took me years, though, to learn that the love in our family didn't just happen.
In fact, love never just happens—not even to people who seem as naturally loving as my mother and father.
But, I would hedgeto bet, there is a framework you must live within to let this gift that has no rivalsmature.
First, love needs time.
Perhaps people can recognize in a moment the possibility for love, and make grand declarationssuch as "I love you" within weeks of having met, but this love is comparableto the beginning of a long road up a mountain with many ups and downs.
Mature love is like a living organism.
It parallelsthe life of an oak tree, growing slowly from a seed in the mudto a slendertrunkwith barely any leaves and finally into its sheltering glory.
We cannot manipulateor speed up the amount of years it needs to grow, but must instead, with witand patience, appreciate one another's differences and share one another's joys and pains over time.
So it is sad when divorces are caused by small provocations, when parents and children give up on one another, when friendships fall apart at the first injury, when we give up on love.
Too often we say "farewell" to someone we have loved without due thought and end up paying an emotional toll that is quite costly.
I once knew a father and son who, saddledwith their respectivetroubles in life, had drawn so far apart over the years that they found little to say to each other.
And, without each other, their lives had become hollow.
The son, just out of college, had planned to spend the summer traveling in an old yellow lorryon the two-lane highways that connected the country together before freeways.
One day, when he was nearly ready to leave, he spotted his father approaching on a busy street and was struck by a singular loneliness in that long familiar face.
He invited him to stop for a beer.
Then on impulse, he said, "Dad, come along. Let's spend a summer together."
At great risk to the family business, the father, a furniture salesman, went along with his son. Together they camped, climbed mountains, sat by the sea and explored city streets and sleepy
villages.
"I learned more about being a father in the last two months than in all my son's years," the father told me shortlyafter their trip.
Everyone's life should have room for loves worth risking sizablepieces of time we think we can't spare.
We should not misleadourselves into thinking that the ones we love must be like us.
The key is to recognize and appreciate our differences.
Those differences provide the mystery and wonder of human relationships.
Love needs another, harder-to-find quality as well, the ability to let go.
In the early years of my marriage, I had faultynotions that my husband should want to be with me all the time.
On our first visit to his family's house, I discovered that the men did things together and the women did the same.
My father-in-law stole my place next to my husband in the front seat of the car, and the two of them often went out together, leaving me with the women.
I complained and made my husband miserable, caught as he was between the people he loved. My mother-in-law said wisely, "Being with his father is one part of his life; being with you is another. Be happy about both of them."
I learned that love is like an elasticbandthat must stretchapart before it pulls you back close to one another.
It is a coming tidewhose waters retreat a little after a single wave, but the next one is closer to your heart than the one before.
Finally, love needs words to make it real.
Without words, quarrels can't be resolved and we lose the power to share the meaning of our lives. The important thing is to acknowledgeand express our feelings.
In this way, we can truly send the spirits of those we love as well as our own soaringupwards.
Love is not a single act, but a lifetime adventure in which we are always learning, discovering, growing.
It is neither destroyed by a single failure nor won by a single kiss.
It can only be achieved through patience and understanding.
a
Sports medicine experts have observed for years that enduranceathletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies.
Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderateexercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women.
"We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate
exercise showed evidenceof iron loss," says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. Her study of formerlyinactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journalMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.
"Women who consumedadditional meat or took iron supplementswere able to bounceback," she notes.
"But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels."
Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged to , respectively.
But the ratiois even greater among active women, affecting up to percent of female endurance athletes.
This means, Lyle says, that "too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in".
Women of childbearingage are at greatest risk, since their monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss.
Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbedform of iron.
And because women often restricttheir diet in an effort to control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food, and are liableto experience a deficiency.
"The average woman takes in only two thirds of the recommended daily allowanceof iron," notes another expert.
"For a woman who already has a poor iron status, any additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency," notes the expert.
Exercise can result in iron loss through a variety of mechanisms.
Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestivesystem.
Athletes in high-impactsports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where small blood vesselsin the feet leakblood.
There are three stages of iron deficiency.
The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typicallyhas no symptoms.
Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the moleculesof blood proteinthat transport oxygen to the working muscles.
In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath—and exercise performance is severely compromised.
"People think that if they're not at the third stage, nothing is wrong, but that's not true," says John L. Beard, who helped design the Purdue study.
"You're not in stage until your iron reserves go to zero, and if you wait until that point, you're in trouble."
However, most people with low iron reserves don't know they have a deficiency, because traditional methods of calculatingthe amount of iron in blood (by checking levels of the blood protein that transports oxygen) are not sufficient, Beard states.
Instead, it's important to check levels of a different compound, which indicate the amount of storageof iron in the blood.
While active, childbearing age women are most likely to have low iron stores, he notes, "Men are not safe, especially if they don't eat meat and have a high level of physical activity."
(An estimated percent of male long distance runners have low iron stores.) Beard and other experts say it's advisablefor people in these groups to have a yearlyblood test to check blood iron reserves.
If iron levels are low, talk with a physicianto see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifyingyour diet or by taking supplements.
In general, it's better to undothe problem by adding more iron-rich foods to the diet, because iron supplements can have serious shortcomings. Supplements may produce a feeling of wanting to throw up, and may be poisonous in some cases.
The best sources of iron, and the only sources of the form of iron most readily absorbed by the body, are meat, chicken, and fish.
Good sources of other forms of iron include dates, beans, and some leafygreen vegetables.
"Selectbreads and cerealswith the words 'iron-added' on the label," writes sports diet expert Nancy Clark.
"This added iron supplements the small amount that naturally occurs in grains. Eat these foods with plentifulVitamin C (for example, drink orange juice with cereal or put a tomato on a sandwich) to enhance the amount of iron absorbed."
Clark also recommends cooking in iron pans, as food can deriveiron from the pan during the cooking process.
"The iron content of tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours showed a strikingincrease, the level going up nearly times," she writes. And people who are likely to have low iron should avoid drinking coffee or tea with meals, she says, since substancesin these drinks can interferewith iron being absorbed into the body.
"Active women need to be a lot more careful about their food choices," sums up Purdue's Lyle. "If you pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you can remedythe deficiency before it really becomes a problem."
b
Just as exercise strengthensthe heart and lungs, bones and muscles, it may also power up the brain.
A successionof scientific studies of animals impliesthat physical activity has a positive effect on mental functioning.
"It's clear that the brain benefits from exercise," says brain scientist William Greenough of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
His studies with rats have demonstrated two primaryeffects of activity: Vigorousphysical exercise provides the brain with more fuel, and skill-based exercise increases the formationof connections in the brain, which, according to the proposalsof some scientists, may make the brain better able to process information.
In one experiment, laboratoryrats were separated into three groups.
One group was exercised by running inside an automatic wheel, a second group improved their skills in a complicatedobstaclecourse, and a third group was inactive.
"The animals that learned to go through the obstacle course exhibiteda greater number of brain connections than the animals in the exercised or inactive groups," Greenough said.
"In contrast, the animals that exercised inside the automatic wheel possesseda greater densityof blood vessels in the brain than did either of the other two groups of animals."
Learning a new dance step may boostthe brain in the same way that learning a language can, he says.
And if the dance is a good physical exercise as well, the benefits multiply. Young brains may be especially able to boost brain power through exercise, suggested another of Greenough's experiments that showed the most significant changes in the brain occurred among rats that had been exercised when very young.
And while animals aren't people, he says it is logicalto make the inferencethat an effect found in rats may also apply to humans.
Human studies have focused primarilyon older adults and suggest that regular exercise can improve the speed with which the brain processes information.
Measurementsmade by Arthur Kramer at the University of Illinois demonstrated that inactive adults, aged to , could hit buttons faster in response to a tone after they went through a -week water exercise course.
A correspondingcontrol group that didn't exercise showed no improvement.
This boost in reaction time after exercise training may occur because declines associated with getting old could actually stemfrom declines in physical condition.
Some scientists speculatethe reductionin mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penaltyof neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet.
"In older people, an exercise program appears important for brain maintenance," says Daniel M. Landers, professor of exercise science at Arizona State University, who recently published an article reviewing the scientific literature on activity's effect on the brain.
Numerous studies show that children who engage in regular physical activity do better in school than their inactive classmates.
But until recently, the academicedge gained by participating in sports was thought to come from the increased self-confidence, the better mood, and the ability to concentratethat comes from
burning off steam in exercise.
Now, however, some scientists have revisedtheir way of thinking, and point to possible physical connections.
Pierce J. Howard, another expert, says new research indicates that physical exercise increases the amount of certain brain chemicals that stimulate growth of nerve cells.
Consequently, the brains of people who exercise may be better equippedto tacklemental challenges.
Inactivitymay also have negative effects on mind and body alike.
"Scientists recognize that mind is body, and body is mind," comments Howard. The most beneficialforms of exercise, he says, engage both.
a
The Hyde School operates on the principle that if you teach students the merit of such values as truth, courage, integrity, leadership, curiosity and concern, then academic achievement naturally follows.
Hyde School founder Joseph Gauld claims success with the program at the $,-a-year high school in Bath, Maine, which has received considerable publicityfor its work with troubled youngsters.
"We don't see ourselves as a school for a type of kid," says Malcolm Gauld, Joseph's son, who graduated from Hyde and is now headmaster.
"We see ourselves as preparing kids for a way of life—by cultivatinga comprehensiveset of principles that can affect all kids."
Now, Joe Gauld is trying to spread his controversialCharacter First idea to public, inner-city schools willing to use the tax dollars spent on the traditional program for the new approach.
The first Hyde public school program opened in September .
Within months the program was suspended.
Teachers protested the program's demands and the strainassociated with more intense work.
This fall, the Hyde Foundation is scheduled to begin a preliminarypublic school program in Baltimore.
Teachers will be trained to later work throughout the entire Baltimore system.
Other US school managers are eyeing the program, too.
Last fall, the Hyde Foundation opened a magnetprogram within a public high school in the suburbs of New Haven, Connecticut, over parents' protests.
The community feared the school would attract inner-city minorityand troubled students.
As in Maine, the questfor truth is also widespread at the school in Connecticut.
In one English class, the students spend the last five minutes in an energeticexchange evaluating their class performance for the day on a - scale.
"I get a ."
"I challenge that. You didn't do either your grammar or your spelling homework."
"OK, a seven."
"You ought to get a six."
"Wait, I put my best effort forth here."
"Yeah, but you didn't ask questions today."
Explaining his approach to education, Joe Gauld says the conventionaleducation system cannot be reformed.
He notes "no amount of change" with the horse and carriage "will produce an automobile".
The Hyde School assumes "every human being has a unique potential" that is based on character, not intelligenceor wealth.
Conscience and hard work are valued.
Success is measured by growth, not academic achievement.
Students are required to take responsibility for each other.
To avoid the controversyof other character programs used in US schools, Gauld says the concept of doing your best has nothing to do with forcing the students to accept a particular set of morals or religious values.
The Hyde curriculumis similar to conventional schools that provide preparationfor college, complete with English, history, math and science.
But all students are required to take performing arts and sports, and provide a community service. For each course, students get a grade for academic achievement and for "best effort".
At Bath, % of the graduates attend four-year colleges.
Commitment among parents is a key ingredient in the Hyde mixture.
For the student to gain admission, parents also must agree to accept and demonstrate the school's philosophies and outlook.
The parents agree in writing to meet monthly in one of regional groups, go to a yearly three-day regional retreat, and spend at least three times a year in workshops, discussion groups and seminarsat Bath.
Parents of Maine students have an attendancerate of % in the many sessions.
Joe and Malcolm Gauld both say children tend to do their utmostwhen they see their parents making similar efforts.
The biggest obstacle for many parents, they say, is to realize their own weaknesses.
The process for public school parents is still being worked out, with a lot more difficulty because it is difficult to convince parents that it is worthwhilefor them to participate.
Of the students enrolledin New Haven, about % of the parents attend special meetings.
The low attendance is in spite of commitments they made at the outsetof the program when Hyde officials interviewed families.
Once the problems are worked out, Hyde should work well in public schools, says a teacher at Bath who taught for years in public schools.
He is optimisticthat once parents make a commitment to the program, they will be daily role models for their children, unlike parents whose children are in boarding schools.
One former inner-city high school teacher who now works in the New Haven program, says teachers also benefit.
"Here we really begin to focus on having a fruitfulrelationship with each student.
Our focus is really about teacher to student and then we together deal with the... academics.
In the traditional high school setting, it's teacher to the material and then to the student."
The teacher-student relationship is taken even further at Hyde.
Facultyevaluations are conducted by the students.
Jimmy DiBattista, , is amazed he will graduate this May from the Bath campusand plans to attend a university.
Years ago, he had seen his future as "jail, not college".
DiBattista remembers his first days at Hyde.
"When I came here, I insultedand cursedeverybody.
Every other school was, 'Get out, we don't want to deal with you.'
I came here and they said, 'We kind of like that spirit. We don't like it with the negative attitudes. We want to turn that spirit positive.'"
b
To talk about problem-solving or decision-making within a national environment means examining many complexcultural forces.
It means trying to measure the impact of these forces on contemporary life, and also coming to gripswith changes now taking place.
In Japan, the most important thing is what organization you work for.
This is of extremeimportance when trying to analyzethe direction-taking or decision-making process.
At the least, it explains the greater job stabilityin Japan, in contrast to the great job mobilityin America.
While we differin many ways, such differences are neither superiornor inferiorto each other.
A particular pattern of managementbehavior develops from a complex mixture of unique cultural factors—and will only work within a given culture.
Let me try to describe three or four characteristics of the Japanese environment that in some way affect decision-making and problem-solving.
These characteristics are related to each other.
First, in any approach to a problem and in any negotiationsin Japan, there is the "you to you"
approach, as distinguished from the Western "I to you" approach.
The difference is this: In "I to you", both sides present their arguments openly from their own point of view—they state what they want and what they expect to get.
A confrontation situation is therebyset up, and Westerners are very skillful in dealing with this.
The "you to you" approach practiced in Japan is based on each side—automatically and often unconsciously—trying to understand the other person's point of view.
Thus, the direction of the meeting is a mutual attempt to reduce confrontation and achieve harmony.
A second characteristic is based on "consensusopinion" and "bottom-updirection".
In Japan great considerationis given to the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels.
This is true of both private enterprisesand government ministries.
In Japan there is a drive for unitywithin the group—whether it is family, company, or Parliament.
The difference is that Western-style decision-making proceeds mostly from top management and often does not consultmiddle management or the worker while in Japan, ideas can be created at the lowest levels, travel upward through an organization and have an impact on the eventual decision.
This is "bottom up".
There is also a characteristic style of communication in Japan that is different from the Western way.
The Japanese business person works to achieve harmony, even if the deal falls through, and will spend whatever time is necessary to determine a "you to you" approach, communicating personal views only indirectly and delicately.
This places time in a different perspective.
In Japan the Western deadline approach is secondary to a thorough job.
Owingto this difference in emphasis, the Japanese are thorough in their meetings as well as in their production.
Thus Americans are often frustrated by the many successivemeetings in many Japanese businesses.
But where the American is pressing for a specific decision, the Japanese is trying to devise a rather broad direction.
On the other hand, once a given agreement is made, it is the Japanese who sometimes wonder at the slow pace in which Westerners implement the decision.
The Japanese are eager to move forward and Westerners, perhaps, lagbehind as they take the time for in-depthplanning.
Now, while Japan's industry and technology are highly developed, they have not replaced the fundamentalforce of human energy and motivation.
By that I mean that the Japanese take great pride in doing a job well and getting it done no matter how much time is required.
There is a commitment and sense of responsibility, which have not yet been discardedin this age of machines.
In my field—finance and securities—I am often asked by Westerners how Nomura Securities has managed to escape the paper traffic jam that American firms have faced.
We, too, have had that problem.
The Tokyo Stock Exchange often has between and million transactionsa day.
This volumeis many times more than that of the New York Stock Exchange.
How can it be feasibleto handle this load?
First, we have very sophisticatedcomputers.
Second, and most important, the operationalpersonnel responsible for processing all these transactions stay and stay until the job is done.
Perhaps in years—or sooner—they will be more westernized and insist on going home at five
o'clock.
But today, still, most insist on staying until the job is done.
There is a sincere concern for quality.
This willingness to help in a pinchis an important aspectof Japanese problem-solving, and you find it at every level.
Some years ago, the Matsushita Company was having a very bad time.
Among the many measures taken, Mr. Matsushita, the founder and then chairman, became the manager of the sales department.
Also, when we at Nomura convertedto computers about five years ago, the new system eliminated the jobs of people.
We did not dismissthese people; rather, we converted them to securities sales people and some of these are now our leading sales people.
Providedthere is intelligence and a willingness to exertyourself, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed.
In Japan, a person's capabilities are not forced into an inflexiblearea.
And we feel the company owesa worker something for loyaltyand commitment.
a
The Statueof Liberty
In the mid-s, French artist Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was working on an enormous project called Liberty Enlighteningthe World, a monumentcelebrating US independenceand the France-America alliance.
At the same time, he was in love with a woman whom he had met in Canada. His mother could not approveof her son's affectionfor a woman she had never met, but Bartholdi went ahead and married his love in .
That same year Bartholdi had assembledthe statue's right arm and torch, and displayed them in Philadelphia.
It is said that he had used his wife's arm as the model, but felt her face was too beautiful for the statue.
He needed someone whose face represented suffering yet strength, someone more severe than beautiful.
He chose his mother.
The Statue of Liberty was dedicatedon an island in Upper New York Bayin .
It had his mother's face and his wife's body, but Bartholdi called it "my daughter, Liberty".
Barbie
Before all the different types of Barbie dolls for sale now, there was just a single Barbie. Actually, her name was Barbara.
Barbara Handler was the daughter of Elliot and Ruth Handler, co-foundersof the Mattel Toy Company.
Ruth came up with the idea for Barbie after watching her daughter play with paper dolls.
The three-dimensionalmodel for Barbie was a German doll—a joke gift for adults described as having the appearance of "a woman who sold sex".
Mattel refashionedthe doll into a decent, all-American—although with an exaggeratedbreastsize—versionand named it after Barbara, who was then a teenager.
Since her introduction in , Barbie has become the universallyrecognized Queen of the Dolls. Mattel says the average American girl owns ten Barbie dolls, and two are sold somewhere in the world every second.
Now more than sixty years old, Barbara—who declines interviews but is said to have loved the doll—may be the most famous unknown figure on the planet.
Barbie's boyfriend, Ken, was introduced in and named after Barbara's brother.
The real Ken, who died in , was disgusted by the doll that made his family famous.
"I don't want my children to play with it," he said in .
American Gothic
Grant Wood instantly rose to famein with his painting American Gothic, an often-copied interpretationof the solemnpride of American farmers.
The painting shows a serious-looking man and a woman standing in front of a farmhouse.
He was strongly influenced by medievalartists and inspired by the Gothic window of an old farmhouse, but the faces in his composition were what captured the world's attention.
Wood liked to paint faces he knew well.
For the gravefarmer he used his dentist, a sour-looking man.
For the woman standing alongsidehim, the artist chose his sister, Nan.
He stretched the models' necks a bit, but there was no doubt who posed for the portrait.
Nan later remarked that the fame she gained from American Gothic saved her from a very boring life.
The BuffaloNickel
Today, American coins honor prominent figures of the US government—mostly famous former presidents.
But the Buffalo nickel, produced from to , honored a pair of connected tragediesfrom the settlementof the American frontier—the destructionof the buffalo herdsand the American Indians.
While white people had previously been used as models for most American coins, famed artist James Earle Fraser went against tradition by using three actual American Indians as models for his creation.
For the buffalo on the other side, since buffalo no longer wandered about the great grasslands, Fraser was forced to sketch an aging buffalo from New York City's Central Park Zoo.
Two years later, in , this animal was sold for $ and killed for meat, a hide, and a wall decorationmade from its horns.
Uncle Sam
Fourteen-year-old Sam Wilson ran away from home to join his father and older brothers in the fight to liberatethe American coloniesfrom the British during the American Revolution.
At age , he started a meat-packingbusiness and earned a reputationfor being honest and
hard-working.
During a later war in , Wilson gained a position inspectingmeat for US Army forces, working with a man who had signed a contractwith the government to provide meat to the army.
Barrels of meat supplied to the army were stamped "EA-US", identifying the company (EA) and the country of origin(US).
According to one story, when a government official visited the plant and asked about the letters, a creative employee told him "US" was short for "Uncle Sam" Wilson.
Soon soldiers were saying all Army supplies were from "Uncle Sam".
After the war, a character called Uncle Sam began appearing in political cartoons, his form evolvingfrom an earlier cartoon character called Brother Jonathan that was popular during the American Revolution.
Uncle Sam soon replaced Brother Jonathan as American's most popular symbol.
The most enduring portrait of Uncle Sam was created by artist James Montgomery Flagg in his famous army recruitingpostersof World Wars I and II.
That version—a tall man with white hair and a small white beard on his chin, a dark blue coat and a tall hat with stars on it—was a self-portrait of Flagg.
b
Mary Engelbreit was a talented but struggling artist in her mid-twenties when she flew to New York from her native Saint Louis, hoping to find work illustrating children's books—her life's goal.
So she was disappointed when all the book publishers she visited turned her down.
One even suggested her drawings might be better suited to greeting cards.
"I was crushed," Engelbreit admits.
Greeting cards seemed a comedownfrom her high expectations, but the advice stayed with her, and she decided to give it a try.
The results transformed her life forever.
Today Mary Engelbreit sells an astonishing million greeting cards a year.
Her popular designs appear on more than , products, including books, calendars, and kitchen items.
She runs a retailcompany with shops in nine cities ( more are planned), and her products are carried by , retailers.
Annualretail sales are in the $ million range—all as a result of that fateful, disappointing trip to New York.
It's probably no accident that one of Engelbreit's boldercards shows a young girl in overalls, her barefeet up on a desk, a farm field in the window behind her.
"We Don't Care How They Do It in New York," the card boasts.
Once you know Engelbreit's distinctivestyle, you can recognize her cards from paces away—bright, funny, and with an eye to the past.
Her cards usually have elaborateborderdesigns comprisedof repeated images: hearts, flowers, peaches, and teapots, for example.
Most often, there's Ann Estelle, a woman with short, straight hair, big glasses, hat and an acidtongue.
Ann Estelle (named after her grandmother) is the imaginaryrepresentative of Mary's outlook.
Engelbreit is cheerful, down-to-earth, humorous, and always cute.
"I think the world could use more cuteness," she explains.
Indeed, it's her trademark.
Her business card once featureda drawing of Ann Estelle, cigarin her mouth and drink in hand, with the message "Engelbreit's the Name, Cute Is My Game."
She adds, "As the world gets more complicated, it's nice to have old-fashionedstuff around to help people cope with the demands of modern life.
It's like comfort food.
This is comfort art."
Old-fashioned art—and values—have always been at the core of Engelbreit's life.
Born June , , in St. Louis, the oldest of three daughters, she started drawing almost as soon as she could hold a pencil.
One of her earliest memories, from age four, is of sketching her parents all dressed up to go out for the evening.
"I was so impressed I had to record it," she says.
But what impressed her most were illustrationsfrom the children's books that her mother read to her.
Artists such as Jessie Willcox Smith, illustrator of children's literaryclassics, and Johnny Gruelle, creator of Raggedy Ann, were very influentialin the development of her early drawings.
While attending secondary school, Engelbreit sold dozens of hand-drawn cards to a local shop for cents a piece—her first ventureinto art and commerce.
She ignored her teachers' advice to become an English teacher and didn't bother with going on to a university because "I was ready to plungeinto my life as an artist."
Working in an art-supply shop, "I met working artists and realized you can make a living doing this."
A later job as a designer at an advertising agency "taught me about the business of art".
In Engelbreit met social worker Phil Delano, and the couple married two years later.
Delano became his wife's biggest supporter.
"Even when we had no money, he never said, 'Go get a job,'" she says.
"I can't express my gratitude for his support."
After that ill-fatedtrip to New York, Engelbreit sent a sampleof her drawings to two greeting card companies.
One bought three of her original drawings, and she did occasional work for the other, sketching a lot of whales, dragons, castles and mythicalanimals.
Then in the birth of her son added a new element to her work.
"Suddenly everyday life seemed more interesting to me," she says.
Children, pets, even "good old Mom" started showing up on her cards.
Her work became "pictures of daily life, things everyone's been through".
While eight months pregnant, in , Engelbreit decided to start her own company.
Within two years, her company was producing nearly different cards and selling a million of them a year.
In she licensedthe copyrightsto the cards to SunrisePublications, who now manages their production and distribution, allowing her to focus on other projects. Among these is her
home-decoratingmagazine which is sent to , people.
Despite her success, Engelbreit's feet are planted firmly on the ground.
She still lives kilometres from where she grew up, has many friends dating back to school years, and moved from a large house to a smaller one because, she explains, her family didn't use all the space in the old place.
She does most of her drawing in her home studioat night.
With her work taking off in so many directions, it was perhaps inevitable that Engelbreit would eventually realize her dream of illustrating a children's book. In she created drawings for a children's book and saw it become a best-seller.
At the same time she made a surprising discovery: "It was fun, but oddly enough, I like doing cards best."
a
I have never seen Mrs. Clark before, but I know from her medical chartand the report I received from the precedingshift that tonight she will die.
The only light in her room is coming from a piece of medical equipment, which is flashing its red light as if in warning.
As I stand there, the smell hits my nose, and I close my eyes as I remember the smell of decayfrom past experience.
In my mouth I have a sour, vinegartaste coming from the pitof my stomach.
I reach for the light switch, and as it silently lights the scene, I return to the bed to observe the patient with an unemotional, medical eye.
Mrs. Clark is dying.
She lies motionless: The head seems unusually large on a skeletonbody; the skin is dark yellow and hangs looselyaround exaggerated bones that not even a blanket can hide; the right arm lies straight out at the side, taped cruelly to a board to securea needle so that fluidmay dripin; the left arm is across the sunken chest, which rises and falls with the uneven breaths.
I reach for the long, thin fingers that are lying on the chest.
They are ice-cold, and I quickly move to the wrist and feel for the faint pulse.
Mrs. Clark's eyes open somewhat as her head turns toward me slightly.
I bend close to her and scarcely hear as she whispers, "Water".
Taking a glass of water from the table, I put my finger over the end of the strawand allow a few drops of the cool moistureto slideinto her mouth and ease her thirst.
She makes no attempt to swallow; there is just not enough strength.
"More," the dry voice says, and we repeat the procedure.
This time she does manage to swallow some liquidand weakly says, "Thank, you."
She is too weak for conversation, so without asking, I go about providing for her needs.
Picking her up in my arms like a child, I turn her on her side.
Naked, except for a light hospital gown, she is so very small and light that she seems like a victim of some terrible famine.
I remove the lidfrom a jarof skin cream and put some on the palmof my hand.
Carefully, to avoid injuring her, I rub cream into the yellow skin, which rolls freely over the bones, feeling perfectly the outlineof each bone in the back.
Placing a pillowbetween her legs, I notice that these too are ice-cold, and not until I run my hand up over her knees do I feel any of the life-giving warmth of blood.
When I am finished, I pull a chair up beside the bed to face her and, taking her free hand between mine, again notice the long, thin fingers.
Graceful. I wonder briefly if she has any family, and then I see that there are neither flowers, nor pictures of rainbowsand butterfliesdrawn by children, nor cards.
There is no hintin the room anywhere that this is a person who is loved.
As though she is a mind reader, Mrs. Clark answers my thoughts and quietly tells me, "I sent ... my family... home... tonight... didn't want... them... to see..."
Having spent her last ounceof strength she cannot go on, but I have understood what she has done. Not knowing what to say, I say nothing.
Again she seems to sense my thoughts, "You... stay..."
Time seems to stand still.
In the total silence, I feel my own pulse quickenand hear my breathing as it begins to match hers, breath for uneven breath.
Our eyes meet and somehow, together, we become aware that this is a special moment between two human beings...
Her long fingers curl easily around my hand and I nod my head slowly, smiling.
Without words, through yellowed eyes, I receive my thank-you and her eyes slowly close.
Some unknown intervalof time passes before her eyes open again, only this time there is no response in them, just a blank stare.
Without warning, her shallowbreathing stops, and within a few moments, the faint pulse is also gone.
One single tear flows from her left eye, across the cheek and down onto the pillow.
I begin to cry quietly.
There is a swell of emotionwithin me for this stranger who so quickly came into and went from my life.
Her suffering is done, yet so is the life.
Slowly, still holding her hand, I become aware that I do not mind this emotional battle, that in fact, it was a privilegeshe has allowed me, and I would do it again, gladly.
Mrs. Clark spared her family an episodethat perhaps they were not equipped to handle and instead shared it with me.
She had not wanted to have her family see her die, yet she did not want to die alone.
No one should die alone, and I am glad I was there for her.
Two days later, I read about Mrs. Clark in the newspaper.
She was the mother of seven, grandmother of eighteen, an active member of her church, a leader of volunteer associationsin her community, a concert piano player, and a piano teacher for over thirty years.
Yes, they were long and graceful fingers.
b
Assume for a moment that your -year-old mother has recently suffered a stroke.
She is right-handed, and now she is unable to move her right arm and leg—they are worthlessto her.
She can make sounds, but she can't make herself understood.
The condition has lasted two months and since there has been no sign of improvement, the doctor tells you she will never get significantly better.
Until this time your mother has always been an active, independent person who lived on her own. Now she is completely dependenton others.
Next, X-raysshow your mother has a lung infection—a frequent problem with stroke patients. The doctor then calls you, her only surviving relative.
"We can treat the infection with drugs and she'll probably get better in a week," he says. "When I say better, I mean she'll go on as she has—until some other germcomes along.
Or I can deny her the medicine, in which case she'll probably die in three or four days.
We can make those days comfortable by giving her painkillersand sleeping pills.
Which course do you want me to follow? "
Tough question, isn't it?
On the one hand, you cannot bear to see your once vigorous mother living the painful, limited life to which the stroke has condemned her.
On the other hand, you hate to be the one to decide to let nature take its course.
I'll tell you which choice I would make in this theoreticalsituation.
I'd say, "Don't give her anything to fight the infection.
Keep her comfortable and let's see what happens; maybe she'll fight off the infection on her own and if she doesn't, she'll die a peaceful death.
I don't want to be responsible for condemning my mother to a living hell."
I can make this decision because I've gone down this road with patients many times.
Recently I operated in vainon an eighty-year-old woman with cancer of the liver.
There was nothing I could do to relievethe problems the cancer had caused. She was an intelligent woman, without any close relatives, and a couple of days after the operation I sat down with her and explained the situation.
"I can give you some anti-cancerdrugs," I said,
"but they will make you sick and cannot cure you.
Similarly, I can give you fluids through a needle in your arm, which will keep you fed as your appetiteslips away; the fluids might add a week or two to your life.
Or I can withdrawall other treatment and just give you a vitamin pill, and we can see what happens. Personally, my recommendationwould be the last choice. I'll keep you comfortable, and we'll see what happens."
The patient electedto follow my advice and died peacefully, pain free, a fortnightlater.
Sometimes such a transparentdecision is more difficult to come by.
Recently I had a patient who suffered a severe stroke.
He was completely unable to move and couldn't swallow anything.
We gave him fluids for the first two weeks and then fed him through a tubewhich passed through his nose into his stomach.
After three weeks he was still completely unconscious, and the tube caused him to have a constant, painful sore throat.
I talked to his four grown children and told them I thought we should inserta tube directlyinto his stomach through a small hole so he could be fed without so much pain.
I also told them, "I can remove the tube and just let him swallow whatever he can. Chances are he won't live long, but he won't be in pain."
No one wanted to take the responsibility for permitting an operation, yet no one would give permissionto stop feeding the patient entirely.
As a result, the poor man continued on for nearly three more months with a painful throat and frequent bleeding caused by sores in the mouth.
He died of a major infection—a sad way to die.
So what should responsible persons do when confronted with the necessityof such an enormous decision?
What it all comes down to is common sense.
For the years I have been a doctor, and for hundreds of years before that, doctors and families have been quietly cooperatingto decide what is best for a patient in the final phaseof an illness.
In percent of the cases a sympathetic, reasonable decision can be made after appropriate discussion.
In percent of cases where such a judgment cannot immediately be reached, the proper decision will become apparent after a few days or weeks of basic treatment, observing the patient's progress.
Let me sound one note of warning.
Neither families nor doctors like to make life-death decisions.
>But there is no question that if either party insists on bringing in a so-called"neutral" third party (usually some representative of the state or legalprofession), not only will the process take longer, in many instances it will be more arbitraryand less sympathetic.
What we are trying to avoid is neutrality; the only people with any qualificationto decide are those who know the patient intimatelyand can put his or her interests first.
If there's one place from which the interferenceof lawyers and government officials should be barred, it's from the rooms of critically ill patients.
Part 1 Short dialogs and multiple choice questions (每小题：分) Directions: Listen to the short dialogs, then choose the correct answers to the questions. You will hear the recording twice. After the first playing, there will be time for you to choose the correct answers. Use the second playing to check your answers. Questions 1 to 1 are based on the following passage or dialog. 1. A. Decrease imports. B. Increase imports. C. Decrease its deficit by 5%. D. Increase its deficit by 5%. Questions 2 to 2 are based on the following passage or dialog. 2. A. Raise the oil prices. B. Import less oil. C. Use less oil. D. Take buses more frequently. Questions 3 to 3 are based on the following passage or dialog.
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程1 十五选十 University students come from different parts of the country with various purposes. However, a closer look at their reasons for studying at the university will enable us to 1) them roughly into three groups: those who have a(n) 2) for learning, those who wish to 3) a bright future, and those who learn with no definite purpose. Firstly, there are many students who learn simply because they 4) their goal of learning. Some read a wealth of British and American novels because they are keenly interested in literature. Others sit in front of the computer screen, working on a new program, 5) day and night, because they find some computer programs 6) . and they dream of becoming a “Bill Gates” one day. Secondly, there are students who work hard mainly for a better and more 7) future. It seems that the majority of students fall into this group. After admission to the university, they read books after books to 8) knowledge from all of the resources which are 9) to them, and finally, to succeed in the future job market. Thirdly, there are still some students who learn without a clear goal. They take courses, finish homework, enjoy life on campus, but don’t want to 10) anything new or challenging. They have no idea what they will be doing after college. And they may end up with nothing in their lives. Parents and teenagers have different or even opposite things to worry about. For example, while a mother might have a hard time understanding why her teenagers' room is always a(n) 1) of dirty stuff, the teenagers are more worried about their next exams and may think it is 2) for their mother to insist on keeping a clean room. It is therefore important for you to 3) the differences and learn to communicate with your teenagers properly. 4) , your teenagers may say nothing and shut you out of their personal lives. Their refusal to talk with you may even create 5) stress in your life. Learning effective ways to communicate can 6) the situation of a difficult relationship, 7) the stress of your life, and lead to a friendly relationship with your teenagers. First, you should learn to discuss serious problems in daily conversations. So, important topics, such as driving a vehicle and building a(n) 8) relationship, could be dealt with through daily conversations. Second, learn to be an active listener. Many parents are so 9) with their work that they could hardly take some time for their 10) children. Spend your time listening carefully to what your children like to talk about, and make sure your children feel they are being taken seriously. This will increase the chances of good communication.
The shortest way t 新视野大学英语(第三版)视听说3 答案 Unit 1 Sharing Task 2 (1) daredevil (2) bungee jumping (3) cup of tea (4) feel good (5) achievement Task 3 c-d-e-b-a Task 4 1, 2, 4
The shortest way t Task 5 BCBCB Task 6 1.(1)started off(2) a huge business empire 2.(1)teacher(2)taught me so much about life 3.(1)imprisoned(2)survived (3)impressed(4)ability or the skills Listening Task 2 Activity 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11
The shortest way t Viewing Task 2 Activity 1 3 Activity 2 e-g-c-b-f-a-d Activity 3 1. 90 minutes 2. true landmark 3.(1)10 times(2)focus 4. make this challenge 5. seven miles 6.(1)four months(2) outstanding achievement
The shortest way t Role-play Task 1 Activity 1 B Activity 3 1. Like I said 2. having said that 3. That's what I was saying Presenting Task 1 Activity 2 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11
Unit 7 Economy: Power behind everyday life Section A Words in use 3 1 donate 2 spiral 3 termination 4 layoff 5 subsistence 6 spectrum 7 complied 8 reclaimed 9 originated 10 expired Word building 4 Words learned new words formed -ion emit emission omit omission suspend suspension predict prediction distribute distribution corruption corrupt -ity generous generosity formal formality local locality mature maturity peculiar peculiarity liable liability 5 1 emission 2 suspension 3 formalities 4 prediction 5 omissions 6 distribution 7 locality 8 peculiarity 9 corrupting 10 generosity 11 maturity 12 liability
Banked cloze 6 1 E 2 J 3 B 4 H 5 A 6 K 7 G 8 I 9 C 10 N Expressions in use 7 1 put down 2 wind up 3 scrape together 4 on the verge of 5 in all likelihood 6 deteriorate into 7 are in a position 8 gave way to Translation 9 世界贸易组织成立于1995年1月1日，旨在监督和促进国际贸易自由化。该组织负责对成员国之间的贸易进行调控，为贸易协定的谈判和形成制定框架，并提供争端解决机制以敦促成员国遵守世贸协定，而这些协定皆为各成员国政府的代表所签署并获得其立法机构的批准。每一个申请国加入世贸组织的过程各不相同，加入的条件取决于该国经济发展的阶段和现行贸易体制。中国在2001年12月11日成为世贸组织成员国，是在经历了漫长的谈判，并按要求对中国经济作出重大改变之后才得以加入的，这也意味着中国经济能更深入地融入到世界经济中。中国加入世贸组织是一项巨大的多边成果，而对中国而言，这也标志着其致力于多边贸易的明确承诺。 10 Shanghai Free Trade Zone is a free trade zone in Shanghai that was launched in 2013 by the Chinese government. Covering an area of 28.78 square kilometers, Shanghai Free Trade Zone is the first of its kind in China’s mainland, and is regarded as a “testing ground” for a number of economic ref orms. The establishment of the free trade zone is a significant measure taken to actively promote the opening-up strategy under the new global economic and trade situation. It undertakes a major task to explore new ways and accumulate new experience for the deepening of reform and opening up in an all-round way. As a pilot project, Shanghai Free Trade Zone will become a “touchstone” for Chinese economy. It will play an active role in deepening reforms and boosting economic vigor.
Unit 1 TEXT A Language focus Word in use [3] 2. pursuit 3. inhibit 4. maintain 5. patriotic 6. transcend 7. endeavor 8. dedication 9. prestige 10. nominate Word building [4] [5] 2. tolerant 3. pollutants 4. inhabited 5. participants 6. descendants 7. attendants 8. respectful 9. contestants 10. neglectful 11. resourceful 12. boastful Banked cloze [6] 2. premier 3. endeavor 4. bypass 5. handicaps 6. committed 7. attained 8. transcend 9. feats 10. slightest Expressions in use [7]
1. removed from 2. failed in 3. in pursuit of 4. deviated from 5. precluded from 6. triumph over 7. work their way into 8. written off TEXT B Understanding the text [2] CBADBBCD Language focus Word in use [4] 2. propelled 5. alleviated 8. destined 10. Applause Expression in use [5] 1.up sentence structure [6] 1.He prefers to start early rather than leave everything to the last minute 2.She prefers to be the boss, to be in charge and to organize others rather than be organized by some whom she may not even rate very highly. 3.My brother prefers to take the whole blame himself rather than allow it to fall on the innocent. [7] 1. Try as he would 2. Search as they would 3. Hard as we work Try as we might Collocation Warm-up 1. repeated [8] 1. sudden opportunities 2. immense obstacles 3. amazing determination 4. profound difficulties 5. overwhelming failures 6. poverty-stricken
新视野大学英语(第三版)视听说3 答案 Unit 1 Sharing Task 2 (1)daredevil (2)bungee jumping (3)cup of tea (4)feel good (5)achievement Task 3 c-d-e-b-a Task 4 1, 2, 4
Task 5 BCBCB Task 6 1.(1) started off (2) a huge business empire 2.(1) teacher (2) taught me so much about life 3.(1) imprisoned (2) survived (3) impressed (4) ability or the skills Listening Task 2 Activity 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11
Viewing Task 2 Activity 1 3 Activity 2 e-g-c-b-f-a-d Activity 3 1.90 minutes 2.true landmark 3.(1) 10 times (2) focus 4.make this challenge 5.seven miles 6.(1) four months (2) outstanding achievement
Role-play Task 1 Activity 1 B Activity 3 1. Like I said 2. having said that 3. That's what I was saying Presenting Task 1 Activity 2 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11
unit1 When I think of people in this world who have really made a difference, I think of my parents. They were truly saints among ordinary people. I was one of the ten children my parents adopted. They rescue (挽救)each of us from a life of poverty and loneliness. They were hardly able to restrain（克制）themselves from bringing home more children to care for. If they had had the resources （资源）they certainly would have. Most people do not realize how much they appreciated（感激）someone until they pass away. My sisters and brothers and I did not want this to happen before we uttered（说）the words "Thank you" to our parents. Although we have all grown up and scattered（散落） about the country, we got back together to thank our parents. My brother Tom undertook（从事，承担）the task of organizing the event. Every Friday night, Mom and Dad have had the ham dinner special at the same restaurant for the last twenty years. That is where we waited without their knowing. When we first caught a glimpse （瞥一眼）of them coming across the street, we all hid underneath(在…之下） a big table. When they entered, we leapt out and shouted, "Thank you, Mom and Dad." My brother Tom presented（提供）them with a card and we all hugged. My Dad pretended that he had known we were under the table
听力部分 Part 1 Short dialogs and multiple choice questions 1. A. He does not like what the woman bought. B. He does not remember the price of the shirt. C. He does not remember in which shop the shirt was. D. He remembers only the woman's phone number. 2. A. She did not take the shopping list along with her. B. She did not write a shipping list. C. She does not want to shop in a crowded supermarket. D. She wants to finish shopping quickly. 3. A. He has lost his memory completely. B. He has lost his sight. C. He drank heavily last night. D. He danced until after midnight. 4. A. He remembers his life in primary school. B. He remembers his life in his nursery. C. He remembers his life in primary school but not that in the nursery. D. He remembers his life in both primary school and the nursery. 5. A. He has a bad memory. B. The woman has a bad memory. C. The couple have forgotten to bring their keys. D. The couple are blaming each other for forgetting the keys. Part 2 Short passages and multiple-choice questions 6. How long is it the man and woman haven't seen each other? A. a couple years. B. several years. C. quite a few years. D. less than 10 years. 7. How did the man find the woman in the Math class? A. The best in the class. B. At the bottom of the class. C. A mystery because nobody knew where she came from. D. Able to solve easy problems but not difficult problems. 8. How did the woman find the man in the English Writing class? A. He was weak in writing. B. He was strong in writing. C. He often read his compositions to his classmates. D. He sometimes posted his compositions on the walls. 9. What do we know from the conversation? A. Alice did not play table tennis in school. B. Ed did not hate the drama class. C. The woman played an instrument. D. The man played in the school band. 10. What do we learn about the man and the woman from the conversation? A. The man has a good memory while the woman has a bad memory. B. The man has a bad memory while the woman has a good memory. C. Both the man and woman have a bad memory.
新视野大学英语（第三版）读写3答案 UNIT 1 Words in use 1.whereby 2.pursuit 3.inhibit 4.maintain 5.patriotic 6.transcended 7.endeavors/endeavours 8.dedication 9.prestige 10.nominate Banked cloze 1.eventually 2.premier 3.endeavor 4.bypass 5.handicaps https://www.doczj.com/doc/c514664322.html,mitted 7.attained 8.transcend 9.feats 10.slightest Expressions in use 1.removed from 2.failed in 3.in the pursuit of 4.deviated from 5.(1）precludes (2)from 6.triumph over 7.work their way into 8.written off UNIT 2 Words in use 1.intervene 2.underestimate 3.recede 4.deem 5.bleak
6.appraise 7.paralyzed 8.symptoms 9.dismay 10.brink Banked cloze 1.characterized 2.aspects 3.amount 4.recede 5.exposed 6.vicious 7.challenge 8.excessive 9.reaction 10.paralyze Expressions in use 1.pulled to a stop 2.black out 3.pop up 4.stopped short 5.plowed through 6.threw himself into 7.let yourself go 8.grabbed for UNIT 3 Words in use 1.integral 2.cherish 3.afflicted 4.noteworthy 5.portray https://www.doczj.com/doc/c514664322.html,pliment 7.domain 8.anonymous 9.conscientious 10.perpetual Banked cloze 1.domain
新视野大学英语第三版课后答案 Unｉt 1 IＩI 1ｂeneaｔh ２disguisｅd３wｈｉｓtles 4 ｒｅstrain ５grａｓｐ6lｏnging ７prayｉｎｇ ８fａｉthful 9 pｌedge10 drain IＶ 1 telｌ…on you ２ｔraｃk dｏwn 3 worｋiｔouｔ4 ｐicking on me５recｋoned ｗｉｔh ６ｃａｌl on 7 oｎhｉsｏwｎ８get through ９in dｉｓguｉse10 revolves aroｕnd Ｖ ＧO D IＫL B F ＡN ＶI 1 adｖisｅ２level ３ｐｒobｌｅms ４nｅcｅssｉｔｙ5ｓｋｉlｌs 6 exｐerｉence 7 soluｔｉｏｎ 8 vａｌuｅ９tool 10 ｍannｅr VII １air-ｃondiｔioｎed(装空调的;有冷气的) 2 hanｄmaｄe(手工制作的) 3 ｔhunｄｅrｓtrｕck（非常吃惊的) 4 heａｒtｆelt(衷心的;诚挚的) 5 ｄata－ｂaｓｅd（基于数据的）6 sel ｆ－emploｙed（自主经营的）7ｃustom-ｂｕiｌt(定制的;定做的）８weatheｒ-ｂeaｔen（饱经风霜的） VＩIＩ １. ｗeｌl-inforｍｅd(对……非常熟悉的)2nｅw-found(新获得的）３hａrd-ｅarｎed(辛苦挣得的）4 soｆｔ－spoｋen(说话温柔的）5 newly-marｒｉed(新婚的）６wｉdel ｙ－ｈeld(普遍认为的) ７ｗｅｌl－mｅａｎｔ(出于好意的) ８ｗell-ｅduｃatｅd(受过良好教育的) IＸ 1 nｏmatter howｄｉｆｆerｅnｔｉt ｍay seem fｏｒｍａnｙoｔｈｅｒsｕｂｓｔaｎce 2 no ｍatter wｈat ａwoman triｅs to dｏtｏimpｒovｅhｅr sｉtuaｔｉoｎ ３no maｔｔｅr ｗhat ｅｘcuseｈｅgives ４nｏｍatｔer whaｔaｎyone elｓｅmay ｔｈｉnk 5 nｏmatｔer how theｙrｅｗｒｉｔe hｉｓtｏｒｙ X 1 ｊust ａｓwｅgａｉnｅd famｅｉn ｖicｔorｙ，we lｏst noｔhinｇiｎdefeat 2jｕst ａｓｔhe heａd tｅaｃheｒｐｌaｙs a signiｆｉｃaｎt roｌe ｉnｔheｓchoｏl，Ｊanｅplaｙｓａsｉgniｆｉcａnｔｒｏｌｅfｌeadｅｒｉｎｔｈｅclassroom. 3 ｗhoevｅr was out ｔherｅoｂｖiouｓly cｏｕldn’t ｓｅｅhimｊust ａs hｅcｏu ｌｄn’t seｅthｅm. ４she hasｂｅｅｎsearching ａll her ｌife for the perｆect ｃhocolate ｊust aｓIｈavｅbeen seaｒｃｈinｇfor tｈeｐerｆeｃｔｂｅer.
UNIT1 1.Not only can students choose when and where to learn for an online course, but they can also take time to think through answers before making a reply. 2.She is excited by the idea of online learning while he considers it meaningless and useless. https://www.doczj.com/doc/c514664322.html,municating with native English speakers is a very rewarding experience from which we can learn a lot. 4.Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they look for the information they need. 5.He wants her to give up working and stay at home to look after the children. She feels, however, that is too much for her. 6.Now that we have finished the course, we shall start doing. 1.我永远都不会忘记那位老师，是他告诉我学习外语是有趣的、有价值的。如果没有他，我的英语不会像现在这样说得这样好。 2.没有任何其他语言能像英语那样让你感受到多姿多彩的世界文化。有了过硬的英语知识，你就可以体验奇妙的文化之旅。 3.写作不仅仅是要写老师布置的话题，而且要写自己感兴趣的东西，例如，给朋友写电子邮件。 4.远程教学课程是指授课者与学生通过计算机通信技术进行交流的课程。 5.英语不但是世界上最有用的语言，也是世界最易学、易用的语言之一。 6.远程教学课程在时间安排上给予学生更多的自由，但与其他课程比，这些课程要求学生有更强的自律能力。 UNIT2 1.As she was about to turn off the music, her father burst into her room and shouted at her, “Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?” 2.The owner of the bar kept watching the girl dancing while pretending not to. 3.Rock music appeals to sandy so much that she turned it up, paying no attention to her father’s objection. 4.As us ual, when his parents don’t like what he wears, they start to bug him. 5.At the meeting they discussed how to keep the lines of communication open between teachers and students. 6.It makes my blood to think of these young boys and girls who are forced by their parents to beg money along the streets. 1. 我认为那些在镇上四处闲逛、浑身上下又文身又穿洞的青少年是在表达他们的个性。 2.因特网提供了一种更快捷的方式，让我们与全球的新老客户取得联系，并保持沟通渠道畅通无阻。 3.父母与自己十多岁的孩子的沟通问题不仅仅在于“代沟”，而且还在于双方都不完全理解对方的思想。 4.当父母与子女间有了这类沟通障碍时，青少年面临的问题更大。
新视野第三册答案 Unit 1 Section A. The Expensive Fantasy of Lord Williams 《读写教程III》:Ex. II, p. 9 1. Because this is a title bought with stolen money. The guy‘s real name is Anthony Williams. 2. It‘s small, with a population of only 320. 3. No. He looks like a Scottish noble, soft-spoken and wealthy. 4. The truth is that the man with endless money and a friendly manner was not a lord at all but a government employee living out a fantasy that he was a Scottish noble and paying for it by stealing funds from Scottish Yard. 5. He stole more than eight million pounds over eight years and poured about five million pounds into the village. 6. Most of the stolen money was supposed to be used to pay spies and conduct secret activities against the Irish Republican Army. 7. He used the money to buy an estate, a beautiful home, and a dozen noble titles. But most of all, he sunk his dishonest gains into the village, buying multiple cottages, a pub and a run-down hotel and turning them into very good-looking places. 8. His bank deposits were so large that they were noticed by the bank‘s management. The bank then notified the police, who discovered that the criminal was one of their own. 9. Because in the eyes of some villagers Williams is a helper, pouring most of his stolen money into the village and giving jobs to 43 people. 10. He said in an interview after he was arrested: ―I discovered this bloody huge amount of money. I went from the need to pay off a few debts to what can only be described as greed. There is no way to just ify it.‖ 《读写教程Ⅲ》:Ex. Ⅲ, p. 9 1. suspicion 2. restored 3. considerate 4. inherited 5. furnish 6. justify 7. substantial 8. fantastic 《读写教程Ⅲ》:Ex. Ⅳ, p. 10 1. To his embarrassment he discovered 2. like that 3. strike deals with 4. live it out 5. falls upon dark days
大学英语新视野答案
————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：
Part 1 Short dialogs and multiple choice questions (每小题：分) Directions: Listen to the short dialogs, then choose the correct answers to the questions. You will hear the recording twice. After the first playing, there will be time for you to choose the correct answers. Use the second playing to check your answers. Questions 1 to 1 are based on the following passage or dialog. 1. A. Decrease imports. B. Increase imports. C. Decrease its deficit by 5%. D. Increase its deficit by 5%. Questions 2 to 2 are based on the following passage or dialog. 2. A. Raise the oil prices. B. Import less oil. C. Use less oil. D. Take buses more frequently. Questions 3 to 3 are based on the following passage or dialog.