Journalism
Writing for a Newspaper
Sections
International, national and local news Sports Arts and Entertainment Opinion
News Stories: Reporting
?Who?--Who was/is involved in the event?
?What?--What is happening/has happened?
?When?--When did or will the event happen?
?Where?--Where did/will the event take place?
?Why?--Why did the event occur, or why is it occurring?
?How?--How did the event come to pass?
News Stories: Reporting
?Reporters are always objective. Reporters tell their readers what is happening but do not express an opinion. They do not use “I” or involve themselves in the piece in any way.
?In addition to reporting the facts, reporters often interview participants in an important event and quote them in their articles in order to add realism and interest. Reporters also sometimes choose to describe the scene where the event is taking place in order to draw in their readers.
?Reporting language is slightly formal; therefore, varied vocabulary and good grammar are essential. Sports Stories: Reporting
?Sports writers also report the facts of an event and are expected to write objectively and to avoid “I.”
However, the language is often a little more casual and descriptive. Sports writers want their readers to feel like they were at the event, so they often describe the noise of the crowd, the joy or disappointment of the players, etc.
?Sports writers also rely heavily on interviews with athletes or coaches for their articles.
?In general, a sports article covers the most important parts of a competition and reports the results.
Arts & Entertainment: Reviewing
?The Arts & Entertainment section covers concerts, movies, plays, books, and food. Often the section includes reviews of recently released books or movies, restaurants, or local theater performances.
? A review writer’s job is to experience something and to rate their experience. Often, reviewers give a movie, restaurant, etc. a grade out of five stars. One star is terrible, while five stars (very rare!) is the best something can be.
?In addition to giving their rating, review writers describe their experience and explain their reasons for their rating. Language is less formal and “I” is permitted, but the writing is still expected to sound professional.
Opinion: Persuasive Writing
?Opinion writers write a short, argumentative piece on a current issue. The issue may be local, national, or international, but it is usually one that many people are debating over. An opinion writer usually presents their opinion of how the issue should be resolved and why.
?Opini on writers are expressing their own opinion, but still usually avoid using “I” in order to sound more professional. Opinion writers need to use facts and examples to back up what they say.
Citations引句，引语
?When you are reporting about current national or international events, you will likely need to use other news articles in order to obtain enough information. You may even wish to include quotes that you find in other papers. Remember, all writing that is not your own must be quoted and cited.It is fairly simple to quote other writers in your paper. Here are some examples:
-An astounding number of people have participated in the protests. In fact, the New York Times reported that, “almost three thousand citizens have joined various protests across the country.”
-John Doe, a professor of international relations, wrote in his article “Attempts at Peace” that, “Many
leaders of the past made the mistake of assuming that the threat of powerful weapons would encourage other countries to maintain a peac eful relationship.”
Citations
?If you find a quote from a politician, athlete, etc. in an article that you would like to use, you may use the quote and follow it with (qtd. in…):
–Smith is hopeful that he will achieve his goal. “I believe that with enough h ard work and perseverance I will get there,” he said (qtd. in the Washington Post).
Junior Writing Newspaper Project
Introduction:
Your group will design and write its own newspaper. As a group, you must select a title for your newspaper. You must also decide who in the group is responsible for which sections of your paper and elect an editor-in-chief. Each member of the group (including the editor-in-chief) is responsible for writing two articles, and their articles should belong in different sections of the paper. For example, a student may not write two opinion pieces. Instead they should write one opinion piece and a news story, sports article, or another type of article. You will have four weeks to complete this project. On the final week, you will present your newspapers to the class.
Sections:
Your newspaper is required to include articles on the following subjects:
International news
National news
Local news
Sports
A restaurant, movie, theater, or book review
An opinion piece
Editor-in-Chief
The editor-in-chief is responsible for making sure that all assignments are completed on time and for organizing the newspaper. The editor-in-chief will decide who will write which pieces and will keep a detailed list of the chosen article topics. The editor-in-chief is also required to write two articles.
Writers
Writers are expected to hand in their pieces on time and fully complete. Writers are encouraged to use other newspapers for research on their topics and to find ideas. However, writers are reminded that any form of plagiarism剽窃抄袭is strictly prohibited. You may not copy the writing of other reporters. If you wish to use information found in another paper or to quote another writer, be sure to use the correct citation format.引用格式
Group Presentation and Final Product
The requirements are as follows:
1. The final newspaper should be typed and neatly arranged by section. It should include all articles that have been written by the group. You are free to decide what your newspaper should look like, and if you like you may add photos to go along with your articles.
2. The first page of your newspaper should include the newspaper’s title and the date of issue. All articles should also be headed by a title and the author’s name.
Citations
Here are some examples:
Ex. 1: An astounding number of people have participated in the protests. In fact, the New York Times reported that, “almost three thousand citizens have joined various protests across the country.”
Ex. 2: John Doe, a prof essor of international relations, wrote in his article “Attempts at Peace” that, “many leaders of the past made the mistake of assuming that the threat of powerful weapons would encourage other countries to maintain a peaceful relationship.”
If you find a quote from a politician, athlete, etc. in an article that you would like to use, you may use the
quote and follow it with (qtd. in…).
Ex: Smith is hopeful that he will achieve his goal. “I believe that with enough hard work and perseverance I will get t here,” he said (qtd. in the Washington Post).
Cover Letters
Applying for a Job
Cover Letters自荐信，求职信
?A cover letter is a letter sent by someone searching for a job to a prospective employer. Usually, the person writing the letter explains their interest in a certain job and why they believe they should be hired.
?There are several types of cover letters, but the two main types we will study are application letters申请信and inquiry letters.询问信
Application Letters
?Application letters are sent to a company along with a resume 简历when you are applying for a job. In an application letter, you usually explain why you are interested in the job and why you believe you should be hired.
?An application letter has a very specific format非常特殊的格式: a salutation, three body paragraphs, and a complimentary close.称呼，三段，结尾敬语
Application Letter Format
?Salutation: “Dear Mr./Ms.______”. If you do not have the name of your prospective 未来的employer, you should write “To whom it may concern.”
?First paragraph: introduce yourself and the reason you are writing. Tell the employer what job you are applying for and how you heard about it. If you have a mutual contact, you should mention them. ?Middle paragraph: explain why you are qualified for the job. Don’t simply repeat what is on your re sume 简历, but explain how each item on your resume proves you will be a good worker. For example, do not say “I worked for one year at an advertising company.” Instead, say “My experience in advertising has given me skills in writing, people skills, and creative thinking.”说的要比简历更具体，学到了什么要说出来。?Final paragraph: thank the employer for considering you for the position.
?Complimentary Close: “Sincerely, ______”
?
Inquiry Letters
?Inquiry letters are sent to companies that you hope are hiring but that have not advertised a specific job opening.给不招人的公司发简历。
?In an inquiry letter, you should explain why you are interested in the company as well as why you believe you would be a good addition to the company. You should also include your contact information.
Inquiry Letter Format
?Salutation: “Dear Mr./Ms._____”
?First paragraph: explain why you are interested in the c ompany.
?Second paragraph: explain how your work experience or interest would mak e you a good employer at the company.
?Third paragraph: express y our interest in working at the company and thank the em ployer for their time.
?Complimentary close: “Sincerely”
Application Letter Practice
?Employer: Mr. Smith, the head of a local high school
?Position: 9th grade English teacher
?How you heard of the position: Mr. Smith put an advertisement on the job website https://www.doczj.com/doc/c215108784.html,
Example
Dear Mr./Ms. LastName,
Please accept my application for the teaching assistant position advertised on Craig's List. I would like to continue to develop my teaching skills while creating a challenging and fun learning environment for students. The middle school age group is particularly appealing to me, because students are very impressionable, interested in learning, and open to new concepts.
I am very well qualified and would be an asset to the school because of my experience working as a teaching assistant for XYZ School. I have worked with both elementary and middle school teachers, as well as camp directors to develop curricula that meet the needs of students. I enjoy tutoring students and helping them build confidence in their ability to achieve, both academically and socially. In addition, I have artistic and computer skills that will be an asset when developing class projects.
I have attached my resume for your review. Thank you for considering my application. I would appreciate the opportunity to interview and look forward to hearing from you in the near future.
Sincerely, Your Signature Your Typed Name
Welcome to the Purdue OWL
This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (https://www.doczj.com/doc/c215108784.html,/). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom. Contributors: Paul Lynch, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli.
Summary: This handout discusses the differences between indefinite articles (a/an) and definite articles (the). Using Articles冠词
What is an article? Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns.
English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns. We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article.
the = definite article定冠词
a/an = indefinite article不定冠词
For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book.
If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean any book rather than a specific book.
Here's another way to explain it: The is used to refer to a specific or particular member of a group. For example, "I just saw the most popular movie of the year." There are many movies, but only one particular movie is the most popular. Therefore, we use the.
"A/an" is used to refer to a non-specific or non-particular member of the group. For example, "I would like to go see a movie." Here, we're not talking about a specific movie. We're talking about any movie. There are many movies, and I want to see any movie. I don't have a specific one in mind.
Let's look at each kind of article a little more closely.
Indefinite Articles: a and an
"A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group. For example: ?"My daughter really wants a dog for Christmas." This refers to any dog. We don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog yet.
?"Somebody call a policeman!" This refers to any policeman. We don't need a specific policeman; we need any policeman who is available.
?"When I was at the zoo, I saw an elephant!" Here, we're talking about a single, non-specific thing, in this case an elephant. There are probably several elephants at the zoo, but there's only one we're talking
about here.
Remember, using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word. So...
? a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog
?an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot; an orphan ? a + singular noun beginning with a consonant sound: a user (sounds like 'yoo-zer,' i.e. begins with a consonant 'y' sound, so 'a' is used);a university; a unicycle单轮车
?an + nouns starting with silent "h": an hour
? a + nouns starting with a pronounced "h": a horse
o In some cases where "h" is pronounced, such as "historical," you can use an. However, a is more commonly used and preferred.
A historical event is worth recording.
Remember that these rules also apply when you use acronyms首字母缩略词:
Introductory Composition at Purdue (ICaP) handles first-year writing at the University. Therefore, an ICaP memo generally discusses issues concerning English 106 instructors.
Another case where this rule applies is when acronyms start with consonant letters but have vowel sounds:
An MSDS (material safety data sheet) was used to record the data. An SPCC plan (Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures plan) will help us prepare for the worst.
If the noun is modified by an adjective, the choice between a and an depends on the initial sound of the adjective that immediately follows the article:
EG: a broken egg
?an unusual problem
? a European country (sounds like 'yer-o-pi-an,' i.e. begins with consonant 'y' sound)
Remember, too, that in English, the indefinite articles are used to indicate membership in a group:
?I am a teacher. (I am a member of a large group known as teachers.)
?Brian is an Irishman. (Brian is a member of the people known as Irish.)
?Seiko is a practicing Buddhist. (Seiko is a member of the group of people known as Buddhists.) Definite Article: the
The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular特指哪一个. The signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group. For example: "The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking about a specific dog, the dog that bit me.
"I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat!" Here, we're talking about a particular policeman. Even if we don't know the policeman's name, it's still a particular policeman because it is the one who saved the cat.
"I saw the elephant at the zoo." Here, we're talking about a specific noun. Probably there is only one elephant at the zoo.
Count and Noncount Nouns
The can be used with noncount nouns, or the article can be omitted entirely.
?"I love to sail over the water" (some specific body of water) or "I love to sail over water" (any water).
?"He spilled the milk all over the floor" (some specific milk, perhaps the milk you bought earlier that day) or "He spilled milk all over the floor" (any milk).
"A/an" can be used only with count nouns.
?"I need a bottle of water."
?"I need a new glass of milk."
Most of the time, you can't say, "She wants a water," unless you're implying, say, a bottle of water. Geographical use of the地理上用THE
There are some specific rules for using “the “with geographical nouns.
Do not use the before:
?names of most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however,the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, the United States
?names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami
?names of street s: Washington Blvd., Main St.
?names of lakes and bays港湾: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes
?names of mountain s: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of mountains
like the Andes or the Rockies or unusual names like theMatterhorn
?names of continent s (Asia, Europe)
?names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains
like the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands
Do use the before:
?names of rivers, oceans and seas:the Nile, the Pacific
?points on the globe: the Equator, the North Pole
?geographical area s: the Middle East, the West
?deserts, forests, gulfs海湾, and peninsulas半岛: the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula
Omission of Articles
Some common types of nouns that don't take an article are:
?Names of languages and nationalities: Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian (unless you are referring to the population of the nation: "The Spanish are known for their warm hospitality.") ?Names of sports:volleyball, hockey, baseball
?Names of academic subject s: mathematics, biology, history, computer science
Articles
Distinction between the Indefinite Article (a or an) and the Definite Article (the). There is also a high percentage of nouns occurring without any article, or what is called Zero Article (?).
Basic forms of articles and the types of noun that they precede
Noun-type
Common Proper
Definite indefinite
Countable and countable non-countable
non-countable
singular singular plural
and plural
begins with begins with
and vowel consonant vowel
the a an ? ? ?
Exercise 1
Identify where a better choice of article (a, an, the, ?) could have been made.
My friend wants to be dentist. She is studying now in the England. It is not easy thing for her, because teachers she has there speak too fast, and she is one of the older students, not full of an energy like teenager. Also she works as typist during morning every day to earn a money for her studies. She has the hard life now, but she will have important career later.
Exercise 2
In the following text, from a home repair manual, the articles have been removed, for each space, write down which article you think was removed plus any other article (including zero ?) you think would be acceptable in that space.
If ________ water persists in running into _________ tank, remove ________ top and jiggle ________ float until _________ water stops. If you are unsuccessful, stop ________ flow of ________ water by closing _______ valve beneath _______ tank. If ________ bowl fills and won't drain, use _______ plumber's helper. It should have ________protruding narrow cup at _________ end designed for use in________ toilets. Press firmly into ________ drain hole and work it up and down rapidly for _______ dozen thrusts.
Book Reports
Format格式
?Introduction介绍
?Characters人物
?Themes主题
?Plot Summary情景总结
?Evaluation评价（最多的）
Introduction
?Briefly introduce the title, author, setting, and plot of the book.
?Example: The Liar, written by Stephen Fry, is a novel about the value and the consequences of lying. The novel takes place in 20th century England and follows the life of Adrian Healey, a university student whose constant lying suddenly lands him in the middle of international espionage.
Characters
?Briefly introduce and describe the main characters o f the novel.
?Example:
–Adrian Healey, the protagonist of the novel, is a university student who finds life dull and tries to make it more interesting by inventing false stories to astound his friends and acquaintances.
–Professor Donald Trefusis, Adrian’s profess or and mentor, decides to teach Adrian a lesson by tricking him into believing he has accidentally become involved with international spies.
Themes
?Summarize one or two major themes o f the novel.
?Example: “The most prominent theme in The Liar is, unsurprisingly, dishonesty. The novel explores the definition of a lie, as well as the moral concepts that society attaches to the act of lying.
Plot Summary
?Summarize the plot of the novel. You do not need to go into excessive 过多的detail; instead, focus on the most important events of the novel. ？Don’t forget the conclusion--in a book report, it’s okay to give away the ending.
Evaluation
?Present your own opinion of the novel. What are its strengths and weaknesses? Do you think it achieved its goals (for example, do you think it was meant to teach any lessons or values)? Would you recommend this book to a friend? Why or why not?
Final Exam
Part One: Grammar and Vocabulary
?Article usage
?Adjective usage
?Synonyms
Part 2: Knowledge Test
?Newspapers
–Sections
–Writing style
–Citations
?Cover letters
–Types of cover letters
–Format
?Book Reports
–Format and content
Part 3: Writing Prompt
?News writing prompt
?Free write
Evaluation
?Evaluate the class: What was your favorite part of this class? What activities or assignments did you find the most helpful? What did you find the least helpful?
?Evaluate yourself: How well do you think you have done in this class? If your grade were based on just your writing and your participation, what grade do you think you would deserve to get? Give examples of how you have worked hard and improved in this class. You may also comment on ways in which you hope to improve even more.
高考英语作文万能短语 1first, second, third……首先，第二，第三….. 2firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally首先，第二，第三，最后 3to begin with, then, furthermore, finally首先，然后，其次，最后 4to start with, next, in addition, finally首先，然后，其次，最后 5first of all, besides, last but not least首先，其次，最后 6most important of all, moreover, finally最重要的，其次，最后 7on the one hand, on the other hand 适用于两点的情况一方面，另一方面 8for one thing, for another 适用于两点的情况一方面，另一方面 英语作文：短语优先原则 写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处： 其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。 其二、凑字数，用短语是一个办法! 比如：I cannot bear it.我无法忍受它了。可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.我无法忍受它了。I want it.我想要它。 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.我想要它。 It’s important.这个很重要。 可以用短语表达: It’s of great importance.这个很重要。 英语作文：过渡语原则 并列用语： as well as也 not only…but also不仅……还 including,包括 英语作文：对比用语 on one hand 一方面
公文写作基础知识 第一节公文概述 什么是公文?公文是公务文书的简称，它是一级机关在行政管理过程中为处理公务而按规定格式制作的书面材料。 公文是党组织、国家机关、企业、事业、团体、学校等在党务活动、政务活动、技术活动和经济活动等公务活动中的产物；公文还是宣布和传达政策法令、指导工作、报告和商洽国家事务的一种工具。 公文具有直接生效的指导作用。这种指导作用包括命令作用、法律作用、执行作用、指示作用、宣传作用、教育作用、交涉作用……等等。 写作公文不能离开政策和法律，必须符合党和政府的方针、政策和法规、法律。只有不断提高公文写作水平，才能不断提高办文质量，使公文发挥它的特殊的功用。 根据国务院办公厅1993年11月发布的《国家行政机关公文处理办法》规定，我国现行的国家行政机关公文分12类13种：①命令(令)；②议案；③决定；④指示；⑤公告、通告；⑥通知；⑦通报；⑧报告；⑨请示；10 批复；11 函； 12 会议纪要。根据中央中央办公厅1996年5月印发的《中国共产党机关公文处理条例》规定，我国现行的各级党的机关公文有14种：①决议；②决定；③指示；④意见；⑤通知；⑥通报；⑦公报；⑧报告；⑨请示；10 批复；11 条例； 12 规定；13 函；14 会议纪要。 以上两个文件是党政机关公文制发的依据，同时也成为企事业单位、社会团体、行业等选择通用公文文种的依据。当然一些专职机关，如军事、外交、经济、法律等的机构另有一些专用公文。 公文的处理程序一般包括：①收文；②分办、批办；③催办；④拟稿；⑤审核、签发；⑥编号、印发；⑦立卷（归档）； ⑧销毁。与写作有直接关系的是拟稿。 二、公文的格式与要素 三、公文具有规定的格式，公文要按规定的格式写作。这样可以保证公文的完整性、准确性和程序性，并且便于公文的处理，提高办文的工作效率。 公文的格式要素一般包括： （一）发文机关（版头） 发文机关即公文的作者，发文机关应写机关全称或规范化的简称。同级政府、政府各部门、上级政府部门与下级政府可以联合行文，各级政府及其部门与同级常委、军队、人民团体和行使行政职能的事业单位、公司也可联合行文。几个机关联合行文，应将主办机关排列在前。 版头是发文机关的标记。目前我国使用的公文版头有以下三种： １、由发文机关全称或规范化简称加“文件”两字组成，以大字套红居中，印在文件首页上端，俗称“大版头”。例如，“浙江省人民政府文件”、“浙江省人事厅文件”。 ２、由发文机关全称或规范化简称加圆括号标注文种名称，俗称“小版头”。例如，“浙江省人民政府（通知）”、“××市教育委员会（函）”。 ３、印有发文机关全称的公函纸，作为版头。 至于几个机关联合行文的，可用公文主办机关一家版头，也可用所有联合行文机关的版头。 （二）公文份号〖HT〗公文份号是同一公文印制若干份时每份的顺序编号，位于版头左上角，用阿拉伯数字标识，用以掌握每份公文的流向。绝密、机密公文应标明份号。 （三）秘密等级〖HT〗公文的秘密等级分为“绝密”、“机密”、“秘密”三种，由发文机关依据《中华人民共和国保守国家秘密法》及其《实施细则》、中央和国家各部、委、办、局制订的国家秘密及其密级具体范围的规定等确定，标注在版头左上角“公文份号”之下。其具体标识为“★”，“★”前标密级，后标保密期限。没有标上保密期限的，绝密、机密、秘密分别可按３０年、２０年、１０年认定。 （四）紧急程度 紧急程度是指对公文送达和办理速度的要求。紧急公文分为“特急”、“急”两种，标注在版头左上角“秘密等级”下。电报分别标注“特急”、“加急”。 （五）发文字号〖HT〗发文字号是指发文机关编制的公文代号，简称文号。发文字号由发文机关代字、发文年度、发文顺序号三部分组成。其中发文年度用六角括号括入。如国务院1998年制发的第１２号文件，发文字号为“国发〔1998〕１２号”。发文字号位于版头与红线之间的正中处，用公函纸制发的，位于标题右上侧。几个机关联合发文，一般只标明主办机关发文字号。 （六）签发人 签发人与签署不同。签署是某些需要以本机关行政首长名义发布的公文，由其签名或加盖签名章后才能发出。签
1、具有别人不可比拟的优势have an incomparable advantage over others 2、承担责任assume one’s responsibility Parents should assume their responsibility to educate their kids. 3、基础知识rudimentary /fundamental knowledge 4、缺乏自信lack of confidence 5、适应adapt oneself to I try to adapt myself to the new environment. 6、头脑简单simple-minded without the proper education, children will become simple-minded 7、拥有明显优势possess an apparent advantage over 8、智慧ability and wisdom 9、摆脱get rid of 10、充分准备full preparation passing the ielts requires your full preparation. 11、感情交流emotional contact 12、过去的辉煌和成绩past glory and achievement 13、积极参加active participation 14、交际能力social skill 15、教学设施teaching facilities 16、老师和校方领导school teacher and administrator 17、强烈的失落感 a strong sense of loss 18、使熟悉acquaint oneself with acquaint myself with the oversea academic circumstances 19、消除孤独感和不适应感remove loneliness and disorientation 20、校方school authorities 21、校园活动campus activity 22、昂贵的学费costly tuition fee 23、毕生的记忆lifelong memories Studying under Mr.zhang’s instruction will always be my 24、辨明是非distinguish right from wrong 25、成就感a sense of achievement 26、抵挡住诱惑resist the temptation 27、独立思考和学习independent thinking and learning 28、高素质、有经验的老师highly qualified, well-experienced teaching staff 29、极大的财富an immense asset 30、尖端科学advanced science 31、经济负担financial burden/ strain 32、开阔视野widen one’s horizon/broaden one’s mind 33、跨文化交际cross-cultural communication 34、扩大知识面broaden one’s scope of knowledge 35、全身心投入be immersed in I might as well be immersed in learning another tongue. 36、人才短缺shortage of talent 37、人际交往能力interpersonal skill 38、伤感情的emotionally damaging 39、适应性强的be more adaptable 41、脱颖而出stand out from the crowd The new policy will enable those who stand out from the crowd to receive better education. 42、一流的设备first-rate facilities 43、易受到社会恶习腐蚀be vulnerable to social evils 44、语言障碍language barrier
2019年最新公文写作基础知识真题及答案 现代公文主要指党政机关在实施领导和行政管理过程中形成的具有法定效力和规范体式的文书，是进行领导管理和公务活动的重要工具。也泛指各级各类机关、社会团体、企事业单位制订、使用的公务文书。下文是本人收集的公文写作基础知识的真题及答案。 2019年最新公文写作基础知识真题及答案 一、单项选择题 1.联合行文时，作者应是( 1 )。 A.同级机关 B.同一系统的机关 C.三个以上的机关 D.行政主管机关与业务指导机关 2.维护文件的高度严密性是指( 2 )。 A.公文的保密性 B.公文语言结构的严密 c.公文行文程序的严密 D.施行办法的严密 3.公文中的祈使句常常依靠( 2)。 A.语气词表述 B.惯用的句式表达 c.感叹词表达 D.无主句表达 4.为了维护政令一致，凡下行公文( 3 )。 A.都要向上级请示 B.都要和有关机关协商 c.内容涉及其他机关的职权范围时，行文前应与其协商一致 D.都与有关部门联合发文 5.供受文者使用的具有法定效用的正式文本，格式规范并具备各种生效标志的稿本称作( 3 )。 A.草稿 B.定稿 C.正本 D.副本
6.公文区别于其他信息记录的特点是( 4 )。 A.传播知识 B.具备查考价值 c.书面文字材料 D.具 备法定的权威性 7.用于记载会议主要精神和议定事项的公文是( 3 )。 A.决议 B.会议记录 C.会议纪要 D.议案 8.当问题重大，确急需直接上级和更高层次的上级机关同时了解公文内容时，可采用( 3 )的方式。 A.越级行文 B.直接行文 C.多级行文 D，同时行文 9.公文要选择适宜的行文方式，一般不得( 3 )。 A.逐级行文 B.多级行文 c.越级行文 D.直接行文 10.公文的形成与发挥作用须依赖于( 2)。1 A.公文处理 B.收文处理 c.发文处理 D.办毕公文处 理 11.由机关领导对发文稿批注核准发出的意见并签署 姓名及日期的活动，是发文处理中的( 4 )。 A.会商 B.审核 C.注发 D.签发 12.调查报告的结构一般包括( 1 )。 A.标题、导语、正文、结语 B.标题、正文、落款 c.开头、导语、主体、结尾 D.标题、正文、结语 13.以强制力推行的用以规定各种行为规范的法规、 规章属于( 1 )。 A.规范性文件 B.领导指导性文件 c.呈请性文件 D. 证明性文件 14.内容重要并紧急需要打破常规优先传递处理的文件，叫作( 4 )。 A.平行 B.加急件 C.特急件 D，急件 15.决定必须由( 4)。
公文写作与处理试题及参考答案 第一部分选择题 一、单项选择题 本大题共３０小题，每小题１分，共３０分在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 １．公文区别于其他文章的主要之点是 Ａ．公文形成的主体是国家机关及其他社会组织 Ｂ．公文形成的条件是行使职权和实施管理 Ｃ．公文是具有法定效用与规范格式的文件 Ｄ．公文是办理公务的重要工具之一 ２．《关于××厂进口ＳＤ６型自动车床的请示》，作者是 Ａ．××厂Ｂ．××厂的负责人 Ｃ．起草文件的刘秘书 Ｄ．签发文件的董厂长 ３．不相隶属的机关之间联系工作，应当用 Ａ．通报Ｂ．通知Ｃ．函Ｄ．意见 ４．下列撰写公文常见的缺点，属于“语句表述不完整”的问题是 Ａ．滥用省略Ｂ．篇幅冗长 Ｃ．交代不明Ｄ．眉目不清 ５．下列“请示”的结束语中得体的是 Ａ．以上事项，请尽快批准 Ｂ．以上所请，如有不同意，请来函商量 Ｃ．所请事关重大，不可延误，务必于本月１０日前答复 Ｄ．以上所请，妥否﹖请批复 ６．几个机关联合发文，只能标明
Ａ．主办机关的发文字号 Ｂ．所有机关的发文字号 Ｃ．至少两个机关的发文字号 Ｄ．根据情况临时规定的发文字号 ７．一般应标识签发负责人姓名的文件是 Ａ．上行文Ｂ．平行文 Ｃ．下行文Ｄ．越级行文 ８．主送机关是 Ａ．有隶属关系的上级机关 Ｂ．受理公文的机关Ｃ．收文机关 Ｄ．需要了解公文内容的机关 ９．下列文种必须以领导人签发日期为成文日期的是 Ａ．会议报告Ｂ．条例 Ｃ．工作总结Ｄ．请示 １０．特殊情况越级向上行文，应抄送给 Ａ．直属上级机关Ｂ．直属下级机关 Ｃ．系统内的所有同级机关 Ｄ．有业务联系的机关 １１．“请示”可以直接交给领导者个人的是 Ａ．领导人直接交办的事项 Ｂ．与领导人直接相关的事项 Ｃ．重要文件Ｄ．机密文件 １２．下列哪个事由，根据《办法》，不可以使用“决定” Ａ．严惩严重破坏社会治安的犯罪分子的工作安排 Ｂ．大兴安岭森林特大火灾事故的处理
常见公文写作格式与范文 公文格式（函、请示、报告、通知、规定的公文格式）之一 函的写作格式 一、函的概念 函是不相隶属机关之间相互洽工作、询问和答复问题，或者向有关主管部门请求批准事项时所使用的公文。 函作为公文中惟一的一种平行文种，其适用的范围相当广泛。在行文方向上，不仅可以在平行机关之间行文，而且可以在不相隶属的机关之间行文，其中包括上级机关或者下级机关行文。在适用的内容方面，它除了主要用于不相隶属机关相互洽工作、询问和答复问题外，也可以向有关主管部门请求批准事项，向上级机关询问具体事项、请示较小事宜，还可以用于上级机关答复下级机关的询问或请求批准事项，以及上级机关催办下级机关有关事宜，如要求下级机关函报报表、材料、统计数字等。通知一般事项，如通知召开一般性会议。此外，函有时还可用于上级机关对某件原发文件作较小的补充或更正。不过这种情况并不多见。 二、函的特点 （一）沟通性。函对于不相隶属机关之间相互洽工作、询问和答复问题，起着沟通作用，充分显示平行文种的功能，这是其他公文所不具备的特点。（二）灵活性。表现在两个方面：一是行文关系灵活。函是平行公文，但是它除了平行行文外，还可以向上行文或向下行文，没有其他文种那样严格的特殊行文关系的限制。二是格式灵活，除了国家高级机关的主要函必须按
照公文的格式、行文要求行文外，其他一般函，比较灵活自便，也可以按照公文的格式及行文要求办。可以有文头版，也可以没有文头版，不编发文字号，甚至可以不拟标题。 （三）单一性。函的主体内容应该具备单一性的特点，一份函只宜写一件事项。 三、函的分类。 （一）按性质分，可以分为公函和便函两种。公函用于机关单位正式的公务活动往来；便函则用于日常事务性工作的处理。便函不属于正式公文，没有公文格式要求，甚至可以不要标题，不用发文字号，只需要在尾部署上机关单位名称、成文时间并加盖公章即可。 （二）按发文目的分。函可以分为发函和复函两种。发函即主动提出了公事事项所发出的函。复函则是为回复对方所发出的函。 （三）另外，从内容和用途上，还可以分为洽事宜函，通知事宜函，催办事宜函，邀请函、请示答复事宜函，转办函，催办函，报送材料函等等。 四、函的结构、内容和写法 由于函的类别较多，从制作格式到内容表述均有一定灵活机动性。主要介绍规范性公函的结构、内容和写法。 公函由首部、正文和尾部三部分组成。其各部分的格式、内容和写法要求如下： （一）首部。主要包括标题、主送机关两个项目内容。 1、标题。 2、主送机关。
公文写作基础知识 一、公文的定义和分类 （一）定义 公文，是公务活动中所形成和使用的文字材料，是方针、政策、法规、政令和信息、情况的表现者、运载者，是机关实施管理的基本手段和重要工具，发挥着上令下达、下情上报和信息沟通的重要作用。公文贯穿机关管理工作的始终。我们要向上级报告情况，需要写成文件；我们要向基层单位安排什么工作，提工作要求，需要写成公文印发下去，备查、备用，便于基层照章执行；我们要告知社会公众一个什么决定，也要印制成公文。因此，公文写作与我们每一个机关事业单位工作人员息息相关，可以说，具备较强的公文写作能力，是每一个机关事业单位工作人员的基本素质要求。当前，各级各部门都十分缺乏优秀的文秘工作人员，重视公文写作、加强公文写作，对于年轻人来说，具有更加积极的作用。 （二）分类 1、按照制文机关的种类划分：党务机关公文、行政机关公文、司法机关公文、军事机关公文、企事业单位公文、社会团体公文。
2、按照行文方向划分：上行公文（向上级单位行文）、平行公文（向平级单位行文）、下行公文（向下级单位行文）。草拟公文前，必须弄清楚行文方向，才能确定文种、内容、措辞等。 3、按照保密程度划分：绝密公文、机密公文、秘密公文、内部材料、普通公文5种。我们在起草或者管理公文时，必须要按照该公文的秘密等级来处理，涉及秘密问题的，不能泄密。 4、按照紧急程度划分：特提公文、特急公文、加急公文、平急公文、普通公文5种。 5、按照使用范围划分：通用公文和专用公文。决定、通知、通报、报告、请示、批复、意见、函、会议纪要等全是通用公文；司法类的公文、经济类的公文、任免类公文、议案、提案、建议等等，属专用公文。 6、按照规范性和颁发程序的规范程度、行政约束力的强弱划分：规范性公文和非规范性公文。 规范性公文有13种：命令、决定、公告、通告、通知、通报、议案、报告、请示、批复、意见、函、会议纪要。 非规范性公文：除规范性公文以外的公文。常用的非规范性通用公文有调查报告、工作计划类、工作总结类、提案、
四六级英语作文常用词组及短语 一、用于驳性和比较性论文 1. In general, I don’t agree with 2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water. 3. The chief reason why… is that… 4.There is no true that… 5. It is not true that… 6. It can be easily denied than… 7. We have no reason to believe that… 8. What is more serious is that… 9. But it is pity that… 10. Besides, we should not neglect that… 11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore… 12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that… 13. Perhaps I was question why… 14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to… 15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but 16. What seems to be the trouble is… 17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that… 18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…
一、单项选择题 1，联合行文时，作者应是( )。 A．同级机关B．同一系统的机关 C．三个以上的机关D．行政主管机关与业务指导机关 2．维护文件的高度严密性是指( )。 A．公文的保密性B．公文语言结构的严密 c．公文行文程序的严密D．施行办法的严密 3．公文中的祈使句常常依靠( )。 A．语气词表述B．惯用的句式表达 c．感叹词表达D．无主句表达 4．为了维护政令一致，凡下行公文( )。 A．都要向上级请示 B．都要和有关机关协商 c．内容涉及其他机关的职权范围时，行文前应与其协商一致 D．都与有关部门联合发文 5．供受文者使用的具有法定效用的正式文本，格式规范并具备各种生效标志的稿本称作( )。 A．草稿B．定稿 C．正本D．副本 6．公文区别于其他信息记录的特点是( )。 A．传播知识B．具备查考价值 c．书面文字材料D．具备法定的权威性 7．用于记载会议主要精神和议定事项的公文是( )。 A．决议B．会议记录 C．会议纪要D．议案 8．当问题重大，确急需直接上级和更高层次的上级机关同时了解公文内容时，可采用( ) 的方式。 A．越级行文B．直接行文 C．多级行文D，同时行文 9．公文要选择适宜的行文方式，一般不得( )。 A．逐级行文B．多级行文 c．越级行文D．直接行文 10．公文的形成与发挥作用须依赖于( )。 A．公文处理B．收文处理 c．发文处理D．办毕公文处理 11．由机关领导对发文稿批注核准发出的意见并签署姓名及日期的活动，是发文处理中的( )。 A．会商B．审核 C．注发D．签发 12．调查报告的结构一般包括( )。 A．标题、导语、正文、结语B．标题、正文、落款 c．开头、导语、主体、结尾D．标题、正文、结语 13．以强制力推行的用以规定各种行为规范的法规、规章属于( )。 A．规范性文件B．领导指导性文件 c．呈请性文件D．证明性文件 14．内容重要并紧急需要打破常规优先传递处理的文件，叫作( )。 A．平行B．加急件 C．特急件D，急件 15．决定必须由( )。 A．党政机关联合发文B．会议讨论之后才能发文
英文写作常用句型和短语 第一节开头段句型模板，也叫万能开头段。 一、对立法 先引出其他人的不同看法，然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法，适用于有争议性的主题。 1. When asked about..., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that …. But I think / view a bit differently. 2. When it comes to ...., some people believe that…. Others argue/claim that the opposite / reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but I tend to the former/latter. 3. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed /held /acknowledged that..... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether..... 二、现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题，然后评论。 1. Recently the rise in the problem/phenomenon of ... has cause/aroused public / popular / wide / worldwide concern. 2. Recently the issue of the problem/phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus / into public attention. 3. Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. 三、观点法 开门见山，直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法。 1. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to
考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。 1）first, second, third……首先，第二，第三….. 2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally首先，第二，第三，最后 3）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally首先，然后，其次，最后 4）to start with, next, in addition, finally首先，然后，其次，最后 5）first of all, besides, last but not least首先，其次，最后 6）most important of all, moreover, finally最重要的，其次，最后 7）on the one hand, on the other hand （适用于两点的情况）一方面，另一方面 8）for one thing, for another （适用于两点的情况）一方面，另一方面 短语优先原则 写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处： 其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。 其二、凑字数，用短语是一个办法！ 比如：I cannot bear it.我无法忍受它了。可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.我无法忍受它了。I want it.我想要它。 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.我想要它。 It’s important.这个很重要。 可以用短语表达: It’s of great importance.这个很重要。 过渡语原则 并列用语： as well as也 not only…but (also)不仅……还 including,包括 对比用语： on one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 on the contrary相反的 though 尽管 for one thing一方面 for another另一方面 nevertheless然而 递进用语： even甚至 besides除了 what’s more还有 as for至于 so…that… 太….以至于….. worse still更糟糕的是 Moreover并且 furthermore更进一步 but for要不是 in addition另外
叙事文常用的句子间连接词： At first; at last; in the end… then/next/after that… when/while/as soon as/not… until… at the same time; at times; once in a while; so that To one’s surprise/joy Luckily/fortunately/unluckily/unfortunately… in a word/in all 议论文常用连接词 表示并列：eit her…or; neither…nor; both…and; not only…but also; 表示递进的：besides; what’s more; what’s worse; (moreover); 表示原因的：because; for…; because of…; thanks to…; (for the reason that…); 表示结果的：so; as a result; so…that…; therefore; 表示目的的：so that…; in order that…; (in order) to…; for…; 表示对比的：while; on the one hand + on the other hand; Each coin has two sides.; prefer…to…; would rather do…than do…; 表示转折的：however; but; 表示举例的：for example; for instance; such as…; like…; that is to say… 表示总结的：in all/short; in a word; in brief/ total; last but not least; last; 表示利弊的：be good/bad for sb.; be harmful to sb.; do harm to sb.; …have great/much influence on sb.; sth. benefit sb.; sb benefit from sth.; affect; have an effect on sb.; 表示喜爱的：love/like/enjoy…; be fond of…; be interested in…; show great interest in…; lose oneself in…; put one’s heart into…; 表达个人想法的：I think/believe…; (as) for me; in my opinion/view; as a student; from the bottom of my heart; personally;
英语作文常用高级词汇英语作文常用高级短语 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载， 英语作文一直是中学英语教学的薄弱环节,如果教师对于学生的引导不到位,就会出现阅读教学的读、写分离现象。下面，是小编为你整理的英语作文常用高级短语，希望对你有帮助!英语作文常用高级短语篇1 1. 经济的快速发展the rapiddevelopment of economy 2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard 3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology 4.面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that… 6.社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development 7.引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention 8.不可否认Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that… 9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate 10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue 11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument 12.一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others… 13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 14.就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on… 15.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons
公文写作常识讲稿 各位部长、主任，姐妹们： 大家下午好！ 今天能够在这里和大家一起交流公文写作知识，我感到非常高兴。首先要感谢集团公司工会女职工部给我提供这样一个平台，同时也要感谢大家，在百忙中抽出时间参加这个讲座。 开办巾帼大讲堂，是女职工素质提升工程的重要举措之一。在今年年初的淮北矿业女职工工作安排意见中，就提出要发挥“巾帼大讲堂”的平台作用，开展高层次培训。通过开办形势任务、心理疏导、应用文写作、中国传统文化探源、魅力女性塑造等方面的课程，引领女职工的学习方向，开拓女职工视野。 今天我和大家交流的是《公文写作常识》，这堂课可能要比较枯燥一些。因为公文本身就是一种实用文体，不像文学作品那么感人。但是，作为应用文体，我们却时时刻刻也离不开它。它是社会生活中应用最为广泛的文体，办理某件事，处理某个问题，开展某项活动，交流某些经验，都需要通过公文才能有效的完成。所以尽管枯燥一点，我们还是有必要探讨下去。 我们先讲第一个问题：《公文概述》。 公文，是处理或联系公务的文件。它属于应用文范畴，
一般指各类机关在管理活动中产生的，按照严格的、法定的生效程序和规范的格式制定的，具有传递信息和记录作用的载体。它也是处理各类公务的重要工具。 大家知道，诗歌起源于劳动，文章产生于应用。我国最古老的诗歌《弹歌》，就八个字：“断竹，续竹，飞土，逐肉。”大意是：砍下竹子，做成弓箭，射出土弹丸，猎取野兽做美餐。这是一首远古民歌，反映了原始社会狩猎的生活。《弹歌》选自《吴越春秋》，东汉赵晔编写。还有汉乐府民歌《采莲曲》：“江南可采莲，莲叶何田田。”朗朗上口，情景交融，给人以审美享受。 公文就不一样了。翻开《古文观止》，晁错《论贵粟疏》、诸葛亮《前出师表》、魏徵《谏太宗十思疏》、史可法《请出师讨贼疏》、康有为《公车上书》等，读起来特别枯燥。还有古代朝廷宣布诏书，开头是：“奉天承运皇帝诏曰”；结尾是：“布告天下，咸使闻知”都有严格的文章格式。 说到公文的产生与发展，有一位女子不能不提。她就是被人称为“巾帼首相”的上官婉儿。在中国古代十大才女之中婉儿与众不同的是，她不仅是一位女诗人，她还是唐代一位杰出的女官员，专门为武则天掌文诰，起草朝廷的文书。上官婉儿(公元664－公元7XX年)，是陕州陕县（今属河南）人。她的祖父上官仪是唐代名臣，麟德元年也就是婉儿刚刚出生的那一年，上官仪因替高宗起草将废武则天的诏书，被
公文写作基本常识 通报等公文，叫普发公文，凡下属机关都是受文机关，也就是发文的主送机关；下级机关向上级机关报告或请示的公文，一般只写一个主送机关，如需同时报送另一机关，可彩抄报形式。主送机关一般写在正文之前、标题之下、顶行写。 三、正文。这是公文的主体，是叙述公文具体内容的，为公文最重要的部分。正文内容要求准确地传达发文机关的有关方针、政策精神，写法力求简明扼要，条理清楚，实事求是，合乎文法，切忌冗长杂乱。请示问题应当一文一事，不要一文数事。 四、发文机关。写在正文的下面偏右处，又称落款。发文机关一般要写全称。也可盖印，不写发文机关。机关印章盖在公文末尾年月日的中间，作为发文机关对公文生效的凭证。 五、发文日期。公文必须注明发文日期，以表明公文从何时开始生效。发文日期位于公文的末尾、发文机关的下面并稍向右错开。发文日期必须写明发文日期的全称，以免日后考察时间发生困难。发文日期一般以领导人签发的日期为准。 六、主题词。一般是将文件的核心内容概括成几个词组列在文尾发文日期下方，如“人事任免通知”，“财务管理规定”等，词组之间不使用标点符号，用醒目的黑体字标出，以便分类归档。 七、抄报、抄送单位，是指需要了解此公文内容的有关单位。
送往单位是上级机关列为抄报，是平级或下级机关列为抄送。抄报、抄送单位名称列于文尾，即公文末页下端。为了整齐美观，文尾处的抄报抄送单位、印刷机关和印发时间，一般均用上下两条线隔开，主题词印在第一条线上，文件份数印在第二条线下。 八、文件版头。正式公文一般都有版头，标明是哪个机关的公文。版头以大红套字印上“××××××（机关）文件”，下面加一条红线（党的机关在红线中加一五角星）衬托。 九、公文编号。一般包括机关代字、年号、顺序号。如：“国发[1997]5号”，代表的是国务院一九九七年第五号发文。“国发”是国务院的代字，“[1997]”是年号，（年号要使用方括号“[ ]”），“5号”是发文顺序号。几个机关联合发文的，只注明主办机关的发文编号。编号的位置：凡有文件版头的，放在标题的上方红线与文头下面的正中位置；无文件版头的，放在标题下的右侧方。编号的作用：在于统计发文数量，便于公文的管理和查找；在引用公文时，可以作为公文的代号使用。 十、签发人。许多文件尤其是请示或报告，需要印有签发人名，以示对所发文件负责。签发人应排在文头部分，即在版头红线右上方，编号的右下方，字体较编号稍小。一般格式为“签发人：×××”。 十一、机密等级。机密公文应根据机密程度划分机密等级，分别注明“绝密”、“机密”、“秘密”等字样。机密等级由发文机
英语作文精彩短语80条 1 欣赏大自然的风景appreciate the scenery of nature 2 保护环境protect the environment 3 开拓视野broaden the horizon 4 松散身心relax oneself 5 启迪心灵enlighten the mind 6 追求理想seek after the ideal 7 实现抱负realize one's ambition 8 守信用keep one's promise 9 跟上时代keep up with the times 10 陶冶品德cultivate the character 11. 提升生活质量promote the qualities of life 12 强健身体build up the body 13 坚守原则stick to the principle 14 美化环境beautify the environment 15 关心社会be concerned about the society 16. 贡献国家contribute oneself to the country 17 作笔记take notes 18 使用参考书use reference books 19查字典to consult/refer to the dictionary 20 服从校规follow/observe the rules of the school 21 造成损害do damage to 22 对．．．有益benefit; to be beneficial to; be of great benefit to 23 对．．．有害be harmful to; do harm to; harm 24 造成不便cause inconvenience 25 造成混乱bring about the disorder 26 克服困难overcome/fet over the difficulty 27 面临困难be faced with/face the difficulty 28 气馁lose heart; to get discouraged 29 振作pull oneself together; to cheer up 30. 精神抖擞be ( feel ) refreshed 31感到振奋be encouraged / inspired 32 感到气馁be discouraged / frustrated 33 感到疲倦的be exhausted/be worn out/ be tired out 34 采取步骤take steps / to take measures/ to take action 35 缓和悲伤ease the sorrow； 36. 缓解压力：relieve the stress/pressure 37 解除紧张和焦虑relieve the tension and anxiety 38 承受负担bear/take the responsibility 39 考虑到take …into consideration/account 40 把握机会seize the opportunity 41 提升生活的水平raise the standard of living 42 有很深的了解have a deep understanding of 43 跟随流行follow the fashion 44 自立be independent; to stand on one's own 45英文很好have a good command/knowledge of English 46 有广泛的知识have a wide range of knowledge 47 喜爱艺术have passion for arts 48 扮演重要角色play an important role in 49 有．．．才能have a talent/gift for; be talented in/ be gifted in 50 选择make a choice 51 有很大的影响have a great influence on 52 予人．．．很深的印象make/leave a deep impression on 53 找借口make an excuse 54 冒险take chances/risks 55 牢记在心bear/keep .....in mind 56 背诵learn....by heart 57 对．．．充耳不闻to turn a deaf ear to 58 满足需要meet/satisfy the demands 59 有道理make sense 60. 产生不同make a great difference 61认为…重要attach great importance to 62 尽己所能do what one can 63 消磨时间kill time 64 增加生活的情趣increase the pleasures of life 65 逃避现实escape the reality 66 达到目标achieve the aim 67 奠定基础lay the foundation 68 进步make progress 69 失去连络lose track of; lose touch with sb 70 保持连络keep in touch with sb 71遇到交通阻塞be caught in a traffic jam 72 给．．．教训teach someone a lesson 73改过自新turn over a new leaf 74 引以为乐take delight in 75 兴奋be in high spirits/ be in good mood/ be wild with joy 76. 从中学到很多to learn a lot from 77. 树立楷模set a good example 78 不遗余力spare no efforts to 79不辞辛劳take the pains to 80. 努力去做make efforts to do sth