Sulzer Chemtech Process Technology
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Process Technology at Sulzer Chemtech
Sulzer Chemtech, a member of the Sulzer Corporation, with headquarters in Winterthur, Switzerland, is active in the field of process engineering, employing 3'000 persons worldwide. Sulzer Chemtech is represented in all important industrial countries setting standards in the fields of mass transfer and static mixing with its advanced and economical solutions.
Sulzer Chemtech is organized into four business units, one of which is the Process Technology group. This business unit was formed in early 2009 following the acquisition of Kühni, a Swiss company with more than 75 years experience in innovative separation processes. Today, Sulzer Chemtech Process Technology is headquartered in Allschwil (Basel), Switzerland.
By combining Sulzer's and former Kühni's proven process technologies and exper-tise, Sulzer Chemtech Process Technol-ogy is now uniquely positioned to offer process solutions for demanding, indus-trial separations based on an excellent portfolio of the following unit operations:? Distillation, absorption and reactive distil-lation
? Film evaporation
? Liquid-liquid extraction
? Crystallization
? Membrane separation
In addition, Sulzer Chemtech has exten-sive experience and know-how in provid-ing process solutions for a wide range of process applications such as:
? Solvent recovery
? Product purification
? Wastewater and vent gas treatment ? Food and beverage
? Biofuels and biochemicals
? Reaction technology
? Polymer production, including Polysty-rene (PS), Expandable Polystyrene (EPS) and Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) production This establishes our active position in the
following industry segments:
? Fine and specialty chemical industry
? Chemical and petrochemical industry
? Pharmaceutical industry
? Polymer production industry
? Food and beverage industry
? Biofuels and biorefinery industry
Our services and sales activities are orga-
nized globally, with the support of repre-
sentatives in all key countries of Europe,
Asia and the Americas. This way we are
close to our customers.
One of our core strengths is that the en-
tire project scope is provided from a single
point of responsibility. Our activities cover
the full project development cycle from the
initial conceptual design and testing up to
start-up of complete plant solutions. We
offer:
? Testing and sample production services,
provided by state-of-the-art laboratory
and pilot test centers
? Engineering services including feasibility
studies, plant optimization, revamp and
debottlenecking studies, and concep-
tual designs
? Basic and detail engineering packages
? Fabrication and supply of proprietary
and key process equipment
? Fabrication and supply of complete pro-
cess plants as modular units
? Project management, installation, com-
missioning, start-up and after sales ser-
vices
We have a proven track record in develop-
ing innovative solutions to complex sepa-
ration problems, where our unique and ex-
tensive experience in combining process
unit operations from our wide portfolio into
hybrid plant solutions is paramount. This,
together with our capabilities to supply
state-of-the-art process equipment and
complete plant solutions are key to our
success.
We are a reliable innovation partner and
preferred supplier for our customers glob-
ally. We deliver our solutions with guaran-
teed performance.
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Distillation, Absorption & Reactive Distillation
Distillation and Absorption
Distillation is the most commonly applied separation technology. Sulzer Chemtech has been supplying process solutions in this fi eld since 1940. To date more than 100'000 columns are operating with Sul-zer equipment, in over 500 different ap-plications.
Sulzer Chemtech is a leading expert and solutions provider for a range of distillation technologies:
? Continuous and batch distillation ? Single- and multi-stage distillation ? Extractive distillation ? Azeotropic distillation ? Pressure swing distillation ? Reactive distillation ? Divided wall columns
Our product portfolio includes a unique and complete range of the best perform-ing, state-of-the-art column internals:
Sulzer Chemtech has a long-standing experience in distillation and adsorption, with innovative solutions such as reactive distillation
? Structured packing (like MellapakPlus TM and BXPlus TM gauze packing)? Random packing
? Trays (conventional, high performance and cartridge trays)
? Column internals (like distributors and collectors)
? Vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid phase
separators (like KnitMesh TM
mist elimina-tors and Mellachevron TM vane packs)The design of distillation units is geared to deliver an improved product quality, increased capacity and reduced energy consumption. Design activities are sup-ported by computer simulations and in-house pilot plant testing. Our vast experi-ence and know-how in the fi eld of distil-lation combined with a profound under-standing of column hardware ensures we offer the optimum solution to our clients. We offer customers either a basic engi-neering package including key equipment (column shells, internals, heat exchangers and decanters), or a complete, often skid-mounted unit including process control and start-up support services.
Reactive Distillation
Reactive distillation is a state-of-the-art development combining distillation and chemical reaction in one single operat-ing unit. This technology is highly valuable for equilibrium-limited reactions, such as esterifi cation. The level of conversion is increased by continuously removing the reaction products from the reaction zone via distillation. In general, reactive distilla-tion units feature:
? Fewer distillation columns ? No or smaller recycle streams
? Utilization of heat of reaction for mass transfer
? Higher product yields ? Lower capital investment
? Lower energy costs
L i q u i d
G a s
Installation of a slit tray
Distillation column sketch with different internals
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Vacuum conditions and a short contact time of the product with a heated surface are two essential parameters to prevent secondary reactions (like polymerization and condensation) and to preserve or-ganoleptic properties (color, smell, taste), as required in many industries - food, fine chemical, pharmaceutical. These param-eters are incorporated in our film evapora-tion technologies.
Falling Film Evaporator
The tubular falling film evaporator is spe-cifically suited for processing temperature sensitive products with a low viscosity and tendency for fouling. It consists of a tube bundle crowned by a proprietary liquid distribution device, which ensures an ef-ficient and uniform distribution of the liquid to all the tubes, as well as a continuous film along the tube length.
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Film Evaporation
Sulzer Chemtech's film evaporation technology produces high-purity substances from heat sensitive and complex products
Usually the liquid and resulting vapors flow co-currently from the top to the bottom and a gas-liquid separator is applied to separate the exhaust streams. This sepa-rator is not required in counter-current applications (stripping) or when the falling film evaporator is used as a reboiler of a distillation column.
Thin or Wiped Film Evaporator
The thin or wiped film evaporator is the ideal apparatus for continuous processing of heat sensitive, viscous and/or fouling products. It consists of a single evapora-tion tube fitted with a mechanical rotating device that ensures a uniform distribution of the liquid on the heated surface, a con-stant mixing of the film and minimal fouling of the evaporation surface.
The vapors produced rise upwards, counter-currently to the liquid and, when required, pass trough a mist eliminator mounted in the top section. Thanks to the large cross-sectional area, the pressure drop across the evaporator is low (typi-cally less than 0.05 mbar) and operation in the vacuum range as low as 0.5 mbar is possible.
Short Path Evaporator
In the short path evaporator, a vertical condenser is placed inside the wiped evaporation chamber. This results in a very short distance between the heating and condensing surface. The pressure drop across the system is thus minimized and evaporation in the pressure range below 1 mbar is feasible. Due to the short
residence time, highly temperature sensi-tive substances and compounds with high molecular weight can be purified at high purities and yields.
Typical Applications
Sulzer Chemtech’s falling and thin film evaporators are widely used in the organic chemical industry, as column reboilers in (high) vacuum distillation systems. Other typical applications are:? Product purification ? Solvent recovery
? Concentration of solutions and slurries ? Crystallization ? Drying
? Treatment of industrial waste streams
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0611 4505Test rig for a wiped film evaporator
Rotor of a wiped film evaporator Falling film evaporator
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Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Sulzer Chemtech’s liquid-liquid extraction is a technically sophisticated separation technology, offering a solution where other technologies are uneconomical or not suitable
Liquid-liquid extraction is a complex sepa-ration process in which the components are extracted from the feed stream with the help of an extractant, or solvent. The components to be extracted have a dif-ferent solubility in the two immiscible, or partially miscible, liquids. Both liquids have to be thoroughly contacted and subsequently separated. The liquids fl ow counter-currently and the required purity and yield determines the number of sepa-ration stages.
In the fi eld of liquid-liquid extraction, Sulzer Chemtech's range of equipment covers many industrial applications and is based on a number of modern, effi cient types of extractors.
Column Type Extractors
? Kühni Agitated Column (ECR)
In applications with high mass transfer and/or changing physical properties, this is the column of choice. The com-partment geometry can be adapted to compensate for changing conditions re-sulting in a constant high column perfor-mance. The main features are the spe-cial mixing turbines and the perforated partition plates.
? Packed Column (ECP) The key benefi t of a packed column is the high throughput which leads to small column diameters. Together with specially adapted liquid distributors, our structured packing provides the best ex-traction performance.
Mixer-Settler Type Extractors
Mixer-settlers, both as stand-alone and as in-column type, are offered for special ap-plications:
? Mixer-Settler (EMS)
Due to the pump-mix turbine no addi-tional feed pumps are required in most cases.
? Kühni Mixer-Settler-Column (ECMS)
This special type of equipment com-bines the stage-wise operation of mixer-settlers with the small footprint of a col-umn.
Typical applications are:
? Recovery of carboxylic acids, for exam-ple, acetic acid
? Extraction of aromatics, for example, from oil
? Washing of organic solvents
? Cleaning of aqueous effl uents from high boiling impurities like phenol
? Wet purifi cation of phosphoric acid (food grade)
? Recovery and purifi cation of Active Phar-maceutical Ingredients (API's)? Solvent de-asphalting ? Solvent recovery
Sulzer Chemtech is a market leader with
extensive experience in these applications. Our broad know-how covers selection of the most suitable solvent and optimum equipment selection and design. Equip-ment design is backed-up by elaborate research by universities. Furthermore, testing activities provide a solid basis for reliable designs and scale-up procedures, and a complete range of test equipment is available in our in-house test center. This way, even in diffi cult cases, the optimum process solution is achieved.
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Kühni agitated column internals
Liquid-liquid extraction packing
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Crystallization
Sulzer Chemtech’s crystallization technology is solvent-free and has proven to be a most reliable and environmentally friendly separation technology
Sulzer Chemtech is the leading supplier of technology, proprietary equipment and engineering services for fractional crystal-lization. Crystallization is often the best alternative when distillation is difficult, or even impossible. High purity products are manufactured from close boiling or azeo-tropic mixtures or components that are thermally unstable at their boiling point. The technology has proven to be the most reliable and environmentally friendly crys-tallization process, because crystals grow directly from the melt without the use of solvents. Selection of the most suitable technology is supported by bench and pi-lot scale testing. Typical applications are the purification of:? Monomers ? Carboxylic acids ? Tar chemicals ? Waxes
? Organic and inorganic chemicals at high purities
Static Crystallization
The Sulzer Chemtech static crystallizer is equipped with vertical plates immersed in a stagnant melt. Crystal layers grow on the cooled plates. Following crystallization, the remaining impure melt is drained from the crystal layer, which then is further pu-rified by sweating. Hereafter, the purified product is recovered by melting the crystal layer. Sweating and melting is established by heating the plates.
Falling Film Crystallization
The falling film crystallizer contains verti-cal tubes through which the melt flows as a falling film. The crystal layers grow in the form of cylindrical shells inside the cooled tubes. Crystallization is followed by sweating and subsequent melting of the product. A high thermal gradient can be imposed and crystal growth rates are fast.
Suspension Crystallization
Sulzer Chemtech's suspension crystalliza-tion is an advanced, highly selective, en-ergy efficient separation process. Crystals are formed in one or more scraped wall crystallizers. A stirred growth vessel pro-vides the needed residence time for the crystals to grow to a separable size. Crys-tals are separated from the mother liquor in one or more wash columns and sub-sequently melted to produce a high purity product.
Freeze Concentration
Freeze concentration is a special applica-tion of suspension crystallization. Freeze concentration of food and beverage products leads to selective removal of water at sub zero temperatures. It is the preferred technology for supreme quality liquid food concentrates because all fla-vor and aroma components are retained. Typical applications are the concentration of juices, wine and beer, coffee and tea.
Static crystallizers for paraffin deoiling
Acrylic acid crystallization plant
Skid mounted suspension crystallization plant for MDI
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Membrane Separation
Sulzer Chemtech is the world leader in pervaporation and supplies process solutions for a vast variety of applications including membrane filtration systems
Pervaporation
Pervaporation can be used to dehydrate solvents without the use of any third sub-stance. Azeotropes can simply be split, irrespective of vapor-liquid equilibrium conditions and at low cost. In the same way, methanol can be removed from other organic solvents. A vacuum driving force is applied to the back side of the mem-branes, allowing almost complete removal of the permeating component (vapor). The feed to the membranes can either be in the liquid (pervaporation) or vapor phase (vapor permeation). Separation is predomi-nantly affected by differences in polarity. The process features of pervaporation are:? Tailor-made membranes which selec-tively remove one or more components ? Flexible operation - a single unit can be designed to treat a large number of solvents with different component feed concentrations
? Flexibility for batch or continuous opera-tion depending on the solvent properties and energy costs
? Possibility of process intensification via hybrid operation with distillation
? Standard skid mounted units PERVAP? and Ceramic
Membranes
Sulzer Chemtech has a wide range of su-
perior, proprietary PERVAP? polymeric
membranes. A co-operation with Mitsui
Engineering and Shipbuilding Ltd., Japan,
alternatively enables us to offer world-
class inorganic pervaporation membranes.
Hereby, selection of the best suitable
membrane for a most reliable and eco-
nomic treatment of each product is pos-
sible on a case by case basis. Key appli-
cation areas are:
? Solvent production and recycling
? Dehydration of alcohols
? Production of Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredients (API's)
? Production of fine chemicals
? Production of flavor and fragrances
? Production of food and beverage
Membrane Filtration
Sulzer Chemtech's membrane filtration
systems are specifically suitable for the
treatment of organic solvents and acids
as well as for other advanced applications.
Reverse Osmosis (RO), Nanofiltration (NF),
Ultrafiltration (UF), Microfiltration (MF) for
aqueous systems, and Organic Solvent
Nanofiltration (OSN) systems can be sup-
plied as a stand-alone unit operation, or in
hybrid combinations with other technolo-
gies. Hybrid solutions offer a lower energy
consumption, a smaller footprint, lower in-
vestment costs and lower heat effects on
the product.
Typical applications for our pressure driven
membrane filtration systems include:
? Concentration or purification of API's
? Catalyst recovery
? Clarification or concentration of organic
and mineral acids
? Monomer / polymer separation
? Decolorization of solvents
? Recovery of spent solvents
? Solvent exchange
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Ceramic membrane module Skid mounted PERVAP TM membrane plant
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Over the years Sulzer Chemtech has built-up extensive experience in a broad number of applications
Application Technology
Sulzer Chemtech has extensive experience in a wide range of applications. Many of these are based on our proprietary unit operations, or combinations thereof, the so-called hybrid processes. A non-exhaustive selection of applications we have extensive experience with is presented below. And there are many more…
Solvent Recovery
Aqueous non-azeotropic systems:? Methanol
? Acetone
? DMF / DMAC
? NMP
? Acetic acid
Other non-azeotropic systems:
? Methanol / ethanol
? Ethyl acetate / toluene
? DCM / ethyl acetate
? DCM / pyridine
? IPA / methoxyethanol Heterogeneous azeotropic systems:? Butanol
? Acetates
? MIBK, MEK
? Triethylamine
? Dichloromethane
? Toluene
? Xylene / water / methanol
? Hexane / water / methanol Aqueous homogeneous azeotropic systems:
? Ethanol, IPA
? THF
? Acetonitrile
? Phenol
? Pyridine
Other homogeneous azeotropic systems:
? Ethyl acetate / cyclohexane
? Ethyl acetate / ethanol
? Methyl acetate / methanol
? DCM / methanol
? Methanol / dioxane
? Hexane / methanol / butane
? THF / ethyl acetate
? Decane / THF / ethyl acetate
? Methanol / xylene
? Acetone / methanol
Product Purifi cation
Vacuum recti? cation, stripping:
? Herbizide
? Octadecanol / additive
? Hydrogen peroxide
? Fatty acids and fatty alcohols
? Ethanolamine
? Glycols and glycol ethers
? MDA / MDI and TDA / TDI
? Halogenated and nitrated aromatics
(NT, DCB, NCB)
? Xylenes
? Alkylphenols
? Caprolactam
Film evaporation:
? Amino acids
? Sugars
? Thioglycols
? Esters
? Fatty acids and derivatives
? Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
(API's)
? Resins
Liquid-liquid extraction:
? API's and vitamins
Sulzer Chemtech’s solutions for
wastewater and vent gas treatment
feature regeneration techniques for
the recovery of valuable components.
Steam stripping:
? Methanol, ethanol, butanol, IPA
? MTBE, isopropyl ether
? Ethyl acetate, butyl acetate
? MEK, MIBK
? DCM
? Dioxane, toluene
Liquid-liquid extraction:
? Acetic acid
? Phenol
? Agrochemicals
? Flavors
? Wet purifi cation of precious metals
? Food grade phosphoric acid
Crystallization:
? Acrylic and methacrylic acid
? Anthracene / naphthalene
? Alkylphenols, Bisphenol A
? Benzoic and phosphoric acid
? Caprolactam, DMT
? Chlorinated and nitrated aromatics
? Para- and meta-xylene
? Lactide
? Paraffi n waxes
? Pyrrolidone
? MDI, TDI
? Sterol
? Trioxane
? Xylenol
Membrane separation:
? Removal of water / methanol from
solvents
? Acetic acid / water
? DMF, DMAC, NMP
? Agrochemicals and pesticides
Absorption, with water:
? Methanol, ethanol, IPA
? Acetone
? Ammonia
Absorption, with high boiling oil fol-
lowed by steam stripping:
? Complex mixtures of, for example,
hydrocarbons, alcohols, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, ketones, ethers and
esters
Wastewater and Vent Gas Treatment
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Biofuels and Biochemicals Sulzer Chemtech is the leading sup- plier for the distillation of fi rst generation biofuels, and is continuing its strong in-volvement for second generation biofu-els and biorefi neries. Sulzer Chemtech has experience in the following fi elds:? Mash / beer column (heavy fouling ap-plications) and rectifi er
? Dehydration of ethanol by pervapo-ration / vapor permeation, heat inte-grated with the overall process
? Membrane fi ltration (MF / UF / NF) be-fore fermentation
? Liquid-liquid extraction for strong acid hydrolysis route
? Biodiesel
Food and Beverage
Advanced distillation technology is
applied in the food and beverage in-
dustry to recover and produce fl avors,
fragrances and vitamins. This requires
processing of single chemicals to
highly complex mixtures thereof. Prod-
ucts typically are temperature sensitive
with close boiling points. In distillation
this implies a high number of separa-
tion stages with low pressure drop.
More than 300 industrial columns
based on Sulzer Chemtech technol-
ogy are in operation for the production
of citral, menthol, citronellol, pinene,
eugenol, tocopherol, limonene, and
many other components.
Other examples of what Sulzer Chem-
tech offers in this fi eld are:
? Mild fi lm evaporation of temperature
sensitive products
? Liquid-liquid extraction of vanilla, wine
fl avor, lemon and other essential oil
? Freeze concentration of beverages
like fruit, vegetable juices and coffee
? Pervaporation to remove or concen-
trate aroma
Rectifi cation and Reaction
Technology
In addition to recovery and purifi ca-
tion systems, Sulzer Chemtech offers
selected chemical reaction process
packages including downstream pro-
cessing. The scope of supply typically
consists of a basic engineering pack-
age and key equipment that is usually
provided with process guarantees. A
typical application where Sulzer Chem-
tech has specialist process know-how
is the production of ethanolamines.
Continuous reaction is another fi eld
where Sulzer Chemtech has gained
substantial know-how. For continu-
ous cascade reactions various types of
static and agitated multi-compartment
reactors have been developed. The
main advantages of a continuous re-
actor compared to a series of stirred
vessels are a compact design, a long
overall residence time and a narrow
residence time distribution.
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Freeze concentration unit for coffee Ethanolamine plant
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Two Typical Examples
The following examples give a taste of our collection of successful applications
Hydrogen Peroxide
Following its production, hydrogen perox-
ide is concentrated by partial dehydration
via distillation. The main features of Sulzer
Chemtech's hydrogen peroxide concen-
tration concept are its operational safety,
flexible product purity and low energy
consumption. Our plants are designed
to produce the entire range of hydrogen
peroxide purities required by the market.
The addition of a feed evaporator even
enables our customers to simultaneously
produce hydrogen peroxide of different
purities.
A cornerstone of Sulzer Chemtech's H
2O
2
concentration concept is the implemen-tation of very high safety standards by a combination of features including low liq-uid hold-up, pressure drop and operating temperature, provision of a safety water tank and rupture discs, and an appropri-ate process control. This unique approach to safety has gained worldwide accep-tance and has made Sulzer Chemtech the market leader in hydrogen peroxide with more than 40 distillation plants in opera-tion.MDI Purification
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is
one of the most commonly used sources
for polyurethane production. In addition
to MDA (methylenedianiline) purification,
Sulzer Chemtech offers specialized MDI
purification and isomer separation pro-
cesses. Our MDI purification technology is
well proven with a current installed base of
more than 30 industrial plants using Sulzer
Chemtech's distillation and/or crystalliza-
tion technology.
MDI has the tendency to form dimers dur-
ing the purification process. Therefore, low
temperature, pressure drop, residence
time and liquid hold-up are all determin-
ing criteria for the distillation as well as for
the final product quality. The use of Sulzer
Chemtech's BXPlus TM gauze packing in
combination with dedicated distributors
optimizes these factors, thus minimizing
dimer formation.
Suspension crystallization is an incom-
parably gentle (Tmax ~40 °C), robust
and flexible process. It enables the MDI
product purity to be tailored to particular
end-use applications. A product purity of
at least 99.5% is reached in just one crys-
tallization cycle. Higher product purities
can be achieved by further sweating, or
by repeating the crystallization cycle. Sus-
pension crystallization ensures a colorless
product, even in cases of process upsets
in the synthesis section.
Suspension crystallization can be added
downstream of the distillation unit in ex-
isting plants, thereby boosting overall
processing capacity. For a new MDI plant,
the optimized process integration of distil-
lation and suspension crystallization leads
to a maximum in operating flexibility in
terms of capacity and product quality, and
a substantial reduction of capital and op-
erating costs.
Hydrogen peroxide distillation with
feed evaporation MDI Process
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Polymer Production Technology
Sulzer Chemtech’s continuous polymer production technology delivers an optimum product quality while featuring a high ? exibility in production and low operating cost
Sulzer Chemtech's novel technologies for continuous polymer production largely benefi t from the in-house static mixing and heat exchanger technologies as well as from the system integration know-how. Continuous Polymerization Reaction Technologies
Highly exothermic polymerization reac-tions require accurate temperature control along the reaction. The unique geometry of the Sulzer Mixing Reactor (SMR TM) is highly suited for an accurate control of the polymerization temperature and also op-timizes mixing. Other characteristics are:? Continuous polymerization reactions ? Plug fl ow behavior
? High conversion rate
? Homogeneous high polymer product quality
? Ability to process polymers with a vis-cosity up to 10'000 Pa·s
? High heat exchange surface area to re-actor volume ratio of up to 120 m2/m3? High fl exibility to switch production to a different polymer grade
? Reliable scale-up Devolatilization Technology
Effi cient removal of monomer, solvent and
other impurities after the reaction sec-
tion is mandatory to avoid too high VOC
(Volatile Organic Compound) levels in the
end-product. Sulzer Chemtech's propri-
etary degassing technology is based on
a single, or multiple stage fl ash devola-
tilization process. Each stage features a
heat exchanger with Sulzer Chemtech's
proprietary SMXL TM mixer inserts, a strip-
ping agent dosing mixer, and uniquely de-
signed degassing chambers that contain
special polymer distributors. The technol-
ogy is further characterized by:
? Highly effi cient VOC removal to meet the
most stringent industrial and legislative
standards
? Prevention of polymer degradation by
minimizing residence time and avoiding
high temperatures and shear
? Narrow residence time distribution
? Moderate capital cost (no moving parts)
? Low operating costs
Upgrading Technology
After devolatilization, additives can be
mixed into the polymer melt to upgrade
the fi nal product. Sulzer Chemtech has
many years of experience in providing
successful upgrading solutions for im-
proved product quality and profi tability.
Sulzer Chemtech's static mixing technol-
ogy (SMX TM and SMX TM plus) makes mix-
ing of highly viscous polymers with low
viscosity additives possible, for viscosity
ratios of up to 10 million. Other features
of our proprietary mixing devices include:
? High mixing effi ciency
? Prevention of polymer degradation by
avoiding high shear forces
? The use of static equipment, no moving
parts
? Low investment and operating costs
Sulzer Chemtech's sophisticated heat
exchanger technology is also applied in
cooling the highly viscous polymer prod-
uct (SMR TM, SMR TM plus, SMXL TM and
SMXL TM
plus).
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Sulzer Mixing Reactor (SMR TM)
Sulzer static mixer-heat exchanger (SMXL TM)
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EPS and PLA Technology
Sulzer Chemtech has developed unique, state-of-the-art technologies for the production of Expandable Poly Styrene (EPS) and biodegradable Poly Lactic Acid (PLA)
Skid mounted production unit for biodegradable polymer (PLA)Examples of EPS
Sulzer Chemtech's SMR TM reaction tech-nology can be applied to the production of:
? Polystyrene (PS, EPS, GPPS, HIPS)? Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) and other biode-gradable polymers
? Styrene copolymers (ABS, SAN)
? Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
? Polyethylene (PE)
? Polypropylene (PP)
? Silicon polymers
? Polyamide 6 (PA6)
? Terpene resins
? Polyoxymethylene (POM)
EPS Technology
In Sulzer Chemtech's EPS technology a blowing agent, for example pentane, is continuously dosed into a bulk flow of crude polystyrene, prior to pelletizing. This technology includes the proven advan-tages of the in-house mixing technology. The EPS beads can be produced accord-ing to a narrow size distribution. Our EPS technology can be applied to a wide range of polystyrene grades (HIPS, GPPS) with the flexibility to produce specialty grades containing, for instance, color particles or flame retardants. EPS finds its application in heat insulating construction materials, consumer goods packaging and civil en-gineering.PLA Technology
Biodegradable polymers based on renew-
able feedstocks have started to replace
conventional polymers produced from
fossil fuel. Sulzer Chemtech now offers
a complete plant solution for a PLA poly-
merization process which was jointly de-
veloped with Purac. Lactide monomer is
polymerized in a continuous, fully inte-
grated process using Sulzer Chemtech's
proprietary SMR TM technology and equip-
ment. This state-of-the-art PLA produc-
tion technology has advantages com-
pared to standard technologies:
? Very efficient polymerization process us-
ing static mixer technology
? Short time requirement to switch to a dif-
ferent PLA grade due to low residence
times
? Operational flexibility to produce differ-
ent PLA grades with different molecular
weights
? Compact-size plants
? Straight-forward scalability to bigger
plant sizes
? Low maintenance costs due to the in-
stallation of mainly static equipment
As of 2012 Sulzer Chemtech will have
its own 1'000 t/yr PLA production unit
on-stream. This unit will produce various
customer-specific grades and provide cli-
ents the option to obtain larger quantities
of sample material for their own in-house
evaluation and product development. The
main applications for PLA are in packag-
ing, electrical housings, fibers and ma-
terials resistant to temperatures of up to
200 °C.
Testing Facilities
Tailored to our polymer production tech-
nology, Sulzer Chemtech maintains world
class pilot plant facilities for testing of mix-
ing effects, heat transfer, polymerization
reactions and devolatilization, in order to
secure reliable equipment design and de-
sired process performance.
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Sulzer Chemtech is a high quality, full service provider that includes laboratory and pilot plant testing, studies and conceptual designs
Test Center Services
Sulzer Chemtech's state-of-the-art test centers cover both laboratory and pilot scale units for the complete range of in-house unit operations including the poly-mer production technology. Mobile test units are also available. Feed material for testing is supplied by our customers, who in return may receive samples of the tested end-products for their own research and development activities, or to support the introduction of a new product into the market. For these purposes samples may also be produced in larger quantities. Testing supports conceptual design work and serves as a basis for appropriate technology and equipment selection. It supports designs with a plant perfor-mance guarantee. Test facilities of various scales are available for:
? Distillation
? Film evaporation:
Falling fi lm, thin fi lm and short path evap-orators
? Liquid-liquid extraction:
All column and mixer-settler types ex-tractors
? Fractional crystallization:
Static, falling fi lm and suspension crys-tallization, freeze concentration
? Membrane separation: Pervaporation and vapor permeation, pressure driven membrane fi ltration up to 80 bar (Reverse Osmosis, Nanofi ltra-tion, Ultrafi ltration and Microfi ltration)? Polymer production (reaction, devolatil-ization and upgrading steps), of EPS and PLA specifi cally
Most of the listed unit operation facilities can also be combined in-line to test these as hybrid process solutions.The majority of all the required analyses, including of chemical compositions and physical prop-erties can be performed with dedicated in-house equipment.Studies and Conceptual
Designs
Sulzer Chemtech provides specialist pro-
cess engineering services to support cli-
ents in their key process developments
and decision making. In this area we offer
the following services:
? Feasibility studies
? Process conceptual designs
? Plant optimization, debottlenecking and
revamp studies involving, for example,
increase of plant capacity, improvement
of product specifi cations or reduction of
operating costs
We develop process solutions for both
new and existing plants. Our excellent
capabilities are based upon our extensive
experience with and in-depth knowledge
of all separation technologies and pro-
cess applications within our portfolio. This
includes a full understanding of inherent
system capabilities and know-how of rele-
vant properties of components and mix-
tures thereof. Process simulation and a
detailed check of existing plant conditions
form part of the activities. The optimum
process is developed based on a struc-
tured and analytical screening of all pos-
sible solutions. We are unique in solving
an even wider range of separation chal-
lenges by combining unit operations into
hybrid process solutions. We bring in our
specifi c know-how in the fi eld of special
distillation technologies like heat pumps
and heat coupling, multi-effect and reac-
tive distillation. While developing concepts
we closely cooperate with our customers
and listen to their requirements.
Process Guarantees
The most promising process solution is
confi rmed by laboratory and pilot plant
testing. Testing may have the following
purposes:
? Process validation
? Consideration of the effect of unknown
or trace components
? Optimization of operating parameters
? Verifi cation of process stability
? Screening of equipment
? Supporting of scale-up
The successful completion of tests en-
ables Sulzer Chemtech to offer its plant
solutions with full process guarantees. 0611 4503-2
0611 4511
13
14
Sulzer Chemtech is excellent in developing a process concept into an installed plant solution operating with a guaranteed plant performance
Sulzer Chemtech is a full service provider for proprietary key equipment and pro-cess plant solutions. Our excellent posi-tion comprises an extensive know-how and long-standing experience in develop-ing process concepts into installed plant solutions operating with a guaranteed per-formance.
Basic Engineering
A soon as the customer has agreed upon
the conceptual design it can be further de-veloped into a basic engineering package for a commercial size plant. At this stage we bring in our expertise and capabili-ties in scaling-up pilot and demonstration plants into commercial size process units. A basic engineering package typically consists of:
? Process Flow Diagrams (PFD)? Heat & Mass Balance
? Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID's)
? Equipment specifi cations ? Instrument specifi cations
? Functional design specifi cations for plant control and safeguarding ? Preliminary equipment layout
? Capital cost calculation for skid mounted units
? Capital cost estimate based on factors when the total project scope consists of a basic engineering package plus key equipment only
Detail Engineering
For skid mounted units, upon approval
of the basic engineering package, the project moves into the detail engineering phase, resulting in:
? P&ID's fi nal for construction
? Equipment and instrument specifi ca-tions fi nal for construction ? Mechanical drawings for key equipment ? 3-D plant model ? Piping isometrics
? Plant automation concept
A review of the 3-D plant model can be made with the customer. It is also com-mon practice to participate in customer’s Hazard and Operability study (HAZOP) as part of our engineering services.
Project Management
All of the above activities are performed by highly qualifi ed and experienced in-house staff. We rely upon our people and strive for business excellence. Project teams work under the guidance of the project manager who has overall responsibility for the project budget, schedule and quality. Throughout the entire project, the project manager remains in close contact with the customer.
In all its activities Sulzer Chemtech em-ploys an effi cient Quality Assurance Sys-tem which is accredited in accordance with the latest standards of ISO9001 for Quality, Safety, Health and Environment. Standard procedures, protocols and test documentation are used from initial design to the fi nal plant performance test and en-
sure a continued high quality result.
Detail
Engineering
Mechanical design Skid layout (3-D model) Piping isometrics Plant automation
HAZOP
Skid Assembly Steel structure
Equipment Piping and valves Instrumentation Cabling and junction boxes Insulation
Site & Start-up Assistance Installation supervision Commissioning Operator training SAT
After Sales (Plant Life Cycle) Maintenance/spares Troubleshooting Debottlenecking
Studies
Feasibility study Plant optimization study and revamps Conceptual design
Process Design
Expertise Process simulation
Test Center
Feasibility tests Process validation
S creening of equipment
Laboratory and pilot scale testing
Hybrid installations
Basic Engineering Process description PFD’s, P&ID’s
Equipment and instrument speci? cations Control and safeguarding philosophy Layout
Preliminary operating manual Scaling-up
Key Equipment Design and calculation
Fabrication Testing
(pressure, FAT)
Project Management
Management of scope,
time and budget
Procurement of
components
Expediting
Quality
assurance
From first
concept to guaranteed plant performance
Sulzer Chemtech delivers state-of-the-art proprietary equipment for its process solutions and has a specific long-term experience in fabrication, installation and start-up of process units
Proprietary Equipment
All proprietary and key process equip-ment is produced either in our modern workshop or sourced from approved and certified sub-suppliers. Our in-house fab-rication fulfils all applicable requirements and design codes, being European, US, or other. The range of construction materials includes stainless steel, special alloys as well as titanium, zirconium and tantalum. Skid Mounted Plants
Specific know-how has been built-up over the past 25 years by supplying more than 250 skid mounted modules in Europe, Asia and the USA. Skids are assembled in our modern, purpose-built workshop or at selected, certified sub-contractors. Typi-cal maximum skid sizes are 4 x 4,5 x 25 m. Larger plants consist of more than one module. The modular assembly includes the installation of:
? Steel structure
? Equipment
? Piping and valves
? Instrumentation
? Cabling and junction boxes
? Insulation
Advantages of skid mounted, turn-key plants are:
? Short delivery time through an integrated fast track execution
? Low overall investment costs
? Reduced on-site erection and hook-up time and thus minimal site disruption ? Manufacture of the complete plant under workshop conditions ensuring the high-est quality
? Completion of the Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) prior to delivery
? Qualification tests prior to plant delivery Transport and Installation
Sulzer Chemtech has a team of highly
experienced installation supervisors, who
provide construction support services for
site-built plants, and for the off-loading
and installation of skid mounted plants.
These supervisors liaise closely with the
customer’s construction manager, safety
officer and mechanical contractor, to en-
sure a safe and trouble-free installation.
Commissioning and Start-up
Following completion of all mechanical
and electrical tie-ins to the plant, Sulzer
Chemtech's process engineers are mo-
bilized to undertake plant commissioning.
The commissioning team is usually head-
ed by the process engineer responsible
for the plant design. Plant commissioning
follows a structured plan and ends with
the start-up of the process unit followed
by a Site Acceptance Test (SAT). Training
of customer’s operators often takes place
in parallel.
Plant Hand-over
At hand-over of the plant's care, custody
and control, the customer is provided with
final, as-built documentation including
operating manuals, final lay-out drawings
and certificates. A dedicated after sales
group ensures the support for spare parts
and services during the whole lifetime of
the plant.
Starting from hand-over the client can
benefit from its optimal performing plant
solution based on Sulzer Chemtech Pro-
cess Technology.
0611 4512
0611 4515
0611 4513
15
Asia, Pacific
Sulzer Chemtech Pte. Ltd.10 Benoi Sector Singapore 629845
Phone +65 6515 5500Fax
+65 6862 7563
The activity program comprises:
? Process components such as fractionation trays, structured and ran-dom packings, liquid and gas distributors, gas-liquid separators, and internals for separation columns ? Engineering services for separation and reaction technology such as
conceptual process design, feasibilities studies, plant optimizations in-cluding process validation in the test center ? Recovery of virtually any solvents used by the pharmaceutical and
chemical industry, or difficult separations requiring the combination of special technologies, such as thin film/short-path evaporation, distilla-tion under high vacuum, liquid-liquid extraction, membrane technology or crystallization ? Complete separation process plants, in particular modular plants
(skids)? Advanced polymerization technology for the production of PLA and
EPS ? Tower field services performing tray and packing installation, tower and
column maintenance, vessel welding, and plant turnaround projects ? Mixing and reaction technology with static mixers
? Cartridge-based metering, mixing and dispensing systems, and dis-posable mixers for reactive multi-component material
Process Technology Headquarters Sulzer Chemtech Ltd Gewerbestrasse 28
4123 Allschwil 2, Switzerland Phone +41 61 486 3737Fax +41 61 486 3777contactpt@https://www.doczj.com/doc/c115523729.html,
North and South America Sulzer Chemtech USA, Inc.1 Sulzer Way
Tulsa, OK 74131, USA Phone +1 918 446 6672Fax +1 918 446 5321Sulzer Chemtech Ltd, a member of the Sulzer Corporation, with headquar-ters in Winterthur, Switzerland, is active in the field of process engineering
and employs some 3000 persons worldwide.
Sulzer Chemtech is represented in all important industrial countries and sets standards in the field of mass transfer and static mixing with its ad-vanced and economical solutions.
28.04.06.40 - VII.11 - 30 - Printed in Switzerland
Legal Notice: The information contained in this publication is believed to be accurate and reliable, but is not to be construed as implying any warranty or guarantee of performance. Sulzer Chemtech waives any liability and indemnity for effects resulting from its application.
一美国 1.1A-C压缩机公司(A-C COMPRESSOR CORPORA TION) 1.2德马格-得拉瓦涡轮机公司(DEMAG DELA V AL TURBINE INC) 1.3达高华特公司(DURCO V ALTEK PTE LTD) 1.4埃理奥特公司(ELLIOTT) 1.5高质泵公司(Goulds Pump Inc) 1.6英格索-得莱赛泵浦公司(INGERSOLL-DRESSER-PUMPS) 1.7英格索兰公司(INGERSOLL-RAND) 1.8德莱赛兰公司(Dresser-RAND) 1.9胜特兰流体输送公司(Sundstrand Fliud Handling) 1.10米顿罗公司(MiltonRoy Co.) 1.11帕斯菲达公司(PUSFEEDER) 1.12威肯泵公司(ViKING PUMP) 二欧州 1.瑞士苏尔寿公司(SULZER) 2.阿特拉斯-科普柯公司(ATLAS COPCO) 3.德国盖哈哈-波尔西克透平机械公司(GHH-BOSIG Turbomachinen) 4.徳国勒瓦公司(LEWA) 5.德国（NEUMAN ESSER） 6.德国蒂森鲁尔泵有限公司(THYSSEN RUHRPUMPEN GMBH) 7.德国西门子公司，真空泵/压缩机部（SIEMENS） 8.西门子公司工业汽轮机部 9.英国豪顿压缩机公司（HOWDEN COMPRESSORS） 10.英国HMD无泄漏磁力驱动泵工司 11.法国多美-克贝尔公司（THOME CREPELLE FRANCE） 12.丹麦格兰富公司(GRUNDFOSAIS) 13.意大利新比隆公司(Nuovo Pignone) 14.意大利贝洛尼制泵股份有限公司(Peroni Pump S.P.A) 三日本 1.日机装株式会社 2.三菱重工株式会社 3.日立公司 4.荏原制作所
反渗透设备设计基础知识 膜分离： 物质世界是由原子、分子和细胞等微观单元构成的，然而这些很小的物质单元总是杂居共生，热力学第二定律揭示了微观粒子都会倾向于无序的混合状态。膜分理技术得基础是分离膜。分离莫是具有选择性透过性的薄膜，某些分子（或微粒）可以透过薄膜，而其他的则被阻隔。这种分离总是依赖于不同的分子（或微粒）之间的某种区别，最简单的区别就是尺寸大小，三维空间之中，什么都有大上巨细而膜有孔径。 全量过滤： 全量过滤也称为直流过滤、死端过滤、与常规的滤布过滤相似，被处理物料进入模组件，等量透过液流出模组件，截流物留在模组件内。为了保证膜性能的可恢复性，必须及时从模组件内卸载截留物，因此需要定时反冲洗（过滤的反过程）等措施来去除膜面沉积物、恢复膜通量。模组件污染后不能拆开清洗，通常使用在线清洗方式（CIP）超滤/微滤水处理过程一般采用全量过滤模式。 错流过滤 被处理料液以议定的速度流过膜面，透过液以垂直方向透过膜，同时大部分截留物被浓缩液夹带出模组件。错流过滤模式减小了膜面浓度极化层的厚度，可以有效降低膜污染，反滲透、纳滤均采用错流过滤方式。
膜系统： 膜系统是指膜分离装置单元。压力驱动膜系统主要由预处理系统、升压泵、模组件（压力容器和膜元件）、管道阀门和控制系统构成。 膜污染： 各种原水中均含有一定浓度的悬浮物和溶解性物质。悬浮物主要由无机颗粒物、胶体和微生物、藻类等生物性颗粒。溶解性物质主要是易溶盐（如氯化物）和难溶盐（如碳酸盐、硫酸盐和硅酸盐）。再反渗透过程中，进水的体积在减少，悬浮物和溶解性物质的浓度在增加。悬浮颗粒会沉积在膜上，堵塞进水流道、增加摩擦阻力（压力降）。难溶盐会从浓水中沉淀出来，在磨面上形成结垢，降低RO膜的通量。这种在膜面上形成沉积层的现象叫膜污染，膜污染是膜系统性能的劣化。 反滲透/纳滤基本原理： 半透膜： 是具有选择性透过性能的薄膜。当液体或气体透过半透膜时，一些组分透过，而另外一些组分被截留。实际上半透膜对任何组分都有透过性，只是透过的速率相差很大。在反渗透过程中，溶剂（水）的透过速率远远大于溶解在水中的溶质（盐分）。通过半透膜实现了溶剂和溶质的分离，得到纯水以及浓缩的盐溶液。 渗透：
新型塔内件—格栅填料在脱硫塔和 煤气洗涤塔节能减排技术总结 杭州华纳塔器分离工程有限公司沈树荣 1、概述 填料塔作为一种传统的气、液传质设备，近年来有很大发展。由于填料结构的不断改进，在很多生产过程中已代替了传统的板式塔。填料主要有两大类：散堆填料和规整填料。散堆填料有拉西环、鲍尔环、阶梯环、矩鞍环、海尔环、泰勒花环等。散堆填料主要优点在于安装方便，具有通用性。但是通量较小，流体分布性能较差，易偏流，阻力较大，如果有沉淀物生成，易造成填料塔堵塞等缺点。随着化学工业的发展，对塔没备不断提出新要求：有的要求分离热敏性物系，有的要求通过技术改造提高生产能力和产品质量，有的要求降低回流比，减少系统阻力以求节能；有的因环保要求，在三废处理时必须进一步提高效率以达到国家有关标准等等。随着塔器的大型化，散堆填料难以满足这种要求。因而结构与排列整齐、有效传质面积大、阻力小的规整填料应运而生，很到广泛应用，格栅填料属于新型规整填料的一项系列产品。从技术开发至今已有八年历程，目前已改造的塔和新设计的塔已到180台，尤其是在节能减排中得到广大厂家的肯定。 我国大多数中小合成氨厂，在气体净化过程中，半水煤气冷却洗涤塔、常压脱硫塔、变换气加压脱硫塔，有的采用板式塔(旋流板塔)，有的用散堆填料塔或空塔喷淋，大多数中型厂则采用木格子填料。无论用哪一种脱硫方法采用硫磺回收，在脱硫塔中有硫膏析出。因此采用旋流板塔，脱硫效率低。如果煤质较差，往往达不到净化效果，煤气冷却除尘采用空塔喷淋，冷却效果不好，出口气体温度高，使后工序净化增加了难度。采用散堆填料(如用海尔环等)，阻力大、易堵塔使用周期短，往往生产一段时间后需停车清理，影响合成氨的正常生产。 中型氮肥厂和焦化厂煤气脱硫一直采用木格子填料。用东北红松脱脂处理后使用。由于生产过程中气液频繁窜动，使得塔内填料容易破损，使用寿命短。木板较厚，比表面积小，空隙率小，传质效果不理想。加上木格子表面粗糙，硫膏容易沉积在填料表面造成堵 S超标，系统被塔，使得塔内气液分布不均，产生偏流，致使系统阻力不断上升，出口H 2 迫停车检修，严重影响系统的正常稳定生产。2001年浙江巨化股份有限公司合成氨厂进
塔器及塔内件介绍 一、塔器 1.塔器：是进行气相和液相或液相和液相间物质传递的设备。 2.塔器的分类：按结构分板式塔和填料塔两大类。 3.板式塔：内设有一定数量的塔板，气体以鼓泡或喷射形式与塔板上液层相接触进行物质传递。可根据气液操作状态分为鼓泡式塔板，如浮阀、泡帽、筛板等塔板和喷射式，如网孔、舌形等塔板。又可以根据有无降液管分为溢流式塔板（泡帽等）和穿流式（穿流式栅板和穿流式筛板等）。 4.填料塔：内装有一定高度的填料，液体沿填料自上向下流动，气体由下向上同液膜逆流接触，进行物质传递。常应用于蒸馏、吸水、萃取等操作中。根据结构特点分为乱堆填料（阶梯环、鲍尔环等颗粒填料）和规则填料（网波纹填料和波板纹填料） 5.填料塔的结构特点 填料塔是以塔内的填料作为气液两相间接触构件的传质设备。填料塔的塔身是一直立式圆筒，底部装有填料支承板，填料以乱堆或整砌的方式放置在支承板上。填料的上方安装填料压板，以防被上升气流吹动。液体从塔顶经液体分布器喷淋到填料上，并沿填料表面流下。气体从塔底送入，经气体分布装置（小直径塔一般不设气体分布装置）分布后，与液体呈逆流连续通过填料层的空隙，在填料表面上，气液两相密切接触进行传质。填料塔属于连续接触式气液传质设备，两相组成沿塔高连续变化，在正常操作状态下，气相为连续相，液相为分散相。 当液体沿填料层向下流动时，有逐渐向塔壁集中的趋势，使得塔壁附近的液流量逐渐增大，这种现象称为壁流。壁流效应造成气液两相在填料层中分布不均，从而使传质效率下降。因此，当填料层较高时，需要进行分段，中间设置再分布装置。液体再分布装置包括液体收集器和液体再分布器两部分，上层填料流下的液体经液体收集器收集后，送到液体再分布器，经重新分布后喷淋到下层填料上。填料塔具有生产能力大，分离效率高，压降小，持液量小，操作弹性大等优点。填料塔也有一些不足之处，如填料造价高；当液体负荷较小时不能有效地润湿填料表面，使传质效率降低；不能直接用于有悬浮物或容易聚合的物料；对侧线进料和出料等复杂精馏不太适合等。 塔设备有许多种类型，塔设备是化工、石油化工和炼油生产中最重要的设备之一。它可使气液或液液两相之间进行紧密接触，达到相际传质及传热的目的。可在塔设备中
四川永祥多晶硅有限公司 3000吨太阳能多晶硅工程项目 精馏塔塔内件选型评价报告 报告编号：永多二期号 一、项目基本情况 1、项目名称：3000吨太阳能多晶硅工程项目 2、项目所在工序：精馏提纯 3、项目的装置数量：1#至6#填料塔塔内件，7#8筛板塔塔内件 4、项目的主要功能：用于三氯氢硅提纯 二、项目的邀标单位及商务谈判结果： 三、主要技术评定意见 1、设备及系统配置的差异评价： a、上海苏尔寿1#至6#塔填料采用波纹板规整填料，其余三家1#至6#塔填料均采用丝网规整填 料。波纹板规整填料在安装时较之丝网填料易出现安装不便。 2、设备及系统在本行业主要应用业绩评价：
a、苏尔寿规整填料在国内已先后应用于高桥石化、镇海炼化、上海石化、兰州炼化、辽化、抚 顺石化、吉化等大型石化装置。迄今为止，国内外使用苏尔寿技术的分馏塔已超过了3万多 个，最大直径达13.4 m。在多晶硅行业暂无业绩。 b、天大北洋化工近年来在多晶硅行业有很多合作，其中有重庆大全一期多晶硅扩能改造填料 塔以及塔内件项目、洛阳中硅2000吨扩能改造项目填料内件供货、连云港中彩科技填料内 件、内蒙盾安光伏有限公司3000吨填料内件等。 c、烟台只楚天大精馏设备工程技术有限公司由山东省百强工业企业山东只楚集团有限公司组 建于1996年，原名烟台只楚天大化工填料厂，2010年3月正式改制更名为烟台只楚天大精 馏设备工程技术有限公司，是一家集精馏塔器设计、制造、工程安装调试及售后服务于一体 的山东企业。在多晶硅行业暂无业绩。 d、湖北远春石化设备制造有限公司主要生产新型填料，塔内件，金属结构。本次采用的技术 和塔内件已成功应用于武汉东立光伏电子、东汽乐山硅材料公司、乐电天威、鄂尔多斯多晶 硅业、国电宁夏太阳能以及我公司一期和技改项目等。 3、设备及系统的功能优、劣评价（包括在本公司已应用稳定性及缺陷情况的分析）： a、湖北远春石化设备制造有限公司为我公司一期项目精馏塔提供的塔内件应用效果良好，为 我公司技改提纯项目的塔内件正在安装。 4、技术部门的结论性意见： 四个公司有两个烟台只楚天大和湖北远春石化没有水利学计算，按提供图纸商务报价，填料塔也采用丝网填料；上海苏尔寿选型为波纹板型填料，没按天大要求采用丝网填料，它认为天大提供的比表面1000m2/m3大了，不可能满足，特别是1~3#塔压降大，如使用该塔径会有液泛的危险，需要增大塔径或工艺数据不准确，特别提出如重标需要重新提供每段气液负荷等核算；天津市天大北洋化工是天大自已的下属工厂，技术提供为天津大学，自行设计自行制作，技术有保障，特别是在近段时间多晶硅行业使用较多，如中硅、盾安、神硅、特变等，提纯工艺采用天大技术最好还是采用天津市天大北洋化工设备有限公司制作。 四、投资经济性及合理性分析：
湿法脱硫工艺吸收塔及塔内件的设计选型 1 吸收塔塔型的选择 在湿法脱硫工艺中，吸收塔是一个核心部件，一个湿法脱硫工程能否成功，关键看吸收塔、塔内件及与之相匹配的附属设备的设计选型是否合理可靠。在脱硫工程中运行阻力小、操作方便可靠的吸收塔和塔内件的布置形式，将具有较大的发展前景。 目前，在国内的脱硫工程中，应用较多的吸收塔塔型有喷淋吸收空塔、托盘塔、液柱塔、喷射式鼓泡塔等。国内学者曾在实验室里对各种塔型做了实验测试(见图1)，从测试情况看，在塔内烟气流速相同的情况下，喷淋吸收空塔的系统阻力最小，液柱塔的阻力次之，托盘塔的阻力相对较大。 由于喷淋吸收空塔塔内件较少，结垢的机率较小，运行维修成本较低，因此喷淋吸收空塔已逐渐成为目前应用最广泛的塔型之一。图2为喷淋吸收空塔(以下简称吸收塔)的结构简图。 2 喷淋吸收空塔主要工艺设计参数 (1)烟气流速
在保证除雾器对烟气中所携带水滴的去除效率及吸收系统压降允许的条件下，适当提高烟气流速，可加剧烟气和浆液液滴之间的湍流强度，从而增加两者之间的接触面积。同时，较高的烟气流速还可持托下落的液滴，延长其在吸收区的停留时间，从而提高脱硫效率。 另外，较高的烟气流速还可适当减少吸收塔和塔内件的几何尺寸，提高吸收塔的性价比。在吸收塔中，烟气流速通常为3～4.5m/s。许多工程实践表明，3.6m/s≤烟气流速(110%过负荷)≤4.2m/s是性价比较高的流速区域。 (2)液气比(L/G) L/G决定了SO2的吸收表面积。在吸收塔中，喷淋雾滴的表面积与浆液的喷淋速率成一定的比例关系。当烟气流速确定以后，L/G成为了影响系统性能的最关键变量，这是因为浆液循环率不仅会影响吸收表面积，还会影响吸收塔的其他设计，如雾滴的尺寸等。L/G的主要影响因素有：吸收区体积、SO2的去除效率、吸收塔空塔速率、原烟气的SO2浓度、吸收塔浆液的氯含量等。 根据吸收塔吸收传质模型及气液平衡数据计算出液气比(L/G)，从而确定浆液循环泵的流量。 美国能源部编制的FGD-PRISM程序的优化计算，L/G以15L/m3为宜，此时，SO2的去除效率已接近100%。L/G超过15.5L/m3后，脱硫效率的提高非常缓慢，而且提高L/G将使浆液循环泵的流量增大，增加循环泵的设备费用，同时还会提高吸收塔的压降，加大增压风机的功率及设备费用。 (3)吸收塔浆池尺寸 吸收塔浆池尺寸可通过以下工艺设计参数确定： 1)石膏颗粒(晶种)生长的停留时间 湿法脱硫系统中，亚硫酸钙、硫酸钙的析出是在循环浆液的固体颗粒(晶种)表面上进行的，为了晶体的生长和结晶，循环浆池里的石膏颗粒必须有足够的停留时间，反应时间也必须足够长。停留时间的计算公式为： RT＝(V×ρ×SC)/TSP 其中：RT—停留时间(min)；TSP—石膏成品产量(干基)(kg/min)；V—浆池体积(m3)；ρ—浆液密度(kg/m3)；SC—浆液含固量(%)。如生产的石膏要在水泥或石膏行业使用，FGD的石膏成品含水量必须<10%，石膏必须结晶成平均直径为35～50μm的立方晶体，停留时间必须>15小时。对于抛弃系统，由于石膏成品要被抛弃，石膏成品含水量可>15%，这样系统的停留时间可缩小到10小时左右。 2)石灰石溶解的停留时间 如要求吸收塔内的石灰石充分溶解，则石灰石在循环浆池内必须有足够长的停留时间。一般来说，石灰石的停留时间须>4.3min。石灰石溶解的停留时间按下式计算： T=V/(N×RF) 其中：T—停留时间(min)；V—浆池体积(m3)；N—循环泵数；RF—单台循环泵流量(m3 /h)。 3)氧化反应的体积和氧气从空气转移到液体的深度氧气从空气转移到液体的深度，是指吸收塔浆液池内释放氧化空气的曝气管或喷枪的位置。亚硫酸盐或亚硫酸氢盐的氧化分为两部分，一部分是吸收塔内烟气中的氧气进入浆液液滴的自然氧化，另一部分是空气通过曝气管网进入浆液池后的强制氧化。
w e b l o g i c中间件介绍 Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998
目录
一、Weblogic11g概述
编写目的 ■金税三期以后的综税的产品线中间件由原来Weblogic814，全面升级为Weblogic11g，JDK统一使用及以上版本。 ■为了满足三期后运维要，全面提高运维工程师运维能力。本文档全面介绍了Weblogic11g中间件的基础操作。 功能简介 ■支持最新的 Java 平台、企业版 (Java EE) 规范及Web 服务标准，从而可简化开发并 增强互操作性，以支持面向服务的体系结构 (SOA)。 ■领先的可靠性、可用性、可扩展性和业界领先的性能。 主要优势 ■J2EE应用服务器性能记录的保持者 ■应用程序和服务的可用性和运行时间 ■更好地监视和管理生产应用程序 ■更快、更高效的开发-部署-调试周期 ■卓越的最终用户客户端可用性 ■高效快速的服务器管理 ■简化新应用程序和服务的开发 适用范围
■J2EE应用服务器 ■BS三层架构的应用服务器 Weblogic11G新特性 自调优的企业级内核 ?静态的线程池参数可以不进行设置 ?系统自动维护线程池的大小 ?自动记录系统历史的吞吐量和性能统计 ?为了达到资源的最优分配，自动优化服务器 ?没有本地代码 过载保护 ?合理的处理过量的服务–过载保护 ?根据内存与队列容量的极限值的设定拒绝请求 ?通过降低非关键业务系统的使用资源，来保证关键业务系统的正常 ?过载的时候拒绝新的请求而不是降低整个服务器的服务质量 ?优雅的意外处理 ?可以选择当发生死锁、内存溢出等关键错误时，关闭或暂停服务器动态的配置变化 ?事务式的配置变化– all or nothing! ?大部分的变化不需要重启服务器
塔器制作安装施工方案: 我公司承建贵公司的塔器的制作安装工作，已进入施工准备阶段，根据目前现场基本条件和设计要求，特编制施工方案如下，请审议。 工程概况：我公司主要负责现场制作安装项目，总重量为 Kg， _--年月日止年月的工期日，塔内件为不锈钢和碳钢组合件。 一、现场制作安装基本程序 1、塔体下料和预制按照设计和设计标准进行下料。筒体料预制，预制前视管口位置对钢板进行排列。取筒体直径展开长度，加工艺留量下料，并单边开设 30 坡口，预制的单片弧板应与筒体的弧度相同。 2.下料时应保证每块板的两边要平行，对角线相等。 3、安装正装工具对基础进行放线，检查对角螺栓的位置，用经纬仪测° 量标高是否正确，用标高为依据调整基础的水平度，并打出基础基准十字线。所有塔器现场安装采用正装，由底座逐步向上制作安装，采用每 4-6 米为一段向上组对主筒体。在空中作业进行组对和焊接时，汽车吊作为主要的施工工具，现场施工的台塔用 25 吨吊车将筒体吊之塔高 20 米左右，然后再用 50 吨吊车进行吊装工作，距塔顶 10 米左右时用 110 吨吊车进行起吊，施工临时工作平台与工位祥见附图。 二.吊装注意事项 在每段筒体制作完成后，用吊车把上部塔体吊装到下部塔体上，由于起重重量较大并且是高空作业，在吊装前应做好以下工作： a、对下部塔体的上口水平找正，以确保整个塔体的垂直度，并焊接导向板，使上部筒体正确就位。 b、下部塔体的上部搭焊临时平台其标高应低与腰缘 1100mm 左右，宽度不小 500mm 便与施焊。 c、吊耳，吊耳厚度不小于 40mm，宽度应大于 300mm，四点吊装，保证吊装安全。超过额定负荷不吊（必须吊的物件，经有关部门研究审批，采取有效措施，方可吊运）； d、信号不明，重量不明，光线暗淡不吊； e、和附件捆缚不牢，不符合安全要求不吊； f、上站人或工件上浮放有活动物的不吊；
第一章：中间件技术介绍 1.1两层结构与三层结构 长期以来，我们一直使用着"客户端/服务器"的两层结构，这种两层的结构曾让无数人为之兴奋和惊叹，即客户端提供用户界面、处理业务逻辑，数据库服务器接受客户端SQL 语句并对数据库进行查询，更新等操作，然后操作结果返回给客户端，如图所示。 在一个比较简单的计算机应用系统中，采用两层体系结构的确给人们带来了相当的灵活性。但随着计算机应用水平的飞速发展、企业信息化水平的不断深入、企业客户的不断增加，以及新业务的不断出现，越来越多的用户对计算机应用系统提出了更高的要求： 1．要能够同时支持成千上万乃至更多用户的并发服务请求 2．由单一的局域网向跨多个网络协议的广域网扩展 3．不仅要支持一般的信息管理，而且还要支持关键业务的联机交易处理 4．从支持单一的系统平台和数据源转向支持异构的多系统平台和多数据源 面对用户的新需求，二层结构的应用模式由于采用客户机与服务器直接联接的方式形成了其固有的一些缺陷： 1．难以维护 client/server结构用户界面、业务逻辑和数据逻辑相互交错，通常在第一次部署的时候比较容易，但难于升级或改进，而且经常基于某种专有的协议（通常是某种数据库协议）。它使得重用业务逻辑和界面逻辑变得非常困难。 2．难以扩展 随着系统的升级，系统复杂程度大大增加，难以扩展，另外它是一个封闭的系统，很难与其他的应用系统实现互操作。 3．安全性差 客户端程序可以直接访问数据库，可通过编程语言或数据库提供的工具直接对数据库进行操作，不安全
4. 性能不好 客户端直接与数据库建立连接，当有大量的并发用户存在时，会使数据库不堪重负，性能迅速下降，甚至当机。 三层结构 为解决传统二层模式与应用需求日益突出的矛盾，以交易中间件为基础框架的三层应用模式应运而生，三层结构以中间层管理大量的客户端并为其联接、集成多种异构的服务器平台，通过有效的组织和管理，在极为宽广的范围内将客户机与服务器进行高效组合。同时中间件开创的以负载平衡、动态伸缩等功能为代表的管理模式，已被广泛证实为建立关键业务应用系统的最佳环境，使在二层模式下不可能实现的应用成为可能，并为应用提供了充分的扩展余地。这种模式的成功应用已为许多国际大型企业在应用的开发和部署方面节省了大量的时间和金钱。由此促使越来越多的系统开发商和用户采用三层结构模式开发和实施其应用。 三层客户机/服务器模式的核心概念是利用中间件将应用的用户界面、业务逻辑和数据逻辑分为三个不同的处理层,如图所示. 1．表示层（用户界面）：它的主要功能是实现用户交互和数据表示，为以后的处理收集数据，向第二层的业务逻辑请求调用核心服务处理，并显示处理结果。这一层通常采用VB，PB，DELPHI等语言编写，或采用浏览器实现 2．中间层（业务逻辑）：实现整个应用系统核心业务逻辑，通常把业务逻辑划分成一个个独立的模块，用中间件提供的API结合数据库提供的编程接口实现。客户端通过调用这些模块实现相应的业务操作。 3．数据层（数据逻辑）：数据库负责管理整个应用系统的数据资源，完成数据操作。中间层上应用程序在处理客户端的请求时，通常要存取数据库。 随着市场竞争的日益加剧和企业电子信息化建设的不断深入，高度灵活、能快速部署新服务和新应用的三层结构应用系统将成为企业信息化的必由之路。采用以中间件为基础的三层结构来架构的应用系统不但具备了大型机系统稳定、安全和处理能力高等特性，同时拥有开放式系统成本低、可扩展性强、开发周期短等优点。可以很好解决两层结构所面临的问题。中间件作为构造三层结构应用系统的基础平台，在三层结构中起着关键的作用，下一节我们将对中间件技术做一个概括性的介绍。
苏尔寿标准流程泵 联轴器用测量表的校正 如果要求更精确的校正（在转速＞3600rpm或有加长段的情况下），校正应用千分表在径向和轴向进行，最大的端面跳动是0.05mm（在联轴节的直径处），尽量达到小于0.03mm，最大径向跳动是0.1mm（在联轴节的直径处），尽量达到小于0.05mm 一、操作 ㈠启动 必须有必要保护措施的专业人员使用电机，接线、复位、操作带残余电流（漏电）的设备，必须通过技术人员的认可才能进行操作。 启动前 1.用轻油冲洗轴承架腔体并擦净，填充润滑油 2.检查校正情况，安装联轴器罩 3.检查机封 4.泵的灌注－－倒灌 ?打开入口管线地截止阀 ?如果有排气孔应该打开 ?用机械密封时密封腔应该设排气孔 ?缓慢的转动叶轮 ?当泵送介质没有气泡时关闭排气阀 泵的灌注－－吸上 ?打开入口管线地截止阀 ?如果有排气孔应该打开 ?用机械密封时密封腔应该设排气孔 ?向泵灌注 ?当泵送介质没有气泡时关闭排气阀 5.泵被灌满后，通过瞬时接通电机电源来检查旋转方向和运转是否平稳 6.是否安装、打开、关闭最小流量控制管路上的阀 泵的启动和运行 1.使辅助设备处于运行中，打开辅助管路上的阀 2.启动无压系统 ?关闭出口管路截止阀（必须保证最小流量） ?关闭电机 ?慢慢打开出口阀，直到压差减小到数据表中所给出数值 3.启动压力系统 ?启动电机并打开出口阀 ?压差不能低于设计点，也不能在系统中引起性能参数的波动 ?泵出口压力表值等于压差加上入口压力表值 4.注意满负荷时电流表上的度数，保证电流不超过电机铭牌上的值 不允许的操作 必须避免过载的发生，因为过载而引起的严重机械损伤将导致零部件的损坏。如果泵在超过它自身的性能范围情况下运行，将发生过载现象，例如：?超过最大允许转速
第三章反渗透和纳滤的原理 3.1 反渗透和纳滤基础 3.1.1 膜与膜过程 膜在自然界中是广泛存在的，尤其在生物体内。但是人类首次注意到由生物膜引起的渗透现象是在1748 年，法国学者Abbe Nollet（1700 – 1770）很偶然的发现包裹在猪膀胱里的水可以自己扩散到膀胱外侧的酒精溶液中。法国植物学家Henri Dutrochet（1776 – 1847）在1827 年提出了Osmosis（渗透）一词来定义Abbe Nollet 发现的现象。但是，这一现象并未能引起足够的重视，直到1854 年英国科学家Thomas Graham（1805 – 1869）在实验中发现，放置在半透膜一侧的晶体会比胶体更快的扩散到另一侧，并提出了Dialysis（透析）的概念。这时人们才对半透膜产生了兴趣，并由德国生物化学家Moritz Traube（1826 – 1894）在1864 年制造出了人类历史上第一张人造膜——亚铁氰化铜膜。完整的渗透压理论直到20 世纪才由荷兰物理化学家Van't Hoff（1852 – 1911）提出。后来，随着各个学科的不断发展，膜分离现象也不断为人们发现并研究。1960 年，人类终于实现了从苦咸水中制取淡水的梦想，工作于美国加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）的科学家Sidney Loeb （1917 –）和Srinivasa Sourirajan（1923 –）共同研制出世界第一张非对称醋酸纤维素反渗透膜。从那时起的近半个世纪以来，膜分离技术，包括反渗透和纳滤，在世界范围得到了广泛的发展和应用。表3.1 列出了膜分离技术发展简史。 表3.1 膜分离技术发展史
中间件介绍 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
中间件介绍 1、Ice： ICE(Internet Communications Engine)是ZeroC提供的一款高性能的中间件，基于ICE可以实现电信级的解决方案。在设计网站架构的时候可以使用ICE实现对网站应用的基础对象操作，将基础对象操作和数据库操作封装在这一层，在业务逻辑层以及表现层(java,php,,python)进行更丰富的表现与操作，从而实现比较好的架构。基于ICE的数据层可以在未来方便的进行扩展。ICE支持分布式的部署管理，消息中间件，以及网格计算等等。 Zeroc推出的一种分布式的面向对象中间件，解决分布式的异构计算。可以用 C++,Java,c#等进行分布式的交互计算。 主要设计目标是： ·成为适用于异种环境的平台。 ·具有一组完整的特性，支持广泛的领域中的实际的的开发。 ·去掉不必要的复杂性，使平台更易于学习和使用。 ·是一种在、内存使用和CPU开销方面都很高效的实现。 ·是一种具有内建安全性的实现，使它适用于不安全的公共网络。 2、JBoss： 是一个基于J2EE的的。 JBoss代码遵循LGPL许可，可以在任何商业应用中免费使用，而不用支付费用。JBoss是一个管理EJB的容器和服务器，支持EJB 、EJB 和EJB3的规范。但JBoss核心服务不包括支持servlet/JSP的WEB容器，一般与Tomcat或Jetty绑定使用。 在J2EE领域，JBoss是发展最为迅速的应用服务器。由于JBoss遵循商业友好的LGPL授权分发，并且由开源社区开发，这使得JBoss广为流行。 另外，JBoss应用服务器还具有许多优秀的特质。 JBoss运行后后台管理界面 其一，将具有革命性的JMX服务作为其； 其二，本身就是（Service-Oriented Architecture，）； 其三，具有统一的类装载器，从而能够实现应用的和热卸载能力。 因此，高度模块化的和松耦合。JBoss应用服务器是健壮的、高质量的，而且还具有良好的性能。 1、JBoss是免费的，J2EE的实现，通过许可证进行发布。但同时也有的，开源和闭源流入流出的不是同一途径。 2、JBoss需要的内存和硬盘空间比较小。 3、安装便捷：解压后，只需配置一些即可。 4、JBoss支持"热部署"，部署BEAN时，只拷贝BEAN的文件到部署路径下即可自动加载；如果有改动，也会自动更新。 5、JBoss与Web服务器在同一个中运行，Servlet调用EJB不经过网络，从而大大提高运行效率，提升安全性能。
反渗透、纳滤基础知识 1 分离膜与膜过程 膜分离 物质世界是由原子、分子和细胞等微观单元构成的，然而这些微小的物质单元总是杂居共生，热力学第二定律揭示了微观粒子都会倾向于无序的混合状态。人们发明了过滤、蒸馏、萃取、电泳、层析和膜分离等分离技术来获取纯净的物质。 膜分离技术的基础是分离膜。分离膜是具有选择性透过性能的薄膜，某些分子（或微粒）可以透过薄膜，而其它的则被阻隔。这种分离总是要依赖于不同的分子（或微粒）之间的某种区别，最简单的区别是尺寸，三维空间之中，什么都有大小巨细，而膜有孔径。当然分子（或微粒）还有其它的特性差别可以利用，比如荷电性（正、负电），亲合性（亲油、亲水），深解性，等等。按照阻留微粒的尺寸大小，液体分离膜技术有反渗透（亚纳米级）、纳滤（纳米级）、超滤（10纳米级）和微滤（微米和亚微米级），另外还有气体分离、渗透蒸发、电渗析、液膜技术、膜萃取、膜催化、膜蒸馏等膜分离过程。 表-1 主要的膜分离过程
气体分离气体、气体与蒸 汽分离 浓度差易透过气体不易透过气体 薄膜复合膜 薄膜复合膜由超薄皮层（活性分离层）和多孔基膜构成。基膜一般是在多孔织物支撑体上浇筑的微孔聚砜膜(即0.2mm厚)，超薄皮层是由聚酰胺和聚脲通过界面缩合反应技术形成的。 薄膜复合膜的优点与它们的化学性质有关，其最主要的特点是化学稳定性，在中等压力下操作就具有高水通量和盐截留率及抗生物侵蚀。它们能在温度0－40℃及pH2－l2间连续操作。像芳香聚酰胺一样，这些材料的抗氯及其他氧化性物质的性能差。 过滤图谱 平膜结构
图-1 非对称膜与复合膜结构比较 美国海德能公司的RO/NF膜(CPA, ESPA, SWC, ESNA, LFC)均是复合膜。CPA3的断面结构如图-2所示。可以看出在支撑层上形成褶皱状的表面致密层。原水以与皮层平行方向进入，通过加压使其透过密致分离层，产水从支撑层流出。 图-2 CPA3的断面结构 表面致密层构造 根据膜种类不同，制作平膜的表面致密层材质也有差异。大多数都是采用交链全芳香族聚酰胺。其构造如图-3所示。
北洋国家精馏技术工程有限公司企业技术文件 JL/ZI-2004 填料塔内件安装手册 发布日期2004-2 2004-2 实施北洋国家精馏技术工程发展有限公司发布
北洋国家精馏技术工程发展有限公司填料塔内件安装手册 填料塔内件安装手册 本标准规定了北洋国家精馏技术发展有限公司（以下简称本公司）关于填料塔塔内件安装的技术要求及验收标准，用于指导由本公司设计的，或由本公司授权设计的，应用本公司相关塔内件专利技术或专有技术的填料塔的内件的安装及验收。 填料塔的内件指填料、填料支撑、填料压紧装置、液体分布器、液体收集器、液体收集再分布器、气体分布器、液体顶分布管等构件。 在遵守本标准的同时还应符合“HGJ211-85”《化工塔类设备施工及验收规范》中的第三章第四节中相关规定的要求，本标准如与上述标准或图纸技术要求发生矛盾时，应以要求严格为准。 1.安装前的准备工作 1.1塔内件的清点及验收 交付安装的塔内件必须符合设计要求，并附有出厂合格证明书、材质单、装箱单等技术文件。 塔内件开箱应在有关人员参加下，对照装箱单及图样，按下例项目检查与清点，并填下“塔内件验收清点记录”； a ）箱号、箱数及包装情况 b）内件名称、规格、代号及材质。 c）内件的尺寸及数量 d)内件表面损伤、变形及锈蚀状况。 1.2塔内件的保管 a ）内件安装时如集油箱、液体分布器等可放置在现场保管，但要防止变形、损伤、腐蚀等情况发生；现场应保持平整清洁，不影响其它工程施工。特别是应保证液体分布器的清洁，不得将任何杂物落入分布器内，必须保证分布器入塔前各分布孔畅通。 b）易损易失零部件，如螺栓、螺母、连接筋板等较小部件，应按类按规格作好标记后，存放库房保管。 1.3塔内件安装条件 a ）内件安装前，应对塔内安装表面进行清理，去除表面油污、焊渣、铁锈、泥沙及毛
沈阳水泵股份有限公司 哈尔滨水泵厂 大连大耐泵业有限公司 温州康伟泵业（温州康尔达实业有限公司） 本溪水泵有限责任公司 天津泵业机械集团有限公司 石家庄泵业集团有限责任公司 阳泉水泵厂 上海通用泵机设备有限公司 第一水泵厂 山东博泵科技股份有限公司 无锡市锡泵制造有限公司 长沙通大(集团)有限公司长沙水泵厂 河南省豫通企业集团公司新乡水泵厂 武汉四方泵业集团有限公司 佛山水泵厂有限公司 重庆水泵厂 自贡市工业泵股份有限公司 兰州水泵总厂 宝鸡水泵厂 四川新达泵业股份有限公司 山东双轮集团股份有限公司 山东同泰集团股份有限公司 河北恒盛实业股份有限公司 唐山市水泵厂 安徽三联泵业股份有限公司 安徽莱恩电泵有限公司 浙江丰球集团有限公司(丰球股份有限公司) 西安泵阀总厂 赣州水泵制造有限公司 广州广一集团有限公司 广州市第一水泵厂 宜昌水泵总厂 海城三鱼泵业有限公司 昆明水泵厂 南京兰深制泵集团股份有限公司 长春贝特泵业制造有限公司 天长市天元泵阀配套厂（原天长市机械密封件厂） [德]KSB公司 [美]ITT流体技术公司ITT Fluid Technology
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反渗透系统操作规程 （一）、反渗透基础： 一、反渗透原理： 反渗透，英文为Reverse Osmosis，它所描绘的是一个自然界中水分自然渗透过程的反向过程。早在1950年美国科学家DR.S.Sourirajan有一回无意中发现海鸥在海上飞行时从海面啜起一大口海水，隔了几秒后吐出一小口的海水。他由此而产生疑问：陆地上由肺呼吸的动物是绝对无法饮用高盐份的海水，那为什么海鸥就可以饮用海水呢？这位科学家把海鸥带回了实验室，经过解剖发现在海鸥囔嗉位置有一层薄膜，该薄膜构造非常精密。海鸥正是利用了这薄膜把海水过滤为可饮用的淡水，而含有杂质及高浓缩盐份的海水则吐出嘴外。这就是以后逆渗透法（Reverse Osmosis 简称R.O）的基本理论架构。 对透过的物质具有选择性的薄膜成为半透膜。一般将只能透过溶剂而不能透过溶质的薄膜视为理想的半透膜。当把相同体积的稀溶液（如淡水）和浓液（如海水或盐水）分别置于一容器的两侧，中间用半透膜阻隔，稀溶液中的溶剂将自然的穿过半透膜，向浓溶液侧流动，浓溶液侧的液面会比稀溶液的液面高出一定高度，形成一个压力差，达到渗透平衡状态，此种压力差即为渗透压。渗透压的大小决定于浓液的种类，浓度和温度与半透膜的性质无关。若在浓溶液侧施加一个大于渗透压的压力时，浓溶液中的溶剂会向稀溶液流动，此种溶剂的流动方向与原来渗透的方向相反，这一过程称为反渗透。即在进水（浓溶液）侧施加操作压力以克服自然渗透压，当高于自然渗透压的操作压力施加于浓溶液侧时，水分子自然渗透的流动方向就会逆转，进水(浓溶液)中的水分子部分通过膜成为稀溶液侧的净化产水（请参见下图）。
二、反渗透过程 根据反渗透原理可知，渗透和反渗透必须与具有允许溶剂(水分子)透过的半透膜(反渗透膜或纳滤膜)联系在一起才有意义，才会出现渗透现象和反渗透操作。 反渗透膜：允许溶剂分子透过而不允许溶质分子透过的一种功能性的半透膜称为反渗透膜； 膜元件：将反渗透膜膜片与进水流道网格、产水流道材料、产水中心管和抗应力器等用胶粘剂等组装在一起，能实现进水与产水分开的反渗透过程的最小单元称为膜元件； 膜组件：膜元件安装在受压力的压力容器外壳内构成膜组件； 膜装置：由膜组件、仪表、管道、阀门、高压泵、精密过滤器、就地控制柜和机架组成的可独立运行的成套单元膜设备称为膜装置，反渗透过程通过该膜装置来实现； 膜系统：针对特定水源条件和产水要求设计的，由预处理、加药装置、增压泵、水箱、膜装置和电气仪表连锁控制的完整膜法水处理工艺过程称为系统。 待处理的进水经过高压泵被连续升压后入膜装置内，在膜元件内进水被分成浓度低的或更纯的产水，称为透过液和浓度高的浓水。浓水调节阀控制成为产水和浓水的比例即装置回收率。
· 1、反应器：主要用来使物料在其中间进行化学反应，生成新的物质，或者使物料进行搅拌、沉降等单元操作。 2、容器：主要用来贮存原料，中间产品和成品等。按形状分有圆柱形、球形等，而以圆柱形容器应用最广。 3、塔器：用于吸收、洗涤、精馏、萃取等化工单元操作。塔器多为立式设备，其断面一般为圆形。塔器的高度和直径之比，一般相差较大。 4、换热器：主要用来使两种不同温度的物料进行热量交换，以达到加热或冷却之目的。 塔设备是化工、石油化工和炼油等生产中最重要的设备之一。它可使气（或汽）液和液液两相之间进行紧密接触，达到相际传质及传热的目的。可在塔设备中完成的常见的单元操作有：精馏、吸收、解吸和萃取等。此外，工业气体的冷却与回收、气体的湿法净制和干燥，以及兼有气液两相传质和传热的增湿、减湿等。 4、什么是传质设备？ 。由于其过程中两种介质主要发生的是质的交换，所以也将实现这些过程的设备叫传质设备； 5、按塔的内件构成结构分为板式塔和填料塔。 塔设备尽管其用途各异，操作条件也各不相同，但就其构造而言都大同小异，主要由塔体、支座、内部构件及附件组成。根据塔内部构件的结构可以将其分为板式塔和填料塔两大类。具体结构如图所示。 塔体是塔设备的外壳，由圆筒和两封头组成；封头可以是半球形、椭圆形、碟形等；支座是将塔体安装在基础上的连接部分，一般采用裙式支座，有圆筒形和圆锥形两种，常采用圆筒形。裙座与塔体采用对接焊接或搭接焊接连接，裙座的高度由工艺要求的附属设备（如再沸器、泵）及管线的布置情况而定 6、精馏塔：精馏主要是利用混合物中各组分的挥发度不同而进行分离。挥发度较高的物质在气相中的浓度比在液相中的浓度高，因此借助于多次的部分汽化及部分冷凝，而达到轻重组分分离的目的。这样的操作称为蒸馏，反复多次蒸馏的过程称为精馏，实现精馏操作的塔设备称为精馏塔。 7、吸收塔、解吸塔：利用混合气中各组分在溶液中溶解度的不同，通过吸收液体来分离气体的工艺操作称为吸收；将吸收液通过加热等方法使溶解于其中的气体释放出来的过程称为解吸。实现吸收和解吸操作过程的塔设备称为吸收塔、解吸塔。 塔设备的构件，除了种类繁多的各种内件外，其余构件则是大致相同。主要包括以下几个部分： 填空 为确保塔设备安全稳定运行，必须做好（日常检查），并（记录检查）结果，以作为定期（停车检查）、（检修）的历史资料。 日常检查有哪些？。 答：原料、成品及回流液的流量、温度、纯度，公用工程流体，如水蒸气、冷却水、压缩空气等的流量、温度及压力。 塔底、塔顶的压力以及塔的压力降。 塔底的温度。若低于正常温度，及时排水、并彻底排净。 安全装置、压力表、温度计、液面计等仪表是否正常，动作是否灵敏可靠。 保温、保冷材料是否完整，并根据具体情况及时进行修复。 3、萃取塔：对于各组分间沸点相差很小的液体混合物，利用一般的分馏方法难以奏效，这时可在液体混合物中加入某种沸点较高的溶剂(称为萃取剂)；利用混合液中各组分在萃取刑
Oracle融合中间件是首屈一指的应用基础架构产品。它使企业能够利用现代的硬件和软件架构创建和运行灵活且智能的业务管理软件，并最大限度地提高IT 效率。Oracle融合中间件是唯一按照以下独特原则设计的可供任何供应商使用的中间件： ?全面——与可满足所有中间件需求的单一战略性合作伙伴协作 ?集成——与Oracle融合中间件、Oracle数据库和Oracle管理软件经过认证的集成提升了信心并降低了成本 ?支持热插拔——借助优于行业标准的互操作性增强企业现有的基础架构和管理软件 ?一流——各个系列中的产品都是首屈一指的。 1. 应用网格产品系列 1.1. Oracle WebLogic应用服务产品 Oracle WebLogic应用服务器产品系列是用于开发、部署和集成企业管理软件的业界最全面的Java平台。位于该产品系列核心的是Oracle WebLogic应用服务器，它是业界最可靠且性能最高的Java EE服务器。Oracle WebLogic产品为应用网格提供了基础，是一个充分利用了资源共享、动态调整、复制和并行操作的架构，使采用者能够享受极低的运营成本。 1.2. Oracle Tuxedo事务处理产品 Oracle Tuxedo是业界领先的分布式事务处理平台。它基于开放、分布式的系统来提供面向用C、C++和COBOL语言编写的软件的大型机级别的规模和性能，并且它是在主流硬件上转换大型机应用程序的首选平台。Oracle Tuxedo提供经济有效的可靠性，具有每秒处理数十万次事务的极高可伸缩性，并通过延长作为现代化架构（如SOA）一部分的现有IT资产的寿命来保护投资。Oracle Tuxedo是Oracle融合中间件的战略性事务处理产品。
SOLIDWORKS在塔内件中的应用 孙庆1 （1.天津昊然分离科技有限公司，300173） 摘要：利用SOLIDWORKS软件，我们可以创建全相关的三维实体模型。在塔内件的设计与制造中，直观、生动地表达各零部件的规格形状，以及装配体中各零部件的关系，生成与之对应的工程图详图以供制造加工；同时可利用其内置的钣金件、焊件、模具设计、有限元分析模块，对设计、制造过程中遇到的问题给出解决方案。 关键词：SOLIDWORKS；三维实体模型；塔内件的设计与制造；工程图。 0、前言 在炼油、石油化工、精细化工、食品、医药及环保等行业中，塔器的应用一般是主要的和首选的，其广泛应用于精馏、萃取、吸收、洗涤等单元操作中。 塔器按其结构可分为两大类：板式塔和填料塔。板式塔设备内部设置了不同的结构构件，依据动量传递原理，为进入塔内的气（液）、液两相提供接触、分散、相际传质和相分离场所，从而实现传质和传热过程，达到轻、重组分分离的目的；填料塔设备内部为填料以及与填料相关各种结构构件，目的也是达到与板式塔一样的效果。广义的讲，除了填料塔里的填料，塔设备内部这些为实现传质过程而设置的结构构件统称为塔内件。 可见，塔内件的作用是为了使气液在塔器中更好地接触，以便发挥塔器的最大效率和最大生产能力，所以塔内件设计的好坏直接影响塔器的生产效果，对其的研究也一直是塔器中的关键。 SOLIDWORKS设计自动化软件是一个基于特征、参数化、实体建模的设计工具。该软件采用Windows图形用户界面，集成了强大的设计工具，包括零件、装配体和工程图功能以及内置的仿真、成本估算、渲染、动画和产品数据管理，利用SOLIDWORKS可以创建全相关的三维实体模型，能帮助我们在产品创建阶段（设计、验证、协作、建造），实现更优化的3D设计体验，体现设计意图，从而得到更高效、更好的设计方案。 本文将从SOLIDOWRKS内置模块中的：3D模型与2D工程图、钣金件以及有限元分析三个模块着重介绍其在塔内件中的应用。