外文翻译
原文
Third party logistics: a literature review and research agenda
Material Source: Department of Management Science
Author:Konstantinos Selviaridis
Introduction
In recent years there has been a surge of academic interest and publications in the area of third party logistics (3PL). This can be partly explained by the growing trend of outsourcing logistics activities in a wide variety of industrial sectors. The continuing wave of consolidation within the 3PL industry has also resulted in the emergence of large companies that have the capabilities to offer sophisticated logistics solutions on a continental or even global scale. Such logistics service providers (LSPs) strive to assume a more strategic role within the supply chain of clients, expanding their scale and scope of operations.
Despite the growing interest in 3PL, the literature on this area appears to be disjointed. Based on an extensive literature review, this paper aims to offer a taxonomy of 3PL studies and point out opportunities for further research. In a previous attempt, summarised the results of their literature survey which also included articles from practitioner journals and the trade press. For the sake of rigour, the present study concentrates only on refereed journal papers published during 1990-2005.
Analysis of findings
The analysis of literature is based on multiple dimensions. Both content- and method-oriented criteria are used. The papers were firstly classified according to their research purpose (descriptive vs normative) and nature (empirical vs conceptual). The results indicate that most 3PL studies (60 per cent) are empirical-descriptive in nature.
3PL studies are weakly theorised, with 69 per cent of the papers having no theoretical foundation and simply describing trends in the industry. This confirms others' views that logistics research lacks a theoretical basis. Nonetheless, some
work uses theories such as transaction cost economics (TCE) and the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm to explain logistics outsourcing. Relationship marketing approaches, network theory, agency theory, competence theory, channel theory, political economy theory and social exchange theory have also been applied to explain aspects of 3PL relations. However, their use seems to be the exception rather than the rule and most of them are applied on a piecemeal basis, without serving any broader research objective.
The level of analysis of 3PL research is also examined. In line with Harland (1996)and Hakansson and Snehota (1995), studies are classified in terms of three levels:1.the firm
2. the dyad
3.the network.
The firm level
The decision to outsource (or not) logistics activities depends on a multitude of variables, which refer to both internal and external considerations. have identified factors such as centrality of the logistics function, risk and control, cost/service trade-offs, information technologies and relationships with LSPs. The concept of logistics complexity is also introduced to incorporate a number of critical drivers that impact on the above identified factors. Product-related (e.g. special handling needs), process-related (e.g. cycle times) and network-related (e.g. countries served) drivers are believed to have an indirect influence in the outsourcing decision.
A variety of benefits and risks in relation to 3PL have been reported in the literature. These can be classified as strategy-, finance- and operations-related. Outsourcing non-strategic activities enables organisations to focus on core competence and exploit external logistical expertise . 3PL providers can also contribute to improved customer satisfaction and provide access to international distribution networks . The most often-cited risks are associated with loss of control over the logistics function and loss of in-house capability and customer contact . However, it is usually the case that shippers employ a mixed strategy regarding logistics and retain important logistics activities (e.g. order management) in-house. While it is reported that users of 3PL enhance their flexibility with regard to market (investments) and demand (volume flexibility) changes, lack of responsiveness to customer needs is also cited as a problem of outsourcing .
The review reveals a mismatch between supply and demand for logistics services. Evidence from recent industry surveys indicates that while LSPs expand
their offerings to include information systems, consulting, contract manufacturing and even purchasing and financial services, there is a low uptake of such services and buyers in general prefer to outsource transport- and warehouse-related functions .
Three main frameworks for procurement of logistics services have been identified. compare the purchasing process between commoditised (e-freight exchanges) and advanced logistics services. They find that definition of service requirements appear to be more difficult, criteria for 3PL selection extend far beyond price considerations and contracts are much more detailed when buying advanced logistics solutions.
Berglund have identified several factors facilitating the rise of the 3PL market. On the demand side, key drivers include reduction in asset intensity, reduction of labor costs and restructuring of distribution; on the supply side, industry deregulation and declining profit margins in basic services are among the reasons for growth. Some authors have explained how transportation firms developed into 3PL providers by expanding their service offerings to differentiate themselves from competition .
In a highly competitive sector cost reduction, market segmentation and service differentiation are the main ways of improving 3PL performance and profits. In addition, environmental changes and the introduction of new technologies have an impact on LSP strategic planning. For example, e-commerce and its implications for logistics operations should be fully understood by 3PL firm s .
Both vertical (shipper-LSP) and horizontal (among LSPs) alliances are set up mainly with the aim of getting access to complementary resources and capabilities. In particular, horizontal alliances among LSPs are deemed necessary for the development of cross-border logistics solutions. Some authors though question the effectiveness of Pan-European and global logistics operators and they argue for the existence of local, medium-sized 3PLs that better serve customer needs in foreign markets .
The dayd level
Existing literature suggests that the nature of 3PL relationships is a function of service offering composition, contract duration and the client's motivation for outsourcing.There are many examples of partnerships between LSPs and manufacturers/retailers in the logistics literature. It is suggested that such partnerships develop gradually, as the number of outsourced activities increases over
time. Shippers often adopt an “increasing scope” strategy in respect of their relationships with LSPs. According to this practice, buyers are looking for specific solutions at the initial stages of the relationship in order to test the provider's capabilities . However, over time, the scope of the relationship increases and the offering expands to include more value-added and customised solutions .
The design and implementation of 3PL relations appears to be problematic. Often-cited difficulties include lack of understanding of client's supply chain needs, lack of adequate expertise in specific products and markets, unrealistic customer expectations, inadequate description of services and service levels, lack of logistics cost awareness by the client and lack of 3PL innovation. In response to such problems the literature focuses on issues such as 3PL selection, contracting, information sharing between client-LSP and performance measurement systems. In relation to service provider choice, the buyer organization should create a comprehensive list of selection criteria that extend beyond price considerations. These issues are now considered in turn.
Frequent communications and information sharing between the contracting parties are crucial for effective management of 3PL relations . Information exchange is important even in the pre-contracting period, when the buyer attempts to assess the capabilities of the potential supplier. Communication channels in multiple organizational levels are established in order to cover the strategic as well as operational information needs. In many instances, joint meetings are also established to review the provider's performance and solve any arising problems. More seldom, inter-organisational teams and committees are formed with the aim of facilitating information exchange between contracting parties and/or improving business processes .
Whatever their starting point of analysis or theoretical perspective, all frameworks include a relationship evaluation stage. A feedback mechanism is also incorporated in order to adjust the relationship objectives and adapt processes. Some of them do not consider specific 3PL characteristics. Even worse, researchers who apply such frameworks to 3PL relationships do no appear to provide any justification for doing so. These frameworks also suggest, either implicitly or explicitly, that 3PL alliances are a means to achieve competitive advantage, by gaining access to external resources and capabilities .Collaborative 3PL relations can lead to new competence development and innovation, provided that partners openly exchange information and share their knowledge and skills . Organisational learning
is thought to be an important quality which facilitates innovation and 3PL service improvement .
The network level
Current research focuses on dyadic LSP-client interactions. However, the boundary-spanning role of logistics and the importance of customer service for 3PL arrangements are reflected in many studies, which either implicitly or explicitly discuss the client's customer interface, i.e. the treatment extends beyond the dyad to consider larger networks.
There are a few studies that explicitly discuss the formation of logistics outsourcing triads.Bask argues that the term 3PL implies a triadic link among suppliers, their customers and LSPs. Larson and Gammelgaard investigate the preconditions, benefits and barriers to the formation of collaborative relations among buyers, sellers and 3PL providers. Carter and Ferrin have illustrated the impact of trilateral collaboration on the reduction of transport costs. Moreover, Gentry has studied the role of carriers in strategic buyer-supplier alliances and concluded that LSPs mainly have operational responsibilities and are not involved in strategic planning of the supplier-customer alliance.
Various forms of sub-contracting are also considered in the literature. In particular, the design of 4PL/LLP solutions entails that the LSP acts as a single point of contact within the client's supply chain. The 4PL provider is often regarded as a non asset-based company which makes use of its supply chain design/planning capabilities and IT solutions and acts as a single interface between the client and multiple (asset-based) LSPs (Skjoett-Larsen, 2000). Logistics providers also develop horizontal networks in order to gain access to complementary resources and capabilities.
Directions for future research
1.Focus on network research.The review has revealed a knowledge gap in relation to the design and implementation of 4PL/LLP contracting arrangements. Existing studies focus on conceptualising 4PL and pointing out its difference from 3PL, without reaching a common definition. Further, empirical research should be directed towards these phenomena, in particular:
2.Focus on normative research.Further normative research is needed to provide practitioners with tools and frameworks for decision-making. On this front, two suggestions are offered: Outsourcing decision framework, Selection criteria framework.
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步，第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因，并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流；精益物流战略；价值链联盟；虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来，我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强，在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此，对第三方物流的研究，对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨，并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 物流的定义 在完成商业交易之后,物流将以最低成本和最高效益的方式执行将商品从供应商(卖方)流转到顾客(买方)的过程。这就是物流的定义。在物流过程中,既需要诸如物流设施和设备(物流运输工具等)的硬件,也需要对物流实施信息化管理进行物流标准化。此外,政府和物流组织的支持也不可或缺。 物流的三大主要功能 (1)创造时间价值:同种商品因所处时间的不同而有着不同的价值。在商品流转过程中,往往会处于某种停滞的状态,物流的专业术语就称之为储存。储存创造了商品的时间价值。 (2)创造场所价值: 同种商品因所处位置的不同而有着不同的价值。这种因商品流转过程中而产生的附加增值称之为物流的场所价值。 (3) 同配送加工价值:有时,物流活动也能创造配送加工价值,这种物流加工主要改变商品的长度、厚度和包装形态。物流中经常提到的“分割成更小的部分”就是配送加工中最为常见的形式。大多数物流加工都能创造商品的附加价值。
文献综述怎么写 1) 什么是文献综述? 文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。 2) 文献综述的写作要求 1、文献综述的格式 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言，要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜，不宜超过500字。 正文，是综述的重点，写法上没有固定的格式，只要能较好地表达综合的内容，作者可创造性采用诸多形式。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然，作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结，是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结，作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。 参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求，一般以30条以内为宜，以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。 2、文献综述规定 1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。 2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇，且文献搜集要客观全面 3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。 4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。 5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号[ ]括起来置于引用词的右上角。 6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。不能混淆作者与文献的观点。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径，针对性强。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。 3、注意事项 ⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。引用文献不过多。文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来，这些文献在他人
第三方物流的发展趋势 一、第三方物流的基本概述 （一）第三方物流的概念 第三方物流，英文表达为Third-PartyLogistics，简称3PL，也简称TPL，是相对“第一方”发货人和“第二方”收货人而言的。是由第三方专业企业来承担企业物流活动的一种物流形态。它为顾客提供以合同为约束、以结盟为基础的，系列化、个性化、信息化的物流代理服务。 （二）第三方物流的分类 第三方物流内部的构成一般可分为两类：资产基础供应商和非资产基础供应商。对于资产基础供应商而言，他们有自己的运输工具和仓库，他们通常实实在在地进行物流操作。为参与世界性竞争，企业必须确立核心竞争力，加强供应链管理，降低物流成本，把不属于核心业务的物流活动外包出去。于是，第三方物流应运而生。我国最早的理论研究之一是第三方物流：模式与运作。3PL既不属于第一方，也不属于第二方，而是通过与第一方或第二方的合作来提供其专业化的物流服务，它不拥有商品，不参与商品的买卖，而是为客户提供以合同为约束、以结盟为基础的、系列化、个性化、信息化的物流代理服务。 （三）第三方物流的特征 从发达国家物流业的状况看，第三方物流在发展中已逐渐形成鲜明特征，突出表现在五个方面： 1.合同化关系：第三方物流是通过契约形式来规范物流经营者与物流消费者之间关系的。根据合同来实施具体的操作。 2.服务个性化：根据不同消费者的不同需求，来增强自身的服务，来满足消费者。 3.功能专业化：物流所提供的服务从工具到操作过程，都必须体现专业水平。 4.管理系统化：第三方物流需要建立现代管理系统才能满足运行和发展的基本要求。 5.信息网络化：在物流服务的过程中，信息共享极大的提高了效率个效益。 二、第三方物流企业的现状 （一）国外公司看好中国市场 近年来，我国的第三方物流得到了长足发展。第三方物流企业主要是一些原来的国家大型仓储运输企业和中外合资独资企业。传统的如中国储运总公司、
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述 一、外文文献 文献信息 标题: Business Logistics Performance Measurement in Third-Party Logistics: An Empirical Analysis of Australian Courier Firms 作者: Michael W; Ferry J; Ahmad A 出版物名称: International Journal of Business and Information 卷: 10;期: 3;页: 323-336 年份: 2015 Business Logistics Performance Measurement in Third-Party Logistics: An Empirical Analysis of Australian Courier Firms ABSTRACT This paper presents an empirically validated measurement model of logistics performance in Australian courier firms. In third-party logistics firms, logistics performance directly influences both internal and external stakeholders/customers. The courier firm is an important model of third-party logistics. In this study, all measures are validated by both academics and practitioners. Empirical data for the study was collected through a web-based survey. A total of 162 responses were used to verify the measurement model of structural equation modeling. Results indicate that the logistics performance measurement has high reliability and validity in the study. This measurement model contributes to the business performance literature. It provides insight to assess logistics performance in the postal/courier industry. In addition, the measures can be generalized for different business management purposes. Keywords: Performance measurement, logistics performance, business logistics, supply chain management, postal/courier industry 1. INTRODUCTION During the last couple of decades, the logistics industry has boomed worldwide, and competition in the third-party logistics (3PLs) market is now very intensive. The
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
一、激励理论的背景 在经济发展的过程中,劳动分工与交易的出现带来了激励问题。激励理论是行为科学中用于处理需要，动机，目标和行为四者之间关系的核心理论。行为科学认为人的动机来自需要，由需要确定人们的行为目标，激励则作用于人内心活动，激发，驱动和强化人的行为。哈佛大学维廉詹姆士研究表明：在没有激励措施下,下属一般仅能发挥工作能力的20%～30%，而当他受到激励后,其工作能力可以提升到80%～90%，所发挥的作用相当于激励前的3到4倍。日本丰田公司采取激励措施鼓励员工提建议，结果仅1983年一年，员工提了165万条建议，平均每人31条，它为公司带来900亿日元利润，相当于当年总利润的18%。由于激励的效果明显，所以各种组织为了提高生产效率，有些专家学者就开始了对激励理论的研究之中，探索激励的无穷潜力。 二、国外研究现状 国外对于激励理论有了大量的研究并获得了丰硕的成果。总体来说，可以分为两类激励理论。一类是以人的心理需求和动机为主要研究对象的激励理论，熟称“内容型激励理论”。另一类是以人的心理过程和行为过程相互作用的动态系统为研究对象的激励过程理论,它也被称作是“行为型激励理论”。 1 内容型激励理论 1.1 奠瑞的人类人格理论 这种理论认为，在面临着动态且不断变化的环境时，人们都是自适应的。它把需求分成了两种类型，即生理需求和心理需求。前者与人体基本生理过程的满足感有关，而后者所关注的是情绪上和精神上的满足感。 1.2 马斯洛的“需要层次”理论 美国心理学家马斯洛(A.H.Maslow)进一步发展了莫瑞的研究，在1954年出版的《动机与人格》一书中对该理论作了进一步的阐释。马斯洛认为人的需要可以划分为五个层次，从低到高依次为生理需要，安全需要，社交需要，尊熏需要，自我实现需要，且这五个层次的顺序，对每个人都是相同的。只有当较低层次的需要获得了基本满足后，下一个较高层次的需要才能成为主导需要。 1.3 赫茨伯格的激励—保健双因素理论 美国心理学家赫茨伯格因素理论打破了这一假设。他于1959年在《工作的激励》一书中提出了保健——激励因素理论，简称双因素理论。即保健因素和激励因素。保健因素可以用来体现高水平员工的不满意，激励因素可以用来体现高水平员工的满意度。他认为只有激励因素才能促发员工积极性,提高生产效率。 2 行为型激励理论 2.1 洛克的目标设置理论 2O世纪6O年代末，埃德温·A·洛克和他的同事们花了许多年的时间研究目标对于人类行为和绩效的效果。他们的研究导致了目标设置理论的创立并不断地得到验证，提出：指向一共同目标的工作意向是工作效率的主要源泉。他还提出了具体的设置目标的步骤。 2.2 亚当斯的公平理论 美国心理学家亚当斯(J.s.Adams)对员工受激励程度的大小与他人之间的关系进行研究，并在《工人关于工资不公平的内心冲突同其生产率的关系》(1962年与罗森合写)，《工
第一篇： 航空博物馆与航空展示公园 巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基 飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。 新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。 The first passage: Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park Bartiomiej Kislelewski The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset
中英文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 摘要：自从―一万村‖市场项目开展以来，连锁超市就开始在农村地区发展起来。物流和分配是连锁超市运作过程中的纽带，在超市的平稳运作中起到重要作用。本土超市涌现出的很多问题，现在逐渐成为超市发展的瓶颈。在这篇论文中，作者将会分析现今存在于中国农村超市的物流和分配方面的问题，然后提供一些相应策略解决这个问题。 关键词：农村地区，货品分配，策略规划，物流，连锁超市。 1 介绍 自从―一万村‖市场项目开展以来，连锁超市作为一个新的运作系统及销售模式，开始在广阔的农村地区发展。这些连锁超市带领农民提高消费水平、缩小城乡差异、提升农村地区和农村市场现代流通的发展。连锁超市在农民中很受欢迎。然而，物流和分配是连锁超市的核心，却仍非常薄弱。分配的优势是超市运作成本、利润及相关合伙人附加利润的关键。在当前经济危机的形势下，解决农村超市物流及分配方面的问题，对农村市场的发展、经济的发展以及建设一个社会主义新农村都非常关键。 1.1农村连锁超市物流及分配的一些概念和特点
分配是一个经济活动，是企业家基于消费者需求，用最有效的方式在分配中心或其它地点储存货物，并且把这些货物运送到在合理经济框架内的其他客户。它包含购买、储存、分类、货物处理、递送及其它活动。它是一个物流活动的方式，结合了特别的、完整的业务流程。在农村地区，农民和农产品独特，所以，与城市物流分配相比，有着一些不同的特点。 1.2农村地区的主要物流和分配问题 A．低均匀分布率和高运作成本 根据商务部调查，自从―一万村‖市场项目开展以来，农村连锁超市的覆盖率已经达到超过60%，但是分配率却只有40%。这个数字不仅低于国内连锁超市60%的平均运送率，也大大低于国外连锁超市高于80%的运送率。均匀分配有利于统一采购。商店不能得益于连锁。这就会导致高物流成本。 B．不合理的物流和分配模式，导致信息读取效率不高 最近，农村连锁超市的物流和分配渠道主要由分配中心、农产品和供应市场合作社、第三方物流和分配系统组成。事实上，这三种分配方式也同样面临着高物流成本的问题。许多连锁超市没有建立自己的分配中心，因而不能满足分配服务的需求。即使一些连锁超市建立了自己的分配中心，也仍然存在很大问题。大多数农村超市规模较小，缺少建立分配中心的资金，因此，一些分配中心不能满足超市分配的需求。农村连锁商店分布较广，单个的连锁超市分配还是比较有限。收入比分配中心的建立和运作成本还要低。 C．分配中心的延后建立、低下技术水平、低分配水平 农村连锁超市的分配中心改造和扩大都是基于原来的仓库，这并不能满足连锁超市的服务需求。这些分配中心只能用来当仓库、储存及运输，缺少了深层的货品加工容量、信息加工以及反馈功能。这些基础设施不够，也缺少了机械化的检测、加工、冰冻、冷藏、包装及其它设备。电脑信息管理系统也远远不够，导致了不能及时进行与供应商、总部以及分部的数据交换。很难有效地管理物流信息，所以所有功能的协作及整合程度仍然非常低。 D．不充分的信息共享系统 农村连锁超市的信息系统构建是相对落后的。电子订货系统、电子数据互换系统以及增值网络系统都还没有使用。决策和信息管理系统也远远不够。很难在
大数据外文翻译参考文献综述 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Data Mining and Data Publishing Data mining is the extraction of vast interesting patterns or knowledge from huge amount of data. The initial idea of privacy-preserving data mining PPDM was to extend traditional data mining techniques to work with the data modified to mask sensitive information. The key issues were how to modify the data and how to recover the data mining result from the modified data. Privacy-preserving data mining considers the problem of running data mining algorithms on confidential data that is not supposed to be revealed even to the party
running the algorithm. In contrast, privacy-preserving data publishing (PPDP) may not necessarily be tied to a specific data mining task, and the data mining task may be unknown at the time of data publishing. PPDP studies how to transform raw data into a version that is immunized against privacy attacks but that still supports effective data mining tasks. Privacy-preserving for both data mining (PPDM) and data publishing (PPDP) has become increasingly popular because it allows sharing of privacy sensitive data for analysis purposes. One well studied approach is the k-anonymity model [1] which in turn led to other models such as confidence bounding, l-diversity, t-closeness, (α,k)-anonymity, etc. In particular, all known mechanisms try to minimize information loss and such an attempt provides a loophole for attacks. The aim of this paper is to present a survey for most of the common attacks techniques for anonymization-based PPDM & PPDP and explain their effects on Data Privacy. Although data mining is potentially useful, many data holders are reluctant to provide their data for data mining for the fear of violating individual privacy. In recent years, study has been made to ensure that the sensitive information of individuals cannot be identified easily. Anonymity Models, k-anonymization techniques have been the focus of intense research in the last few years. In order to ensure anonymization of data while at the same time minimizing the information
我国第三方物流的发展现状及前景 李晓娜 12-6 摘要 随着现代物流在我国的发展,第三方物流的作用越来越被重视,虽然我国目前已出现了许多从事第三方物流的企业,但是组织方式的科学性,各环节的衔接和协作的规范性,服务功能的多样性和服务质量都有所欠缺,值得进一步探讨和实践。本文阐述了第三方物流的基本概念及优越性；简要对我国第三方物流的发展现状及存在的问题进行分析，并对于第三方物流发展的制约因素提出若干可行性的建议；论证第三方物流在我国具有广阔的发展前景。 [关键词：]第三方物流；第三方物流企业；发展趋势
引言 物流市场的兴起使得第三方物流的作用也越来越被人们所重视,第三方物流在国外常称之为契约物流、物流联盟或物流外部化,是20世纪80年代中期才在欧美发达国家出现的概念,目前国内外都还没有确切的定义,一个公认的划分是把独立与产、销之外的其他物流活动的承担者统称为第三方物流。第三方物流已越来越成为物流市场的主体,在美国有57%的物流量是通过第三方物流业完成的,在社会化配送发展迅速的日本,第三方物流业占整个物流市场的80%。 1第三方物流概述 1.1第三方物流的的概念 物流一词源于英文的”logistics”，原意是军事后勤保障，在第二方世界大战以后被广泛地应用于经济领域。美国物流管理协会对物流的定义为”物流是为满足消费者需求而进行的对原材料、中间产品、最终产品及相关信息从起始地到消费地的有效流动与存储的、实施和控制的过程”。 物流由四个关键部分组成：实质流动、实质存储、信息流动及管理协调。物流的主要功能是创造时间效用和空间效用，主要方式是通过仓储克服空间距离。 第三方物流是在物流渠道中由中间商提供的服务，中间商以合同的形式在一定期限内提供需的全部或部分物流服务。第三方物流公司是一个为外部客户管理、控制和提供物流服务作业的公司。 1.2 第三方物流的特点 第三方物流具有很鲜明的特征，主要体现在以下几方面： 1.2.1双方关系的契约化第三方物流通过契约形式来规范与物流需求方之间的关系。第三方物流公司根据契约要求为需求方提供服务并且管理所提供的物流服务活动及过程。 1.2.2物流服务个性化第三方物流公司需要根据不同的物流需求在企业形象、业务流程、产品特征、顾客需求特征、竞争需要等方面的不同要求，提供针对性强的各项话物流服务和增值服务。 1.2.3服务功能专业化第三方物流公司所提供的是专业化的物流服务。从物流设计、物流操作过程、物流技术工具、物流设施到物流管理必须体现专门化和专业水平，这既是物流需求方的需要，也是第三方物流自身发展的基本要求。 1.2.4物流管理系统化系统的物流功能是第三方物流产生和发展的基本要求，第三方物流需要建立现代管理系统才能满足运行和发展的基本要求。 1.2.5信息应用网络化信息技术是第三方物流发展的基础，具体表现为物流信息的商品化、物流信息手机的数据化和代码化、物流信息处理的电子化和自动化、物流信息传递的标准化和实时化、物流信息储存的数据化等。在物流服务的提供过程中，信息技术的发展实现了信息实时共享，促进了物流管理的科学化，极大地提高了物流效率和物流效益 1.3第三方物流所具有的优势 当今竞争日趋激化和社会分工日益细化的大背景下，第三方物流具有明显的优越性，具体表现在：1.2.1企业集中精力于核心业务由于任何企业的资源都是有限的，很难成为业务上面面俱到的专家。为此，企业应把自己的主要资源集中于自己擅长的主业，而把物流等辅助功能留给物流公司。1.2.2 运用新技术，以信息换库存，降低成本当科学技术日益进步时，专业的第三方物流供应商能不断的更新信息技术和设备，而普通的单个制造公司一时间通常很难更新自己的资源或技能。第三方物流公司能以一种快速更具成优势的方式满足不同零售商的各种需求，而这些服务是通常都是制造商已经加难以做到的。
外文翻译 外文资料： Robots First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need. Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for