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Conversion of Methanol into Hydrocarbons over Zeolite H-ZSM-5 Ethene

Conversion of Methanol into Hydrocarbons over Zeolite H-ZSM-5 Ethene
Conversion of Methanol into Hydrocarbons over Zeolite H-ZSM-5 Ethene

Conversion of Methanol into Hydrocarbons over Zeolite H-ZSM-5:Ethene

Formation Is Mechanistically Separated from the Formation of Higher Alkenes Stian Svelle,?Finn Joensen,?Jesper Nerlov,?Unni Olsbye,?Karl-Petter Lillerud,?Stein Kolboe,?and

Morten Bj?rgen*,?

Haldor Tops?e A/S,Nym?lle V ej55,DK-2800Lyngby,Denmark,and Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology,Department of Chemistry,Uni V ersity of Oslo,P.O.Box1033Blindern,N-0315Oslo,Norway

Received August10,2006;E-mail:mobj@topsoe.dk

Understanding and obtaining product control have always been

a major challenge in the development of heterogeneous catalysts.

On the basis of fundamental mechanistic findings,this work outlines

ways of controlling the product selectivity in the conversion of

methanol to hydrocarbons.Methanol can be produced from natural

gas or any gasifiable carbonaceous material,such as petroleum,

coal or biomass.The conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons is

generally denoted as the MTH reaction,but as process conditions

and catalyst choice affect the selectivities,the abbreviations MTO

(methanol to olefins),MTP(methanol to propene),and MTG (methanol to gasoline)are often used.

The MTH reaction mechanism has been debated intensively for decades.1It is well documented that methanol molecules cannot be coupled directly into hydrocarbons at rates relevant to steady-state conversion,2-4and recent results from the groups of Haw and Kolboe are clearly in favor of an indirect reaction route.5,6An indirect route,known as“the hydrocarbon pool mechanism”,was outlined in the early1990s.7,8The hydrocarbon pool was described as a catalytic scaffold,constituted by large organics adsorbed in the zeolite,to which methanol is added and olefins are eliminated in a closed catalytic cycle.Hence,an active MTH catalyst can be viewed as an organic-inorganic hybrid material constituted by the inorganic zeolite and the organic hydrocarbon pool.For H- 9and H-SAPO-34,10the main catalytic engines of the hydrocarbon pool are the higher methylated benzenes or their cationic derivatives. For H- ,the heptamethylbenzenium cation displays the greatest reactivity,whereas hexamethylbenzene behaves similarly in H-SAPO-34.A simplified representation of this cycle,exemplified by propene formation from heptamethylbenzenium over H- ,is outlined in Scheme1.

Clearly,the detailed reaction mechanism varies with,for example,pore architecture and possibly also catalyst acid strength. H-ZSM-5is the archetype MTG catalyst and also the catalyst in Lurgi’s MTP process,and in this report we show that for H-ZSM-5 (1)the higher methylbenzenes are present in the zeolite pores,but they are virtually unreactive;(2)ethene appears to be formed exclusively from the lower methylbenzenes;(3)propene and higher alkenes are to a considerable extent formed from alkene methyla-tions and interconversions(e.g.,cracking reactions).The two latter statements,implying that the ethene formation is mechanistically separated from the formation of higher alkenes,are of utmost importance for understanding and possibly controlling the ethene/ propene selectivity in MTO/MTP catalysis.

Methanol(WHSV)7.0gg-1h-1)was reacted from gas-phase (130hPa)over60mg H-ZSM-5(Si/Al)140)in a fixed bed reactor at350°C.12C methanol was fed for18min before switching to 13C methanol(99%purity)and reacting further for a predetermined time.The time evolution of the13C content in the effluent was determined from GC-MS analyses performed0.5,1.0,and2.0min after the12C/13C methanol switch.Corresponding isotopic data for the organic material retained in the zeolite pores during reaction were obtained from three parallel experiments by thermally quenching the reaction after0.5,1.0,and2.0min of13C methanol reaction.These three catalyst samples were dissolved in15%HF, and the liberated organics were extracted from the aqueous phase with CH2Cl2and analyzed with GC-MS.

The major products in the effluent,as determined by GC-FID at 20min on stream were C2(10C%,mainly ethene),C3(30C%, mainly propene),butenes(14C%),butanes(5C%),C5+alkenes and aromatics(40C%),and traces of methane.The conversion of methanol/dimethyl ether was73%(see Supporting Information, Table S1for further details).These results are typical for low aluminum H-ZSM-5under the conditions employed.

The material retained within the catalyst was also analyzed after 20min on stream by the HF dissolution procedure,and the GC-MS chromatogram of the CH2Cl2extract is shown in Figure1.The chromatogram is dominated by a few compounds,all of them are methylbenzenes(MBs),ranging from minor amounts of xylenes via triMBs to larger amounts of tetra-,penta-,and hexaMB. TetraMB(durene)is the largest hydrocarbon able to diffuse out of the zeolite pores(detectable in the effluent),implying that penta-and hexaMB are truly trapped within the catalyst,probably residing in the channel intersections.The chromatogram in Figure1is representative for a wider range of reaction conditions and H-ZSM-5 catalyst samples.Finally,for this sample,the compositions of the gas phase and the retained material remain stable for several days under these conditions.

The pathway of methanol incorporation into both gas-phase products and retained compounds was investigated using13C labeling as described above.The time evolutions of total13C content for the gas phase and retained hydrocarbons are shown in Figure 2a and2b,respectively.Strikingly,0.5min after12C/13C methanol switch,the gas-phase products are divided into two groups(Figure 2a).The13C contents in the C3-C6alkenes are very similar(87-91%),whereas the second distinct group,that is,ethene and the aromatics,contain considerably less13C(70-75%).The same grouping is discernible also after1min,but the difference has

?Center for Materials Science and Nanotechnology.?Haldor Tops?e A/S.

Scheme

1 Published on Web10/26/2006

147709J.AM.CHEM.SOC.2006,128,14770-1477110.1021/ja065810a CCC:$33.50?2006American Chemical Society

become smaller and disappears after 2min of 13C methanol reaction,as the system approaches complete isotope exchange.

Xylenes and triMB are present both in the effluent and among the retained material (Figure 2b).The isotopic composition of the xylenes is virtually identical in both cases,whereas the 13C content in triMB is slightly lower for the retained molecules.Further,Figure 2b shows an evident trend in the 13C content in the higher methylbenzenes:The incorporation of 13C is slower as the number of methyl groups increases.The low rate of 13C incorporation of hexaMB in particular,is in stark contrast to data obtained in a similar manner for H- and H-SAPO-34where hexaMB unques-tionably has the highest reactivity.9-11As a direct implication of this,it may be stated that a hydrocarbon pool mechanism involving the highest methylbenzenes,proven to be all dominating for H- and H-SAPO-34,cannot be applicable to the H-ZSM-5catalyst.Rather,on the basis of the practically identical 13C contents and time evolutions,ethene formation proceeds via the xylenes and/or the triMBs.Ethene formation from xylenes and triMBs is in accord with results from Haw and co-workers,12,13showing that the lower methylbenzenes yield predominantly ethene,whereas the higher analogoues favor propene.The exact mechanism for ethene elimination cannot be assessed based on the current data,but Haw and co-workers 14,15have also shown that methylated cyclopentenyl cations are integral to alkene formation on H-ZSM-5and suggested that these compounds are equilibrated with other,active carbon species.No five rings are found among the retained compounds in our experiments,even so it seems likely that both five-and six-membered rings are involved in alkene formation.9

The higher 13C content in the C 3-C 6alkenes (Figure 2a)compared to ethene (and the aromatics)must be attributed to 13C

incorporation by another mechanism,and the only satisfactory explanation is alkene methylations followed by cracking of the larger alkenes thus formed.For example,immediately after 12C/13C methanol switch,a 12C 3

propene may be methylated repeatedly four times,yielding a 12C 313C 4heptene,which may in turn be

cracked into 13C enriched propene and butene.This cycle of C 3+alkenes methylation/cracking reactions is related to the scheme originally proposed by Dessau.16However,according to that scheme ethene is reequilibrated with the higher alkenes,and cracking is the only route for ethene formation.This is not in compliance with our data as the discrepancy between the 13C content in ethene and the C 3-C 6alkenes excludes any measurable ethene formation via this alkene based cycle,that is,ethene is not an alkene cracking product.

The above discussion leads to an interesting question regarding mechanistic understanding and selectivity control:Do the C 3+alkene cycle and the aromatics/ethene cycle run independently?This is probably not the case for H-ZSM-5,as the constant production of aromatics during methanol conversion means that some of the C 3+alkenes continuously form new aromatics.This means that for H-ZSM-5the aromatics/ethene cycle cannot run without the C 3+alkene cycle.Inversely,on the basis of the low reactivity of ethene toward methanol relative to that of propene and butenes,17the contribution to the C 3+alkenes involving ethene is very small and might not be required for the C 3+alkene cycle to occur.Finally,the significance of propene formation from the methylbenzenes cannot be evaluated at this point.

In conclusion,if it were possible to separate these two cycles,by sterically supressing the formation of the larger aromatics (e.g.,by altering the topology)and allowing product formation to occur only via the C 3+alkenes,formation of ethene might be avoided in an MTP application.

Supporting Information Available:Product details.This material is available free of charge via the Internet at https://www.doczj.com/doc/c915599521.html,.References

(1)Sto ¨cker,M.Microporous Mesoporous Mater.1999,29,3-48.

(2)Song,W.;Marcus,D.M.;Fu,H.;Ehresmann,J.O.;Haw,J.F.J.Am.

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(12)Song,W.;Fu,H.;Haw,J.F.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2001,123,4749-4754.(13)Arstad,B.;Nicholas,J.B.;Haw,J.F.J.Am.Chem.Soc.2004,123,2991-3001.

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(15)Goguen,P.W.;Xu,T.;Barich,D.H.;Skloss,T.W.;Song,W.;Wang,

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JA065810A

Figure 1.Chromatogram (GC -MS)of retained compounds.Prior to HF dissolution,the catalyst was exposed to methanol for 20min at 350°

C.

Figure 2.Time evolution of 13C content in effluent (a)and retained material (b)after 12C/13C methanol feed switch.

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翻译研究中的概念混淆(翻译策略、方法与技巧)).

翻译研究中的概念混淆 ——以“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”为例 熊兵华中师范大学 《中国翻译》2014(3)82-88 摘要:本文对学界在“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”这三个基本概念上所存在的普遍的混淆进行了剖析,提出应对这三个概念进行明确区分。在此基础上论文对这三个概念的定义、特性、相互关系及其各自的分类体系进行了系统阐述。 关键词:翻译策略;翻译方法;翻译技巧;混淆;定义;分类 1.话题缘起 在翻译研究中,有一个问题一直以来都未引起学界足够的重视,并因此在一定程度上妨碍了翻译研究的进一步发展,这个问题即为翻译研究中的概念混淆,其中又尤以“翻译策略”、“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”这三个概念的混淆为甚。一方面,学界对翻译“策略”、“方法”和“技巧”的讨论虽多如牛毛,但把它们作为一个方法论系统的关键要素进行综合研究,深入考察其各自的内涵、相互关系及分类体系的系统性研究还相当少见。另一方面,学界在对这三个术语的认识和使用上普遍存在着定义不明、分类不当、概念混淆不清的问题。例如,在一些翻译教材中中,“归化”与“异化”一方面被作为“翻译方法”加以讨论(如龚芬,2011:79—81),另一方面又被视为“翻译策略”进行阐述(同上:93—106)。一些翻译论文把本应属于翻译技巧层面的增补型翻译(类似于增译)、浓缩型翻译(类似于减译)划归为“翻译策略”的类别(如李克兴,2004:66—67)。在一些翻译方向的硕士研究生论文中,把翻译“策略”、“方法”、“技巧”混为一谈的更是比比皆是。甚至翻译专业的老师对此问题也存在一些模糊的、甚至是错误的看法(如把归化等同于意译,把异化等同于直译)。 国外学界对此也存在一些模糊或混淆(或未予严格区分。比如Shuttleworth & Cowie (2004:44,59)一方面把domestication/foreignization称作是“strategy”,另一方面却又把free/literal translation也视为“strategy”(同上:63,96 )。Vinay & Darbelnet (1958/2000:84—93) 把翻译方法(method)分为两类:直接翻译(direct translation)和间接翻译(oblique translation),前者包括三种处理方式(procedures),即借译,拟译,直译,后者包括四种处理方式,即词类转换,视点转换,等值翻译,顺应翻译。可在论述中却经常把其划分出来的“方法”(methods)和“处理方式”(procedures)混为一谈。另外,他们把“借译、拟译、直译、等值翻译、顺应翻译”和“词类转换、视角转换”划归为一类(同属procedures)也欠妥当,因为前者应属“翻译方法”的范畴,而后者则应属“翻译技巧”的范畴。实际上,这里Vinay &Darbelnet的分类涉及到三个层面:翻译策略、翻译方法和翻译技巧。其划分出来的两大“翻译方法”(直接翻译和间接翻译)其实应为“翻译策略”(所以Munday说,“The two general translation strategies identified by Vinay &Darbelnet are direct translation and oblique translation”,见Munday,2008:56),而在其划分出来的七类“处理方式”中,前三类和最后两类属于“翻译方法”,第四、第五类则属于“翻译技巧”。总之,Vinay &Darbelnet在其分类中把翻译“策略、方法、技巧”混淆在一起,这也导致后来很长时间学界在这几个概念上的混淆(Molina &Albir,2002:506 0 关于国外译学界在译学术语,特别是在“翻译策略、翻译方法、翻译技巧”三个术语上所存在的概念混淆、使用混乱的问题,Chesterman(2005)和Molina & Albir(2002)曾专门撰文予以讨论。如Chesterman指出,学界用于描述文本操作过程的术语除翻译“策略”外,其他还有“技巧、方法、转换、转化、变易”等等(2005:17)。他认为这种众多术语相互混用

重复法Repetition

翻译技巧1 Repetition 重复法:在译文中适当地重复原文中出现过的词语,以使意思表达得更加清楚;或者进一步加强语气,突出强调某些内容,收到更好的修辞效果。 1.为了明确 1.1重复名词 例1:We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题,解决问题。 例2:He became an oil baron—all by himself. 他成为一个石油大王——一个白手起家的石油大王。 1.2重复动词 The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too. 这一下不仅震痛了他的手,也震痛了他的肩膀。 1.3重复代词 重复代词所代替的名词 例1:Peter opened his eyes.They were filled with tears. 彼得睁开了眼睛,眼里充满了泪水。 例2:I hope that the discussion will not be too long,for it will only waste time. 我希望讨论不要太长,太长了只会浪费时间。 重复作代词主语的名词 英语中用物主代词its,his,their等等以代替句中作主语的名词时,翻译中往往可以不用代词而重复其作主语的名词,以达到明确具体的目的。 例1:Happy families are all alike,every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. 幸福的家庭总是相似的,不幸的家庭各有各的不幸。 例2:Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 强国有大强国的策略,小国也有小国的路线。 重复强势关系代词或关系副词 例1:Whoever violates the law should be punished. 谁犯了法,谁就应该受惩罚。 1.4内容上的重复 为了使译文明确具体,除了以上的重复方法外,还有一种情况:英语原文没有重复,汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是形式上的重复的手段。 例1:He wanted to send them more aid,more weapons and a few more men. 他想给他们增加援助,增添些武器,增派些人员。 2.为了强调 2.1为了强调,英语句子中往往重复关键性的词,以使读者留下深刻的印象,英译汉时往往可以采取同样的重复手段。 例1:He wandered about in the chill rain,thinking and thinking,brooding and brooding. 他在凄雨中荡来荡去,想了又想,盘算了又盘算。 英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复,译成汉语时对仗句一般可以保持同样的重复。 对仗重复 An eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth以眼还眼,以牙还牙 Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见,心不念。 2.2英语原文中有词的重复,译成汉语有时可以用同义词重复。

四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧

四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。(张培基) 应当指出,在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.(郭著章) 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。

翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法

翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法 Division & Combination * 翻译英语句子时,有时我们可把原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变即可,但在不少情况下则必须将原来的句子结构作较大的改变。 * 分译法和合译法是改变原文句子结构的两种重要方法。 * 所谓分译法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。 * 所谓合译法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。 * 一、分译法 * (一)把原文中的一个单词译成句子,使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 * 1.副词 They, *not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 他们根本不回答,这是不足为怪的。 * 2.形容词 * Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance”. * 毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”政策时,也许有些自豪感,这是可以理解的。 * That region was the most identifiable trouble place. 那个地区是个麻烦的地方,这是大家很容易看到的。 * 3.名词

* A movie of me leaving that place would look like a shell leaving a rifle. * 我离开那个地方的速度之快,要是拍成电影的话,会像出膛的子弹一样。 * He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation. 他摇了摇头,双目瞪地圆圆的。 * (二)把原文中的一个短语译成句子,使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。 * 1.分词短语 * She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen. * 她坐在那儿双手托着下巴,眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。 * Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking . the shadows 阳光射到它所能透过的所有地方,赶走了黑暗,驱散了幽影。 * 2.名词短语 * I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before. * 我头三年写了四本书,打破了以往的记录。 * Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universal accepted law. * 能量既不能被消除也不能被创造,这是一条普遍公认的规律。 * 3.前置词短语

常用的翻译技巧

常用的翻译技巧 1. 重复法(repetition) 2. 增译法(amplification) 3. 减译法(omission) 4. 词类转移法(conversion) 5. 词序调整法(inversion) 6. 分译法(division) 7. 正说反译, 反说正译法(negation) 8. 语态变换法(the change of the voices) 1. 重复法 We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题,解决问题。Le t’s revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace --- but there is no peace. 先生们尽管可以高呼和平,和平!但是依然没有和平。He had it all written out neatly. 他把它写得清清楚楚。 1. 这种人闹什么东西呢闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。What are they after They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figure. 2. 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。A large family has its difficulties. 3. 天苍苍, 野茫茫, 风吹草低见牛羊。The sky is blue, blue; And the steppe wide, wide; Over grass that the wind has battered low; Sheep and oxen roam. 4. 寻寻觅觅, 冷冷清请, 凄凄惨惨戚戚; 乍暖还寒时侯, 最难将息。(译文1)Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart! (译文2)I seek but seek in vain, I search and search again; I feel so sad, so drear, So lonely, without cheer. (许渊冲译) 2. 增译法 增词义增加虚词为多,也可酌量增加实词。英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、语气词等。从增补的功能来看,可以分为结构增补、意义增补和修辞增补。 I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到来。Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人精确。Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理使人庄重,逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。 1. 没有调查研究就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 2. 子曰: “学而不思则罔, 思而不学则殆。” Confucius said: “He who learns without thinking is lost. He who thinks without learning remains puzzled.” 3. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 4. 交出翻译之前, 必须读几遍, 看看有没有要修改的地方. 这样你才能把工作做好。Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well. 5. 只许州官放火, 不许百姓点灯。The magistrate are free to burn down houses, while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps. (One man may steal a horse, while another may not look over the hedge.)

常用十大翻译技巧之一:增译法

常用十大翻译技巧之一:增译法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中,也可以运用于口译过程中,而且应该用得更加熟练,因为口译工作的特点决定了译员没有更多的时间进行思考。 1、增译法:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此,在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外,在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。如: (1)What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何?(增译主语和谓语) (2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)

翻译技巧翻译方法

翻译方法和翻译技巧 翻译方法: methods of translation 1.直译literal translation 2.意译 free translation 3.异化alienation 4.归化 domestication 直译和意译所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时,就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容,但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。(张培基)应当指出,在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译有其可取之处,一方面有助于保存原著的格调,另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.(郭著章) 1. 直译(literal translation) 指在翻译过程中按原文逐字逐句一对一的翻译。人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题,即如何在保持原语形式的同时,不让其意义失真。直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下,在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义,求得内容和形式相符的方法。简单地说,直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法,句子结构与原句相似,但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。 e.g. one country, two systems 一国两制 The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流 2. 意译(free translation;paraphrase) 是指根据原文的大意来翻译,不作逐字逐句的翻译(区别于“直译”)。通常在翻译句子或词组(或更大的意群)时使用较多,意译主要在原语与译语体现巨大文化差异的情况下得以应用.从跨文化语言交际和文化交流的角度来看,意译强调的是译语文化体系和原语文化体系的相对独立性。意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意

翻译的八大常用技巧

作用与意义 1. 重译法:为了明确、为了强调、为了生动 2. 增译法:为了更忠实于原文的意思,而又更合乎译文的表达习惯 3. 减译法:源语言与目标语言互换的时候增译法就成了减译法 4. 词类转移法:语言之间表达习惯的差异迫使译文中词类发生改变,词序有时也随之变化 5. 词序调整法:语言之间构成形式并非完全相同,做必不可少的词序改变 6. 分译法:主要用于长句的翻译,有时存在于词语语义的分译 7. 正反翻译法:由于语言的习惯差异---正话反说,反话正说 8. 语态变换法:主要指英汉两种语言间的主动与被动语态的转换 In the event of one of the contracting parties being attacked by Japan or any other state allied with it and thus being involved in a state of war, the other contracting party will immediate render military and other assistance with all means at its disposal. 一旦缔约国的一方受到日本或者与日本同盟的任何国家之侵袭,因而处于战争状态时,缔约国的另一方即尽全力给与军事及其他援助。 We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题,解决问题。 A large family has its difficulties. 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。 Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold. 这几件旧衣服和这些旧家具,当的当了,卖的卖了。 Lightly floats and drifts the boat, and gently flows and flaps my gown. 舟遥遥以轻扬,风飘飘而吹衣。 Ridges of fields grow few and far between, While far away some cottages are seen. 梯田渐渐稀,村舍遥遥对。 寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚。乍暖还寒时候,最将难息。 Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart!

翻译技巧合译法

Chapter 5 Combination(合译法) Part V Exercises 参考译文: A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(词的合译) 1. 千真万确? 2. 她大吃一惊。 3. 这房间非常舒适。 4. 我们必须达到目的。 5. 这么做是对的。 6. 他在地震中安然无恙。 7. 这里严禁抽烟。 8. 他确实死了。 9. 我疲惫不堪。 10. 我们应该坦诚相待。 11. 他害怕得发抖。 12. 他们都认为这么做是公平的。 13. 这是一些宣传方法。 14. 这些吃的绰绰有余了。 15. 我讨厌这种拥挤的场面。 B. Translate the following sentences into English.(词组、习语的合译) 1. His room is always in a mess. 2. He is determined to turn over a new leaf. 3. Many people went hungry at that time. 4. He suddenly made some startling statements. 5. His report is nothing but some old stuff. 6. Don’t take this for miraculous cures. 7. There is no need for you to humble yourself. 8. He is a careless guy. 9. This is only a wishful thinking. 10. She always speaks in a low voice. 11. The picture is extremely enchanting. 12. I am not asking you to do anything wrong. 13 How can you kick down the ladder? 14. Great changes have taken place here. 15. He returned home with great joy. 20. Who told you to make such a fuss over nothing? C. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.(句子的合译) 1. 他会想念许许多多往事,许许多多朋友,也会想起玛丽。 2. 这个人很惨,身无分文,因为他所有的积蓄被窃。 3. 门没有上锁,詹妮走进去坐了下来,极度的衰弱几乎使她无力挪动她那红肿的双脚。 4. 她在家很忙,又要照顾孩子,又要下厨。

翻译研究中的概念混淆(翻译策略、方法与技巧))

2.1术语定义 2.1.1翻译策略(Translation strategy) “策略”,是指“适合具体情况的做事原则和方式方法”(辞海编辑委员会,2009:231),是“可以实现目标的方案集合。”(互动百科)因此,“策略”,虽与“方式方法”有关,但更多强调的是宏观的“原则”和基本的“方案”。 基于以上对“策略”的认识,我们把“翻译策略”定义如下:翻译策略是翻译活动中,为实现特定的翻译目的所依据的原则和所采纳的方案集合。 2.1.2翻译方法(Translation method) “方法”,是指“解决思想、说话、行动等问题的门路、程序”(中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室,2002:544),是“为达到某种目的而采取的途径、步骤、手段等。” 基于以上对“方法”的认识,我们把“翻译方法”定义如下:翻译方法是翻译活动中,基于某种翻译策略,为达到特定的翻译目的所采取的特定的途径、步骤、手段。 值得指出的是,“翻译方法”体现的是一种“翻译中的概括性的处理方式,而非具体的、局部的处理办法”(Chesterman,2005:26),这一点使得我们能把“翻译方法”和“翻译技巧”区分开来。 2.1.3翻译技巧(Translation technique) “技巧”,是“表现在艺术、工艺、体育等方面巧妙的技能”(中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室,2002:916 )。采用什么“技巧”不是任意的,而是“依据事先确定的一定的方法或程序”(Zabalbeascoa,2000:121)。可见“技巧”是属于“方法”之下的一个范畴。 基于以上对“技巧”的认识,我们把“翻译技巧”定义如下:翻译技巧是翻译活动中,某种翻译方法在具体实施和运用时所需的技术、技能或技艺。“翻译技巧”是局部的、微观层面的,是对文本在语言层面的操作和操控。(Chesterman,2005:26) 2.2三者之间的关系 这三个概念相互之间形成一种从上至下的层级关系,即从宏观到微观、从宽泛到具体、从抽象到具象。具体而言: (1)“翻译策略”相对“翻译方法”而言是一个更宏观、更宽泛的概念,是“一定语境下所实施的一种方案”(同上),因而“比我们所讨论的语言---语篇层面的各种转换现象涵盖了更广的范围”(同上:21)。某种“翻译策略”的实施具体体现在某些特定的“翻译方法”的运用,而某种特定的“翻译方法”的运用则需依据一定的翻译策略。 (2)“翻译方法”相对“翻译技巧”而言则是一个更宏观、更宽泛的概念。如果说翻译技巧会影响语篇的微观或具体的语言单位呈现的状态,那么翻译方法则更倾向于影响语篇的宏观或整体的语言单位呈现的状态(Molina &Albir,2002:507-508)。某种“翻译方法”的运用需要使用某些特定的、具体的“翻译技巧”,而某种特定的、具体的“翻译技巧”的使用则体现了一定的“翻译方法”。 3.分类及应用 3.1翻译策略 我们认为,翻译策略作为一种宏观的原则和方案,其分类必须与翻译活动的参与者紧密联系起来。翻译活动的参与者一般包括原文作者、翻译活动发起人/委托人、译者以及译文接受者。 在这项活动中,处于翻译活动两级的参与者为“原文作者”和“译文接受者”。依据译者在翻译活动中对这两者的取向的不同,翻译策略可分为两类:(1)异化;(2)归化。 3.1.1异化(Foreignizing strategy,or Foreignization) “异化”的本质属性,是“原文作者取向”,即译者在翻译中尽量向原文作者靠拢,用

翻译策略的分类和介绍.docx

翻译策略的分类和介绍 引言 一般的翻译教材在讨论翻译问题时,都离不开讨论翻译方法与技巧。我国在八十年代初出版的统编翻译教程(即张培基等编著的教程),主要是讲述常用的翻译方法与技巧,其中包括:词义的选择、引伸和褒贬;词类转译法;增词法;重复法;省略法;正反、反正表达法,分句、合句法;被动语态的译法;名词从句的译法;定语从句的译法;状语从句的译法;长句的译法,和习语、拟声词、外来词语等特别语词的译法等。 九十年代出版的翻译教程也基本上沿用这些方法与技巧,或在此基础上有些改进,例如,柯平编著的《英汉与汉英翻译教程》,除了提出与张培基教程大同小异的方法外,还提出了变通和补偿手段:加注、增益、视点转换、具体化、概略化、释义、归化和回译。 也有学者(参见刘宓庆1993:196-234)把分切、转换、词性转换、语态转换、肯定与否定、阐释或注释、引伸、替代、拆离、增补、省略与重复、重构、移植等等方法称这“手段”。以上所引是不同学者所用的不同术语,用以描述翻译过程中的具体处理方法。究竟哪些属方法、哪些属技巧、哪些属手段,恐怕是很难讲得清楚的。我们在这里把翻译过程中具体的操作方法(如以上所述的方法、技巧、手段)都类归为翻译“方法”;而把那些能够包含多种方法的术语,如直译法、意译法、语义翻译法与交际翻译法(见下图)、异化翻译法、归化翻译法等,类归为翻译“策略”。本章讨论的就是这样的翻译策略。 翻译二分法 一直以来,无论是在我国还是在西方,直译与意译都是翻译讨论的中心话题。“直译与意译之争,在我国自有翻译之时起就已存在”(罗新璋,1984:4)。“此争论至少从公元前就已经开始。到了十九世纪初,很多作家倾向于意译,即译其神韵而不是译字母;译意义而不是译词汇;译信息而不是译形式;译事实而不是译方式。……不过,这种争论是纯理论的,争论者并没有考虑到翻译的目的、读者的情况和文体类型等因素”(Newmark 1988b:45)。 直译、意译在传统译论里讨论得最多。自二十世纪六十年代以来,在西方又出现了其它的提法,例如:奈达(Nida 1964)提出的“形式对等”(formal equivalence)与“动态对等”(dynamic equivalence) 在本质上和意译与直译是一致的。还有其他学者提出的二分法,例如:霍斯(House 1977)的“显性翻译”(overt translation)与“隐性翻译”(covert translation);格特(Gutt 1991)的“直接翻译”(direct translation)与“间接翻译”(indirect translation);图瑞(Toury 1980,1995)的“适当性”(adequacy) 与“可接受性”(acceptability);纽马克(Newmark 1981/1988)提出的语义翻译(semantic translation) 与交际翻译(communicative translation),以及温努提(Venuti 1995) 的异化翻译(foreignizing translation) 与归化翻译(domesticating translation)。 以上所述的翻译方法二分法,既有共通和地方,也有不同的地方。本章将对人们常引用及争论直译/意译、语义翻译/交际翻译和异化翻译/归化翻译等三对翻译策略进行探讨,追溯其根源,弄清其概念,并举例说明其所指。 直译与意译 关于直译之争持续了几个世纪,赞同者坚定不移,反对者(也即意译的赞同者)坚持已见,互不让步。其实,英文literal translation 和中文“直译”的定义都不是十分确定,既可指逐词译(Word-for-word translation),也包括逐句译(Sentence-for-sentence)。直译作为一种翻译策略常见用于以下领域的翻译:(1)用于翻译科技资料;(2)用于外语教学,让学生了解两种语言结构的差异;(3)也用于文学翻译,Nabokov 是文学翻译中直译的高手,在他看来,“只有直译才是真正的翻译”(见Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997:96)。 然而,在现代文学译者中,赞同直译的人为数不多,其中的主要原因之一如Nida 所说,“因为没有哪两种语言是完全相同的,无论是符号所指的意义或语言符号的排列方式都会有差异。可以说,语际之间没有绝对的一致。因而,也就没有绝对准确的翻译”(1964:156)。

翻译策略

翻译策略透视 张美芳 (中山大学,广州510275;澳门大学,澳门) 摘要:翻译策略是翻译教学中不可缺少的内容。人们探讨翻译策略,通常会用二分法来谈论直译与意译、语义翻译与交际翻译、归化翻译与异化翻译等概念,并有不少人往往把这些概念混淆在一起。本文将对直译/意译、语义翻译/交际翻译和异化翻译/归化翻译三对翻译策略进行探讨,追溯其根源,弄清其概念,并举例说明其所指。 关键词:直译与意译、语义翻译与交际翻译、归化翻译与异化翻译 Investigating the Dichotomy of Translation Strategies Abstract: Translation strategies are an indispensable content in translator training. Whenever discuss translation strategies, many people would mention the dichotomy between literal translation and free translation, semantic translation and communicative translation, domesticating translation and foreignizing translation. But very often these concepts are mixed together and cause confusions. This article attempts to analyze the main features of these three pairs of strategies and summarize the differences between them. Key words: Literal/free translation, semantic/communicative translation, domesticating/foreignizing translation. 1.引言 一般的翻译教材在讨论翻译问题时,都离不开讨论翻译方法与技巧。我国在八十年代初出版的统编翻译教程(即张培基等编著的教程),主要是讲述常用的翻译方法与技巧,其中包括:词义的选择、引伸和褒贬;词类转译法;增词法;重复法;省略法;正反、反正表达法,分句、合句法;被动语态的译法;名词从句的译法;定语从句的译法;状语从句的译法;长句的译法,和习语、拟声词、外来词语等特别语词的译法等。 九十年代出版的翻译教程也基本上沿用这些方法与技巧,或在此基础上有些改进,例如,柯平编著的《英汉与汉英翻译教程》,除了提出与张培基教程大同小异的方法外,还提出了变通和补偿手段:加注、增益、视点转换、具体化、概略化、释义、归化和回译。 也有学者(参见刘宓庆1993:196-234)把分切、转换、词性转换、语态转换、肯定与否定、阐释或注释、引伸、替代、拆离、增补、省略与重复、重构、移植等等方法称这―手段‖。 以上所引是不同学者所用的不同术语,用以描述翻译过程中的具体处理方法。究竟哪些属方法、哪些属技巧、哪些属手段,恐怕是很难讲得清楚的。我们在这里把翻译过程中具体的操作方法(如以上所述的方法、技巧、手段)都类归为翻译―方法‖;而把那些能够包含多种方法的术语,如直译法、意译法、语义翻译法与交际翻译法(见下图)、异化翻译法、归化翻译法等,类归为翻译―策略‖。本章讨论的就是这样的翻译策略。 2.翻译二分法

(完整版)翻译常用八大技巧

第六讲翻译常用八大技巧 翻译技巧来自翻译实践。由于中外语言在词法、句法等方面的不同,表达相同的意思或思想内容就会有不同的句子结构。在英汉互译时,要做到译文忠实地道,符合译语习惯,就要遵循一定的规律。翻译技巧就是就是使译文忠实地道的种种方法,这些方法都是人们根据原语和译语的语言差别总结出来的。因此,原语和译语的共性是翻译之所以能进行的基础,语言的差别也是翻译技巧存在的原因。 中外学者和翻译家在研究各种语言的互译中,找出了不少忠实传达信息的俄规律,总结出了各种各样的翻译技巧。其中,比较常用的就是不少研究翻译的书中提到的八种方法,即: 1. Repetition 重译法; 2. Amplification 增译法; 3. Omission 减译法; 4. Conversion 词类转译法; 5. Inversion 词序调整法; 6. Division 分译法; 7. Negation 正说反译、反说正译法; 8. the changes of the voices 语态变换法; 在我国出版的不少关于翻译理论语技巧的论著中,其作者对于上述的英文表达有种种相应的汉语说法。如:ampification——增益(钟述孔),增词法(张培基等),增译法(钱歌川),补译和增词(马祖毅),增文字(陈廷佑);omission ——省略法(钟述孔和张培基等),省译法(钱歌川),减词(马祖毅),减文字(陈廷佑);conversion——转换(钟述孔),词类转移法(张培基等),词类转换(马祖毅),语部变换法(香港:刘天民);inversion——词序调整(钟述孔),倒译法(钱歌川),倒译(马祖毅),颠倒顺序(陈廷佑);negation——正说反译、反说正译(钟述孔),正说、反说表达法(张培基等),正面着笔与反面着笔(马祖毅),改换说法(陈廷佑),反义译法(彭启良);division——长句拆译(钟述孔),分句、合句法(张培基等),拆译与并译(马祖毅),拆开句子(陈廷佑),长句的处理(彭启良);repetition——重复(钟述孔),重复法(张培基等),重译(马祖毅)。在我们的课堂上,将沿用黑体部分的说法并作进一步讨论讲解。 第一节重译法

翻译技巧总结

英汉互译技巧 1.重复法(Repetition) 在翻译中,有时为了忠实于原文,不得不重复某些词语,否则就不能忠实的表达原文的意思,这种在句子中重复使用某些词语的方法就叫重译法。 (1)They forget the democratic centralism which subordinates the minority to the majority,the lower level to the higher level,the part to the whole,and the whole Party to the Central Committee. 他们忘记了少数服从多数,下级服从上级,部分服从整体,全党服从中央的民主集中制。 (2)We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence,which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa. 我们倡导和平共处的原则,这项原则在广大亚非国家受到越来越多的欢迎。 (3)Later,people will undergo a progressive loss of their vigor and resistance which,though imperceptible at first,will finally become so steep that they can live no longer,however well they look after themselves,and however well society,and their doctors,look after them.随后,人们将持续的丧失精力和抵抗力,这个过程开始的时候难以察觉,但是最终将会变得十分急剧,不论他们自身如何加以注意,不论所处的社会条件如何优越,不论医生的治疗如何精心,他们都活不长。 (4)The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor.By the age of nine,the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle. 这只猴子最了不起的成就就是学会了开拖拉机。到九岁的时候,它已经可以独自开了。 (5)正如不行的家庭各有各的不幸,大家庭也有大家庭不为人知的难处 Just as every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way; all big families have their own unknown trouble. 重译法有三个作用,第一:为了使译文明确或强调某些内容,就要设法消除任何可能出现的误解。要消除这些误解,在某些文体中,特别是在条约、合同等正式的应用文体中,要少用代词而重复使用名词;第二:为了明确,有时需要重复宾语,英语常用省略,但为了明确,也为了强调某些内容,在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来;第三:汉译英时,往往还有下面两种情况:一是汉语重复,英译时也重复;而是根据两种语言各自的习惯用法,以不同的表达方式进行重复,通常是为了传达原文的生动性。

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