U1:
1.views on intercultural communication
Two different views on intercultural communication: “people are people” VS. “contact is not equal to communication”
2. 3 major socio-cultural elements influencing perception and communication
Cultural value, world view , social organizations.
3.What is globalization?
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the p eople, companies, and governments of different nations。 a process dri ven by international trade and investment and aided by information te chnology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on hu man physical well-being in societies around the world.
4.What are the stumbling blocks in intercultural communication?
(1)assumption of similiarities: people expect that simply being human and having
common requirements of food,shelter,security and so on makes everyone alike.
(2)Language differences.: “yes”and “no” cause trouble.
(3)Nonverbal misinterpretatons: misinterpretation of observable sians and
symbols—gesture ,postures, body movenment.
(4)Preconceptions and stereotypes: Arabs are “inflammable”may cause
U.S.students to keep their distance .
(5)Tendence to evaluate: to approve or disapprove ,to statements and actions of
other person or group.
(6)High anxiety/ tension.
U2:
1.What is culture?
Culture is a very extensive concept, it is very difficult to define it strictly and accurately, because culture involves too much. Culture is a complex system of behavior, values, beliefs, traditions and artifacts, which is transmitted through generations.
What are the five basic needs for human beings?
(1)physiological needs (things that make us alive,food water air)
(2)safety needs (physical safe and psychologicallly secure)
(3)belongingness needs (needs tobe accepted by others and to belong to a group )
(4)esteem needs ( recognition, reputation,self respect )
(5)self-actualization needs (actualize onself and to reach one’s full potential) 2.What are values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors? How are they linked? (1)Values are what people go to war over or conduct bussiness by. Values tell us
how to weigh the worth of something, they can indicate a relative hierarchy.
(2)Attitudes are feelings about things .it is a tendency to respond the same way
to the same object or situation or idea. Attitudes is learned and can change.
(3)Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal
ideas rather than on proof or fact.
(4)Links: values underlie attitudes and also shape beliefs. Attitudes are based
on beliefs as well as values.values enable us to evaluate what matters to us
or apply standars to our attitudes and beliefs.value→ belief →attitude. For example , you have an attitude toward eating raw fish,which is positive and is based on the belief that expert prepararion of sushi and sashimi by Japanese chefs results in culinary delicacies ,or you have an attitude that is negative,based on the belief that raw fish can contain parasites that cause unpleasant consequences in the human digestive system. You can even have both attitudes at the same time.if you do ,then probably you value both fine eating experiences and physical health.
3.What are the elements of communication?
①context: physical setting, psychological ,historical,culture ,the
communication norms
②participants: senders who form messages and communicate with symbols,
receiverswho process and react the massages.
③Massages: meanings, symbols ,encodings and decodings
④Channels :a variety of sensory channels
⑤Noise ;internal external and semantic noise.
⑥Feedback : the verbal and nonverbal responses
4.What are norms?
Norms are the guildelines that we establish for conducting transactions. Norms tell us what kinds of messages and behavior are proper in a given context or with a particular person or group of people. People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.
5.What is the difference between encoding and decoding?
Encoding is the process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them. Decoding is the process of tansforminf meeages backe into ideas and feelings.
Transforming and organizing Transforming and intepreting
ideas and feelings--------------------→symbols/massages------------→ideas and feelings
↓↓
Encoding decoding
6.What is the difference between external noise, internal noise and semantic
noise?
external noise : Sights and sounds and other stimuli in the environment that draw people’s attention away from intended meaning.
internal noise : Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process. Feelings of anger or anxiety ,stereotypeor prejudice in your mind.
semantic noise: the meanings we assign to words depend on our own experience, other people may at times decode a word or phases differently from the way we intend.
7.What is communication?
Communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.
U3:
1.What are the five basic questions at the root of any culture’s value system?
(1)what is the character of innate human nature?-----human nature
(2)what is the relation of man to nature?------t he relationship of man to nature.
(3)What is the temporal focus of human life?----sense of time /time orientation.
(4)What is the mode of human activity?-------activity orientation.
(5)What is the mode of human relationships?----social relationships
2.What are the key principles of Confucianism?
(1)social order and stability are based on uneqal relationships between people
including leaders and followers ,father and son ,husband and wife , older brother and younger brother,and friends .
(2)family :follow rules for ordering
(3)proper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not like
to be treated youself.,learn to be sensitive to other’s feels(子所不欲勿施于人)
(4)people should be skilled ,educated hardworking,thrifty ,modest, patient and
persevering.
3.How do living situations account for value differences between different
cultures?
For example,Japanese live in a little of arable land ,even mainly valcanoes.thus,they built their homes together very closely in order to make use of every available land and they can work together in planting and harvesting of rice effectively . In this situation, japanenes’central social valuebecause of living close proximity that gave very little privacy was that an idividual does not matter. However, in the U.S. it is common to see a pattern of a single farmhouse surrounded by firelds.the nearnest neighbor was perhaphs two miles distant.inevitably, the central social values were self-reliance and independence.
4.What are cultural values?
The commonly held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, good or bad, true or false, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community or society.
Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving the conflicts.
5.What are the five dimensions to consider when doing studies of cultural
differences(culture value)?
(1)Idividualism versus collectivism (involves people’s relationship sto
the larger social groups;social relationship)
Idividualism;key words include independence,privacy,self,and all important I
Collectivism believe in obligations to the group, we consciouceness and an emphasis on belonging.
(2)uncertainty avoidance(how to adapt to changes and cope with
uncertainties,)
Greece(plan everything0 versus Singapore (like uncertainty)
(3)power distance(all people in a culture do not have equals levels of
status or social power.) Malaysia versus New Zealand
(4)masculinity versus femininity(work harder to get achievement ,wealth
versus caring for the others and the quatity of life) Japan versus Thailand
(5)orientation to time (a long-term orientation schedule for work and life
versus a short-term orientation toward changing events)
6.What are the differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one? Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”: high- context interaction, in contrast stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus , self- esffacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.
U4:
1.What is the relationship between language and culture?
Culture and language are interwined and shaped each other. Each time we select words ,form sentence, and send a message ,either oral or written,we also make cultural choices. Cultural literacy(特定领域的能力或知识) is necessary to understand the language being used.
(1)all languages have social questions and information questions.
For exemple: in Ameirca English ,the question “How are you”is a social question,the Americans register the phrase as “hello”. But in Germany and Russia ,the phase is an imformation qustion .the speaker atually wants to get an answer to it.
(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .
For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice.
(3)language reflects cultural values. a way of thinking .
when we translate concepts from a foreign language and cultural with words ,we have to choose the priority words in oder to communicate effectively. Cultural kowledge is impotant as linguistic knowledge.
For example ,Amerians are frustrated with the manana mentality(西班牙语的明天心态) of Spanish-speaking countries : for American tomorrow means midnight to midnight ,a very precise time period , To Mexicans ,manana means in the future,soon.（4,）Different cutures use identical words that have rather different meanings. For example, for Amercans ,adminisration in the university context means department chair or dean,for Frenches adminisration means upper level clerical staff . What Americans consider to be an adminstrator, Frenches consider faulty.
（5）language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.
For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning”homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’t use the original meaning anymore..
Communication across cultures and language is difficult and full of hurdles and pitfalls. Even if two people from different countries spesk a common language ,they may misinteptet the cutural signal. If that happens ,in all likelihood , there will be a cutural problem rhather than a language problem.
2.What is the relationship between environment and language?
(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .
For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice.
3.How does language change over time?
language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.
For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning”homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’t use the original meaning anymore..
4.Denotations and connotations
Denotations: denotations of a word or phrase are the meanings that relate it to the objects or concepts referred to the actual or fictional “things”that are symbolized.
For example, the denotation of the English word “bird”is a tow –legged,winged,egg-laying creature.
Connnotations: connnotations refer to the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning .These meanings show people’s attitudes or feelings toward what the word or phase refers to.
For example: consider the word “dog” in English and 狗in Chinese. They can be said to have the same denotative meaning； however,people from different cutures may have different connotative reactions to these words ,compare “a homeless dog”(流浪狗) with 丧家之犬
5.What are the ways of expressing “no”? Why do people in countries like Japan
and China often refuse to say “no” directly?
(1)be vague
(2)be silent or ask a question
(3)change the topic or leave
(4)tell a white lie or refuse to answer the question. Say one cannot answer
(5)put the reaponsibility to the trird party or offering an alternative.
The reason: In Japan and China’s culture ,to refuse an invitation or request with
“no”, or a similar phrase, is felt to be impolite. It is thought to be selfish and unfriendly.
6.How does language affect people’s perception and experiences?
The language we use may to some exten determine the way we perceive and experience the world.
(!)in japan language varies substantially in different social situatons like sddressing superior peers and inferiors.
(2) the Thailand language
（3）splanish language reveals male dominance through use of gendered nouns and pronouce. A group of man referred to as ello, agroup of wemen referred to as ellas 7.What are the five intended types of equivalence when doing translation?
(1)lexical equivalence 例子;there is no equivlent to the English color word blue
in Russian. Russia only have the according words of light blue and dark blue that an be translated into English.
(2)Idiomatic equivalence : “raining cats and dogs”
(3)Grammatical equivalence ；’in Filipino language ,there is no equivalent of the
english verb “to be”.
(4)Experience equivalence
(5)Conceptual equivalence
8.Why do people say language is always ambiguous?
(1)we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write in the
way of paticipants interpret
(2)language can never fully express our meanings whether in writing or speaking
(3)whether the participants share the same assumptions and knowledge about the world
or not.
U5:
1.What is a rich point?
Conversation is a rich point ,a rich point is something in one culture that makes it difficult to be connected with another culture.
2.What basic differences can we still find between the English-speaking people
and the Chinese people concerning compliment and response?
In English countrries, the “best way “to respond to a compliment is to accept it. Rejection of compliments is often regarded as a symptom of problem, such as low self-esteem. In contrast to english ,the best way rasponse to compliments in Chinese is traditionally thought to be a rejection or denial. A denial is the routinized response to a compliment.
3.What are the differences between “high involvement”style and “high
considerateness” style?
High involvement styles tend to : (1) talk more ；（2）interrupt more ; (30 expect to to be interrupted (4) talk more loudly at times and (5) talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness styles.
High considerateness styles；(1) speak one at times (2)use polite listening sounds;(3) refrain from interrupting; and (4) give plenty of positive and respectful responses
to their conversation partners ;
4.Directness & indirectness
‘get to the point! Don’t beat around the bush” & have many ways to say “no”directly
5.Different communication patterns
People’s communication patterns differ the way people converse.
Americans hold a conversation, it seems like they are having a PingPong game.one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back the game continutes
Japanes conversationstyle is like a bowling game,answer to questions are carefully thought out rather than blurted out ,enven long silences are tolerated. Give a answer to a question must be given enough time .
6.Cross-cultural verbal communication styles
Our verbal communication styles reflects our cultural and personal values and sentiments.
(1)diect and indirect verbal interaction styles,in the direct verbal styles,
statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intention. Say what you mean “don no beat around the bush
(2)person-oriented(treat other people with casualness and informality )and
status-oriented verbal styles(uphold formality in the human relationship) (3)self-enhancement (boast one’s accomplishments and ablilities) and
self-oriented verbal styles (signal modesty or humanity)
7.What cultural implications are there underlying the difference between
speaker-responsibility and listener-responsibility in organizational structure?187
In Speaker-responsible language, the speaker provides the structure and therefore much of the specific meaning of the statement. Because the speaker want to tell the listener exactly what is goning to be talked about,and what the speaker wants the listener to know. Prior knowledge of the speaker’s intent is necessary.
In listener-responsible language, speakers need to indicate only indirectly what they are discussing. The listener is forced to construct the meaning and usually does so ,based on shared kownledge between the speaker and the listener.
U6:
1.Values shown in nonverbal communication: intonation, body language (hand
movement, eye contact, smile, touch)
2.Baptics (touch)
There are many kinds of touch to commonly used in the western world. The study of how we use touch in communication is called baptic.
3.Gender and nonverbal communication
What we know as gender is a set of “acts” or social performences that people are
repearedly compelled to enact.
Touch, in the us,wemen friends and relatives may walk arm-in-arm, dance together and hug one another .touch between heterosexual males is generally more restricted. Height ,height equels power and wemen are not supposed to be more powerful than man, taller women may attempt to diminsh themselves,so as to retreat as little space as possible.
Gaze, looking directly into person’s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation,or a desire for honest and open communication. in some culture, children are taught that to look adults in the eyes is a sign of disrespect. In mixed-sex paries,women are more likely than men to avert their eyes.
Gesture and demeanor ,or “act like a lady”.
Artifactual (objects)message , when worn ,they have beed used to signify a wear’s gender, culture, and socioeconomic class. From the moment at which families or hospital assign infants pink or blue blankets,artifacts annouce and contribute to the shaping of children’s experience of gender.. maant of us have our notions of masculine and femininity resting on the nonverbal message we display.
4.Functions of nonverbal communication
Our nonverbal communication haves many uses and functions in communication. Repeating: a nonverbal message can repeat a verbal one. Eg; place fingers to his lips to mean “stop”
Complementing : using of the voice and facial expression to express appology. Subsituting, regulating ,contradictiing
5.Paralanguage
Paralanguage (辅助性语言) lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words. (语音和语调，感叹词的使用，美国中的插入语：you know ,okay, well ,the wors simply build a bridge to what the speaker says next. U7:
1.Private space & public space
2.Conversational distance
3.The layout of a city reflects its social structure and cultural values.
美国 NewYork is arrranged in a grid pattern of right-angled street,any corner can becomen a center ,reflect more equality and independence.
French is star pattern everthing should be surrounded the center of highly centrealized government.
4. 3 perspectives on a culture’s conception of time
(1)Informal time :,conception of late and attitutude to the conversation time.
(2)Past ,present ,and future: behavior and time are linked.
Chinese proverb ；consider the past and you will know the present.
Americans are constanly planning for the future.
(3)monochronic and polychronic
M-time people: do one thing at atime ,concentrate on the job,take the deadline,schedules seriously , adhere to plans,show great respect for privacy.
P-time people；do many things at once ,change the plans ofen easily and often, 5.German use of space
美国与德国的比较， germans sense their own space as an extension of the ego
U8:
1.perceptions/images related to the term “gaijin” in Japanese
blond hair and blue eyes outgoning.
2.ethnocentrism & ethnorelativism
ethnocentrism (民族中心主义)is nagetively judging aspects of another culture by the standars of one’s own culture. It is the technical name for the view of things in whivh one’s own group is the center of everything,and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.
Ethnorelativism involves the view that all cultures areof equal value and the values and behaviors of a culture can only be judged using that culture as a frame of reference..no one cultural trait is right or wrong ,it is merely diferent from alternative cultural traits.
3.stereotype : a tereotype is over simplified idea about a person ,group,.cultural
stereotype about americans “we and they “.many american view jew and arab as
a menace and demon and they may avoid to talk to them and escape them when they
meet them on the way.
4.What is perception? The three-step process of perception
Perception is the means by which you make sense of your physical and social world.
(1)selection,(2) organazation (3)interpretation
5.What are cultural patterns?
6.Racial prejudice
7.the 3 ways in which stereotypes are formed
(1)we may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics they
possess.
(2)We may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people..
(3)We may give the same treatment to each member of the group.
8.the 4 dimensions of stereotypes
A rereotype is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.
（1）direction (positive or negative statements, american honest, ambitious)（2）intensity ： the strenth of a belief about agroup of people
（3）accuracy
(4)content
9.What is prejudice? The five common forms of prejudice
An attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions is called prejudice. Vebal abuse,. Physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack and massacre. U9:
1.What is cultural shock? What are the symptoms?
cultural shock refers to the transition period and the accompanying feelings of stress and anxiety a person experiences during the early period unpon entering a new culture.
(1)physiological such as headache and sleeplessness
(2)emotional such as anxiety,and feeling helpless and loneliness
(3)communication such as frustration and excessive complainting,withdrawal from
relationship and conversation.
2.model that explains the normal cycles or stages of early adaptation and culture
shock
predeparture stage :everything is beatiful ,awful, ok
adaption and reentry
3.What is reverse culture shock?
The shock suffered by expatriates returning home after lengthy overseas assignments. It is caused by the fact that the cultural norms of the ex-pat's overseas assignment become natural to them, over their home country's own traditions and customs.
suggestions for culture shock adaptation
control emotion be patient meet people try new things give youself period of rest and thought, work on your self-concept observe bady language ,learn the verbal language
4. 2 major views of culture shock: the disease view (hepless victim leave the cuture
quickly)& self-awareness view (positive learning experience)
5.positive cross-cultural learning experiences
6.overcoming ethnocentrism in communication
7.Who are “sojourners”? What is cross-cultural adaptation? What are challenges
to sojourner adaptation?
People who cross cultural boundaries are referred to as sojourners.including immigrants ,refugees ,students
Cross-cutural adaptation refers to how a sojourner chooses to cope with cutural changes.
Challenges to sojourner adaptation include ethnocentrism, language barriers, disequilibrium(fit into the host culture0，length of stay, level of knowledge 8.key qualities of a mindful state of being
(`1) creation of new categories (2)openness to new information (3)awareness of more than one perspective.
U10
1.betweenness of identity
2.metaphors of US cultural diversity
3.steps to improve intercultural communication
4.attributes of a competent intercultural communicator
5. 3 cognitive processes of perception
description, interpretation, evaluation
《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别：专业必修课 考核类别：考试 适用对象：本科 适用专业：英语 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 1
二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的 2
了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures（4学时） 3
第一章跨文化语言交际概述 第一节文化、语言和交际 一、关于文化的概念 （一）文化的内涵和特性 1、关于文化的内涵 概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。” 2、关于文化的特性 （1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。 （2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。 （3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。 （4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。 （5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。 （6）文化和交际具有同一性。 （7）文化是动态多变的。 （8）文化具有选择性。 （9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。 （10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。 （二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化 1、文化定势和群体文化 世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。 2、亚文化与亚群体 在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。 二、关于语言的概念 （一）语言是交际工具 1、交际媒介 言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。 2、符号功能 符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。符号由两个要素构成：一个是形式，必须是人们可感知的途径，如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等；另一个是意义，即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。形式和意义结合，就成了“符号”。人类语言是一种有声语言，用声音形式来表示意义，通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。 （二）语言是思维工具 “思维”和“思想”不完全相同：思维是人们认识现实世界的过程；而思想是人们对现实世
精品文档 Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, down and passed are shared, learned institutions and communication patterns that through the generations in an identifiable group of people. law, food, etiquette, religion, literature, language, Objective Culture: history, and customs. are and how they feelings and attitudes about how things Subjective Culture: communication family, spaces, friendship, love, concept should be –the of time, pattern, etc. Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on ： Characteristics symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric. It is meant to be a contrast to learning “about”culture underscores Doing Culture: of meaning, process of making communicating across cultures is a the idea that build another, know one so they can get to another people understanding one relationships, and solve problems together. It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice. individuals which process through Communication: Human communication is the respond to and create messages ––in relationships, groups, organizations and societies to adapt to the environment and one another. Dynamic and interactive Characteristics:interaction between : Communication Generally speaking, it refers to Intercultural people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from Hispanic and whites and African Americans, between America and China, between Japanese Americans The form of Intercultural Communication people from different races a. Interracial communication – different but of the same race Interethnic communications –the parties are of b. ethnic origins. same the between members of c. Intercultural communication –communication multiple or hold dual or both of the participants one culture, in which ）（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or https://www.doczj.com/doc/cd8144273.html,munication Competence (ICC competence) how much one know about communication. The cognitive component –The affective component –one's motivation to
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
第6章非语言交际 1．如果比较语言交际和非语言交际，你认为哪个更重要？为什么？ 答：非语言交际更重要，原因在于： （1）非语言交际通常与语言交际结合进行，在不同的情况下起着不同的作用，大致上起补充、否定、重复、调节、替代或强调的作用。我们在机场欢迎客人，一边说：Welcome to Beijing，一边热烈握手。这握手的动作是对所说的话的一种补充。当你接到你不喜欢的礼物时，尽管嘴里说如何如何喜欢，但脸上的表情却流露出你的真实的不愉快的表情，也就是说，你的表情否定了你所说的话。 （2）一般说来，在语言交际和非语言交际传达的信息冲突时，人们倾向于相信后者。我们有时一边说话一边用手势表达同样的意思。例如，一边说要两杯饮料，一边伸出两个手指，重复已经发出的信息。在两个人谈话时，常用眼神和语调表示下面该是谁讲话，调节相互的关系。在有的情况下，无法用语言交流信息，必须用手势或其他办法。例如，交通警察指挥机动车辆，股票交易所的交易员在嘈杂的大厅里传递买卖的信息和行情都使用非语言手段手势或指挥捧替代语言交际。在人们讲话时，常常用手势加强语气，或强调某一个论点。 2．在非语言交际的各种手段中，你认为哪一种最容易引起误解？ 答：（1）在非语言交际的各种手段中，我认为手势最容易引起误解。 （2）各民族都用手势表达意义，但同一手势在不同文化中可以表示并不相同的意义例如，将手掌平放在脖子下面；在我国文化中是杀头的意思，但是在英语国家的文化中
却可以表示吃饱了的意思。即使在同一民族中，由于地区习俗的不同，同一手势也可能会具有不同意义，例如，在广东，主人给客人斟酒时，客人为了表现感谢，用食指和中指轻扣桌面，而在北方同一动作却表示不耐烦的情绪。 （3）有些手势是某一文化所特有的 例如，英美人所用的一些手势我们并不使用。美国人站在公路旁边向上伸出拇指，这是向过往的汽车司机表示，希望能搭他们的车。英语thumb a ride表达的即是这个意思。英美人把中指放在食指上面，表示希望事情能办成功。把两只手摊开、耸耸肩膀，表示“我不知道”，或“没有办法”。把手兜起来，放在耳后，表示听不见或听不清楚。把手伸出来，微微展开手指，表示等一等，别着急等等。招呼人走过来时，我们伸出手臂，手掌向下，手指上下移动；而美国人则是伸出手臂，手掌向上，手指前后移动。我们招呼人过来的手势类似美国人叫人走开的手势。 3．非语言交际是否一成不变？你能否举出例子说明它的变化？ 答：非语言交际不是一成不变的。 例如，在我国，历代朝廷都对于官服的颜色、花纹、式样有极严格的规定。黄色是帝王服装的颜色，文武官员不论职位多高都不得使用。而随着封建制度的解体，服饰的文化功能就发生了变化，黄色不再是帝皇家的专属颜色。而服装的颜色和花纹不再受到严格的规定。如今，服装的要求与场合的关系更密切些。场合正式，对于服装要求比较正式。在非正式场合，衣着可以比较随便。 4．在非语言交际方面我国各地区的差别是否很大？请举例说明。
Unit 1 1 economic globalization(经济全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2 barter system(物物交换）：exchange without money –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3 global village(地球村）：the world form one community –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4 melting pot(大熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. 6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 7. Communication(交际）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同）enough to alter（改变）their communicaion。 9 components of communication（交际的十大要素） ①source(来源）：the person who desires to ②encoding(编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbol ③message(信息）：identifies the encoding thought ④channel(渠道）：the means of transmission(传播途径） ⑤noise(干扰）：anything distorts the messages ⑥receiver(接受者）：the person who attends to the message ⑦decoding(解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols received ⑧receiver response(接受者反应）：anything the receiver does ⑨feedback(反馈）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning ⑩context(场景）：help define(使明确）the communication
跨文化交际知识点： 1.L.S.Hams认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生、文字的使用、印刷术的发明、近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展、跨文化交际。近20年来的交际是以跨文化交际为特征的。 2.跨文化交际学首先在美国兴起，与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切。 3.Edwar Hall《无声的语言》是跨文化交际的奠基之作。 4.1970年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。 5.1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议在日本东京召开。 6.70年代影响最大的书籍是《跨文化交际学选读》。 7.Jenny Thomas《跨文化语用失误》：语用—语言失误；社交—语用失误。 8.前苏联的跨文化交际学主要表现在国情语言学方面。 9.传播种类：(1)人类传播①社会传播A交集传播B组织传播C大众传播②非社会传播(2)非人类传播 10.早期影响最大的传播模式是Harold Lasswell提出的5w模式。即who、say what、in what channel、to whom、with what rffects。 11.1949年Claude Shannon和Warren Weaver共同提出了线性模式，增加了“噪音”（干扰因素），把媒介分解。 12.50年代，Charles Osgood和Wilbur Schramm提出循环式的模式，加入“反馈”。 13.社会学家Jack Lyle与M.Lyle把传播过程看作是社会过程之一，特点是把传播放在社会环境中考察。 14.我国最早的辞书《尔雅》。 15.萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说基于对印第安语的研究。 16.red caipet treatment用红毯接待red-light district红灯区red flags提高警惕预防出事的状况in the red赤字 17.politics—“中性”含贬义，为争权夺利不惜采取各种手段的意思；政治—“中性”，实际用时有褒义。 18.intellectual—致力于研究的人，衍生出纸上谈兵的贬义；知识分子—受过大学教育的脑力劳动者。 19.peasant—没有受过教育，举止粗鲁、思想狭隘的人；农民—直接从事农业生产劳动的人。 20.dragon—表示罪恶、邪恶，令人感到恐怖，战争的旗帜，形容人指飞扬跋扈令人讨厌；龙—用于好的意思。 21.phoenix—“再生”、“复活”；凤凰—天下太平，有圣德的人。 22.owl—智慧的鸟，比喻人聪明；猫头鹰—不详之鸟。 23.peacock—通常是贬义，含有骄傲、炫耀、洋洋得意的意思；孔雀—吉祥的象征，大吉大利。 24.dog—中性褒义的情况多；狗—一般用于贬义。 25.Cinderella（灰姑娘）泛指不受重视的人或部门或指有才干但一时未被赏识的人。 26.Shylock（夏洛克）指心肠狠毒唯利是图的小人。 27.to meet one’s Waterloo遭到决定性失败 28.Catch-22进退维谷，左右为难 29.韩国人写文章—归纳法；美国人写文章—演绎法。 30.美国人的思维模式是“桥式”，直接明白地传达给对方。 31.日本人的思维方式是“垫脚石式”，采取迂回、隐含的手法。 32.非语言交际的特点：（1）没有正式的规则和模式，没有固定的结构（2）没有一套具有明确意义的符号（3）有连续性的（4）一部分是本能，一部分是后天习得（5）信息右脑处理 33.阿拉伯人在讲话时总是盯着对方的眼睛。 34.将手掌平放在脖子下面，中国指杀头，英国指吃饱了。 35.食指和中指轻叩桌面，广东指感谢，北方表示不耐烦。 36.美国人站在公路旁边伸出拇指（thunb a ride）表示希望搭车。 37.英美人把中指放在食指上面（let’s keep our fingers crossed.）表示希望某事成功。 38.手兜起来，放在耳后，表示听不见或听不清楚。
跨文化交际学概论笔记 第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。L.S.Harms 认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、第二章跨文化交际学 跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication (与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切) 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970 年是具有重要意义的一年在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972 年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 第四章交际 一、交际与传播 这两词来源于同一英语communication表示的是同一个概念，不同学科背景的人采用不同术语。有语言学背景的学者大多使用“交际”，从事传播学教学和研究的学者都采用“传播”。 三、传播的种类 传播可分为人类传播和非人类传播；人类传播又可分为社会传播和非社会传播。非社会传播指内向传播（自我传播），社会传播包括人际传播，组织传播，大众传播。 内向传播（intarpersonal communication)只一个人自己脑子里在自我交流活动或是自言自语 人际传播（interpersonal communication)两个人或以上的信息传受过程。如交谈，书信，小组讨论，大会演讲等。 组织传播（organizational communication)在学校,公司，工厂，机关，军队，党派，群众团体等内部的传播，不都是自上而下的，可具有不同模式，纵式或横式，要注意因文化差异造成的传播不通的局面。 大众传播（mass communication)职业化的传播机构利用机械化，电子化的技术手段向不特定的多数人传送信息的行为或过程，如报刊杂志，广播电视，因特网信息等。 第四章语言交际 一、语言与文化密不可分 （语言反映一个民族的文化，同时有受到文化的巨大影响。）语言与文化有着密切的关系。由于语言的产生和发展，人类文化才得以产生和传承。不存在没有语言的文化，也不存在没有文化的语言。广义的文化包括语言，同时文化又无时无刻不在影响语言，使语言为了适应文化发展变化的需要而变得更加精确和缜密。语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的写照。 E.g.①亲属称谓是语言反映文化的一个突出例证。汉族不仅注重长幼顺序,而且对于是父系、母系或婚系亦十分重视。古人有强烈的传宗接代的观念，按血缘远近区别亲疏,家族里又有内外嫡庶之别。——后来亲属称谓的简化，意味着家族关系在社会生活中不占那么重要的地位。在我国个别地区的亲属称谓中，只有男性称谓，没有女性称谓，可能是古代父系社会的
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
1.Three international developments have made intercultural contact more pervasive (无处不在), they are .（D ） A. new technology and information system B. changes in the world’s population C. a shift in the world’s economic arena D. A, B and C 2.___C___ has evolved that lets societies share cultural experiences with one another as films are produced and shown around the world. A. Show business B. I.T. C. international film industry D. Mass media 3.__A____ in the United States, because they have been profoundly affected by population and immigration increases, are a primary setting for domestic intercultural contact. A. Schools B. Community C. Workplace D. club 4. It is difficult to find a single definition of human communication because__D____. A. the complex nature of communication B. the issue of intentionality C. the issue of unintentionality D. A, B and C 5. To Reusch and Bateson, communication often takes place __A___. A. without awareness B. consciously C. intentionally D. deliberately 6. Which of the statements of communication is not true? D A. Communication is dynamic https://www.doczj.com/doc/cd8144273.html,munication is symbolic https://www.doczj.com/doc/cd8144273.html,munication is Interpretive D. Communication is static 7. Communication has a consequence means that ___D___. A. Communication is irreversible B.Our response to message does not have to be immediate C. The nature of our responses to messages is rooted in our culture D. A, B and C 8. Which of the item is not the basic component of culture? C A. Values B. Emotions C. Personality D. Attitudes 9. We learn our culture not through __D______. A. proverbs B. art C. mass media D. self-taught 10.Although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the _B______ of a culture resists major alterations. A. history B. the deep structure C. background D. tradition 11. ___C___ is at the core of intercultural communication. A. sender B. receiver C. culture D. language 12. Although cultures change through several mechanisms, which of the following item is not the three most common ones.C A. Diffusion B. Acculturation C. Invention D. Innovation 13. One of the most difficult tasks for foreigners in learning a new language is learning the _____A____ and ________ in which they are used. A. different styles, the contexts B. grammar, accent C. different styles, the speech acts D. vocabulary, the pronunciation 14. Language is accompanied by a continuous flow of nonverbal communication, which involves not only ____ but also ____ and _____.B A. the tone, gaze, posture B. the voice, the face, the body C. the pitch, gaze, gesture D. the pace, the distance, touch 15. ___B__ is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our physical and social world. A. Interpretation B. Perception C. Analysis D. Understanding