工程应用英语
Professional English Test A
Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20’)
1.Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized ___d___
education.
a. elementary school
b. high school
c. middle school
d. university
2. Computer programming is now included in almost all engineering ___b___.
a. courses
b. curricula
c. lessons
d. areas
3. Current trend is to require students to take courses in the ___c___ science and the language arts.
a. computer
b. chemical
c. social
d. biology
4. Active ____b__ for engineers often begins before the student?s last year in the university.
a. employ
b. recruiting
c. hire
d. firing
5. Indeed, the civil engineer?s choice is ____c__ and varied.
a. small
b. fine
c. large
d. tiny
6. Computers can?t solve complicated problems unless they are given ___d___.
a. a good air-condition
b. a young civil engineer
c. a good computer engineer
d. a good program
7. Construction can be very _____.
a. dangerous
b. safe
c. easy
d. secure
8. Civil engineering projects are almost always ______.
a. distinctive
b. the similar
c. alike
d. the same
9. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on ______.
a. its other part
b. itself
c. the wall
d. the ground
10.The weight of all the people, cars, furniture, and machines and so on that the structure will support when it is in use is ______.
a. dead load
b. live load
c. impact
d. safety factor
11.In tension, the material is ______.
a. pressed
b. pulled apart
c. pushed
d. compressed
12.______ force acts up and down.
a. vertical
b. horizontal
c. rotating motion
d. turning motion
13.Both ______, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century.
a. steel and cement
b. wood and brick
c. stone and tile
d. ash and plastic
14.The transit is used to measure angles in both vertical and horizontal planes, and the level to measure ___c__.
a. distances
b. central angles
c. elevation difference
d. length
15.Electronic distance measuring(EDM) not only can measure the distance between objects but also determine ___a___.
a. the direction
b. the size
c. the frequency
d. the width
16.Prestressed concrete is an ___b___ form of reinforcement.
a. original
b. improved
c. same
d. low
17.A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by ___d____.
a. engineers
b. one party
c. company
d. two or more parties
18.___b___ change would result in differential settlement or swell between adjacent areas.
a. weight
b. volume
c. area
d. no
19.There are two basic procedures for controlling the embankment density: …manner and method?and …____a__?.
a. result
b. combination
c. layer thickness
d. moisture control
20.A main source of accidents, the problem of ___b___ driving is the most serious of all.
a. drink
b. drinking
c. drunken
d. drank
Part II Filling Blanks (10’)
21. Engineers often work as _____consultants___________ to architectural or construction firms.
22. Young engineers may choose to go into __environmental_____________ or sanitary engineering.
23. When planning a structure, an engineer must take into account four factors: dead load,
______live load_______, impact and safety factor.
24. One party to the contract is _____liable_____ for breach of contract if he fails to perform his
part of the agreement.
25. _______clearing____ the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations.
26. Loose rock includes materials such as ________weathered or totten_______________ rock, or
earth mixed with boulders.
27. No attempt was made to control _____moisture______ content or to secure compaction.
28. The _____rearview_______ of windshield wipers, fresh air ventilating systems, had result in
greater vehicle safety.
29. The safe performance of the brake system has been ensured by the use of _____heavy
duty________ brake fluid.
30. Relocation and reduction in height of the brake ____pedal_______ has meant that the driver?s
total reaction time has been reduced.
Part III Reading Comprehension (40’)
Passage One
Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and the testing of new structural materials.
31. Research is one of ___b___ aspects of scientific and engineering practice.
a. the most useless
b. the most important
c. the most unnecessary
32. A researcher is often employed __c____.
a. on a farm
b. in a library
c. in a laboratory
33. A researcher usually works as a member of a team with __c____.
a. farmers and scientists
b. engineers and farmers
c. scientists and engineers
34. Which of the following is true?
a. Civil engineering research doesn?t include only soil mechanics and soil stabilization, but
also the development of new structural materials
b. Civil engineering research doesn?t include soil mechanics and soil stabilization
c. Civil engineering research doesn?t include the development of new structural materials
Passage Two
The current tendency is to develop lighter materials. Aluminum, for example, weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings.
Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability, and with a lighter weight. One system that helps cut concrete weight to some extent uses polymers, which are long chainlike compounds used in plastics, as part of the mixture.
35. The current trend of structural materials is ___b____.
a. to develop heavier materials
b. to develop lighter materials
c. to develop less materials
36. Aluminum weighs ___a____.
a. much less than steel
b. the same as steel
c. much heavier than steel
37. Aluminum has ____c___.
a. no properties of steel
b. few properties of steel
c. many of the same properties of steel
38. Which of the following is true?
a. Aluminum beams can?t be used for bridge construction
b. Aluminum beams can be used for not only bridge construction but also the framework of a
few buildings
c. Aluminum beams can?t be used for the framework of a few buildings
Passage Three
Steel and concrete also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop. Concrete and steel also form
such a strong bonds—the force that unites them—that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still another advantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.
39. Steel and concrete have ____c__.
a. different rate of contraction
b. different rate of expansion
c. almost the same rate of contraction and expansion
40. Reinforced concrete is ___a___.
a. steel rods which are embedded in concrete beams
b. concrete which is embedded in steel rods
c. steel rods which react with concrete
41. Which of the following is true?
a. steel can rust in concrete
b. concrete can corrode steel
c. steel does not rust in concrete
42. Concrete has ___b__.
a. some kind of chemical that corrodes steel
b. an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid
c. some kind of acid
Passage Four
The employer or promoter of civil engineering works normally determines the conditions of contract, which define the obligations and performances by some form of competitive tendering and any contractor who submits a successful tender and subsequently enters into a contract is deemed in law to have voluntarily accepted the conditions of contract adopted by the promoter.
The obligations that a contractor accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of the invitation to tender. In most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until it has been accepted and may, even then, be withdrawn if the acceptance is stated by the promoter to be …subject to formal contract? as is often the case.
43. The conditions of contract are normally determined by ___c___.
a. the government official
b. the contractor
c. the promoter
44. This conditions define the obligations and performances to which __c____ will be subject.
a. the employer
b. the official
c. the contractor
45. The obligations that ___c___ accepts when he submits a tender are determined by the form of
the invitation to the tender.
a. the employer
b. the auditor
c. the contractor
46. in most cases the tender may be withdrawn at any time until ___b___.
a. the promoter has enough money
b. it has been accepted
c. the tender approved by the government
Passage Five
Materials are usually described as …rock?, …loose rock?, or …common?, with …common? signifying all material not otherwise classified. Rock, sometimes called …solid rock?, nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-end loader or power shovel into trucks or other hauling units. Blasted rock may be moved or drifted for short distances by means of a bulldozer, which is, in effect, a huge tractor-mounted blade. Loose rock often is dug with loaders or shovels without any previous blasting.
47. According to the passage, which material signifying all material not otherwise classified.
a. loose rock
b. common
c. rock
48. Which of the following is NOT true?
a. rock, is sometimes called …solid rock?
b. rock, is sometimes called …loose rock?
c. rock, is usually called …hard rock
49. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
a. loose rock nearly always must be drilled and blasted
b. loose rock is often dug without any previous blasting
c. blasted rock may be moved for long distances by bikes
50. Loose rock often is dug with ______ without any previous blasting.
a. track or ripper
b. loaders or shovels
c. roller or bulldozer
Part IV Translate the sentences into Chinese (15’)
51. Engineering graduates have to pass an examination, similar to the bar examinations for a
lawyer.工程专业的毕业生必需通过考试，就类似于律师要通过职业考试一样
52. Conventional ground surveys were the original location techniques available to highway
engineers until developments in electronics. The most important equipments used were the transit, the level, and the tape. 最初的公路定位技术一直使用传统地面测量技术直到电子技术的发明为止。这些重要的设备是经纬仪、水准仪、和卷尺。
53.If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to
counterbalance that weight. 一旦梁上面有负载，那么这根梁必需有足够的强度来支撑这个负载。
54.An urban transportation system is a basic component of an urban area?s social, economic,
and physical structure. 城市的交通系统是城市的社会、经济和物质结构的基本组成成分。
55.Selection of equipment depends on the nature of the material, how far it is to be moved, and
the method of disposal. 设备的选择要看材料的特性、运输距离的远近和处理的方法
另加
1. The student who is preparing to become a civil engineer may deal with such
subjects as geodetic surveying.想当工程师的学生或许会要学大地测量这门课程。
56.On-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to
translate theory into practice to the supervisor.0在职场培训中要求，能使主管人了解他（她）的能力。
Part V Translate the following into English (15’)
57.由于施工会很危险，所以安全因素必须考虑在内。Safety factors must also be taken into
consideration account ,since construction can be very dnagerous
58.当然，计算机能比人更快捷、精确地解决许多有关计算问题。Computer, of course ,can
somlve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and acuracy than a human being
59.承包商必须按照合同的条款履行自己的责任。The conditions of contract define the
obligations and performances to which the contractor will be subject
60.推土机、铲运机和自卸汽车的经济运距各不相同。The economical haul distances of
bulldozers ,scrapers and dump trucks are different
61.交通事故的原因主要包括人、车辆、道路和环境因素。A traffic accident denotes the
event in which personal injury or death or property damage is caused by cehicles in trafic Professional English Test B
Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20’)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ce17494362.html,puters are ___b_____ unless they are given clear and accurate instructions and
information.
a. used
b. useless
c. useful
d. uselessly
2. The relationship between engineering and society is getting ____c____.
a. higher
b. farther
c. closer
d. lower
3. For the student who is preparing to become a ____c____ engineer, these specialized courses
may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying, soil mechanics.
a. computer
b. social
c. civil
d. chemical
4. The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction, ____b____, maintenance, or
even in sales.
a. analysis
b. supervision
c. plan
d. fee
5. Civil engineers work on many different kinds of ____c____.
a. buildings
b. projects
c. structures
d. roads
6. In designing buildings, civil engineers often work as ___b_____ to architectural or construction
firms.
a. workers
b. consultants
c. employee
d. students
7. Dams, bridges and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is
coordinated by a ______d__ engineer who is in charge of the entire project.
a. main
b. chief
c. master
d. system
8. Construction is a _____b___ process on almost all engineering projects.
a. simple
b. complicated
c. easy
d. likely
9. In compression, the material is ____c____ together.
a. stretched
b. apart
c. pushed
d. tense
10.When a saw cuts easily through a piece of wood, the wood is ___a_____.
a. in tension
b. in compression
c. in press
d. in push
11.We defined ___d_____ as the tendency of a material to fracture along the lines of stress.
a. tension
b. compression
c. push
d. shear
12.The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and ___c_____,
stone, or tile, and similar materials.
a. steel
b. aluminum
c. masonry brick
d. plastic
13.Modern cement is a mixture of ___b_____.
a. bricks
b. limestone and clay
c. wood and ash
d. plastic
14.Concrete is very ____d____.
a. constant
b. the same
c. definite
d. versatile
15.Steel has great tensile strength while concrete has great compressive strength, thus, the two
substances _____c___ each other.
a. counteract
b. offset
c. complement
d. nullify
16.One system that helps ___a_____ concrete weight to some extent uses polymers.
a. cut
b. accelerate
c. add
d. keep
17. The retention money serves to insure ___d_____ against any defects that may arise in the
work.
a. the manager
b. the contractor
c. the carrier
d. the employer
18.The civil engineering work must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer, or his
____d____.
a. wife
b. friend
c. lawyer
d. representative
19.For moderate and longer hauls, self-loading scrapers pulled by rubber-tired hauling units and
push-loaded by tractors offer ___b_____ cost.
a. higher
b. lower
c. the same
d. different
20.Highway maintenance activities can be grouped and classified according ____d____
the purpose of the treatment.
a. with
b. for
c. forward
d. to
Part II Filling Blanks (10’)
21.Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and ________soil
stabilization_____________________________ techniques.
22.Modren cement, called _____________portland cement________________, was invented in
1824.
23.Material for embankment commonly comes from roadway cuts or designated
____________borrow areas_________________________.
24.Causes of automobile accidents can be categorized into four major groups: the vehicles, the
road, the driver, the ______pedestrian___________.
25.Another improvement in driver visibility is the introduction of the remote-controlled outside
________rearview________ mirror.
26.Rock nearly always must be drilled and blasted, then loaded with a front-end loader or
________power shovel________________ into trucks or other hauling units.
27.The three forces that can act on a structure are ___vertical force_____________________,
horizontal force, and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion.
28.Highway pavement are divided into two main categories: ________rigid________ and flexible.
29.Flexible pavements are further divided into three subgroups: high type, ____intermediate
type____, and low type.
30.The constructing steps of the transportation system are to plan, design, build, operate and
___maintain__________.
Part III Reading Comprehension (40’)
Passage One
In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken, for example, a statistical study is made of the
amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to handle. In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundations, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered.
31.Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering so _____a_______.
a. it is greatly stressed
b. it is nearly stressed
c. it is not stressed
32.Statistics deals with ______b______.
a. listening and speaking
b. gathering, classifying and using pieces of information
c. reading and writing
33.An important aspect of statistical mathematics is _____a____________.
a. probability
b. different factors
c. variables
34.Which is the main meaning of the passage?
a. physics is very important in all branches of engineering
b. mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering
c. chemistry is very important in all branches of engineering
Passage Two
Civil engineering projects are almost unique; that is, each has its own problems and design features. Therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. The study includes a survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. It also includes a consideration of possible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam. The economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed. Today, a study usually includes a consideration of the environmental impact of the project. Many engineers, usually working as a team that includes surveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies.
35.Civil engineering projects are ____a__________.
a. almost always distinctive
b. the similar
c. alike
36.Each project _____c_______ before design work begins
a. may not be considered
b. can?t be studied
c. must be studied carefully
37.The study, which must consider not only structural features but also economic factors and possible alternatives or other choices, is called _____b________.
a. system engineering
b. feasibility study
c. structural design
38.Which of the following is true?
a. today civil engineering project need consider the environmental impact of the project
b. today the study about civil engineering project needn?t consider the environmental impact of
the project
c. today the study about civil engineering project needn?t consider the resource impact of the
project
Passage Three
Clearing the site precedes all grading and most other construction operations. Site clearing in rural areas may sometimes merely require that glass, shrubs, and other plants or crops be removed. However, it sometimes can involve removing trees and tree stumps and disposing of the debris. The accepted procedure is to remove practically all vegetable matter from the original ground and from fill material, since, if allowed to remain; it may decay and leave voids that result in settlement. Selective clearing in adjoining areas may at times be required.
39.According to the passage, which is the main topic?
a. excavation
b. site clearing
c. embankment
40.According to the passage, ______c_____ is NOT be removed in rural areas.
a. shrubs
b. crops
c. earth
41.If all vegetable remained, ______c______.
a. it may cause shortage of vegetable in the market
b. the vegetable grow fast
c. it may decay and leave voids
42.Sometimes it is required clearing______a______.
a. adjacent areas
b. far areas
c. rural areas
Passage Four
Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the driver and his passengers in case an accident occurs due to some other failure in the highway system. Examples of this type of design are safety belts and shoulder harnesses, safer door latches, non-shattering windshields, and energy absorbing steering columns. Improvements are made constantly in the parts of a vehicle which are obvious to the driver. These parts include windshield wipers, headlamps, brakes, steering suspension, and the exhaust system. The introduction of front and rear directional signals
contributes greatly to motor vehicle safety. Stop lights, backup lights, and four-way emergency flashers also aid in vehicle safety. Four-way emergency flashers have become standard equipment for vehicles.
43.According to the passage, which is NOT mentioned?
a. safety belts
b. safer door latches
c. brake pedal
44.According to the passage, which become standard equipment for vehicles?
a. four-way emergency flashers
b. guard rail
c. ventilating system
45.Which of the following is true?
a. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the vehicles
b. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the persons who
drives the vehicles
c. Vehicular safety design usually centers on protecting the passengers and the pedestrians
46.According to the passage, which design is described?
a. vehicular safety
b. vehicular structure
c. vehicular power
Passage Five
In the 1930s engineers found that superior embankments could be constructed by spreading the material in relatively thin layers and compacting it at moisture content close to optimum. The improvement resulted largely because greater density was obtained, which resulted in higher “strength”in the soil mass and in decreased settlement and rutting. Layered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material itself and in its density and moisture content. This was beneficial since any subsequent consolidation or swelling would be relatively uniform.
47.In the 1930s engineers found embankments could be constructed by___________.
a. compacting it at density and spreading the material in relatively thick layers
b. compacting it at a moisture content and spreading the material in relatively thin layers
c. compacting it at borrow area
48.According to the passage, which cause higher “strength”?
a. greater density was obtained
b. moisture content close to minimum
c. more material was used
49.Which of the following is true?
a. layered construction produced greater difference in the material and etc.
b. layered construction produced greater disagreement in its density
c. layered construction produced greater unanimity in its density and moisture content
50.Which of the following words is the closest meaning of …optimum??
a. worst
b. best
c. different
Part IV Translate the Sentences into Chinese (15’)
51.The structural design of any structure first involves the establishment of the load and other design conditions that must be resisted by the structure and therefore must be considered in its design.任何结构的设计首先应包含确定荷载和其他设计因素，这些因素由结构来抵抗，因此在设计中必需考虑
52.The preliminary reconnaissance will have established primary and secondary controls for one or more feasible routes and will have fixed each location within a band of limited width, possibly within a few hundred feet.前期的踏勘工作要建立一条或几条可能路线的主要控制点和次要控制点，并且在有限宽度地带内，可能在几百英尺范围内，确定每条路线的位置。
53.Construction plans and specifications stipulate many requirements that are to be met by materials or construction procedures.施工计划和条例必需满足材料和施工的程序要求。54.Average car occupancy in most cities is less than 1.5 persons per vehicle.在大多数城市一般小车平均载人少于一点五人。
55.At many structure sites the field investigations indicate that channel relocations and improvements above and below the structure may provide a better situation from the hydraulic standpoint.在许多结构物位置，现场调查指出改渠和改善结构物的上下游，从水力学的观点看，可能提供一种更好的情况、
Part V Translate the Sentences into English (15’)
56.排水构筑物可以分为主要构筑物和次要构筑物。Drainage structures may be divided into major and ninor structure
57.公路定线包括现有资料的室内研究、路线踏勘测量、初步定线和最终定线。The high location involves four phases ;office study of existing information, reconnaissence of survey of routes , preliminary location, and final location
58.发货人和旅行者根据所提供的服务水平选择交通运输方式。The shipper and travelers choose transportation modes in terms of level of service provided
59.钢和混凝土有几乎相同的收缩率和膨胀率。Steel and concrete have almost the same rate of contraction and expension
60.土石方设备的选择主要决定于材料的性质和运距。The selection of earth working equipments is primarily depended on the nature of the materials and the haul distances
Professional English Test C
Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20’)
1. In most cases, the tender may be ___b___ at any time until it has been accepted.
a. confirmed
b. withdrawn
c. admitted
d. continued
2. The law relating to contracts imposes on each party to a contract ___b___ to perform.
a. an irksome task
b. an easy experiment
c. a good plan
d. a legal obligation
3. Types of contracts are virtually classified by their __d____ system: (1) price-based and (2) cost-based.
a. construction
b. design
c. tender
d. payment
4. Roadbeds ___b___ highway pavement structures and the ballast and track on which trains move.
a. lie above
b. underlie
c. lie left
d. lie right
5. In recent years, rippers have been used successfully to ___c___ loose or fractured rock.
a. break down
b. break even
c. break up
d. break away
6. Where material is moved less than about 60m or steeply downhill, drifting with a track or wheel type bulldozer is ___a___.
a. cheapest
b. expensive
c. unknown
d. the same
7. Usually there are ___c___ easy answer on equipment selection.
a. some
b. many
c. no
d. much
8. In fills constructed by end dumping or by placing in thick layers, material, density, and moisture content could ___c___ greatly from one spot to another.
a. be the same
b. be alike
c. vary
d. be equal
9. Layered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material _____d_ and in its density and moisture content.
a. himself
b. myself
c. themselves
d. itself
10.The actual cost of any single highway traffic accident is extremely ___c___ to determine.
a. easy
b. liable
c. difficult
d. apt
11.Basically, causes of automobile accidents can be categorized ___d___ four major groups.
a. in
b. to
c. on
d. into
12.The __b____ vehicle is a creator of accidents.
a. advantage
b. defective
c. merit
d. failure
13.___a___ the recent improvement in visibility are wraparound windshields and narrowed roof support pillars.
a. Two of
b. Of two
c. Two
d. Two, of
14.There is a great deal that the actual highway designer can ___c___ prevent accident.
a. do
b. to do
c. do to
d. to
15.To avoid the driving after drinking, one of the methods is b______.
a. law study
b. breath test
c. take an exam
d. driving study
16.It is suitable for remote sensing technique to be used for highway location in __c_____.
a. tropical rain forest
b. areas between tall buildings
c. mountainous country without forest
d. plains with uniform shade
17.The information on the aerial photographs can be converted into maps with the help of stereoscopes which is able to see objects in ___c____.
a. one dimension
b. two dimensions
c. three dimensions
d. all directions
18.The normal steel does not exert any force of its own on the member, ____b__ to the action of prestressing steel.
a. similar
b. contrary
c. comparable
d. likely
19.The extensive use of prestressed structures has been due in __c____ small measures to the advances in the technology.
a. no
b. so
c. such
d. some
20.The employer selects the contractor for the project by ___d___.
a. tender
b. advertisement
c. government
d. bidding
Part II Filling the Blanks (10’)
21.The unit price contract is adapted to highway engineering, because usually it is not possible to determine exact quantities of some items of work ___when______ construction is completed. 22.The word …contract? is derived from the Latin …contractum?, meaning ___drawn________
Together.
23.As a structural material, the enormous advantage of steel is its ____tensile strenght___________.
24.___________highway transportation_________________ is the dominant transportation mode in passenger travel.
25.The Portland cement concrete commonly used for rigid pavements consists of Portland cement, coarse aggregate,__________fine aggregate_____________, water.
26.Rigid highway pavement can be divided into three general types: plain concrete pavements, simply reinforced concrete and _____continuously reinforced concrete pavement__________________________.
27.The simplest and generally least costly form of interchange is the ______diamond_______.
28.If distances are great and time is at a premium, ___air_____ transportation will be selected.
29.Signing for freeways should be planned concurrently with the _____geometric______ design.
30.Major drainage structures are usually large bridges and multi-span ____culvers_________.
Part III Reading Comprehension (40’)
Passage One
Altogether, three forces can act on a structure: vertical—those that act up or down; horizontal—those that act sideway; and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion. Forces that act at an angle are combination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the structures designed by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. The vertical
forces, for example, must be equal to each other. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight. The horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left. And forces that might pull the structure around must be countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction.
31.Horizontal forces ____b____.
a. act up or down
b. act sideways
c. act upon it with rotating or turning motion
32.Forces acting at an angle are combination of ____a____.
a. horizontal and vertical forces
b. horizontal and rotating forces
c. turning and vertical forces
33.The horizontal forces must equal each other so that ____c____.
a. there is not too much thrust either to up or to down
b. there is not too much thrust either rotating or turning
c. there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left
34.Which of the following is true?
a. three forces acting on a structure need not be kept in balance
b. three forces acting on a structure must be kept in balance
c. three forces acting on a structure must be less
Passage Two
We all enter into contracts almost every day for the supply of goods, transportation and similar service, and in all these instances we are quite willing to pay for the services we receive. Our needs in these cases are comparatively simple and we do not need to enter onto lengthy or complicated negotiations and no written contract is normally executed. Nevertheless, each party to the contract has agrees to do something, and is liable for breach of contract if he fails to perform his part of the agreement.
In general, English law require no special formalities in making contracts but, for various reasons, some contracts must be made in a particular form to be enforceable and , if they are not made in that special way, then they will be ineffective. Notable among these contracts are contracts for the sale and disposal of land, and …land?, for this purpose, includes anything built on the land, as, for example, roads, bridges and other structures.
35. Which of the following is true?
a. we all enter into contracts almost everyday.
b. we don?t enter into any contract.
c. only teachers enter into contracts.
36. We enter into contracts for the supply of goods and transportation, in this case ___.
a. we need to enter into lengthy negotiations.
b. we should prepare for long time.
c. we don?t need to enter into lengthy negotiations.
37. The contracts for the sale and disposal of land _______.
a. require no special formalities.
b. must be made in a particular form.
c. should be written in two texts of English and Chinese.
38. Two parties of the contract have agreed to do something if one party fails to perform his part of the agreement, then _______.
a. it is nothing to do with him.
b. he can declare the contract invalid himself.
c. he is liable for breach of contract.
Passage Three
That work must be completed to the satisfaction of the employer, or his representatives, does not give the employer the right to demand an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works, in the absence of a prior express agreement. Otherwise the employer might be able to postpone indefinitely his liability to pay for the works. The employer is normally only entitled to expect a standard of work that would be regarded as reasonable by the competent persons with considerable experience in the class of work covered by the particular contract. The detailed requirements of the specification will have a considerable bearing on these matters.
39. The work must be completed to the satisfaction of _______.
a. the contractor.
b. the promoter or his representative.
c. the auditor.
40. It does not give the employer the right to demand _______.
a. an usually high standard of quality throughout the works.
b. an unusually high standard of quality throughout the works.
c. the Ministry standard of quality throughout the works.
41.The employer might be able to _______ his liability to pay for the works.
a. terminate immediately
b. postpone definitely
c. postpone indefinitely
42. A standard of work would be regarded as reasonable by _______.
a. employers.
b. top persons.
c. competent persons.
Passage Four
The importance of safety in all modes of transportation, especially highway safety is well recognized. Traffic accidents take a tremendous toll of human lives, personal property, and cause untold grief and misery. In 1978, there were a total of 18,300,000 highway traffic accidents. These
accidents resulted in 49,400 deaths, 1,400,000 personal injuries, property damage of $16,900,000, and total costs of $34.3 billion. Of the 154,100,000 registered vehicles and 142,200,000 licensed drivers in 1978, 31,500,000 were involved in accidents; the accidents occurred during 1,520 billion miles (2,446 billion km).
43. According to the passage, the safety is well recognized, especially _______.
a. the highway safety.
b. the channel safety.
c. the subway safety.
44. Which is the best topic according to the passage?
a. traffic accidents take a tremendous toll of human lives and personal property.
b. the traffic accidents are very important thing we must consider.
c. statistical figures of accidents show.
45. According to this passage, how many licensed drivers are involved in accidents in 1978?
a. 49.400
b. 142,200,000
c. 31,500,000
46. According to this passage, how many persons were injured in 1978?
a. 18,300,000
b. 49,400
c. 1,400,000
Passage Five
The Federal Highway Administration requires each state to establish a highway safety improvement program from the standpoint of roadway design and control. The objectives of the program are to identify and eliminate hazardous locations on the state highway systems. The program provides for the correction of locations or elements which (a) are identified as hazardous by accident analysis, (b) can be expected to produce a measurable reduction in the number and severity of accidents, and (c) compare favorably with safety work for which the relation of reduction in accident costs to costs of improvement has been determined.
47. According to the passage, the Federal Highway Administration requires _______.
a. each state to make a highway regulation.
b. each state to establish a highway safety program.
c. each state to establish a highway safety law
48. The aid of the improvement program is to identify and eliminate _______.
a. hazardous feeder highway.
b. hazardous locations.
c. hazardous vehicles
49. According to the passage, the main topic is ________.
a. Federal Highway Administration set the highway safety program.
b. Federal Highway Administration set the railway safety program.
c. Federal Highway Administration set the railway fee program.
50. According to the passage, which of the following is Not true?
a. the correction of locations or elements can be expected not to produce.
b. the correction of locations or elements are identified as hazardous.
c. the correction of locations or elements compare favorably with safety work.
Part IV Translate the Sentences into Chinese (15’)
51. Easement curves have been used by the railroads for many years, but their adoption by
highway agencies came much later.铁路在很多年前就使用缓和曲线，但公路部门对他的采用却晚的多。
52. It is possible to reduce traffic congestion if peak period flows can be spread out over longer
period of time.如果高峰时期的可以延长更长一点时间的话就可以降低交通堵塞
53. The other is called “result”or “end result”, stipulates the desired end product and leaves
manner and method to the contractor.另一种称为结果和最终结果，规定预期的最终产品，将方式和方法留给承包商去选择
54. Signing for freeways should be planned concurrently with the geometric design.用于高速路
的标志的设计与线性设计同时进行
55. Also, considerable caution should be taken in dealing with the changing of natural water
courses. Such an undertaking requires thorough engineering analysis.而且在处理天然水道的改变时，应相当谨慎，采取这一行动要求进行全面的工程分析。
Part V Translate the Sentences into English (15’)
56. 涵洞采用不同的材料修建，并且形状也不同。Culverts are made of different materials and
in different shapes.
57. 在立交中，车辆通过匝道来转换行驶方向。The vehicles in interchange may transfer their
movement direction by the use of tramps
58. 平面线形和竖向线形在初步设计阶段就必须一起考虑，不能分开。At the stage of
prelimirary deisgn the horiaontal and vertical alignment must be conidered together ,not separately
59. 踏勘测量的主要任务是在路线带内确定几条可行的路线，并把它绘在地图上。The
primary object of reconnaissance survey is to identify several feasible routes with a band ,then plotting photographic maps
60. 公路运输具有机动灵活并能提供门到门服务的特点。Highway transportation has the
advantages of flexiility and ability to provide door-to-door service
专业英语 Unit1 第一题1.设计/施工过程Design and construction process 2.房地产开发商Real estate developer 3.投机性住宅市场Speculative housing market 4.项目管理Project management 5.项目全寿命期Project life cycle 6.项目范围Scope of a project/project scope 7.专业化服务Professional services 8.重大基础项目建设Construction of major infrastructure projects 9.住宅类房屋建设Residential housing construction 10.办公和商业用房建设office and commercial building construction 11.专业化工业项目建设Specialized industrial projects construction 12.专业咨询师Professional consultants 13.总承包商Original contractor 14.价值工程value engineering 15.竞争性招标Competitive bidding 16.建筑和工程设计公司Architectural and engineering design company 17.运营与维护管理operation and maintenance 18.设计/施工公司design and construction company 19.分包商subcontractor 20.设施管理facility management 第一章 1、从项目管理的角度看，“业主”和“发起方”是同义的，因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策。 2、项目范围界定后，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。 3、此外，业主可用内部能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工作，或者它可能会在各个阶段寻求专业意见及服务。 4、业主可以根据项目的规模和性质选择把整个过程或多或少的分解到各个阶段上，从而获得在实施中最有效的结果。 5、所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型，规模和位置。 6、各类建筑的规划、采购的专业服务、建筑合同的制定、以及建筑设施融资的方法都可以完全不同。 7、. 专门的工业建筑，通常涉及技术复杂程度高，如炼油厂，钢铁厂，化学处理厂和燃煤或核电厂等的大型项目，如图1-4所示。 8、传统上，在初步设计开发阶段，业主作为技术顾问从事于建筑和工程（A / E）的公司或集团。 9、通过集成到一个单一的组织设计和施工管理，设计者和建筑者之间的许多冲突是可以避免的。 10、近年来，建设项目从成立到完成，新的施工管理人员（CM）的提供专业服务。 11、因此，业主必须明白自己的责任，也希望把过程中的风险分配给自己和其他参与者。 12、除非业主或专业的施工经理执行此功能，一个良好的总承包商会与他的团队合作，专业的承包商或分包商作过的项目数量在过去可以最有效的鼓励人的忠诚与合作。 13、例如，在纽约，专业承包商，如机械和电气承包商，不受建设项目总承包商的监督，公共项目初期必须签订独立合约。 14、主要原料供应商，包括钢结构制造和架设，金属板材，预拌混凝土输送，钢筋详图，屋面，玻璃等专业承包商。 第二章
第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署
第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。
Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀，麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板（工程） shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖
U2-S1什么是项目管理？ 建筑项目管理不仅需要对设计和实施过程有所理解，而且需要现代管理知识。建设项目有一组明确的目标和约束，比如竣工日期。尽管相关的技术、组织机构或流程会有所不同，但建设项目同其他一些如航天、医药和能源等准等领域的项目在管理上仍然有共同之处。 一般来说，项目管理和以项目任务为导向的企业宏观管理不同，待项目任务的完成后，项目组织通常也会随之终止。（美国）项目管理学会对项目管理学科有如下定义：项目管理是一门指导和协调人力物力资源的艺术，在项目整个生命周期，应用现代管理技术完成预定的规模、成本、时间、质量和参与满意度目标。 与此形成对照，一般的工商企业管理更广泛地着眼于业务的更加连贯性和连续性。然而，由于这两者之间有足够的相似和差异，使得现代管理技术开发宏观管理可以用于项目管理。 项目管理框架的基本要素可以用图2-1表示。其中，应用宏观管理知识和熟悉项目相关知识领域是不可或缺的。辅助性学科如计算机科学和决策科学也会发挥重要作用。实际上，现代管理实践与各专业知识领域已经吸收应用了各种不同的技术和工具，而这些技术和工具曾一度仅仅被视作属于辅助学科领域。例如，计算机信息系统和决策支持系统是目前常见的宏观管理工具。同样，许多像线性规划和网络分析这样的运算研究工具，现在广泛应用在许多知识和应用领域。因此，图2- 1反映了项目管理框架演变的唯一来源。 具体来说，建设项目管理包含一组目标，该目标可能通过实施一系列服从资源约束的运作来实现。在规模、成本、时间和质量的既定目标与人力、物力和财力资源限制之间存在着潜在冲突。这些冲突应该在项目开始时通过必要的权衡和建立新备选方案来解决。另外，施工项目管理的功能通常包括以下: 1. 项目目标和计划说明书中包括规模、预算安排、进度安排、设置性能需求和项目参与者的界定。 2. 根据规定的进度和规划，通过对劳动力、材料和设备的采购使资源的有效利用最大化。 3. 在项目全过程中，通过对计划、设计、估算、合同和施工的适当协调控制来实施项目各项运作。 4. 设立有效的沟通机制来解决不同参与方之间的冲突。 项目管理学会聚焦九个不同独特领域，这些领域需要项目经理所具有的知识和关注度： 1. 项目宏观管理，确保项目要素有效协调。 2. 项目范围管理，确保所需的所有工作（并且只有所需的工作）。 3. 项目时间管理，提供有效的项目进度。 4. 项目成本管理，确定所需资源和维持预算控制。 5. 项目质量管理，确保满足功能需求。 6 . 项目人力资源管理，有效地开发和聘用项目人员。 7 . 项目沟通管理，确保有效的内部和外部通信。 8. 项目风险管理，分析和规避潜在风险。 9. 项目采购管理，从外部获得必要资源。
土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020
Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and
non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架， ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数
Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the
土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections． In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface． Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：
第一单元 课文 土木工程前言 或许，工程师对于人类文明形成所做出的贡献多于其他专业人才群体。在各个社会中，工程师的作用就是发展技术应用以满足实际需要。例如，应用电力系统向城市供电，应用水轮驱动水碾，应用人造心脏延长生命，等。向我们提供水、燃料、电力的系统，交通网络系统，通讯系统，以及带来其他方便的系统是工程技术应用的产物。尽管真正的工程师们在以上进步和人类幸福中所起的作用，但对他们所起作用的理解仍是不完全的。 工程是将知识转化为实际有效应用的技术，工程师则是在这样的转化中起关键作用的人。工程是服务人类的职业，人类环境是需要考虑的重要事项。通常，区分工程师和科学家一直存在困难，决定科学家的工作在哪里终止，工程师的工作从哪里开始也存在困难。 科学与工程中有联系的工作的基本区别在于它们的目的不同。科学家以发明为目的，而工程师坚持有效使用发明来满足人类的需要。例如，德国物理学家亨利奇·赫兹发现了无线电波，而古里耶尔莫·马克尼则利用无线电波发展了无线电信技术，这是一项工程奇迹。在相关科学家建立了核裂变的科学原理后，制造原子武器、建造核电厂的艰难工作则由电力、化学和机械工程师来完成。 土木工程是以向人类提供安全、舒适住所为目的的工程分支。住所是人类的基本需要之一，它由土木工程师负责提供。供水和灌溉系统的有效规划能增加一个国家的粮食产量。住所除了简单的掩蔽功能外，土木工程师还能将其建造来为居住者提供安宁、舒适的生活。世界上的工程奇迹——从塔形结构到今天的薄壳结构——都是土木工程发展的结果。道路、铁路、桥梁等交通网线是土木工程师的劳动果实，没有这样的交通网线，社会将不可能得到发展。 任何工程学科都是由各种专业分支构成的巨大领域，土木工程的主要专业分支如下： 1.结构工程 结构工程是土木工程的最重要专业分支，结构的建造需要有效的规划、设计和施工方法，以实现完整的建造目的。一般地，结构工程建造包含五个步骤： ●定位，并合理排列结构构件，形成确定的形式，以实现最佳的使用功能。 ●决定作用于结构上不同力的大小、方向和性质。 ●结构分析，弄清受上述作用力的结构构件的行为特征。 ●结构设计，以保证不同载荷作用下的结构稳定性。 ●结构施工，采用精心选择的材料，由熟练工人完成。 2.岩土工程 为了实现建筑于地面结构的有效功能，必须知道土的特征。岩土工程给出土的基本知识体系，这一分支涉及以下方面： ●土——“土力学”下的材料——的性质和行为特征。 ●结构、机器等基础的不同类型及其稳定性。 岩土工程也涉及基础的分析、设计和施工。 3.流体力学、水力学和水力机械