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新编大学英语Book2Unit4课后练习答案和课文翻译

新编大学英语Book2Unit4课后练习答案和课文翻译
新编大学英语Book2Unit4课后练习答案和课文翻译

Unit 4 Psychology in Our Daily Life

Useful Information

Psychology is a young and growing science that touches on a broad range of human activities. In general, however, one can say that psychology tries to explain why people act, think, and feel the way they do. Psychologists are interested not only in how individual minds work but also in the various interactions of minds in society. It should be noticed that psychology provides methods of analyzing and understanding human behavior and emotions that are not based on moral codes.

It is important not to confuse psychology with psychiatry which is a branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of serious mental disorders. Psychiatrists, who work in hospitals, use a variety of methods including drugs, light therapy and electric shock treatments to cure or to control mentally disturbed people. However, the work of both psychiatrists and psychologists often involves an analytical process which interprets the unconscious or subconscious forces that prevent a person from functioning satisfactorily in daily life. By analyzing these forces and making the person aware of them, it is often possible to help the person deal with his or her mental and emotional problems.

The whole field of psychoanalysis originated with the research of the Austrian doctor, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). According to his theories, people are driven by irrational forces or primitive instincts. Freud believed that the inner struggle between instincts and conscience often led to disaster which was manifested in the form of personal tragedies such as murder and suicide or collective tragedies such as war. He advocated the use of psychoanalysis to help people control irrational forces. Much of Freud's work was based on his interpretation of dreams and sexual instincts.

The Swiss doctor, Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961), is considered to be the other founder of the modern science of psychology. He proposed a theory of the collective unconscious (the part of the mind which holds the deepest and most hidden thoughts and feelings) of humanity that was not based on sexuality, but rather on universal symbols and images which he called "archetypes." According to Jung, the mental emotional experiences of all human beings are influenced by universal archetypes. These archetypes include various representations of the dark, inferior and uncivilized side of human beings. Jung used his theory not only to analyze dreams but also myths and folktales from many different cultures.

The whole field of psychology has evolved and expanded considerably since the early part of the twentieth century. There are now many branches of psychology and it is no longer limited to clinical work and the analysis of dreams. Over the years, qualitative and quantitative experiments on animals and humans have provided a vast amount of information on social behavior, mental development, emotional development, learning processes, motivation, personality differences, and sensory perceptions.

Men and women with training in psychology now work in many different careers ranging from therapists to advertising agents. The findings of psychological research are used to help the

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victims of family violence, to design aptitude tests, to carry out efficiency studies in the workplace, to develop educational strategies, to conduct political campaigns, and to predict consumer spending. In fact, there is hardly any aspect of modern society that has not been influenced in some way by research in the field of psychology.

Part One Preparation

1. Describing the Pictures

Picture 1: The patient looks sad. He is coming out of the hospital, carrying a test report in his hand. Judging from the black cloud hanging over the hospital, the drooping flowers and trees, and the report with the word “CANCER” on it, we can assume that he has had a series of tests. Picture 2: The man is lying in bed. The doctor has obviously prescribed all kinds of medicine because there are bottles of pills on the table beside the bed. There is also a piece of paper with the word “will” written on it. The m an is so depressed that he has written his will because he thinks he is going to die.

Picture 3: The man appears extremely happy. The sun is shining over the hospital. The flowers and trees are upright. The doctor has told the man that he does not have cancer after all. (The report he is carrying has an “X” through the word “CANCER”.) On seeing the result, he can’t believe his eyes.

Picture 4: The sun is shining, the trees are full of fruit and the hospital has disappeared. The man is happy. He appears to be singing or whistling. He takes a racket and heads off to play tennis. He is healthy and feels energetic again.

Story:

This is a story about a man who has been told that he is likely to have cancer. Then everything around him looks discouraging. He goes to bed, takes his medicine and writes his will because he is certain that he has cancer and his days are numbered. The next day, he goes back to the hospital and the doctor has good news for him: the test results indicate that he has no cancer. So he immediately feels happy, full of energy and goes to play tennis to enjoy himself.

2. Getting to Know Your Classmates

Possible reasons for the beliefs and feelings:

--Those who love shopping may have a lot of money to spend and take delight in doing shopping. Sometimes they have a sense of accomplishment after shopping is done. In other cases, when people are in low spirits, they tend to do a lot of shopping.

--Some people do not eat beef because of their religion. For example, Hindus do not eat beef. Others do not eat beef because of their family habits.

--Bus service in some places is very poor. Buses are usually crowded and dirty. That’s why people don’t like to ride on a bus and when they are on a bus, th ey will get sick. The result will

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probably be that they hate riding on a bus even more.

--Those who love to talk to themselves are often timid and reserved. They can express their own feelings by doing so. Some people do so because they are not sure of themselves. They can practice talking to others in imagination, i.e., by imagining that they are facing other people and talking with them.

--Some people are terrified of snakes because some snakes are poisonous. Other people hate them because they are ugly and disgusting.

--People sometimes associate violence and ghosts with darkness. In darkness, people usually feel lonely and helpless. And at the same time, they are afraid that something bad may happen at any moment.

--Some people think they are too fat when compared with those slim people around them. In most parts of the world, people are worried when they gain weight and try every means to keep thin. Everyone hopes to be good-looking or beautiful and follow the trend.

--Those who hold on to their money as long as possible are usually very thrifty. They are afraid that if they spend all their money, they will have nothing to rely on. With as much money as they can save, they can at least have a sense of security.

--People who hate queuing are impatient. They think it is a waste of time to queue. So they try to avoid queuing and some people jump the queue when possible.

--People believe in ghosts if they have heard many ghost stories. Some people who have dreamed of ghosts may believe in them.

--These people believe that everyone has a certain fate. It is fate that determines everything in their lives. They are anxious to find out what their future will be like. So they go to a fortune teller in order to know their future in advance.

--These people care a lot about their physical appearance, for example, they want to be properly dressed in order to impress other people, or they probably are unconfident of themselves. So they would stand in front of a mirror for more than 10 minutes.

3. A Fun Test: Come along on an Incredible Journey into the Desert!

Based on Japanese Archetypes(模型)the desert represents a hardship. Each of the animals

represents an aspect of your life. The order in which you sacrifice the animals might be said to represent the importance of these things to you.

The one that you sacrificed first is the least important, and the one that you kept is the most important.

The cow represents basic needs.

The sheep represents friendship.

The lion represents pride.

The monkey represents creativity.

The horse represents passion.

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Another fun test for your reference:

1. You are walking to your boy/girlfriend’s house. There are two roads to get there. One is a straight path to take you there quickly, but is very plain and boring. The other is significantly longer but is full of wonderful sights and interesting things. Which one do you take to get to your boy/girlfriend’s house, short or long?

2. On the way you see 2 rose bushes. One is full of red roses, and the other white roses. You decide to pick 20 roses for your boy/girlfriend, of any color combination. What number of white and red do you pick? (You can pick all of one color or any combo of the two).

3. You finally get to their house. A family member answers the door. You can have him get your boy/girlfriend or go get him/her yourself. Which do you do?

4. You go up to your boy/girlfriend’s room, but nobody is there. You decide to leave the roses there. Do you leave them by the windowsill (窗台) or on the bed?

5. Later, it’s time for bed. You and your boy/girlfriend go to sleep in separate rooms. In the morning when it’s time to wake up, you go in his/her room and check on him/her. When you arrive, do you think he/she is most probably awake or asleep?

6. Now it’s time to go back home. Do you take the short, plain road or the longer, more interesting road?

The answers:

1. The road represents your attitude towards falling in love. If you take the short road, you fall in love quickly and easily. If you take the long road, you take your time and do not fall in love as easily.

2. The number of red roses represents how much you give in a relationship, while the number of white represents what you expect in return. For example, if you choose 18 red and 2 white, you give 90% and expect 10% in return.

3. This question represents your attitude towards handling relationship problems. If you asked the family member to get your boy/girlfriend, then you like to avoid problems and hope that they will solve themselves. If you went to get him/her yourself, then you are a more direct person and like to work out problems immediately.

4. The placement of roses determines how much you like to see your boy/girlfriend. Placing them on the bed means you like to see him/her a lot, while placing them on the windowsill means that you are all right with not seeing him/her as much.

5. This is representative of your attitude towards their personality. If you find them asleep, you love your boy/girlfriend the way they are. If you find them awake, you expect them to change for you.

6. The road to home tells how long you stay in love with someone. If you choose the short road, you fall out of love easily. If you choose the longer one, you will tend to stay in love for a long

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time.

Part Two Reading-Centered Activities

In-Class Reading

I. Pre-Reading

Samples

-- When I have health problems, I will go to the doctor. I want the doctor to examine me, to diagnose the problem, to write a prescription or to tell me if there is anything I should or should not do. If it is necessary, the doctor will give me some tests. Above all, I always expect that the doctor will tell me that I will be able to get over the problem or recover quickly.

-- I usually avoid going to the hospital because to see a doctor is really tiring and time-consuming. So when I don’t feel well and it’s not a very serious case, what I usually do is to have a good rest. For example, when I have a cold, I will drink a lot of water and stay in bed. If it’s a serious health problem and I can’t recover by taking a good rest, I’ll go to the doctor and get some medicine. Just like most people, I hope the doctor will comfort me besides prescribing me the medicine.

II. Passage Reading

Words, Phrases and Grammatical Points

1. Sometimes all a sick person needs is some reassurance that all will be well.

除了“reassurance”, 其它如fact, opinion, notion, suggestion, proposal, thought, news, truth,

report 等词的后面也可接同位语从句。

e.g.I) My family now accepts the fact that I don’t eat sugar or bread.

II) It’s my considered opinion that you have made a mistake.

III) I reject absolutely the notion that privatization of our industry is now inevitable.

IV) There is no suggestion whatsoever that the two sides are any closer to agreeing.

V) There was anger at the proposal that a UN peace-keeping force should be sent to the area.

VI) The news that he had resigned took everyone by surprise.

VII) It is an almost universal truth that the more we are promoted in a job, the less we actually exercise the skills we initially used to perform it.

VIII) There are unconfirmed reports that two people have been shot in the neighboring town.

2. These people say that if the mind is fooled into thinking it got medicine, then it will act as if it

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did,and the body will feel better.

类似“fool somebody into doing something” 的形式的短语有:persuade somebody into doing

something, cheat somebody into doing something, deceive somebody into doing something, frighten somebody into doing something, trick somebody into doing something, trap somebody into doing something, coax somebody into doing something, lure somebody into doing something, shame somebody into doing something, etc.

e.g. I) He persuaded her into going to the party.

II) He cheated her into believing him a wealthy man.

III) The sound of the door closing deceived me into believing that they had gone out.

IV) He was a bully. He tried to frighten people into doing what he wanted.

V) His family tricked him into going to Pakistan, and once he was there, they took away his passport.

VI) Were you just trying to trap her into making some admission?

VII) After lunch, she watched, listened and coaxed Bobby into talking about himself.

VIII) The travel brochure lured me into taking a Caribbean vacation.

IX) The number of people out of work has shamed the government into taking action to prevent further job losses.

3. The word “role” is very often used in the phrase “play a role in…”.

e.g. I) He had played a major role in the formation of the United Nations.

II) She has played a crucial / decisive role in securing a $2 million deal for the company.

III) Teachers play the key role in the learning process.

IV) Mandela played a leading role in ending apartheid in South Africa.

课内阅读

参考译文

人体内有医生吗?

1 当你去看病时,你总希望走时能拿到一张药方。知道你能得到一些药,你会感觉好些。但是医生清楚并不是所有情况都需要用药。有时病人所需要的只是一个一切都会好的保证。在这种情况下,医生可能就会开安慰剂。

2 安慰剂可以是糖丸,无害的针剂,或者空的胶囊。尽管安慰剂中没有任何药的成分,但

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似乎也能使人康复。病人以为这就是药,然后开始好转。这究竟是怎么回事呢?

3 安慰剂的研究揭示了一个有关人体怎样自愈的新知识领域。就好像我们每个人体内都有一个医生一样。这位“医生”能治好我们的病,如果我们让他治的话。

4 但是,我们仍然不清楚安慰剂究竟是如何治病的。有些人说,它能起作用是因为人脑会欺骗自己。这些人说如果能使人脑上当, 误以为得到了药物治疗,那么人脑就会像真的得到了药物一样行事,于是病体就会好转。

5 另一些人持不同意见。他们认为病人希望身体好转,而安慰剂能促使这种愿望成真。如果病人知道是安慰剂的话,那它就没有效果了。这表明人体并没有上当受骗。情况似乎是这样:如果病人以为他们得到了药物治疗,他们就会充满希望。他们感到在得到治疗。这就使得他们更加强烈地希望身体好转,而正是这种希望有助于他们康复。

6 安慰剂并不总是有效。这种疗法是否成功在很大程度上似乎取决于病人与医生之间的关系。如果病人非常信任医生,而医生又真心想帮助病人的话,安慰剂就更有可能起作用。所以从某种意义上说,医生是最有效的安慰剂。

7 有一项研究可以作为例子来说明医生在促使安慰剂发挥效用的过程中所起的作用。一些溃疡出血的病人被分为两组。第一组病人由一位医生告诉他们用了一种新药,并且相信这种药能够缓解他们的疼痛感。第二组病人由一位护士告诉他们用了一种新药,但是药效如何却不太了解。结果,第一组中百分之七十的病人病情明显好转。第二组中只有百分之二十五的病人情况有了好转。实际上,两个组都用了同样的安慰剂。

8 人们已发现安慰剂能在很多不同的病例中发挥作用。它对于晕船、咳嗽、感冒、甚至术

后疼痛这样的病症都有帮助。曾经有过一项实验来检验安慰剂是否能帮助老人健康长寿。

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9 这项实验是在罗马尼亚的150名60岁以上的老人中做的。他们被分成三组,每组50人。第一组的老人什么也没给。第二组用了安慰剂。第三组用了真药,并被告知这种药对于因年老而出现的疾病有帮助(实际上它根本不是针对老年人的药)。对三个组的老人的研究持续了很多年。第一组与那个村庄里老年人一贯的状况没有什么区别。第二组(用了安慰剂的)身体要健康得多,死亡率也降低了。第三组(用了真药的)与用安慰剂的那组人结果非常一致。

10 安慰剂也会有不良后果。如果病人认为药物会有不良反应,那么他们用了安慰剂之后也会显示不良反应。这似乎表明药物反应在很大程度上是心理上的而不是生理上的。一些医生仍然认为如果安慰剂有可能存在不良后果,那就不该使用。他们觉得对于安慰剂的了解还不够。

11 尽管如此,人们知道在别的一些国家安慰剂的使用已有好几百年了。在一些非洲国家,部落的医生早已知道,如果病人认为自己会好起来,他们的健康就会好转。他们采用的很多“疗法”看似不可能治好病人,但居然行之有效。

12 安慰剂的奇效似乎确实表明人的精神力量比我们所想象的要更强一些。有些人认为你可以用精神来治愈自己的疾病。有趣的是甚至那些信誓旦旦认为这是不可能的人,也因为用了安慰剂而完全康复了。

III. Post-reading

Reading Comprehension

1. Understanding the organization

1) Introduction (Para. 1-2)

The term placebo is introduced: when it is prescribed and what it is.

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2) The study of the placebo (Para. 3-7)

i) One explanation: The placebo works because the human mind fools itself.

ii) The other explanation: The placebo makes the wish to get better become reality.

iii) The most powerful placebo of all: the doctor.

Supporting evidence:

First group (led by a doctor): 70 percent of the people got better.

Second group (led by a nurse): only 25 percent of the people got better.

3) Different cases in which a placebo may work (Para. 8-9)

The placebo has been found to work with seasickness, coughs, colds, and pain after an

operation.

An experiment was done to see if it works with old people:

The first group were given nothing at all.

Result: The first group showed no changes from the way old people in that village had

always been.

The second group were given a placebo.

Result: The second group had much better health and a lower death rate.

The third group were given a real drug which was intended to help with the problems of

old age.

Result: The third group showed much the same results as the group that took the

placebo.

4) Two opposite attitudes towards the use of a placebo (Para.10&11):

Some doctors think that if the placebo can have bad effects it should never be used.

Other countries are known to have been using placebos for hundreds of years.

5) Conclusion (Para.12)

It is suggested that the human mind is stronger than we think it is.

2. Understanding Specific Information

1) Yes 2) No 3) Maybe 4) Yes 5) Yes 6) No 7) Yes 8) Maybe

3. Questions for Group Discussion

Samples

1)I think there is a doctor in the body and it is the mind. Usually if we are quite confident, we

will react as if everything will go well. That is to say, if we are mentally sure that we will get better, the body will start functioning better. Otherwise we will lose heart and our illness will probably get worse. I really believe in the power of “mind over matter”.

2) It depends. If I got better, I would feel lucky to have been given a placebo instead of real

medicine because medicine often has some side effects. However, if I didn’t feel better, I would be very angry and probably would never go back to that doctor.

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3) I would think the doctor had cheated me. At the same time, I would be pleased that I had

been able to heal my body just by believing that I could. I would be proud of my willpower and become more confident of myself.

4. Extra Exercise for the Teacher

Directions:The following is a summary of “Is There a Doctor in the Body?” with a number of words missing.

The study of the 1)__________ opens up new knowledge about the way the human body 2)__________ to medication. But it is not yet known how placebos 3) __________. Some people say it’s because the 4)__________ is fooled into believing it got medicine. Some people say this is not the 5)__________. They believe the placebo makes the 6)__________ to get better become 7) __________. And many others think the success of this treatment 8)__________ a lot with the 9) __________ between the patient and the doctor. If the patient has a lot of 10)__________ in the doctor, then the placebo is more likely to work. So in a 11)__________, the doctor is the most 12) __________ placebo of all.

The placebo has been found to work with a lot of different 13) __________. It can work with seasickness, coughs, colds and pain after an operation. It can even help old people stay healthy and live longer. However, the placebo can also have 14) __________ effects. When patients expect a bad reaction to 15) __________, they will show a bad reaction to the 16) __________. The strange 17) __________ of the placebo does seem to suggest that the human mind is 18) __________ than we think it is.

Key to the cloze:

1) placebo 2) reacts 3) work 4) mind 5) case 6) wish 7) reality 8) rests

9) relationship 10) trust 11) way 12) powerful 13) cases 14) bad 15) medicine

16) placebo 17) power 18) stronger

Vocabulary

1. 1) A. a substance used for treating illness, especially a liquid you drink

B. the treatment and study of illnesses and injuries

2) A. firing a gun

B. an injection of a drug

3) A. the part of a spacecraft in which astronauts live and work

B. a plastic container shaped like a very small tube with medicine inside

4) A. become whole and sound, return to health

B. become mentally or emotionally strong again after a bad experience

5) A. a particular way of behaving towards someone or of dealing with them

B. a method that is intended to cure an injury or illness

6) A. the process of cutting into someone’s body to repair or remove a part that is damaged

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B. the process of making a machine or system work

7) A. a person or their particular problem that a doctor is dealing with

B. a situation that exists, especially as it affects a particular person or group

8) A. make someone think that a particular thing is true; indicate

B. tell someone your ideas about what they should do, where they should go, etc.

2. 1) a 2) e 3) f 4) d 5) g 6) h 7) c 8) b

Translation

1. All I can say is that we are extremely sorry.

2. In many cases regulations alone will not work.

3. He is highly likely to succeed because of his intelligence and diligence.

4. She stared at me as if I were a stranger.

5. It is reported that three people were injured in the traffic accident yesterday.

6. I feel angry at the way he (has) treated me.

7. The patient is much the same this morning as he was yesterday.

8. I’d like to stay (at) home this evening rather than go out.

After-Class Reading

PASSAGE I

课外阅读

参考译文

花钱的心理

1 你是花钱成瘾,还是尽可能守着钱不花?你专爱买便宜货吗?你是愿意使用信用(赊欠)账户还是支付现金?你对这些问题的回答能反映出你的个性。根据心理学家的观点,我们每个人的花钱习惯,不仅体现我们的信仰、价值观,而且还跟过去存在的问题有关。

2 心理学家相信对许多人来说,钱是力量和支配力的重要象征。丈夫抱怨妻子的花钱习惯,可能就是因为害怕失去自己在婚姻中的权威。反过来,妻子可能会因为生丈夫的气而大笔大笔地乱花钱。此外,许多人把钱看成是爱的象征。他们把钱花在家人、朋友身上以表达对他们的爱,或者为自己购买昂贵的礼物,因为自己也需要爱。

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3 人们可能会痴迷于不同的事物――例如,烈酒、毒品,某些食物,甚至电视节目。有这

些癖好的人就是上了瘾,也就是说,他们有着强烈的心理需求,他们认为这种需求必须得到满足。按照心理学家的说法,许多人购物成癖,他们觉得自己必须把钱花出去。跟其他癖好相似,这种欲望是非理性的——不可能做出合理的解释。对那些赊账购物成癖的人而言,信用账户比现金更为刺激。换句话说,购物成癖的人认为,借助赊账,他们可以无所不为。他们从大笔花钱时体验到的乐趣,实在是比从所购物品中获得的乐趣大得多。

4 甚至还有四处搜寻便宜货的特殊心理。当然,要省钱多数人会去光顾大甩卖、廉价物和折扣商品。然而,购买便宜货成癖的人经常仅仅因为价廉而买一些自己不需要的东西。他们愿意相信这是在给自己省钱,但事实上他们是在玩一场很刺激的游戏:当他们能买到比别人便宜的东西时,他们觉得自己是赢家。专家断言,大多数人对于自己的行为都有两种解释:一个是他们行事的正当理由,另一个是真正原因。

5 当然,不只是科学家了解消费习惯方面的心理因素,商人也了解。商店、公司和广告商都利用心理因素来增加营业额:他们在广告宣传和决定产品的推销方法时会考虑,人们对于爱、权力或支配力的需求,人们的基本价值观、信仰和观点。

6 心理学家常常用一种被称为“行为疗法”的手段来帮助个人解决其性格上的问题。用这种方法,他们能帮助那些感到自己在花钱方面存在问题的人,他们会给这些人“布置任务”。例如,如果一个人每到一个商店都要买点什么,治疗专家就会教他这样来约束自己:在治疗的第一天,他必须去一家商店,呆五分钟再离开。第二天,他要呆上十分钟,并试试某种商品。第三天,他要呆上十五分钟,向售货员问个问题,但什么都不买。不久,他就会发现什

么都不买,对自己不会有什么不好的事情发生。这样,他就能改掉购物成癖的毛病了。

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PASSAGE II

课外阅读

参考译文

如何消除排队的怒火

1 如果这个假期你在机场或车站排长队,你是去分析一下到底是排队的什么方面使你恼火呢?还是只会冲着身边的管理人员发脾气?

2 理查德·拉森教授是麻省理工学院的电气工程师,他也讨厌排队。但是他并未因此而怒发冲冠,相反地他决定要研究这个课题。他的第一个研究结果表明,人们恼怒的程度与等待时间的长短并不直接相关,这也验证了美国国家科学基金会的早期研究。他引用休斯顿机场的实验为例。在休斯顿机场,乘客们下飞机之后走到行李提取处得用一分钟,然后再等七分钟才能领到行李。对此旅客怨声不断,尤其是那些等候领取行李的乘客,他们眼睁睁地看着那些只带着手提行李的旅客可以马上走出机场,而自己却要等上七分钟。

3 机场当局决定加长乘客下飞机后的步行距离,这样,走到行李提取处需要六分钟,而不再是快速行走一分钟就能到达。等他们最终来到行李提取处,只需要等待两分钟。那些只带着手提行李的乘客为此却多耽误了五分钟,可是旅客们的抱怨几乎下降为零。

4 原因是什么?拉森指出,这一切都与他称之为“社会公正”的现象有关。人们看到别人抄近路,就会觉得自己的等待难以忍受。因此,对于机场来说,让每个人都耽误一下的做法是可取的。

5 拉森研究的另一个侧面是,他观察到:如果不告知人们发生了什么,他们就会变得更加

不满。那些知道会耽搁半小时的乘客会比那些莫名其妙等候二十分钟的乘客情绪要好一些。

23

6 但是即使知道了我们得等多长时间也不能解决所有问题。我们还必须相信人们正在采取

一切措施来减少耽误的时间。拉森引用了美国两家相邻的银行为例。一家高度计算机化,为

每个顾客服务的时间平均为30秒。另一家自动化程度比较低,为顾客服务需要两倍的时间。

但是因为第二家银行的出纳员看起来非常忙碌,顾客们以为它的服务更快,而且许多人把账

户转到了这家效率低的银行。最终,第一家银行不得不引进费时但看起来却更具活力的工作

方法。

Part Three Further Development

1. Words Association and Story-Telling

STEP ONE

emergency, first aid, injure, injury, penicillin, shock, wound, sore, scrape, choking, bruise, shot, pulse, unconscious(ness), antibiotic, cough, rescue, faint(ing), thermometer, soothe, injection, headache, toothache, stomachache, hospital, dentist, therapy, therapist, drug, medicine, heart attack, chronic, seasick(ness), airsick(ness), bleed(ing), fracture, fever, flu/influenza, cold, dislocation, temperature, disease, illness, cancer, infection, ulcer, placebo, case, heal, treat, cure, capsule, pill, tablet, prescribe, prescription, cut, examine, X-ray, etc.

STEP TWO

Last summer, my friends and I decided to go mountain-climbing. Our excursion up the mountain turned out to be a disappointing adventure.

We began by following the long winding path that leads to the summit of the mountain. It was raining so it was very slippery in some spots. When we were half way up, one of my friends fell. He hurt his leg very badly. It bled a lot and was so painful that he could not walk. We were sure he had got a broken leg. With the help of several kind people we managed to carry him all the way down the mountain.

When we reached the village, we were able to get a taxi to the hospital. The doctor cleaned the cuts and bruises and examined my friend’s leg very thoroughly. He said that it was not broken but that it would be very sore for some time and take a while for the cuts to heal. Just knowing that his leg wasn't broken made my friend feel much better. The doctor gave him an injection of antibiotics to prevent infection and told him that he would have to come back for more shots.

Three days later we came down with terrible colds. We all had bad coughs so we went to

24

see the doctor. He prescribed some cough medicine. He said that the medicine wouldn't cure our coughs but that it would soothe our throats.

Feeling tired and discouraged, we decided to leave for home. Our mountain-climbing trip had not been very successful. We were three healthy people when we arrived and we left feeling tired and miserable.

2. Interpreting an Old Saying

This proverb means that if a person is frustrated by an experience or even suffers loss, either material or mental, from it, then it will have such a psychological effect on him that he wouldn’t dare to do it or he will try to avoid it. A typical example in Chinese folklore is that a man who has been bitten by a snake is so afraid of it that he shies at the coiled rope for ten years.

3. Trying to Be a Psychologist

Possible advice:

1)―to make her realize that everyone is equal and that she is as intelligent as or even more

intelligent than others;

―to encourage her to take the initiative in conversation with others;

―to tell her family members or close friends to praise her regularly and let her know that they appreciate her company.

2)―to tell Jack to sell his clothes on sale and let customers kn ow that the discount cannot be

ignored;

―to ask Jack to raise the price of the clothes so that people feel they are of good

quality.

3)―to invite a girl student to his dormitory;

―to ask his classmates to casually t ell him that a sloppy person is just disgusting.

4)―to tell him that football is not everything in life and that some football fans die of heart

attacks because they are so excited;

―to help him to cultivate some other healthy hobbies and interests.

4. Identifying Psychological Principles in Ads

Sample

The ad we are going to talk about is the Dove chocolate ad. In this ad a woman swings on a white hammock (吊床) while she eats Dove chocolate. The music played over the top of the ad is

a relaxed music that you would usually associate with a romantic movie. The setting is also romantic; it’s set on top of a building in a country which looks like Italy or some other country that you would associate with romance. It is also important to note that the girl is very beautiful and wearing a flowing dress. Although no handsome fairytale men appear in the ad, it is still obvious that the advertisers want viewers to associate chocolate with freedom and romance, two

25

things highly sought out in western culture.

Perception and selective attention both play important roles in this ad. They cause things like the beautiful girl, the romantic setting, and the calm, romantic music to stand out. Our selective attention focuses on these things because they represent freedom and romance, something that most people want in their lives. Classical conditioning is also used in this ad, although swinging on a hammock with melodious music playing in a foreign country has no direct connections with freedom and romance.

Gender roles are promoted in this ad as well. If the advertisers chose to put a handsome man on the hammock, it would not have had the same effect as when they put the girl on the hammock. In our society most handsome men are associated with fast cars, hard work and beer. In the Dove ad this stereotype definitely wouldn’t work.

Part Four Writing and Translation

1. Knowing about Translation

2. Translation Practice

Sample

A: What are you doing?

B: I’m reading a magazine, PSYCHOLOGY.

A: Well, it must be fun to learn something about psychology.

B: You bet. Psychology has broad applications in our daily life.

A: For example…?

B: For example, people can’t resist the temptation to buy clothes on sale; patients feel much better after they’ve taken some placebos.

A: Wait, … wait. I don’t think it has anything to do with psychology.

B: It does have something to do with psychology. People can’t help buying clothes on sale because they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy.

Patients who have taken some placebos feel much better because they constantly tell themselves that they will become better, and their strong will makes the wish to get better become reality.

A: Oh, I see. Does psychology also play a role in such cases as talking with friends and listening to fast music?

B: Yes,talking with friends can be relaxing, and listening to fast music can make people

energetic or dynamic. According to psychology, these are good ways of keeping a distance from depression and pressure.

26

3. Writing

Sample 1

Psychology plays an important role in our daily life. Our feelings and attitudes color the way we behave. Confidence is a good example.

In reality, a great number of people complain that they are not able to do something or that their difficulties are too great to overcome. In some cases, this may be true. But in other cases, it means that these people allow themselves to get discouraged.

For example, a confident man can accomplish many things. If you have confidence, you believe you can do things well. You might not always do as well as you hope, but you will try harder the next time. A man who lacks self-confidence might not be able to complete simple tasks. Without confidence you are likely to be nervous, unsure of yourself and confused about what to do and how to do it. You may think you will fail, so as a result you will not try hard enough.

There is a well-known proverb that says: “Where there is a will, there is a way.” In other words, if you have the will or the determination to do something, you will always find a way to do it. Having confidence is an important part of our life. (206 words)

Sample 2

In our daily life, we often have to buy things. Most of us cannot really distinguish good quality from bad quality. Obviously we can see if an apple is rotten, but we cannot always see if something is well made. What thoughts make us buy things?

A woman might decide to buy a particular style of dress because several of her friends choose that style. She wants to be like her friends. A man might decide to buy a particular coat because it is expensive. He thinks that since it is expensive it must be of good quality. A student who has a lot of money might decide to buy a jacket because it was designed by a well-known designer. Wearing a jacket with the designer’s name on it makes him feel important.

These are not the logical reasons for buying things, but they explain the motivation behind people’s actions or behavior. It means that psychology or our mental state plays an important role in many aspects of our daily life. (171 words)

27

新编大学英语4课文翻译(包括课后文章翻译)和答案

Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1)certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words

英语课后翻译答案新

U n i t1 1. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2. 每学期开学前,这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议,我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静,但是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success. 2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。

新编大学英语4unit2book4听力原文和答案核对版

Part 1 Listening 1 Ex1: C A D C B Ex2: 1) approaching 2) left 3) toilet 4) locked 5) Tickets please 6) pushed 7) stamped Scripts: Two Belgians and two Dutchmen traveled regularly to work on the same train. After a while the Dutchmen saw that the two Belgians only had one ticket between them and asked how they managed to achieve this. The Belgians explained that when they heard the conductor approaching from the other end of the carriage, the two of them left their seats, went into the toilet and locked the door. When the conductor knocked on the toilet door, saying, "Tickets, please!", they pushed one ticket under the door. It was then stamped and pushed back under the door again. The Dutchmen thought this was a very good idea and the following morning bought one ticket between them. When they got to their carriage there was only one Belgian. They told him what they had done and asked the Belgian if he had a ticket as he was traveling on his own. The Belgian said he did not have a ticket at all and when they asked how he proposed to manage to travel free of charge, he told them they would have to wait and see until the conductor arrived, but he had no doubt that he would manage it without difficulty. As soon as they heard the conductor coming, the two Dutchmen immediately went to the toilet and locked the door. A few moments later, the Belgian followed them down the corridor and knocked on the toilet door, saying, "Tickets, please!" One ticket appeared under the door. Questions: 1. Where did the story take place 2. What did the two Dutchmen want to know from the two Belgians 3. How did the Dutchmen feel about the Belgians' behavior 4. What did the Belgian do when asked if he had a ticket 5. Who finally managed to travel free of charge Listening 2 Ex1: 1 department store 2. attend college 3. difficult 4. physical education 5. terrified Ex2: FTTFT Scripts: My name is Atsuko Saeki. I work as a salesclerk in a big department store in Fuji, Japan. Six years ago when I was 21 years old, I went to California to attend college. Life in the United States was much more difficult than I had ever imagined. It wasn't like the descriptions I had read in my textbooks. People often seemed tense and so I felt very alone. One of my hardest classes was physical education. We often played volleyball. All the other students were good at it, but I clearly wasn't. One afternoon, the teacher asked me to hit the ball to my classmates. For most people, this would be easy but I was terrified that I would make a fool of myself. When one of the boys on my team saw how nervous I was, he walked up to me and whispered, "Come on, you can do that." You can't imagine how those words of encouragement made me feel. I was so happy that I almost cried. I managed to hit the ball and I think I thanked the young man, but I'm not sure. I have never forgotten his kind words of encouragement. He probably doesn't even remember what he said to me or how much his kindness meant to me. Whenever things aren't going well, I think of those simple words of encouragement: Come on, you can do that.

Unit 7 The Joy of Travel新编大学英语第二版第三册课文翻译

Unit 7 The Joy of Travel Transformative Travel Twenty-five years ago I felt like a wreck. Although I was just 23, my life already seemed over. The future appeared as much like a wasteland as the emptiness I could see while looking back to the past. I felt lost, without choices, without hope. I was stuck in a job I hated and trapped in an engagement with a woman I didn't love. At the time, both commitments seemed like a good idea, but I suppose it was the fantasy of being a successful, married businessman that appealed to me far more than the reality. I decided to take a class just for the entertainment value. It happened to be an introductory counseling course, one that involved personal sharing in the group. We were challenged to make commitments publicly about things we would like to change in our lives, and in a moment of pure impulsiveness, I declared that by the next class meeting I was going to quit my job and end my engagement. A few days later I found myself unemployed and unattached, excited by the freedom, yet terrified about what to do next. I needed some kind of transition from my old life to a new one, a sort of ritual that would help me to transform myself from one person into another. So I did something just as impulsive as my previous actions: I booked a trip for a week in Aruba. In spite of what others might have thought, I was not running away from something but to something. I wanted a clean break, and I knew I needed to get away from my usual environment and influences so as to think clearly about where I was headed. Once settled into my room on the little island of Aruba, I began my process of self-change. I really could have been anywhere as long as nobody could reach me by phone and I had the peace and quiet to think about what I wanted to do. I spent the mornings going for long walks on the beach, the afternoons sitting under my favorite tree, reading books and listening to tapes. Probably most important of all, I forced myself to get out of my room and go to meet people. Ordinarily shy, I now decided that I was someone who was perfectly capable of having a conversation with anyone I chose. Since nobody knew the "real" me, the way I had always been, I felt free to be completely different. It took me almost a year to pay off that trip, but I am convinced that my single week in Aruba was worth three years in therapy. That trip started a number of processes that helped me to transform myself. This is how I did it: I created a mindset that made me ready for change. I expected that big things were

浙大出版社 英语答案(第四册)

新编大学英语4(浙大版)课后习题答案共同学们欣赏嘎嘎 编辑 | 删除 | 权限设置 | 更多▼ 更多▲ ?设置置顶 ?推荐日志 ?转为私密日志 转载自W~XなK¤转载于2010年03月15日 11:55 阅读(0) 评论(0) 分类:移花接木权限: 公开 Unit1 1. 1) A entertaining B entertainment C entertained D entertainer 2) A recognizable B recognized C recognition D 3) A tempting B temptation C tempt 4) A reasoned B reasoning C reasonable D reason 5) A analyzed B analytical C analyst D analysis 6) A valuable B valuation C valued/values D values 7) A humorist B humor C humorous D humorless 8) A understandable B understanding C understand D misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement

英语课后翻译答案

Unit1 1、任何年满18岁得人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote、 2、每学期开学前,这些奖学金得申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester、 3、遵照医生得建议,我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking、 4、公园位于县城得正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town、 5、这所大学提供了我们所需得所有材料与设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire、 1、她们花了多年得时间寻找内心得平静,但就是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success、 2、这种新药得成功研制已经使许多疾病得治疗发生了根本性得变革。(revolutionize) The successful development of the new drug has revolutionized the treatment of many diseases、 3、由于这个国家得经济不景气,这家公司濒于破产。(on the edge of) The company is on the edge of bankruptcy due to the economic depression in the country、 4、大学毕业后她成为了一名护士。她认为护士这一职业可能很有发展前途。(rewarding) He became a nurse after college、He thought nursing could be a very rewarding career、 5、她像往常一样在文件上签了名。(just as) He signed his name on the paper just as he has always done it、 Unit2

新编大学英语4课文翻译和答案-浙江大学

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