语法复习：名词
一、名词的分类：
名词就其词汇意义可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。
专有名词
个体名词
名词可数名词集合名词
普通名词
物质名词
不可数名词抽象名词
二、概念：
名词：表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称。
专有名词：表示个人、地方、团体、机构、节日等专用的名称。如：Beijing, Smith, the Summer Palace, the United States, the Second World War, May Day。单个的专有名词第一个字母大写，由普通名词构成的专有名词，前面有定冠词the，后面的每个单词第一个字母大写。
普通名词：表示同属一类的人或事物，或某种物质或抽象概念的名称。
可数名词：(缩写为[C])可以用数目来计数的名词。可以用基数词修饰，也可用many, a good / great many, a number of, few, a few, several等词修饰。
个体名词：表示同属一类的人或事物中的个体。如：student, tree, chair, car, book。个体名词在句中时前面必须有限定词（如the, my, this等）。
集合名词：（又称为集体名词）表示一群人或一类事物。如：army, class, committee, fruit, police
不可数名词：（缩写为[U]）不可以用数目来计数的名词。不可用基数词直接修饰。
物质名词：表示物质或无法分为个体的东西。如：iron, cotton, fire, water。它们需要用单位名词来衡量，如：a piece of bread, a cup of water
抽象名词：表示抽象概念的名词。如：happiness, education, labour, love
【注1】对于单个单词来说，它既可能是可数名词，也可能是不可数名词。如：
many rooms (很多房间)---much room（大量空间）；rubber（橡胶）---two rubbers（两块橡皮）；
iron（铁）--- an iron（一只熨斗）；glass（玻璃）--- a glass（一个玻璃杯）；
wood（木头）--- a woods（一片树林）；paper（纸）--- a paper（一份报纸、文件）
【注2】请牢记下列典型的不可数名词及词义。
advice 忠告，建议baggage / luggage 行李change零钱cloth布clothing 衣物equipment 设备
English 英语furniture 家具fun 乐趣knowledge 知识information 信息music音乐
news 消息progress 进步traffic 交通，车辆weather天气wealth 财富damage 损坏work 工作
word 消息，信息homework 家庭作业housework 家务poetry诗歌（总称）machinery（机器设备）；jewellery 珠宝（总称）；clothing衣物（总称）
【注3】部分抽象名词可与a（an）连用，此时词义发生变化。如：surprise（一件令人惊讶的事）, pleasure（一件让人愉悦的事）, honour（一件荣幸的事）, help（一个助手）, success（一件成功的事/一个成功的人），a heavy rain（一场大雨），two coffees（两份咖啡），a long time（一段很长的时间），two deaths（两个死亡的人）。三、名词的数：
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
可数名词复数的规则变化有以下情况：
1．一般情况，直接加-s：e.g. port---ports，technique---techniques，hen---hens, hat---hats
2．以s, x, ch, sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词，加—es：
e.g. bus—buses, box—boxes, bush—bushes, branch—branches,
注：stomach—stomachs（stomach词尾发/k/，故复数直接加-s）
3．辅音字母+ y，变y为i，加-es：e.g. university—universities, city---cities, story--- stories 元音字母+ y，直接加-s： e.g. boy—boys, day---days
特例：Henry（亨利）---Henrys, Mary--- Marys, stand-by（备用的人或物）---stand-bys, penny（便士）---pennies / pence
4．以o结尾加-es： e.g. Negro—Negroes,hero—heroes, tomato—tomatoes, potato—potatoes, volcano---volcanoes, mosquito（蚊子）---mosquitoes, echo（回音）---echoes
加-s：e.g.zoo—zoos, kangaroo---kangaroos, studio---studios, radio—radios, piano—pianos,
photo—photos, bamboo---bamboos, hippo（河马）---hippos,
tobacco（烟叶）---tobaccos, kilo（千克）---kilos, auto（汽车）--autos
特例：motto（座右铭，箴言）---mottos / mottoes，zero---zeros / zeroes
5．以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es：e.g. leaf—leaves, wife—wives, thief---thieves, half---halves
特例：belief—beliefs, roof—roofs, proof—proofs, safe—safes（保险柜），cliff（悬崖）---cliffs chief—chiefs，gulf—gulfs（海湾）, serf（农奴）--serfs, staff（工作人员）---staffs, cafe（咖啡馆）---cafes, grief（悲痛的事）---griefs
handkerchief（手帕）--- handkerchiefs / handkerchieves, scarf（围巾）--- scarfs / scarves，
6. 字母、数字、缩写词以及引语的复数：
e.g. There are three a’s in the word banana. 在banana这个单词中有三个a。
The war broke out in the 1940’s / 1940s. 战争爆发于二十世纪四十年代。
He always speaks politely, full of madam’s and if I may ask a question’s. 他说话很有礼貌，话语里尽是“太太”和“如果我可以提一个问题的话”。
He left out two 4’s in that number. 他在那个数字中漏了两个4。
You used too many that’s in your speech. 在演讲中你用了太多的that。
pp. (= pages)，Exx. 3,4 and 5 练习3、4、5，ll. 2 and 3 第2、3行，Dr.(doctor)---Drs., hr.(hour)--- hrs, yr.(year)---yrs, many VIP’s/ VIPs 很多重要人物，three Ph D’s三个哲学博士
而有些度量单位的缩写词，往往不加s：
ft. (foot), kg. (kilogramme), km. (kilometre), m. (metre), min. (minute), sec. (second)
7. 复合名词的复数：
1）在主体名词上变复数：comrade-in-arms(战友)---comrades-in-arms, passer-by（过路人）---passers-by daughter-in-law（媳妇）---daughters-in-law, editor-in-chief（总编辑）---editors-in-chief, looker-on（旁观者）---lookers-on
2)复合名词由两个主体名词构成时，在后一个词上变复数：assistant professor（助教）---assistant professors, pencil
box---pencil boxes, dining-room---dining-rooms, girl friend---girl friends, shoe shop---shoe shops，grown-up （成年人）---grown-ups，stand-by（可靠的人）---stand-bys
3)复合词中有man, woman两词时，两个都变复数：man doctor--- men doctors, woman teacher --- women teachers 但man, woman位于复合词之后时，只将man, woman变复数：policeman---policemen
8．不规则的名词复数形式：
man—men, woman—women, policeman---policemen, gentleman---gentlemen, German（德国人）---Germans, Roman （罗马人）---Romans, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, goose—geese, mouse—mice, child—children, ox—oxen，phenomenon（现象）---phenomena, criterion（评判标准）---criteria, crisis（危机）---crises，analysis（分析）---analyses, basis（基础）---bases, bacterium（细菌）--bacteria
【注1】有些可数名词的单复数相同，要根据上下文的意义来确定其单数还是复数，例如：
sheep 羊, deer 鹿；fish 鱼（作不同种类的“鱼”解时，有复数形式：fishes），duck鸭（作“家鸭”解时，有复数形式：ducks）；data（资料，数据）；aircraft（飞机）；means手段，方法works工厂；作品series系列；crossroads（十字路口）；Chinese（中国人）；Japanese（日本人）；Swiss（瑞士人）；jin（斤）；mu（亩）；li（里）；yuan（元）；
【注2】有些集合名词，是单形复念（即单数形式复数意义），如果作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
如：cattle 牛，people 人民（作“民族”解时，有单复形），police 警察
而有些词只有复形，表示复数意义。如：goods（货物）, clothes, the Olympic Games, the Asian Games
【注3】集合名词既可看作单数（作为整体），也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员）。
如：audience, class, family, group, enemy,
e.g. Her family is well-known in the region. 她家在该地区是名门望族。
His family are quarrelling severely about the property. 她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争吵。
【注4】有些词常以复数形式出现，作主语时，谓语的复数遵循意义一致原则。
如：annals（编年史），arms(武器)，ashes（灰烬），authorities（当局），belongings(所有物), brains（头脑），compasses （圆规），contents（目录），congratulations（祝贺），earnings（挣的钱），fireworks（烟火），forces（武装力量），glasses（眼镜），greens（青菜），headquarters（总部），jeans（牛仔裤），looks（外貌），manners（礼貌），particulars （细节），pains（辛苦，努力，功夫），remains（残余），ruins（废墟），scissors（剪刀），shorts（短裤），scales （天平），surroundings（环境），savings（积蓄），statistics（统计资料），stairs（楼梯），，times（时代），trousers, thanks（感谢），troops（军队），valuables（珍贵物品）
高三英语专项训练----语法填空 （1）(Topic: ) Once there lived a rich man who wanted to do something for the people of his town. But first he wanted to find out 16 _______ they deserved his help. In the centre of the main road into the town，he placed 17 ___ very large stone. Then he 18____ (hide) behind a tree and waited. Soon an old man came along with his cow.“Who put this stone in the centre of the road?” said the old man, 19____ he did not try to remove the stone. Instead, with some difficulty he passed around the stone and continued on his way.20 ______ man came along and did the same thing; then another came，and another. All of them complained about the stone but did not tried to remove 21______. Late in the afternoon a young man came along. He saw the stone, 22 _______ (say) to himself: “The night will be very dark. Some neighbors will come along later 23 _____ the dark and will fall against the stone.” Then he began to move the stone. He pushed and pulled with all his 24 ________ (strong) to move it. How great was his surprise at last! 25 ________ the stone，he found a bag of money. （2）(Topic: ) The best gift I ever received is the parents that were given to me. I could not have picked out 16 _______ (good) parents myself. My mom is smart，funny，and very artistic. She loves painting and encouraging other people to paint as well. She owns 17______ own book and art store. And at night she teaches adult 18 ________ (educate). She helps kids 19 _________ have dropped out of high school 20 _________ (get) their diploma. She always has time for me and my brothers. She hardly ever gets mad 21 ______ us and loves doing new things with us，22 _____ going to a new museum or going out onto the beach in the middle of the winter and taking pictures at the beach in the snow. My dad knows 23 _____ to fix anything and loves to play musical instruments. He helps me with my science projects and other school projects. He works hard to make money for our family and hardly ever complains. He loves skating with me and 24______ (build) us a half pipe and other cool things. So I have to say that 25 _______ gift I’m most grateful for is the one the God gave me—my parents. （3）(Topic: ) Sometimes Chinese English teachers are puzzled by such questions，“Have you got any skills in reading comprehension?” Actually，many of the teachers can’t give students 16 ___ efficient way to deal with reading. Anyway，17 _____ often simply say，“Read more and practise more，and you 18 ______ (get) more experience in reading comprehension.” Frankly, these teachers’ good 19_________ (suggest) are only helpful to arouse students’ interest in reading 20 ____ not helpful to deal wit h the questions in the examinations of reading comprehension. Personally，I think the skill for reading comprehension should be based 21 ______ the knowledge of English writing. Since the English passages are written under some rules or principles，the science of reading 22 ______understanding may have a close relationship with writing.
名词性从句练习题 1._______ you have done might do harm to other people. A. That B. What C. Which D. This 2. They have no idea at all ____________. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place he has gone D. where he has been 3. _____________ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who 4. Upon graduation he asked to be sent to _______________. A. where he is most needed B. where he needed C. where he is mostly needed D. where is he mostly needed 5. The early years of the D.U company were characterized by a debate concerning or individual form should have more power. A. whether the cooperation form B. either the cooperation form C. that cooperation form D.the cooperation form 6. Can you make sure _____________ the gold ring? A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put 7. No one can be sure _____________ in a million years. A. what man will look like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man like 8. _____________ the Games will be held in Beijing is not known. A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That 9. It worried her a bit _____________ her hair was turning grey. A. which B. that C. if D. for 10. _____________ you don't like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether 11. _____________ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter 12. He asked _____________ for the violin. A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
江苏高考英语语法专题复习知识点汇总 一、冠词The Article 知识要点： 冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。 一、不定冠词的用法 1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple. 2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library. A Li is looking for you. 一位姓李的同志正在找你。 3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如： I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes. 4、用于某些固定词组中。如： a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。 5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。 It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。 It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。 二、定冠词的用法： 1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如： Beijing is the capital of China. The pen on the desk is mine. 2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如： Where is the teacher? Open the window, please. 3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如： There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms. The baby was thin. 4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如： the earth, the moon, the sun. 5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如： He is always the first to come to school. Bob is the tallest in his class. 6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如： the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children’s Palace, the Party等。 7、用在一些习惯用语中。如： on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。 8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如： the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas 9、用在报刊、杂志前。如： the People’s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。 10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如： The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。 11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如： the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。 12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如： The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car). 三、零冠词（即不用冠词）： 1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如： China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。 2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如： Go down this street. 3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如： We are students.
专题十名词性从句 第一节基本知识与基本概念 【什么是名词性从句？】 顾名思义，主语从句在句子中作主语。有时本身出现在主语的位置上，也有时出于句子结构的考虑退到句子的尾部，前面用形式主语it代替。从句作主语时，谓语动词一般为单数形式。如: What I saw was beyond any verbal description. That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit. Why the company denied the contract is still unknown. When and where the government will build a city square is under discussion. It is pretty annoying that a small part of the machine is missing. It remains to be seen whether the new novel will be well received. 【宾语从句】 在句子中作宾语的从句就是宾语从句。由于这是同学们接触比较早的一种从句，应该问题不大。所以在近年的高考题中，以宾语从句的知识作为考点的题目较少。但是，宾语从句也有自己的特殊情况，如介词的宾语，形容词的宾语，宾语从句提前和并列的宾语从句等现象。如： We assumed that there would be more than 100 guests. He told the police in detail what he saw and heard. Nobody is sure what humans will look like in a million years. That will depend on whether they can get the chance. Whether I will have the time I am not sure at the moment. The conductor complained that we were not gifted in singing and that he would never come again. 【表语从句】 表语从句的最重要脸谱就是它们应该出现在系动词的后面。如： The only question left is how often the workers are paid. His idea for the coming weekend is that we go skating. 【同位语从句】 从脸谱上看，同位语从句最为麻烦。因为它们也是出现在一个名词的后面，起着解释说明的作用。
【宾语从句】 在英语中，有简单句(只含一个谓语动词)、并列句(用连词连接，含不止一个谓语动词)和复合句(含从句)。本节课我们复习复合句里面的宾语从句 ．．．．。 如：She knows that he will come back soon. I’m afraid that I can’t go to your party. 1.宾语从句的【引导词】 宾语从句的引导词分三种。 ●(1) 如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that.（that在口语中常省略） 主句：He says... 从句：He is tired of playing computer games. → He says that he is tired of playing computer games. ●(2) 如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether，表示“是否”。 主句：I don’t know… 从句：Does Tom likes fish? → I don’t know if / whether Tom likes fish. 【注意】① whether引导的从句常与or not连用，而if不能； ②宾语从句可简化为whether to do的搭配，而没有if to do这种搭配. 如：Could you tell me whether I should finish my homework today or not? Could you tell me whether to finish my homework today? 【拓展】if有两个意思： 1. 表示“是否”，引导的是宾语从句。动词的时态视情况而定。 2. 表示“如果”，引导的是条件状语从句，时态用一般现在时表示将来（遵循“主将从现”规则）。 经典例题：--Do you know if Tom ____________(go) hiking with us ? --I’m not sure. But i f he ____________(go), I will take many photos with him . ●(3) 如果从句是特殊疑问句，直接用该疑问词来引导。 主句：Do you know… 从句：what does he want to buy? → Do you know what he wants to buy? 你知道他想要买什么吗？ 2. 宾语从句的【时态】 ■(1) 当主句是一般现在时，从句根据情况使用任何时态 如：She wants to know if I have finished my homework. 她想知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。 Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？ ■(2) 当主句是一般过去时，从句应使用过去的某时态 如：He said that she was singing. 他说她正在唱歌。 She wanted to know if I had finished my homework. 她想知道我是否已经完成了作业。 Did you know when he would come back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来？ 【注意】格言和客观真理总是用一般现在时。 如：She told me yesterday (that) the earth travels around the sun.
人教版高中英语必修二 知识点梳理 ）巩固练习 重点题型（ 常考知识点 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 概念引入： He is a person who never gives up.他是个永远不服输的人。 I found him in the woods,where has a well-known tree. (我是在树林里找到他的，那里有一棵很有名的树。) Our guide,(who was a Frenchman,)was an excellent cook. 我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师，他是个法国人 She was not on the train which arrived just now。 她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上 语法点拨 什么是定语从句？ 修饰主语、宾语、表语的句子就叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有： 关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that 关系副词：when,where,why 我们把下面两个句子组合成一个复合句： 1.This is our school.It is beautiful. →This is our school which is beautiful. 2.This is our school.W e study in our school. →This is our school which we study in. →This is our school in which we study. →This is our school where we study. 3.Do you know the r oom?It is made of amber. →Do you know the room which is made of amber? 4.I have read the newspaper.It carries the important news. →I have r ead the newsp aper which carries the important news. 从上述定语从句的组合我们可以看出： 先行词和关系词的关系：关系代词实际上是先行词的复指；关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格。 1.A plane is a machine t hat can fly. the machine=that 2.The boy who brok e the window is called Wangkai. the boy=who 3.The boy whose p arents are working outside was b r oug ht up by his grandfather. the boy’s=whose 【高一英语语法（二）定语从句（二）356521限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】
高二英语名词性从句专项练习 选择最佳答案。 1. ___ She is a rich woman is known to all in the city. A. / B. That C. Who D. Because 2. My cousin asked me ___ I could lend him the Chinese novel. A. whether B. / C. that D. which 3. ___________ T he fact he was successful proves his ability. A. that B. what C. which D. why 4. “What are you doing here, Joan? ”Robert asked. A.Robert asked Joan: what she is doing there. B. Robert asked Joan what she was doing there. C. Robert asked her what was she doing there. D. Robert asked Joan she was doing what there. 5. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It 6. _______________________ They have no idea at all . A.where has he gone B. which place he has gone C. where he has gone D. where did he go 7. The reason he has been such a success he never gives up. A. is because B. is what C. is that D. is 8. ___ Mathematics is the base of all other sciences. A. This is because B. This is that C. It is that D. Because 9. ________________________________________________ China is becoming stronger and stronger. It is no longer _______________________________________ . A.what is used to be B. what it was used to being C. what it used to being D. what it was used to be 10. _______________________________ T he reason why he hasn't come is . A. because his mother is ill B. because of his mother's being ill C. that his mother is ill D. for his mother is ill 11. ________________ T he man asked . A. what was going on there B. what it was going on there C. what's going on there D. what going on there 12. ___ leaves the room last ought to turn off the light. A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who 13.It was possible, but not probable ___ manager of the firm. A. he will be elected B. he must be elected C.that he would be elected D. that he must be elected 14.It's uncertain ____ the experiment is worth doing.
近五年高考英语语法填空从句总结 从句一直以来都是高考英语语法填空题的必考点。从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属 于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句(包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句)、形容词性从句(即定语从句)、副词性从句 (即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等)。 高考中从句知识点考查最多的是定语从句。我们将近五年高考题中语法填空题涉及的从句 进行总结，希望可以为英语老师们帮助学生解答这一类题型提供助力。 2019年 全国I卷 While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence61 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. 全国 II卷 Now Irene Astbury works from9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Maccles field,62she opened with her late husband Les. 全国 III卷 They were well trained by their masters64 had great experience with caring for these animals. 浙江卷 On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth 58 gives off light in the dark. 2018年 全国I卷
高三语法专题总结 序号课题课时教学要求 冠词 3 1.熟知冠词的基本用法、习语和固定搭配 2.掌握冠词的一些灵活用法和特殊用法 1.冠词的基本用法 1 冠词的泛指、特指、类指、专指 2.冠词的习惯用法 1 1.定冠词的习惯用法 2.不定冠词的习惯用法 3.零冠词的习惯用法 3.冠词的活用 1 1.被具体化的抽象名词前的冠词用法 2.被普通化的专有名词前的冠词用法 3.形容词比较级、最高级和序数词前的冠词活用 高考重点冠词的基本用法及冠词的习惯用法 高考难点冠词的活用 专题二代词 3 熟练掌握不定代词、反身代词、指示代词、人称代词 以及it的灵活运用 1、不定代词 1 1、both,all,either,any,neither,none的用法 2、one，ones, the one,that,those的用法 3、one，another, the other, some ,others, the others的用法 4、复合不定代词及其他不定代词 2、反身代词 1 1、反身代词的基本用法 2、与反身代词构成的介词短语 3、与反身代词构成的动词短语 3、指示代词、人称代词和it的用法1 1、指示代词、人称代词的基本用法 2、It的用法 高考难点语境的真实性和复杂性、语义较丰语法复杂的不定代词的考查 专题三形容词和副词 2 了解形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法及常用句 型 1、形容词、副词的基 1 1、形容词、副词比较等级的基本用法
本用法2、对形容词、副词顺序的考查 2、形容词、副词的辨 析 1 在语境中学会形容词副词的用法 高考难点对于形容词副词比较等级的考查倾向于“淡化语法，注重深层语义的特点” 专题四语义辨析（名词、介词 及介词短语）3 1、在真实语境中能恰当的使用意义相近的介词，掌 握表示时间及空间的介词的用法 2、在语境中能恰当的使用介词的一些习惯用法和 介词与名词的固定搭配 1、名词辨析 1 1、名词的数和名词所有格的用法 2、名词的句法功能，尤其是名词作定语的用法 2、介词辨析 1 1、表示方位的介词 2、表示时间的介词 3、表示工具、手段、方式的介词 4、表原因、目的的介词 5、易混介词辨析 3.介词短语解析 1 1、与名词构成的介词短语 2、与某些形容词固定搭配的介词 高考难点介词短语的辨析，题干结构复杂 专题五动词和动词词组 2 1、掌握动词的及物和不及物性 2、掌握被动形式中英汉表达的不同 3、掌握感官动词作系动词：feel/look/sound 1、动词辨析 1 考纲中出现的动词及动词辨析 2、动词词组辨析 1 考纲中动词词组及辨析 高考难点同义词及词组辨析 专题六动词的时态及语态 2 1.建立“时”和“体”的概念 2.掌握一般将来时的各种形式及区别 3.掌握易混时态的用法：一般过去时和现在完成时 的区别 4.掌握各种时态的被动语态形式
语法：是一门研究英语语言构成规律的学科。 词 法 ———— 语法 ————句法 简单句：在句子中只包含一套主谓结构。 并列句：通常由一个连词连接的并列的句子。 复合句：〖大句套小句〗 一气：虚拟语气 二词：非谓语动词、情态动词 三句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 语法 非谓语动词 一、 在句中不能作谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词 二、 啥样呢？ 1. 不定式：To do 2. 动名词：Doing 3. 分词：Done Eg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue. 围绕着群岛的海洋是深蓝色的 Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done. ☆☆非谓语动词的宾补，其逻辑主语为前面宾语 ▲ 方法一：口诀法 非谓语，三要点。 句法 目 的 结 构 形容词 名词 数词 代词 动词 介词 副词 感叹词 冠词 连词 陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句 简单句 复合句 并列句 时态、语态 非谓语动词 情态动词 词法 名词性从句 状语从句 定语从句
变否定，NOT 前。 哼哈将，时逻关。 七仙女，记心间。 （一） 变否定 （二） 哼哈将 1.动词不定式 主动关系 被动关系 一般式 To do To be done 完成式 To have done To have been done 进行式 To be doing (To be being done) 完成进行式 To have being doing (To have been being done) ▲ 一般式：不定式的动作和谓语动词动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后的动作发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 ▲ 完成式：不定时动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg3. Jay Chou taught us to sing 黄河大合唱 last night. ▲ 进行式：不定时的动作和谓语动词动作同时正在进行 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. ▲ 完成进行式：不定时的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，一直持续到谓语动词动作，到谓 语动词动作为止。不定时的动作有可能刚刚结束，还有可能继续延续下去。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years. 时间关系 逻辑关系 B B B B B B B B
名词性从句 （一）名词性从句的种类 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、介词宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句 That price will go up is certain. Whether we go by train or by boat makes no difference. Who will write the poem has not been decided yet. What surprised us is that he lost in the game. When he will be back depends on the weather. Where we live doesn’t matter. How the pyramids were built was still a mystery. Watever he did is right. Whoever comes will be welcome. Whichever you want is yours. 名词性从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将从句置于句末。例如： It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。 It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。 It is a pity that you missed the concert. 很遗憾你错过了那场音乐会。 宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句(及物动词，介词和形容词后) We hope that you will enjoy your stay here. Tell me why you don’t like school. Don’t ask about what the meeting is for.We are certain that this is true. 动词+ it +从句（it没有任何意义） I heard it that he had gone abroad. I hate it when people speak with their mouth full. 主语+ 谓语+ 形式宾语it + 宾补+宾语从句 I feel it a terrible thing that I have to get up so early. I took it for granted that you would stay with us. 表语从句 表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后 The reason was that he didn’t work hard.New York is no longer what it was ten years ago. That is why he turned me down. The book is where you left it. 同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 He accepted the fact that she would never come back. Do you have any ideas where we can get cheaper secondhand car? ( 二) 名词性从句的连词 引导名词性从句的连接词；引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词：that, whether ,if （不充当从句的任何成分） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which 连接副词：when, where, how, why I.名词性that-从句 1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。例如：主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。 宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。 2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。例如： It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
高二英语名词性从句 要点精讲 高考重点要求 1．掌握主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句的基本句型结构。 2．弄清名词性从句的连词意义，掌握其用法。 3．根据句子语义确定使用何种从属连词。 名词从句分为：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。我们看一下它们的属性。 如：that he failed the entrance examination 1)________made all of us surprised. 2)He told me ________. 3)The result is _______. 4)The news _____surprised me. 我们在四个句子中可以填入that he failed the entrance examination这个句子，发现都可成立。从上例不难看出，从本质上讲，这四类句子的属性是相同的，即：都起名词作用，只不过称谓不同,在整个句子中担当成分不同而已。 纵观几年高考，对复合句的考查重在连词，名词从句也不例外，基本上是针对引导词设题。 引导词的分类： 1．连接代词：what , who ,whom ,whose , which ，whatever,whoever,whichever,且这些词在从句中担当主、宾、表、定语作用。 2．连接副词：why, when , where, how 在从句中充当时间、地点、原因、方式、程度状语。 whether , if在从句中不充当成分，但整个句式中不可缺少，用以体现事件的不确定性。 3．that 是名词从句中一个很活跃的词，但它只起连接作用，陈述某一事实，引导宾语从句时某些情况可以省略。 针对如下情况，可进行对比： 1)______he will come to call on is uncertain . 2)_______he will come to call on us is uncertain. 3)_____ he will come to call on us makes us unhappy. 从第一句中我们可以看出主语从句本身并不完整，缺少call on 的宾语，应加who; 第二句中表语为uncertain ,可知主语部分为未知信息，可加入when, why ,how ,whether 等; 第三句表一种已知事实，故应加入that 。 二．that ,whether, if 在名词从句中的使用情况