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毕业外文翻译 财务报表分析与运用

毕业外文翻译 财务报表分析与运用
毕业外文翻译 财务报表分析与运用

The analysis and use of financial statement

Chapter 1 FRAMEWORK FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

NEED FOR FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS

The United Sates has the most complex financial reporting system in the word. .Detailed ac-counting principles are augmented by extensive disclosure requirements .The financial state-ments of large multinationals add up to dozens of pages, and many of these firms voluntarily publish additional “fact books”for dissemination to financial analysis and other interested users.

Financial reporting in other major developed countries and many emerging markets has also evolved substantially in recent years .with an increasing emphasis on providing information useful to both domestic and foreign creditors and equity investors. International Accounting Standards have become a credible rival to U.S. standards.

In an ideal word, the user of financial statements could focus only on the bottom lines financial reporting: net income and stockholders’ equity. If financial statements were comparable among companies (regardless of country),consistent over time , and always fully reflecting the economic position of firm , financial statement analysis would be simple , and this text a very short one.

The financial reporting system is not perfect. Economic events and accounting entries do not correspond precisely; they diverge across the dimensions of timing, recognition, and measurement. Financial analysis and investment decisions are further complicated by variations in accounting treatment among countries in each of these dimensions.

Economic events and accounting recognition of those events frequently take place at different times. One example of phenomenon is the recognition of capital gains and losses only upon sale in most cases. Appreciation of a real estate investment, which took place over a period of many years, for example, receives income statement recognition only in the period management chooses for its disposal.

Similarly, long-lived assets are written down. Most of time. In the fiscal period of management’s choice. The period of recognition may be neither the period in which the impairment took place nor the period of sale or disposal. Accounting for discontinued operations. In the same manner. Results in recognition of loss in a period different from when the loss occurred or the disposal is consummated.

In addition, many economic events do not receive accounting recognition at all. Most contracts, for example, are not reflected in financial statements when entered into, despite significant effects on financial condition and operating and financial risk .Some contracts, such as

leases and hedging activities, are recognized in the financial statements by some companies, but disclosed only in footnotes by others. Disclosure requirements for derivatives and hedging activities are in place in many jurisdictions, but recognition and measurement is only recently required in the United Stated.

Further, generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the United States and elsewhere permit economic events that do receive accounting recognition to be recognized in different ways by different financial statement prepares. Inventory and depreciation of fixed assets are only two of the significant areas where comparability may be lacking.

Financial reports often contain supplementary data that, although not included in the statements themselves, help the financial statement user to interpret the statements or adjust measures of corporate performance (such as financial ratios) to make them more comparable, consistent over time, and more representative of economic reality. When making adjustments to financial statements, we will seek to discern substance from form and exploit the information contained in footnotes and supplementary schedules of data in the annual report and SEC filings. The analytic treatment of “off-balance-sheet” financing activities is a good example of this process. We also illustrate the use of reconciliations to U.S. GAAP in foreign registrants’Form 20-F filings.

Finally, information from outside the financial reporting process can be used to make financial data more useful. Estimating the effects of changing prices on corporate performance, for example, may require the use of price data from outside sources.

FOCUS ON INVESTMENT DECISIONS

This book is concerned with the concepts and techniques of financial analysis employed by users of financial statements who are external to the company. Principal emphasis is on the financial statements of companies whose securities are publicly traded. The techniques described are generally applicable to the analysis of financial statements prepared according to U.S. GAAP. However, we will also discuss the pronouncements of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and standard setters in other countries, compare them to U.S. GAAP, and analyze financial statements prepared in accordance with these other reporting standards.

Classes of Users

External users of financial information encompass a wide range of interests but can be classified into three general groups:

Credit and equity investors

Government (executive and legislative branches), regulatory bodies, and tax authorities

The general public and special interest groups, labor unions , and consumer groups

Each of these user groups has a particular objective in financial statement analysis, but, as the FASB stated, the primary user are equity investors and creditors. However, the information supplied to investors and creditors is likely to be generally useful to other user groups as well. Hence, financial accounting standards are geared to the purposes and perceptions of investors and creditors. That is the group for whom the analytical techniques in this book are intended.

The underlying objective of financial analysis is the comparative measurement of risk and return to make investment or credit decisions. These decisions require estimates of the future, be it a mouth, a year, or a decade. General-purpose financial statements, which describe the past, provide one basis for projecting future earnings and cash flows. Many of the techniques used in this analytical process are broadly applicable to all types of decisions, but there are also specialized techniques concerned with specific investment interests or, in other words, risks and returns specific to one class of investors or securities.

The equity investor is primarily interested in the long-term power of the company, its ability to grow, and, ultimately, its ability to pay dividends and increase in value. Since the equity investor bears the residual risk in an enterprise, the largest and most volatile risk, the require analysis is the most comprehensive of any user and encompasses techniques employed by all other external user.

Creditors need somewhat different analytical approaches. Short-term creditors, such as banks and trade creditors, place more emphasis on the immediate liquidity of the business because they seek an early payback of their investment. Long-term earning power of the company investors in bonds, such as insurance companies and pension funds, are primarily concerned with the long-term asset position and earning power of the company. They seek assurance of the payment of interest and the capability of retiring or refunding the obligation at maturity. Credit risks are usually smaller than equity risks and may be more easily quantifiable.

More subordinated or junior creditors, especially owners of “high-yield” debt, however, bear risk similar to those of equity investors and may find analytic techniques normally applied to equity investments more relevant than those employed by creditors.

Financial Information and Capital Markets

The usefulness of accounting information in the decision-making processes of investors and creditors has been the subject of much academic research over the last 35 years. That research has examined the interrelationship of accounting information and reporting standards in financial markets in great detail. At times, the research conclusions are highly critical of the accounting standard-setting process and of the utility of financial analysis. This criticism is based on research

performed in a capital market setting. These findings do not negate the usefulness of financial analysis of individual securities that may be mispriced or of decisions made outside a capital market setting.

PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The Balance Sheet

The balance sheet (statement of financial position) reports major classes and amounts of assets (resources owned or controlled by the firm), liabilities (external claims on those assets), and stockholder’ equity (owners’ capital contributions and other internally generated sources of capital) and their interrelationships at specific points in time.

Assets reported on the balance sheet are either purchased buy the firm or generated through operations: they are, directly or indirectly, finances by the creditors and stockholders of the firm. The fundamental accounting relationship provides the basis for recording all transactions in financial reporting and is expressed as the balance sheet equation:

Assets (A) = Liabilities (L) + Stockholders’ Equity (E)

In the United States firm issue balance sheets at the end of each quarter and the end of the fiscal. Annual or semiannual reporting in the norm in most other countries.

Elements of the Balance Sheet

SFAC 6 discusses the elements of financial statements. Although this statement also deals with nonprofit organizations, we restrict our comments to business enterprises.

Assets are defined in SFAC 6 as

Probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events.

This definition seems to be noncontroversial. Its weakness is its lack of reference to risk. It seems to us that an enterprise that retains the risk of ownership still “owns” the asset. This issue is important, for example, as it relates to the sale of assets (such as accounts receivable, loans, and mortgages; see chapter 11) when the seller retains some risk of loss.

Liabilities are defined, similarly as

Probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of pa transactions or events.

Again, the definition reads well. Yet it permits the nonrecognition of contractual obligation such as operating leases (see chapter11). The interpretation of “present obligation” and “result of past transactions or events”is key to accounting for all such contracts; some believe that only payments immediately due as a consequence of completed transactions create liabilities. Others

believe that all long-term contacts should be recognized as long-term liabilities. Another important problem area is the derecognition of liabilities that have been prefunded but remain outstanding.

As required by the fundamental accounting equation. Stockholder’ equity is therefore

The residual interest in the net assets of an entity that remains after deducting its liabilities.

In practice, some financial instruments have characteristics of both liabilities and equities, making them difficult to categorize. Convertible debt and redeemable preferreds are two common examples examined in chapter 10. That chapter also discusses the FASB Exposure Draft (ED) on recognition and measurement of instruments with equity and liability characteristics.

The Income Statement

The income statement (statement of earnings) reports on the performance of the firm, the result of its operating activities. It explains some but all of the changes in the assets, liabilities, and equity of the firm between two consecutive balance sheet dates. Use of the accrual concept means that income and the balance sheet are interrelated.

The preparation of the income statement is governed by the matching principle, which states that performance can be measured only if revenues and related costs are accounted for during the same time period. This requires the recognition of expenses incurred to generate revenues in the same period as the related revenues. For example, the cost of a machine is recognized as an expense (it is depreciated) over its useful life (as it is used in production) rather than as an expense in the period it is purchased.

Elements of the Income Statement

Revenues are defined in SAFC 6 as

Inflows … of an entity… from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or other activities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations

Expense are defined as

Outflows…from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying out other activities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations.

These definitions explicitly exclude gains (and losses), defined as

Increases (decreases) in equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions…

Gains or losses are, therefore, nonoperating events. Examples would include gains and losses from asset sales, lawsuits, and changes in market values (including currency rates).

These definitions are, like the other in SFAC 6, easy to accept as stated. The difficulties come in practice. For example, investment activities may be “central”to a financial institution but “peripheral”to manufacturing company. Similarly, sales of assets such as automobiles may be “incidental”to retailer but “central”to a car rental firm. The write-down of inventories due to

obsolescence is more difficult to characterize: is this an operating expense or a loss? To some extent, the distinction between revenue and expense on the one hand and gains and losses on the other is a precursor of the controversies over the characterizations of “recurring versus nonrecurring activities,”“operating versus nonoperating activities,”and “extraordinary items,”. From the analyst point of view, disclosure is more important than classification; analysts prefer to make their own distinctions between operating and nonoper-ating events in many instances. From the point of view of database user, however, the outcome of the debate is important.

Even more important is the decision on when to recognize revenues and expenses. The recognition decision can be a major determinant of reported income, especially for technology and other “new economy” enterprises.

财务报表分析与运用

第一章财务报表分析的框架

财务报表分析的重要性

美国有着世界上最复杂的财务报告系统,广泛披露的要求扩大了详细的会计原则。大型跨国公司的财务报表加起来有好几打纸,许多这样的公司自愿公布额外的“账簿事实”给财务分析师和其他感兴趣的使用者。

近几年来,财务报告在其他主要发达国家和新兴市场也得到了很大的发展,重点逐渐转向为国内外的债权人和股东权益投资者提供有用的信息。国际会计准则已经成为与美国会计准则相匹敌的对手。

在理想的世界里,财务报表的使用者只能关注财务报告的底线:净利润和股东所有者权益。如果财务报表在公司间(忽略国家因素)具有可比性,会计处理方法保持一贯性,并且完全反映公司的经济状况,那么财务报表分析将会非常简单,本书也很简短。

财务报告系统并不完美。经济事项和会计分录没有精确的对应起来,导致他们差异的原因来源于时间,确认,计量尺度的不同。由于不同国家的尺度不同,又导致不同的会计处理方法,是的财务分析和投资决策复杂化。

经济事项与这些事项的会计确认通常发生在不同时间。这种现象的一个例子就是资本利得和资本损失在大多数情况下只有在出手时候才进行确认。例如,不动产投资在多年以后发生增值,只有在管理层打算处置不动产投资的会计期间才在利润表上确认。

类似的,长期资产的注销,在大多数情况下,发生在管理层决定注销的会计期间。确认的期间也许既不是资产减值发生的期间,也不是资产出售或发生清理的期间。同样,终止经营的会计处理导致损失确认的期间与发生损失以及清理完毕的期间不同。

此外,许多经济事项根本没有进行会计确认。例如:大多数合同在订立的时候并没有反映在财务报表中,尽管其对公司的财务状况、经营风险和财务风险有显著影响。一些合同,比如租赁和淘气合同,在一些公司的财务报表中虽然被确认,但在其他公司则仅仅披露在财务报表附注中。在许多国家的立法中,对金融衍生品和套期行为的披露要求已经存在,但对其进行确认和计量则是美国最近才刚刚开始提出的要求。

进一步讲,在美国和其他地方,公认会计原则允许由不同的财务报表编织着将没有在会计确认的经济事项通过不同的方式进行确认。存货和固定资产折旧只是这其中的两个缺乏可比性的重要事项。

财务报告常常包含补充资料,尽管这些资料没有被包括在报表中,但它们有助于报表使用者解释报表或者调整对公司业绩的评估(例如财务比率),从而使得报表具有可比性、在时间上保持一致性,且更好的代表经济事项。党对报表进行调整时,我们要从行驶中区分出本质,从年报的财务报表附注和补充资料以及SEC上市申报文件中发掘出信息。对资产负债表外筹资行为的分析处理就是说明这一过程的一个很好地例子。我们也在国外注册人20-F

表格上市申报文件中说明如何根据美国GAAP调节相关数据。

最后,可以利用来自财务报告之外的信息来时财务资料更为有效果。例如,估计价格变化对公司业绩的影响,可能要求使用来源于外部的价格资料。

聚焦投资决策

本书关注公司外部的财务报表使用者所采用的财务分析的概念和技巧。重点在于上市公司的财务报表,所说明的技巧通常可用于分析根据美国GAAP编制的报表。然而我们也讨论国际会计准则委员会指定的准则和其他国家的准则制定者指定的准则,并将它们与美国的GAAP进行比较,同时分析根据其他的报告准则编制的财务报表。

报表使用者的分类

财务信息的外部使用者包括了范围广泛的利益相关者,但他们可以分为以下3个群体1债权人和股东权利投资者

2政府(行政和立法分支机构)、监管机构和和税务当局

3一般公众和特定利益群体、公会、和消费群体

每一报表使用群体在财务报表分析中都有其各自的目标,但如FASB所言,主要使用者是股东权益投资者和债权人。然而提供给投资者和债权人的信息可能对其他报表使用群体也同样有效。因此财务会计准则致力于满足投资者和债权人的信息需求。本书中的分析技巧正是致力于服务这一群体的。

财务分析的主要目标是通过对风险与回报的比较计量来坐车投资或贷款决策。然而这些决策要求对未来进行估计,比如说一个月、一年甚至十年。通用财务报表时描述过去的,她们为预测未来盈余和现金流提供了基础。分析过程中使用的许多技巧可以广泛用于所有的决策类型,但是也有一些专门的技巧与特定的投资利益有关,换句话讲,分险和汇报专属于某一类投资者或者某一类证券。

股东权益投资者主要关注公司的长期获利能力、他的成长能力和他最终支付股利以及提升价值的能力。由于股东权益投资者承担着企业的剩余风险,声誉风险是风险程度最高并且也是最多变的风险,因而所要求进行的分析是所有使用者中最全面的,包括了所有其他外部使用者所采用的分析技巧。

债权人则需要稍微不同的分析方法。短期债权人(如银行和商业往来的债务人),把重点更多的放在交易的当前偿债能力上,应为他们希望早日收回投资。长期债权投资者(如保险公司和退休基金)主要关注长期资产状况和公司盈利能力,他们追求稳定制服利息和到期偿还本金的能力。贷款风险通常小于股东权益风险并且可能更容易计量。

然而更多的从属或者次级债权人,尤其是“高收益”债券的所有者,承担着与股东权益投资者相类似的风险,她们可能会发现通常运用于股东权益投资的分析方法比一般债权人采用的投资分析方法更为有效。

财务信息和资本市场

在投资者和债权人的决策过程中,会计信息的有效性在过去的35年来已经成为很多学术研究的课题。该研究详细调查了会计信息与资本市场报告准则之间的相互关系。有事,研究得出的结论对会计准则的制定过程和财务分析的有效性进行了非常严厉的批评。该批评是以在资本市场上进行的研究为基础的。这些研究结果并没与否定对可能被错误定价的单个证券进行财务分析的有效性和从资本试产外部进行决策的有效性。

主要的财务报表

资产负债表

资产负债表(财务状况表)报告了特定十点主要类别的资产(公司拥有或控制的资产)、负债(外界对这些资产的求偿权)和股东权益(所有者的资本交款和其他内生的资本)的金额以及他们之间的相互关系。

资产负债表上报告的资产或者有公司购买而来,或者通过经营产生,他们或直接或间接地由公司的债权人和股东提供资金。基本的会计关系为在财务报告中确认的交易提供了基础。资产负债表的等式表示如下

资产(A)=负债(L)+股东权益(E)

在美国,公司在每一季度结束和每一会计年度结束时发表的资产负债表。在大多数其他国家,一般发布年报和半年报。

资产负债表的要素

SFAC 6 讨论了财务报表的要素。尽管该公报也设计了非盈利组织,但我们将我们的评述限制在工商企业。

在SFAC6 中资产被定义为:

由于过去的交易或事项二可能导致的被某一特定的经济实体取得或控制的未来经济利益。

这一定义从表面上看毋庸置疑,他的缺点是没有涉及风险因素。似乎一个保留财产所有权风险的企业,他仍然“拥有”该资产。这个问题很重要,例如,他与资产(如应收账款、贷款和抵押,参见本书11章)的出售有关,资产出售时卖方保留了一部分损失风险。

类似的,负债定义为;

由于过去的交易或事项而导致某一特定经济实体承担的现存债务,这种债务因要求经济尸体在将来向其他经济实体转移资产或提供服务而很有可能在未来放弃某些经济利益。

同样,该定义读起来不错。然而它允许不确认契约债务,如经营租赁(参见本书第11章)。对现存债务和由于过去的交易或事项的解释对所有这些七月进行会计处理的关键。一些人认为,作为交易完成的结果,只有即将到期支付才产生了负债。其他人认为所有长期七月都应该被确认为长期负债。另一重要的问题是取消对已经预先提供资金但仍未获得清偿的负债的确认。

正如会计基本等式所要求的,股东权益是:

某些经济实体减去他的债务以后,在净资产中的剩余权益。

在实务上,一些金融工具既有债务的特点又有股东权益的特点,从而更难对其进行分类。可转换债券和可赎回优先股是第10章研究的两个常见的例子。那一章也讨论了FASB的征求意见稿,它针对具有债务和股东权益双重特点的金融工具进行确认和计量。

利润表

利润表报告公司业绩,即它的经营活动的成果。它解释了两个连续的资产负债表日之间,公司在资产、负债和股东权益上的一些变化,而不是全部变化。采用权责发生制概念,意味着利润表和资产负债表是相互关联的。

利润表编制要求遵循配比原则,该原则规定只有在收入和相关成本在统一会计期间进行会计确认时,才能对业绩进行评估。这就要求姜维获取收入所发生的费用和相关收入在同一期间确认。例如,机器的成本在他的经济寿命期内(当他被用于生产过程中)被且认为费用折旧,而不是在他被购买时就被确认为费用。

利润表的构成要素

在SFAC 6,收入被定义为:

一个经济实体……因交付或生产商品,提供服务或者其他作为企业正在进行的重大或中心经营业务的活动……而流入的现金

费用被定义为:

因交付或生产商品,提供服务或者其他作为企业正在进行的重大或中心经营业务的活动……而流出的现金。

这些定义清楚的排斥了利得(和亏损),他们的定义为:

由于边缘的或偶然的交易导致股东权益(净资产)的增加(减少)…

因此利得或亏损是非经营事项。如资产出售、法律诉讼和市场价值变化(包括汇率变化)所产生的利得或损失。

像SFAC 6 中其它定义一样,这些定义正如他们所表述的那样易于被接受,但实践起来确有难度。例如,投资活动对金融机构而言是“中心”活动,但对制造型企业而言是“边缘”活动。类似的资产(比如汽车)的销售对于一个零售商而言是“偶然的”,但对于一家汽车租赁公司而言却是“中心”活动。。存货由于报废对其进行的注销是更难描述其特征:这是一项营业费用还是亏损?在某种程度上,一方面要区分收入和费用,另一方面要区分利得和损失,这是关于“经常性”与非经常性活动、“经营与非经营活动”以及“非常项目”等争议的先兆。从分析师的角度看,披露比分类更重要,在许多情况下,分析师更喜欢自己对经营和非经营活动进行区分。然而从数据库使用者的角度看,该争议的结果是很重要的。

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燕山大学本科生毕业设计(论文) 一、课题国内外现状 中厚板轧机是用于轧制中厚度钢板的轧钢设备。在国民经济的各个部门中广泛的采用中板。它主要用于制造交通运输工具(如汽车、拖拉机、传播、铁路车辆及航空机械等)、钢机构件(如各种贮存容器、锅炉、桥梁及其他工业结构件)、焊管及一般机械制品等[1~3]。 1 世界中厚板轧机的发展概况 19世纪五十年代,美国用采用二辊可逆式轧机生产中板。轧机前后设置传动滚道,用机械化操作实现来回轧制,而且辊身长度已增加到2m以上,轧机是靠蒸汽机传动的。1864年美国创建了世界上第一套三辊劳特式中板轧机,当时盛行一时,推广于世界。1918年卢肯斯钢铁公司科茨维尔厂为了满足军舰用板的需求,建成了一套5230mm四辊式轧机,这是世界上第一套5m以上的轧机。1907年美国钢铁公司南厂为了轧边,首次创建了万能式厚板轧机,于1931年又建成了世界上第一套连续式中厚板轧机。欧洲国家中厚板生产也是较早的。1910年,捷克斯洛伐克投产了一套4500mm二辊式厚板轧机。1940年,德国建成了一套5000mm四辊式厚板轧机。1937年,英国投产了一套3810mm中厚板轧机。1939年,法国建成了一套4700mm 四辊式厚板轧机。这些轧机都是用于生产机器和兵器用的钢板,多数是为了二次世界大战备战的需要。1941年日本投产了一套5280mm四辊式厚板轧机,主要用于满足海军用板的需要。20世纪50年代,掌握了中厚板生产的计算机控制。20世纪80年代,由于中厚板的使用部门萧条,许多主要产钢国家的中厚板产量都有所下降,西欧国家、日本和美国关闭了一批中厚板轧机(宽度一般在3、4米以下)。国外除了大的厚板轧机以外,其他大型的轧机已很少再建。1984年底,法国东北方钢铁联营敦刻尔克厂在4300mm轧机后面增加一架5000mm宽厚板轧机,增加了产量,且扩大了品种。1984年底,苏联伊尔诺斯克厂新建了一套5000mm宽厚板轧机,年产量达100万t。1985年初,德国迪林冶金公司迪林根厂将4320mm轧机换成4800mm 轧机,并在前面增加一架特宽得5500mm轧机。1985年12月日本钢管公司福山厂新型制造了一套4700mmHCW型轧机,替换下原有得轧机,更有效地控制板形,以提高钢板的质量。 - 2 -

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研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院,中国南京,邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/d35962377.html,,niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/d35962377.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院,中国南京,邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/d35962377.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力,调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中,简化空间框架作为分析模型,根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型,动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法,应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外,结合物理和数值模型,对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查,本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法,但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力,没有门槽,好流型,和操作方便等优点,使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门,通过门叶和主大梁,所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂,手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中,除了极特殊的破坏情况下,弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外,明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸,位于中国的江苏省,包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时,门被破坏了,而其他弧形闸门则关闭,受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的,很明显,一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。

电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译

本科毕业设计(论文)中英文对照翻译 院(系部)电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师

Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish

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