阅读理解主旨大意类解题指导
Teaching objectives
1.Master basic skills to get the main idea of a passage.
2. Learn how to understand a passage better.
Teaching important and difficult point
Master the four skills and practice them when reading passages.
Teaching procedures:
Step1. 考纲解读
1. 考纲要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。
考生应能：
（1）理解主旨要义；
（2）理解文中具体信息；
（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；
（4）做出判断和推理；
（5）理解文章的基本结构；
（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
2. 主旨大意题考查内容：文章主旨、段落大意和文章标题。
3. 主旨句特点：主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文或全段的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性。
Step2. 解题策略
技巧1：速读头尾，明确主题
Practice:
Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored (监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.
“The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scho lar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don’t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”
……
Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused (激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”
What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide
B. Online News Attracts More People
C. Reading Habits Change with the Times
D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks
[思路点拨] 浏览第一段，找到but, but 之后往往是作者想要强调的重点，不难发现主题句：scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. 再结合最后一段第一句话，可以看出本文强调好消息比坏消息传播得更快，选D。
技巧2：定位中心句
寻找主题句的四个小窍门：
1). 段落中出现表示转折的词语（如however, but, in fact, actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句。
2). 开头出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3). 作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4). 表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词。Practice:
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more m elatonin (褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.
….
What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Night Milk and Sleep
B. Fat, Sugar and Health
C. An Experiment on Mice
D. Milk Drinking and Health
[思路点拨] 首段but 之后出现主题句But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night.显然答案选A。
技巧3：找高频词
任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。
Practice:
Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t love others until you love yourself. Sometimes you’ll hear people say that you can’t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, you’ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes it’s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.
Self-image is your own mind’s picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.
The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Don’t allow doubts to occur in it.
It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you can’t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If you think you’re silly because you aren’t good at math, find a tutor. If you think you’re weak because you can’t run a mile, get to the trac k and practice. If you think you’re dull because you don’t wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remember, just because you think it doesn’t mean it’s true.
The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat(拍) yourself on the back, you’ll know you’re well on your way. Good luck!
What is the passage mainly about?
A. How to prepare for your success.
B. How to face challenges in your life.
C. How to build a positive self-image.
D. How to develop your good qualities.
[思路点拨] 关注划线词self-image, 多次出现，显然是文章讲的核心话题，选项中只有C出现self-image。
技巧4：同义概括
同（近）义转换表达是所有阅读考试的特点，跟主题句意思相同的选项，往往就是正确答案。Practice:
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle，twinkle，little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
......
What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?
A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D. Stories for children are easy to remember.
[思路点拨] 文章提到了grown-ups, 举了a man、a mother的例子，可见是指所有人都能很好地记得童年发生的事，故选A。
Step3. 主旨大意题选项特点
1. 正确选项特点：
1). 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2). 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3). 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
2. 错误选项特点：
1). 过于笼统。
3). 偷换概念。
4). 无中生有。
Practice
Alex London Research Laboratory (ALRL) is part of Alex Co., Ltd., a major Australian medicine-making company. Opened in 1992, ALRL specializes in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases.
A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager (ROM) to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield, due to open in the autumn of 2010.
Reporting to the Director, you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction. You will be expected to …….
Candidates (申请人) will have experience of both management and research support / technical services. Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable.
If you are interested in this position, please send your CV (简历) to Alex London Research Laboratory, University College London, Hatfield, London, W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@ alex. co. uk. For more information, please visit www. alex. co. uk.
What does the fourth paragraph mainly talk about?
A. The technical skills of a would-be ROM.
B. The practical experience of a would-be ROM.
C. The personal information of a would-be ROM.
D. The necessary requirements for a would-be ROM.
[思路点拨] 第四段出现了experience, knowledge, skills, education,只有D 选项可以覆盖这几方面。A, B 选项太偏面, C选项不准确。
Step3. Summary
Step4. Homework:
完成四篇阅读理解
课后巩固练习
A
The National Day holiday is a great opportunity to do something a little different. Many people use the National Day for a getaway, a short trip to leave the stress of their everyday lives behind and explore, learn, or relax.
Hotel Romance
Many hotels and resorts feature something special to start the getaway, such as champagne, flowers, or a fruit basket in the room on arrival. Getaway packages usually include a room with something special, a heart shaped bed, for example. Additional benefits could be room service meals or other private dining, plus tickets or discounts for local attractions.
Visit a Spa
Spa getaways can take place at a location that focuses only on spa services or at a hotel that offers a spa as one of its features. Some spas emphasize treatments fit for their geographic area or a local attraction. A spa in a grape growing region might provide grape juice masks, or a hotel near a hot spring could offer mineral baths. Most spas offer a range of massage, health and beauty treatments, so a spa getaway can be relaxing with other benefits.
Learn a Skill
The National Day holiday may not be enough time to become an expert at something new, but it provides a way for people to begin their explorations. Some organizations offer intensive courses that last five or six days. People with special interests can get away from their routines while learning such things as how to make beer, speak a new language, or take better photos. Help Others
Some organizations cooperate with businesses to have accommodations and activities for short-term volunteers. Most volunteer vacations involve ecology friendly or charity activities. A volunteer getaway is a way to relieve stress and help others at the same time.
Stay in a National Park
For those who want to relax in a rural environment, a national park fits the bill. Most national parks provide camping areas for tents and trailers. Several have cabins within the parks available to rent. A getaway to a national park provides privacy, stress relief, and the time to get to know some important natural resources.
1. It can be learned from the text that .
A. spas are offered in the tourist attractions all over the country
B. intensive courses of some organizations help people get away from home
C. helping others at weekend makes people feel free and relaxed
D. people may get close to nature in a national park
2. Which of the following can be rented in a national park?
A. Cabins.
B. Trailers.
C. Camping area.
D. Privacy.
3. The best title of the passage can be .
A. Away from Our Busy Work
B. Good Ways to Relieve Stress
C. Enjoy Life and Help Others
D. National Day Holiday Getaway Ideas
B
When talking about colds(感冒), maybe some people say it is very common. During the cold winter days, many people will complain（抱怨）the cold winter makes them catch a cold, and what they feel upset are not only the headache, cough but also the runny nose. It is so embarrassing when they forget to take a handkerchief or tissue along with them.
Want to stay away from colds? Put on a happy face.
Compared to unhappy people, those who are cheerful and relaxed are less likely to suffer from colds, according to a new study. It’s poss ible that being happy helps the body fight illnesses, say the researchers from New York University.
“It seems that positive(积极的) feelings may reduce (减少)the danger of illness,” said the study’s chief researcher Sheldon Cohen.
In an earlier study, Cohen found that people who were cheerful and lively caught coughs and colds less often. People who showed feelings were also less likely to tell their doctors that they felt ill.
In this study, Cohen has interviewed 193 adults every day for two weeks. During the interviews, the people told researchers that they were given colds by doctors and had to stay alone in a room for six days.
The results showed that everyone in the study was equally(相等地) likely to get ill. But for people who said they felt happy during the research period, their illness are less serious and lasted for a shorter time.
Cohen believes that when people experience positive feelings, their body may produce a chemical that helps fight illness and disease. So if you are worried about your health, look on the brighter side more often.
4. The underline part in Paragraph 5 is probably means ___________.
A. sad
B. bad-tempered
C. thoughtful
D. outgoing
5. What did the study find?
A. People who felt happy never got ill.
B. People’s feelings didn’t influence their health.
C. People with good feelings became ill more easily.
D. People with positive feelings had less serious illnesses.
6. According to Cohen, which of the following may help fight illness?
A. Eating.
B. Laughing
C. Crying
D. Sleeping.
7. What is the best title for this passage? ________
A. Smiles can fight colds
B. Cause of colds found
C. The danger of colds
D. How people get sick
C
Ireland has had a very difficult history. The problems started in the 16th century when English rulers tried to conquer(征服) Ireland. For hundreds of years, the Irish people fought against the English. Finally, in 1921, the British government was forced to give independence to the south of Ireland. The result is that today there are two “Irelands”. Northern Ireland, in the north, is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland, in the south, is an independent country.
In the 1840s the main crop, potatoes, was affected by disease and about 750，000 people died of hunger. This, and a shortage(短缺) of work, forced many people to leave Ireland and live in the USA, the UK, Australia and Canada. As a result of these problems, the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million in 1851.
For many years, the majority of Irish people earned their living as farmers. Today, many people still work on the land but more and more people are moving to the cities to work in factories and offices. Life in the cities is very different from life in the countryside, where things move at a quieter and slower pace.
The Irish are famous for being warm－hearted and friendly. Oscar Wilde, a famous Irish writer, once said that the Irish were “the greatest talkers since the Greeks”. Since independence, Ireland has revived(复兴) its own culture of music, language, literature and singing. Different areas have different styles of old Irish songs which are sung without instruments. Other kinds of Irish music use many different instruments such as the violin, whistles, etc.
8. What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1?
A. How the Irish fought against the English.
B. How Ireland gained independence.
C. How English rulers tried to conquer Ireland.
D. How two “Irelands” came into being.
9. We learn from the text that in Ireland________．
A. food shortages and a lack of work in the 1840s led to a decline in population
B. people are moving to the cities for lack of work in the countryside
C. it is harder to make a living as a farmer than as a factory worker
D. different kinds of old Irish songs are all sung with instruments
10. The last paragraph is mainly about________．
A. the Irish character
B. the Irish culture
C. Irish musical instruments
D. a famous Irish writer
11. What can be the best title for the text?
A. Life in Ireland
B. A Very Difficult History
C. Ireland, Past and Present
D. The Independence of Ireland
D
Some educators told us that more years of school could help students get higher scores on intelligence tests. That was a finding of a study of teenage males in some countries. Now，another research shows that physical activity may help students do better in their classes.
The research comes as educators in some countries are reducing time for activities like physical education. They are using the time instead for academic subjects like math and reading.
The studies appeared between 2008 and 2014.They included more than 55,000 children，aged 6 to 18.
Amika Singh：“According to the results of our study，we can conclude that being physically active is beneficial for academic performance. There are，first，physiological explanations，like more blood flow，and so more oxygen to the brain. Being physically active means there are more hormones(荷尔蒙) produced like endorphins(内啡肽)．And endorphins make your stress level lower and your mood improved，which means you also perform better.”
Also，students taking part in organized sports learn rules and how to follow them. This could improve their classroom behavior and help them keep their mind on their work.
The study leaves some questions unanswered，however. Ms Stash says it is not possible to say whether the amount or kind of activity affected the level of academic improvement. This is because of differences among the studies.
The researchers said they found only two high quality studies. They needed more high quality studies to confirm(证实) their findings. They also pointed out that “results for other parts of the world may be quite different”．
Still，the general finding was that physically active kids are more likely to do better in school. Ms Singh says schools should consider that finding before they cut physical education programs. Her paper on “Physical Activity and Performance at School” is published in the Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine.
12．The passage mainly tells us that .
A．a research on physical education has been done by the researchers
B．there is a possibility that physical activity leads to higher grades
C．the amount or kind of activity directly affects academic level
D．the research shows that the children aged 6 to 18 don't do sports
13．Which of the following is TRUE?
A．Being mentally active is good for academic subjects.
B．The more hormones you have，the more stressed you will get.
C．The researchers have found many high quality studies to prove the research.
D．The educators in some countries think studies，not exercise，mean much to students. 14．The underlined sentence in Paragraph 6 probably means .
A．good marks result from high quality study
B．findings are probably different in different areas
C．physical activity will spread all over the world
D．academic performance depends on the surroundings
15．What’s the purpose of writing the passage?
A．To call our attention to the sports at school.
B．To introduce all types of physical activities.
C．To represent the academic performance.
D．To improve students’ health.
答案：1-3 DAD 4-7 DDBA 8-11 DABC 12-15 BDBA
Unit 1 Lifestyles Warm-up Tapescript 1 Football player: Being famous isn’t easy, you know. I travel a lot – I have matches in different countries. But my job is exciting, very exciting! I love the matches, the people cheering, know what I mean? 2 Student: My dad says these are the best days of my life –but I’m not so sure! You know, I’ve got lots of work to do and there’s not much time really. I also play football for the school team and we have to do training three nights a week. 3 Shepherd: I love the animals and I love nature. It’s peaceful, and there’s no one to tell me what to do. But it’s not so good when the weather’s bad! 4 Business manager: I’m very busy, and I don’t have time to see my husband and children. Mmmm and my life is very stressful, I suppose. I mean, I have to deal with lots of money. But I find it really exciting. 1 A Perfect Day? A Couch Potato Forty-three-year-old Brian Blakey from Birmingham is sitting on his sofa and telling me about his perfect day.
高中英语阅读理解专项练习（1）附参考答案 阅读理解-----C At a recent class, yoga instructor Hagen taught several facial exercises designed to build up facial muscles．Some women practise moves including "The Lion" , showing the tongue hanging out and eyes rolled up．Hagen encourages class members to hold the position for 60 seconds, joking．"You can do this any time．It really helps you get a seat on the train．" Hagen recently published a book—The Yoga Face: Remove Wrinkles （皱纹）with the Ultimate Natural Facelift．She developed a workshop using facial yoga because women wanted to look their best． Facial muscles become weak and flabby （松驰的）and need regular exercise to reduce wrinkles．Besides "The Lion", other exercises include "Satchmo" ．in which the cheeks are blown out Louis Armstrong-style, and "Marilyn", in which attractive kisses are blown to strengthen mouth muscles for full and firm lips． Hagen recommends facial yoga for those wanting to find outer and inner beauty, saying, "The emotional aspect is just as important as the physiological （生理学的）." But she doesn't rule out plastic surgery or Botox．"I don' t rule it out for myself．One day I may feel like I need that．But regardless of that, maintaining elasticity （弹性的）is extremely important, especially if you have had Botox and plastic surgery," she said． While making faces in front of strangers might frighten some, those who attended the class thought it the perfect way to fight against busy New York lifestyles．" Working in New York is very stressful．" Kathy Healey said, "It's a perfect way to end the week．" 49．By saying, "It really helps you get a seat on the train"．Hagen means that some passengers
2021届新高考英语暑期书面表达复习(应用文)·中国文学名著专题 优质语言素材积累 2020年8月修订版 [单词/词组] 1.perceive [v.]感知 2.enlighten [v.]启发 3.suspicion [v.]猜疑 4.surge [n.]急剧上升 5.ultimately [adv.]最终 6.collaboration [n.]合作 7.profound [adj.]深远的 8.spontaneous [adj.]自然而然的 9.更了解offer us a glimpse of … 10.*复兴enjoy a revival/comeback 11.★与……不一致be at odds with … 12.*时代之声voice of a generation 13.更深刻理解Give us an insight into … 14.不容错过It is a …not to be missed. 15.★历史悠久的文化 a time-honored culture 16.更好地欣赏Gain a better appreciation of … 17.在…中备受瞩目among the most high-profile of … 18.*追溯至date back to/be traced back to/originate from/stretch back to 19.尽管它看起来很复杂/抽象complicated/abstract as it may seem，…. 20.一部兼具洞察力和娱乐性的作品an insightful and entertaining work [句子] 21.*传统中餐是文化和社会生活的重要部分。 Traditional Chinese foods are an important aspect of culture and social life. 22.中国文学在世界范围内越来越受欢迎。Chinese literature has gained more popularity worldwide. 23.这个故事基本上是关于……试图打破社会的束缚；是追求真爱的勇气和毅力。 This story is basically about …trying to break the societal strictures. It’s about courage and perseverance to pursue true love. 24. (评《西厢记》)它融合了中国历史上唐宋时期的诗歌之美。 It incorporates much of the beauty of the poetry from the Tang and Song eras in Chinese history. 25.(评《平凡的世界》)小说突出了中国农村人民的生活，反映了从1975年到1985年巨大的政治和 经济变化。 The novel highlights the lives of people from rural China and reflects the massive political and economic changes from 1975 to 1985. 26.*(评《三国演义》)不仅有来自中国古代的故事穿越时间的长河，而且美丽的语言也已经吸引了世 界的注意。 Not only have the stories from China’s past made their way through time，but the beauty of the language has drawn the world’s attention.
文学、艺术、音乐） 李仕才 导读：一位美国早期的作家曾经说过： 吗？美国人究竟有哪些音乐爱好呢？ 美国人对音乐艺术几乎是相当无知。”你认可这种观点 American Music Styles James Fenimore Cooper, an early American writer, once said, "The Americans are almost ignorant of the art of music." If that was once true, you would never know it today. Most Americans--even those without a musical bone in their bodies--have a favorite style of music. Many people enjoy classical and folk music from around the world. But other popular music styles in America were "made in the U.S.A." Country and western music lies close to the heart of many Americans. This style originated among country folks in the southern and western United States. Country music tells down-to-earth stories about love and life ′s hardships. Guitars, banjos and violins give country music its characteristic sound. The home of country music is Nashville, Tennessee--Music City U.S.A. Jazz music, developed by African-Americans in the late 1800s, allows performers to freely express their emotions and musical skill. ①Instead of just playing the melody, jazz musicians improvise different tunes. The peak of jazz music came in the 1920s. This period produced musicians like Louis Armstrong, Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington. Different styles of jazz developed in different cities, ②such as New Orleans, Chicago, New York and Kansas City. ③The 1950s saw the development of an explosive new music style: rock ′n ′roll. This powerful music style addresses issues like love, sex, drugs, politics and death. Often it rebels against the accepted values of society. Rock concerts, featuring loud music and sometimes weird stage acts, have become a major part of American youth culture. Music videos on television have spread the message of rock to the far corners of the globe. And the beat goes on. Pop music represents popular styles that have wide appeal. "Golden oldies" from the past bring back pleasant memories for many. Rap music, which burst onto the
高中英语跨文化教学探索 摘要：在以往的英语教学中，英语知识内容诸如词汇、短语、语法等得到了过多的重视，但是却忽略了语言不能脱离文化而单独存在的事实。最终结果就是学生学了很久的英语，但却没有培养学生用英语语言进行沟通和交流的能力。 关键词：文化意识中学英语课堂教学 交际跨文化交际能力 一、在英语教学中，英语国家文化背景教育的必要性、重要性和紧迫性 在传统的英语教学中，诸如词汇、短语、语法等英语知识内容受到了广泛的关注，而英语作为一个民族的语言文化背景却大大地被忽略了。学生学了几年英语，对英语母语之间的文化差异以及英语民族的风俗习惯一无所知。因此，我们经常听到学生说出典型的中国式英语就不足为奇了。 在我就读的大学课堂里曾经发生过一件有趣的事：一次学校请美国的外教George Hank给英语专业大一的学生做“英美文化的交流”讲座，Hank先生站在了主席台的中间准备发言。我作为服务人员，默默地搬了一把椅子，放在了他的后边，可是他却向旁边推去，于是我又把椅子凑了过去，
他再次推开。我很不解，后来谈及这个事情，他说：“你并没有说让我坐啊，而且你也没有问过我需不需要椅子。”这次的文化冲突让我明白了原来很平常的一件小事，由于英汉文化的差异而产生了误解。再如，在公交车上有一位年约五十多的外国人上车，这时，一位小伙子出于尊老爱幼的文化习俗，给他让座，没想到外国人坚持站着，小伙子再次让座，外国人却发火了：“Do you think I am old enough to need a offer? I am not that old.”(你认为我年纪大到需要别人主动让座了么？我没那么老！)英美国家文化中，外国人崇尚自由、年轻和活力，很忌讳别人把他们当成需要别人照顾的老人。 二、中英(英语国家)文化差异及其在中学英语教材和日常交流中的体现 中英(英语国家)文化在许多方面存在着差异，这些差异在中学英语教材中也得到了体现。下面谈谈中英(英语国家)文化差异的几个主要方面。 1.问候习俗的差异。如祝愿式的问候：Wish you a good day!关心的问候：How are getting along with your recent job?交谈式问候：It is a fine day, isn′t it? 而中国的问候方式普遍为：到哪去？吃了吗？很显然，如果不注意其中的差异而混用则会造成尴尬和迷惑。例如，我曾经在高一的课堂上作过一次测试。教室外边细雨绵绵，我突然说：“It′s a nice day, isn′t it ?”结果，大部分的学生看了看窗外，很认真地回答：
试论高中英语教学的文化浸润 发表时间：2018-09-14T10:35:23.770Z 来源：《中小学教育》2018年第331期作者：王丽婷[导读] 本文就根据笔者教学经验，简单地说一说，如何在英语教学中培养学生的文化意识。 甘肃省兰州市第五十三中学730000 摘要：在高中英语教学中培养学生的文化意识，已经成为了英语教学当中的重要教学目标之一。但长久以来，受到应试教育的影响，高中阶段的英语教学，往往更加重视学生的知识积累，而忽视了语言交流的文化意识。恰恰是因为文化的不同，学生难以正确地理解和使用英语，从而造成学习方法上的不正确，最终难以提升自己的学习成绩，更难以培养学生的英语学习兴趣。本文就根据笔者教学经验，简单地说一说，如何在英语教学中培养学生的文化意识。 关键词：高中英语英语教学文化教学 在注重英语，培养学生的文化意识，让学生能够深入语境地来理解英语、学习英语，可以说是最重要的一个情感教学目标。当学生具备一定的文化意识之后，学生就能听懂、会说、会用正确的英语，表达在自己的阅读和写作之中。 一、文化教学与词汇教学相融合 词汇是英语的基础，更是英语发展的重要建构者。可以说，英语学习的重要基础就是词汇量的掌握。因此，在高中英语教学过程中，教师首先需要引导学生重视起来的就是词汇。因为中西方的历史文化发展不同，因此，单词之间的对应关系并不是非常准确，甚至于有些词语，在中文的意义里表示的是贬义词，而在英文的表达当中，是一个中性词。因此，教师要想真正地让学生掌握这些单词的使用用法，就一定要将其文化背景和地道的文化意识传达给学生。例如，教师在进行rest room这个词汇的讲授的时候，就要联系西方的一些文化，将这个单词翻译为卫生间、厕所，而不是我们传统学习中理解的休息室。词汇的教学，不仅局限在单词意义上的不同，更多的则表现在习惯表达和俗语之间的差异。英文当中的习惯表达和俗语都是基于西方文化上的引申含义。因此，高中英语教师在进行英语教学的时候，一定要尽可能地丰富学生的文化意识，加强学生对单词的理解，扩展学生的视野，不能让学生只局限在课本内容之中。通过文化教学与词汇教学的融合，学生能够对英语学习产生巨大的兴趣，从而自主地参与到学习过程中去，提升自己的学习成绩。 二、文化教学与口语教学相结合 地道的口语表达一直以来都是衡量英语学习程度的重要标准。英语教师在进行英语教学的时候，一定要激发学生的口语练习意识，强化学生的口语表达能力。长时间给学生灌输地道的英文表达，锻炼学生的英语口语能力，能够潜移默化地提升学生的文化意识，促进学生英语思维的发展，将英美文化意识融入到自己的英语学习中。这样的教学不仅要求学生要注重口语，更是要求教师在进行教学的时候也要关注课堂的口语。也就是说，教师要尽可能地用英语来组织课堂。最简单的课堂中，你可以表现在鼓励和表扬这个角度，教师可以采用”You can make it.”” Have you got it?”这样的句式来组织课堂。除此以外，教师在进行虚拟语气讲解的时候也可以采用文化的形式来帮助学生理解。我们都知道，在中文的习惯表达当中，并没有虚拟语气这样的结构。因此，学生在进行虚拟语气这一个部分学习的时候，难度往往比较大。反事实推论的语气在中国应用比较少，其实教师反复强调是委婉语气的应用，学生也难以深度地理解所谓委婉的定义。这个时候教师就可以引入文化意识层面的教学，西方人的文化中更加强调独立，他们讨厌有指挥地参与别人的生活，因此在进行劝解和建议的时候，往往采用“If I were you, I’d….”这样的句型。如果教师在进行讲授的时候能不只关注内容，而是扩展格局关注文化，学生的英语水平一定能得到质的飞跃。 三、文化教学与阅读教学相结合 高中阶段的阅读文章，语言环境真实，内容大多贴近生活，涉及到的话题也灵活多样，更加适合学生参考和学习。正是因为广泛的阅读题材，才使得教学的丰富性和多样性能够在阅读教学中得以发挥。教师如果能够妥善地将这些阅读话题利用起来，就能够激发学生的参与学习兴趣，引导学生关注未来、关注眼下的生活，促进文化交流意识的提升和跨文化交际的能力，真正地提升学生的人文素质，建构起具有竞争力的核心素养。因此在阅读教学过程中，教师应充分挖掘教学内容蕴藏的文化内涵，有意识地结合课堂中的教学内容，向学生们传授历史文化方面的英美文化，甚至包括文学意识方面的内容，都要尽可能地进行渗透。课堂上可以采用对比的方式，让学生意识到中西方文化的差异，提升他们的文化意识敏感度，这样就能更加准确得体地理解和听说英语。尤其是涉及到中西方礼仪方面的问题，更是文化冲突的重要外在表现形式，教师完全可以让学生自主地去搜集一些这方面的问题，然后让学生逐一进行分析和比较，通过文化层面的分析来理解不同形式的传统礼仪，最终学会“入乡随俗”“尊重平等”，做一个有修养的人。 随着时代的发展和教育要求的不断推进，开展多元化的教学形式，不局限于知识的传授，引入文化层面的教育从而培养学生的综合能力已经成为教育趋势和最终的必然结果。身为高中英语教师的我们一定要树立科学的教学观，在不断地提升自己的语言技能和文化素养的同时，钻研实际的教学内容，将这些文化内涵融入到自己的教学过程中，从而游刃有余地开展教学，引导学生感受文化的差异，适应日新月异的未来发展。 参考文献 [1]吴迅试论高中英语教学中文化意识的培养[J].中学生英语（教师版），2012，（25）。 [2]潘飞婷试论文化教学策略在高中英语教学中的运用[J].中学生英语，2016，（46）。
全市高三英语 第6讲高考文学作品阅读及任务型阅读经典题分析、策略 指导与训练 （一）文学作品阅读 一、题型分析 “文学与艺术”是高中新课标24话题之一。该话题主要包括各种文学类型、艺术形式、文化名人以及艺术家等方面。高考英语阅读理解常涉及文学与艺术话题，旨在要求考生在日常生活中多关注当代文学与艺术的发展动向，多涉足文学与艺术领域，亲自去感受文学与艺术的魅力，开阔视野，提升文学素养。本课我们将主要探讨如何做好文学作品的阅读。 1.高考英语阅读理解中文学作品的常见形式： 1）文学作品原文或选段，如2019年江苏高考试题阅读理解D篇。 2）与经典文学作品相关的介绍、评论、反思等文章，如2012年江苏高考试题阅读理解D 篇。 2.高考英语阅读理解中文学作品的命题特点： 1）文章普遍较长，字数多在600字以上。 2）文章多以记叙文为主，在阅读时需关注文学作品的常见六大要素（setting,characters,plot,feeling,symbolism,theme） 3. 真题链接 【2019年江苏高考试题阅读理解D篇】 The 65-year-old Steve Goodwin was found s uffering from early Alzheimer’s(阿尔楚海默症). He was losing his memory. A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only musician in his family. Music was his true passion, though he had never performed outside the family. Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell asleep catch night when she was young. She thought about hiring a professional pianist to work with her father. Naomi, Melissa’s best friend and a talented pianist, got to know about this and showed willingness to help. “Why do this?” Steve wondered. “Because she cares.” Melissa said. Steve nodded, tears in eye. Naomi drove to the Goodwin home. She told Steve she’d love to hear him play. Steve moved to the piano and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently placed his fingers on the keys. Naomi put a small recorder near the piano, Starts and stops and mistakes. Long pauses, heart sinking. But Steve pressed on, playing for the first time in his life for a stranger. “It was beautiful." Naomi said after listening to the recording. “The music was worth saving.” Her responsibility, her privilege, would be to rescue it. The music was sill in Steve Goodwin. It was bidden in rooms with doors about to be locked.
高中英语阅读教学中的文化渗透 作者：刁仁婧 来源：《作文成功之路·教育教学研究》2017年第01期 【摘要】 在新课标改革的过程中，高中英语的教学模式和学习模式都发生了非常大的变化，从以往关注单词和语法的学习，转变为更加强调阅读以及英语使用的重要性，也更加关注学生在阅读能力方面的培养。基于此，本文从高中英语阅读中文化的渗透开始，对高中英语阅读教学中的文化渗透办法进行分析。 【关键词】 高中英语阅读教学文化渗透 高中英语阅读中存在很多文化的差异性，这需要学生重点关注，通过文化的渗透强化学生对问题的理解程度，强化学生英语使用的技巧，帮助学生全面地把握英语和准确的掌握英语，也给学生融入更多的文化意识，为学生的学习打下坚实的基础，更好的融入到国际一体化的语言氛围当中。基于此，本文以下对高中英语阅读教学中文化的渗透进行研究和分析。 一、高中英语阅读中文化的渗透 高中英语教学主要的目的就是让学生掌握更多的英语学习知识，让学生能够在阅读中有更多真切的感受，有学习英语的环境和氛围。英语学习不仅仅是理论的学习，还要在生活中进行有效的时间，以此能够体现出文化当中存在各种差异，让学生能够对异国文化有更多的了解，尤其是日常用语的含义表达。口语交际能力以及英语综合能力的提升需要加强英语交流的熟练程度。高中英语阅读当中教材量十分大，除了要有必备的词汇学习以及句式句型之外还要了解西方人的说话口吻、西方人的说话特点以及西方人的生活习惯。在阅读教学过程中渗透更多的文化知识，让学生能够领会阅读的主旨，提升阅读能力和写作能力。除了这些以外，不同的文化当中还有很多不同的文化风情，对于这些知识的了解能够极大的提升学生的事业，还能让学生有更多的国际性意识和国际性观念，了解国际形势，并且了解国际政治。文化的碰撞才能够让学生有更多的现代化英语学习意识，这也是英语阅读教学中的关键点所在。 % 二、高中英语阅读教学中的文化渗透办法分析 （一）课前导入工作的文化渗透
Lesson 1 A Perfect Day? Language Points Objective To master some phrases and sentence structures V ocabulary Learning 1.switch on=turn on把开关打开；接通 switch off=turn off关掉；关上 switch over (to)…转换频道； 练习： 首先你要把机器电源接通。 他把电视机关了，因为他不喜欢那些电视节目。 我通常转到BBC2看最新的影评。 2．at weekends=at the weekend在周末 on weekdays在工作日 练习： 我们办公室周末关闭。 大部分学校图书馆工作日开放。 3．live this lifestyle过这种生活 live / lead a (happy/poor)…life 过……的生活 dream a …dream做……的梦 练习： 的生活。 我昨晚做了一个怪梦。 4．in the evenings = in the evening on the evening of… = on … evening 练习： How about going to see a film on Sunday evening? Do you have to go to school on the evening of Saturday? 5. at one’s desk = at desk在伏案工作 at the desk在书桌旁 at the table在饭桌旁
at table在吃饭 练习： 她坐在书桌旁读英语。 别打扰她，她在工作呢。 他们一家人在吃饭。 晚饭后，他们仍坐在饭桌旁谈论着家事。 6．Work one’s way through努力完成（工作），实现（目标） 李华的打算是努力学习，考上北京大学。 我爸爸正在努力完成他的工作。 7．take up Meetings and phone calls take up a large part of the day. The new sofa has taken up much place of the sitting room. He took up a job as a teacher three years ago. take down Who could help me to take down the curtains? The old school gate was taken down yesterday. Please take down the useful expressions while listening. take off The rocket took off in a flash. Take off your shoes before entering the bedroom. Mp4 has taken off recently. take on Many places in China have taken on a new look in recent years. 练习： 我知道你很忙，我不会占用你很长时间的。 我把很多时间都用在工作上。 这饭桌占了很多空间，我们要一张小一点的。 汤姆开始了画画，但不久就失去兴趣了。
高中英语教学中跨文化意识的培养-英语论文 高中英语教学中跨文化意识的培养 卢凤 （扬州市宝应县画川高级中学，江苏扬州２２５８００） 摘要：在外语教育中，培养跨文化意识已经成为一个重要的话题，也是高中教育课程中的目标之一。高中英语教师的跨文化意识培养也存在很大的不足。所以，在教学的过程中，通过对词汇的改善、文化对比、加强语言实践等途径培养学生的跨文化意识。 关键词：跨文化意识；高中英语；有效途径 中图分类号：Ｇ６３３文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：１００５－６３５１（２０１２）－１０－０１２６－０１ 语言是各个国家必不可少的文化，就如美国的语言家所说：“语言教学就是文化教学。”语言是文化的主要表现方式，是文化的载体。但是，由于国家的情况不同，导致中西方的文化存在差异，如何解决文化差异带来的沟通障碍，只有通过跨文化意识的培养。跨文化意识就是将这些文化与本国文化差异或者冲突的文化、习惯等有正确的认识，并在此基础上予以接受。所以，培养跨文化意识已经是高中教育中的主要任务。本文将结合高中英语教育实践与跨文化意识培养的重要性、现状和途径进行讲述。 一、跨文化意识的重要性 跨文化意识是针对本国文化和异国的文化差异的敏感度，在学习过程中根据英语文化对自己的语言和语言理解来调整自己，使自己有自觉性。跨文化意识对于学生掌握英语知识有着举足轻重的作用。 1
（一）在日常实践中应用 在日常英语的教育中，学生会因为缺乏跨文化意识而对影响理解。在进行英语阅读时，虽然对文章中的单词都认识，但是对于句子的结构不进行分析，导致不了解文章的主要意思，例如：在牛津译林版中的一句话“Ｊｏｈｎｃａｎｂｅｒｅｌｉｅｄｏｎ；ｈｅｅａｔｓｎｏｆｉｓｈａｎｄｐｌａｙｓａｎｄｇａｍｅ．”时，学生常常会把它翻译成：“约翰是可靠的，他既不吃鱼也不玩游戏。”意思没有错，并且每个单词都懂得，但就是翻译的让人感觉不知所云。这个句子按照英国人的翻译时：“约翰为人可靠，他即正直又忠诚。”句中的“ｔｏｅａｔｎｏｆｉｓｈ”实际上是英国的一个典故，代表的是忠诚的意思。所以，在实践学习中培养跨文化意识是多么的重要。 （二）增强英语学习的趣味性，使英语学习缤纷多彩 对于英语的学习不能只停留在对英语的语法学习、语音学习、语法结构上，那样会使英语学习变得枯燥乏味，慢慢地会使学生对英语的学习失去兴趣。所以，应该在教育中加强跨文化教育。例如，讲牛津译林版Ｕｎｉｔ４时，除了给学生介绍这部分的英语组成，还可以给学生讲讲方格裙、伦敦概况、英国的国旗组成等知识的渊源。这样有趣的跨文化教育可以增强学生学习的积极性，使英语课堂缤纷多彩。 （三）社会发展对人才要求的需要 ２００３年教育部颁布的《普通高中英语课程标准》中对培养跨文化意识的重视，反映了社会发展对于人才英语教育的素质要求正在提高。随着经济的发展和文化交流的频繁，使社会全球化成为一种必然的发展趋势。这就需要人们加强英语知识学习的同时也必须掌握异国文化习俗。在英语教学的初级阶段，重视跨
如何走出高中英语文化教学的困境 摘要：英语文化教学是高中英语教学中的一部分，对于培养学生英语语言交际能力具有重要作用。但是，在长期以来的高中英语教学中，文化教学一直没有得到足够的重视，造成部分学生不了解中西方文化间的差异，导致其对英语的学习没有深入理解，不利于学生英语学习效率的提升。本文就对如何走出高中英语文化教学困境的有效策略进行探究。 关键词：高中英语；文化教学；困境 在英语语言课程中实现文化教学，就是把语言和文化相结合。在高中英语课堂教学中，教师让学生树立文化意识，将英语语言国家文化融入高中英语课堂教学中，从而逐渐实现提高学生跨文化交际的能力。 一、在词汇教学中融入文化教学 英语词汇，是学生英语学习的基础。为了走出高中英语文化教学的困境，教师可以从词汇教学入手。让学生通过学习英语词汇，掌握与该词汇相关的文化内涵。同时可以加深学生对英语词汇的理解，从而提高学生学习英语词汇的效率。 例如，在高中英语教材中，很多英语单词及短语都有
其来源和典故，蕴含着丰富的文化知识。因此，学生对其含义的理解，有助于学生对英语语言国家的文化的认识。如：He can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.这句话蕴含eat no fish和play the game两个短语。从字面上看这两句话非常简单。但是，直译出来意思却相当不明确。第一句直译是：他可以依靠。第二句直译出来是：他不吃鱼但是他玩游戏。学生通过直译很难理解其含义。根据这一情况，教师可以为学生讲解短语相关的文化知识，如eat on fish是曾经英语伊丽莎白女皇时代，耶稣教徒为表示对英政府的忠诚，拒绝罗马天主教徒在星期五吃鱼的习惯，因此eat on fish又表示“忠诚”的意思。而play the game表示“公平对待”“为人正直”的意思，与play pair是同义词。这时学生能很容易理解这句话的意思（他很忠诚且为人正直，值得依靠）。但是，教师如果直接告诉学生这两个短语的意思，学生可能很容易忘记。而教师通过这种为学生讲解相关文化背景知识的方式为学生讲解，学生就很容易理解知识并且记忆深刻。 二、在阅读教学中融入文化教学 阅读中蕴含着大量的英语文化知识，有助于学生通过阅读从文本中获取所需信息。因此，在高中英语文化教学中，教师应注意帮助学生树立文化意识，让学生通过英语阅读获取新的知识，从而提高学生的认知水平与英语理解能力。
高中生必读的12部英文名著 Gone with the Wind《飘》 小说《飘》是美国著名女作家玛格丽特·米歇尔创作的一部具有浪漫主义色彩、反映南北战争题材的小说。主人公斯佳丽身上表现出来的叛逆精神和艰苦创业、自强不息的精神，一直令读者为之倾心。这部经久不息的小说感动了无数的读者。多次被翻拍成电影。电影又名《乱世佳人》。 The Education of Love/Heart《爱的教育》 u=3864095866,489508771&fm=21&gp=0_副本.jpg 《爱的教育》是意大利的儿童文学作品之一，由爱德蒙多·德·亚米契斯编写，其时代设在意大利统一，并包括不少爱国情景。该书于1886年10月18日首次出版，共100篇文章，主要由三部分构成：意大利四年级小学生安利柯的十个月日记；他的父母在他日记本上写
的劝诫启发性的文章；以及十则老师在课堂上宣读的小故事，其中《少年笔耕》、《寻母三千里》等段落尤为知名。 A Journey to the Center of the Earth《地心游记》 u=1034190222,3313957469&fm=21&gp=0_副本.jpg 这部《地底旅行》是法国小说家儒勒·凡尔纳的小说，于1864年出版，被认为是科幻小说的经典之一。《地心历险记》也多次被改编成电影与电视剧，包括2009年上映的3D电影地心冒险。这个故事是从德国著名的地质学家李顿·白洛克博士，想解读一张写在羊皮纸上的密码开始。从这个密码中，博士获悉在冰岛一个火山喷火口的洞穴里，有一条通往藏着千古神秘的地底去的地下道，他就鼓起勇气，带着他的侄子亚克西和向导汉斯，到地底去探险。遭遇了种种危险以后，在九死一生中，他们才从地中海的一个火山岛的喷火口，逃回地面上来。这可说是一个异想天开的冒险故事。 Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》
高中英语教学中文化渗透 浙江省奉化中学吴碧芳 语言是交际的工具，是文化的载体。由于各个国家的历史发展、居住环境和价值观念的不同，其文化也存在着差异。在英语教学中，让学生了解这些文化差异，丰富文化背景知识，对于语言的学习和进行跨文化交际都是十分有必要的。 随着2001年教育部颁布的新英语课程标准增加了“文化意识”一项目标要求以后，近几年的高考试题中所承载的文化信息量明显增加。为此，在日常英语教学中，除了要求学生掌握一定的词汇、语法知识以外，还得加强英语国家的文化教育，只有熟悉英语使用的文化背景，才能真正地理解并运用英语这门语言，达到交际的目的。 一、文化渗透的内容和目标 《英语课程标准》指出，文化主要指英语国家的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范和价值观念等，所以教师要在课内外着重上述文化内容的渗透。《标准》也列出了在高中英语学习阶段要达到的七、八级目标，其中七级为必须达到的目标，八级是为愿意进一步提高英语综合语言运用能力的高中学生设计的目标。以下是七级目标描述： 1、理解英语中的常用成语和俗语极其文化内涵； 2、理解英语交际中的常用典故和传说； 3、了解英语国家主要的文学家、艺术家、科学家、政治家的成就、贡献等。 4、初步了解主要英语国家的政治和经济等方面的情况； 5、了解英语国家中主要大众传播媒体的情况； 6、了解主要英语国家人们与中国人生活方式的异同； 7、了解英语国家人们在行为举止和待人接物等方面与中国人的异同； 8、了解英语国家的主要宗教传统； 9、通过学习英语了解世界文化，培养世界意识； 10、通过中外文化对比加深对中国文化的理解。 二、文化渗透的途径和方法 1、充分挖掘教材，在课堂单元教学中适时地渗透文化因素。 2003年秋季开始推广使用的人教社新SEFC为教师在英语教学中文化的导入构建了一个良好的平台。该教材涉及的话题众多，对文化内涵的覆盖之广是前所未有的，其中包括道德教育、行为规范、风土人情、传统习俗、语言学习、兴趣爱好、文体活动、名人传记、名胜古迹等等。许多课文充满跨文化交际信息。教师可结合课文，更新观念，将文化教学列入教学目标，使文化教学有计划、有阶段、有层次地进行；灵活地在任一个环节: warming up,
高中英语教学论文：高中英语跨文化交际能力 摘要：语言与文化是密不可分的 , 在高中英语教学中要充分挖掘现有教材的文化内涵 , 在课内、课外进行文化的渗透 , 以培养学生的跨文化交际能力。这对提高学生的英语运用能力及综合素质都有着积极的意义。 关键词: 语言 ; 文化 ; 课堂教学 ; 文化渗透 ; 跨文化交际能力 在外语教学中，跨文化交际的重要性越来越受到人们的重视。所谓“跨文化交际”指的是不同文化背景的人之间的交际。外语教学的根本目的就是为了实现跨文化交际，就是为了与不同文化背景的人进行交流。因此，我们必须认识到外语教学是文化教育的重要一环，语言与文化是密不可分的一个整体。 事实上，语言习得与文化也是密不可分的。由 J.Schumann 创立的文化移入模式 （ Acculturation Model ）是现代外语学习的主要理论之一。该理论认为语言学习就是文化移入（ acculturation ）。Schumann 在阐述其文化移入模式时指出：“ Second language acquisition is just one aspect of acculturation and the degree to which a learner acculturates to the target language will control the degree to which he acquires the second language.”(Schumann,1978) （外语习得是文化移入的一个方面，学习者对目标语的文化移入将决定他对该语言的掌握程度）我们有理由相信在文化中学语言，将外语学习和文化学习结合起来是外语学习的有效途径。 新课程标准对文化知识的内容和范围有了明确的归定：“在英语学习的较高阶段，要通过扩大学生接触异国文化的范围，帮助学生拓展视野，使他们提高对中外文化异同的敏感性和鉴别能力，进而提高跨文化交际能力。”以下是课程标准中对八级文化目标的描述： 1.理解英语中常见成语和俗语及其文化内涵; 2.理解英语交际中常见典故和传说; 3.了解英语国家主要的文学家、艺术家、科学家的经历、成就和贡献; 4. 初步了解主要英语国家的政治、经济等方面的情况; 5.了解英语国家中主要大众传播媒体的情况; 6.了解主要英语国家与中国的生活方式的异同; 7.了解英语国家人们在行为举止、待人接物等方面与中国人的异同; 8.了解英语国家主要宗教传统; 9.通过学习了解世界文化,培养世界意识; 10.通过中外文化对比,加深对中国文化的理解。