Romanticism in England
I. Historical Background
II. Romanticism
III. A. poets
1. Escapist romanticists / Lake Poets(湖畔派诗人) (William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey)
2. active romanticists /demonic group/Satanic school (撒旦派) (George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats)
B. essayists (Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt, Thomas De Quincey)
C. novelist (Walter Scott)
I. Historical Background
(1) Industrial Revolution —transformed Britain from agricultural to industrial country, responsible for the change in the pattern of social life and the worsening of social contradictions;
(2) American revolution in 1775—the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, with its emphasis on individual rights;
(3) The French revolution in 1789—introduced the democratic ideals: liberty, equality and fraternity for everybody;
(4)the abolition of slavery in the British colonies;
(5) the introduction of system of national education;
(6)the Factory Acts《工厂法案》by which the employment of children under nine was forbidden by the law.
(7) Lyrical Ballads, 《抒情歌谣集》a collection of poem by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, published in 1798, which marked the start of Romanticism as a literary trend.
II. English Romanticism
1. definition—English Romanticism is generally said to have began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth & Coleridge‘s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill《改革法案》in the Parliament.
English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism.
Romanticists show in their works their profound dissatisfaction with the social reality and their deep hatred for any political tyranny, economic exploitation and any form of oppression, feudal or bourgeois. In the realm of literature, they revolt against reason, rules, regulation, objectivity, common senses, etc. and emphasize the value of feelings, intuition, freedom, nature, subjectivism, individuality, originality, imagination, etc. 2.The features of the Romantic writings:
1) Dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.
2) Their writings filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures.
3) pay attention to spiritual and emotional life of man. Most works are supernatural and full of imagination.
4) interest in the past, the unusual, the unfamiliar, the bizarre
5) strong desire to escape from the reality.
6) concerned much about the influence of nature.
7) Their writings free from any rules, they fight against the tenure of new classicism: order, harmony, balance, reason. They ask for the freedom of expression.
8) A feeling of loneliness & a note of melancholy
8) The glorification of the commonplace--- the aim of good poetry is “to choose incidents and situations from common life”and to use a “selection of language really spoken by men”, and to awaken in the reader “freshness of sensation”in the presentation of “familiar objects”.
9) characterized by 5 “I”s: Imagination, Intuition, Idealism, Inspiration, Individuality.
3. Two schools of Romanticism
A. escapist romanticists, “the Lake Poets”湖畔派, represented by William Wordsworth华兹华斯, Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治and Robert Southey 骚塞.
B. active romanticists, “the Satanic school”撒旦派, with Byron拜伦, Shelly雪莱and Keats济慈as representatives
湖畔派Lake Poets
18～19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。主要成员有华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北部的昆布兰湖区，先后在格拉斯米尔和文德美尔两个湖畔居住，以诗赞美湖光山色，所以有“湖畔派诗人”之称。
在诗歌题材上，他们主张写下层人民的日常生活，强调诗人的内心探索和感情的自然流露；在诗体方面，主张发展民间诗歌的艺术传统，采用民间口语，发挥诗人的想象力。他们的理论和实践结束了英国古典主义诗学的统治，对英国诗歌的改革和发展起了很大作用。但是他们否定诗歌的社会作用，美化中世纪的田园生活，提倡唯心主义、唯灵主义、神秘主义；把“听天由命”看成是人的“天性的永恒部分”；拜伦和雪莱对此进行过激烈的批评。
湖畔派诗人起初都同情法国革命，随着革命的深入，由害怕革命而退却，进而逃避现实，迷恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与寄托。当湖畔派诗人的消极倾向日益明显的时候，青年诗人拜伦、雪莱开始登上文坛，向湖畔派诗人展开论争。拜伦在一八O九年完成的讽刺长诗《英格兰诗人和苏格兰评论家》中，不仅回答了消极浪漫主义者操纵的刊物《爱丁堡评论》对拜伦诗作的攻击，而且还严厉地谴责了湖畔派诗人的消极倾向。由于他们敢于向湖畔派诗人作斗争，因而被英国绅土们斥之为撒旦(恶魔)，所以文学史上称拜伦、雪莱和济慈为“撒旦派”。
一般说，湖畔派诗人代表消极浪漫主义倾向，撒旦派代表积极浪漫主义精神。虽然湖畔派诗人在与古典主义的斗争中有过贡献，在诗歌的艺术上有较深的造诣，但其历史地位远不及撒旦派重要。
III. poets—Lake Poets
1. William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(重点)
Two periods of his literary career
A revolutionist with liberal politics idea and ambiguous religion
A conservative, coming to believe that man’s wild spirit is needed taming by the
church
1.2 major works:
1) Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》
followed by “The Preface to the Lyrical Ballads”—served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.
2) famous short poems：
About nature: “I wondered Lonely as a Cloud”“独自漫游似浮云”，
or “The Daffodils”“咏水仙”
“Intimation of Immortality”“不朽颂”
“Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey”“丁登寺”;
“To the Cuckoo”“致布谷鸟”;
“My Heart Leaps up When I Behold”“我心雀跃”;
“To a Butterfly”“致蝴蝶”“An Evening Walk”“黄昏漫步”
About human life:--sympathy for the poor
Lucy Poems 《露西组诗》“The Solitary Reaper”“孤独的收割者”
“The Old Cumberland Beggar”“康伯兰的老乞丐”
“Michael”“迈克尔”“We are Seven”“我们七个”
3) “The Prelude”“序曲”--Wordsworth’s autobiographical poem in 14 books published after his death, a spiritual record of his mind, showing his own thought and sentiment.
1.3 Comment on Wordsworth
A. The poet of nature
Nature---medium---revelation (启示)
Nature--- entity--- communicating with God, learning more about God, and enjoying the holy and awesome feelings
Nature--- purest, most uncorrupted form, a manifestation of God’s creation power B. Wordsworth’s definition to poetry
Good poetry must speak “the real language of man”and write about the life of common people in an imaginative way.
Good poetry is “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”诗是强烈情感的自然流露。
Poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility”. 诗源于情感，但在平静中回忆。
The objects which excited these emotions were to be ordinary ones.
The style selected for the new poetry was also to be simple.
A poet should give pleasure and reveal universal truth.
Poetry is “the most philosophic of all writing”
1.4 “I wondered Lonely as a Cloud”
The poem contains 4 six-lined stanzas of Iambic tetrameter with the rhyme scheme of ababcc in each stanza.
Theme: eulogy for the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and man
Lucy Poems--
“She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”《她住在人迹罕至的地方》
(1)The rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef
(2) Yes, there are images in this poem: “a half hidden violet”and “a star shining in the sky”.
(3) No. the image of the violet shows that she is so modest, shy and unknown that no one will pay attention to her; the image of the star shining in the sky indicates that in her lover’s eyes, she is like the single star shining brightly and beautifully in the sky.
2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge（了解）
2.1 life
born into a clergyman’s family, a genius.
At 6, read the Bible, Robinson Crusoe and Arabian Nights.
full of fantasy and dreams.
made friends with Charles Lamb, the great essayist of English Romanticism in his Cambridge years.
ran away from the university and enlisted in the army;
2.2 major works:
Demonic Poems: 魔幻诗
The Rime of the Ancient Marine《古舟子咏》
Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》
Christabel 《克里斯塔贝尔》
Conversational poems 对话诗
Frost at Morning《午夜寒霜》
Dejection: An Ode 《沮丧：一首颂歌》
Essays
Biographia Literaria 《文学传记》
Lectures on Shakespeare between 1808 and 1815
2.3 artistic features：
(1) Mysticism神秘主义and demonism魔鬼信仰with strong imagination;
(2) Depiction of unusual and supernatural images.
(3) pay close attention to language of poetry. He maintains that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure “through the medium of beauty”, not to instruct.
3. Robert Southey罗伯特·骚塞(了解)
3.1 One of the “Lake Poets”
Expelled from Westminster School for his outspoken composition against corporal punishment
In Oxford, made acquaintance of Coleridge and Wordsworth, and shared their revolutionary ardor in the 1790s
Radicalism faded at the turn of the century, changed from a revolutionist to a Tory, made Poet Laureate
3.2 major Works
epic—Joan of Arc 《圣女贞德》
Drama–Wat Tyler 《瓦特·泰勒》
Short poems—The Inchcape Rock《因尺角之石》
The Battle of Blenheim《布莱尼姆之战》
My Days among the Dead Are Passed《我与死者做伴的日子已结束》
Prose—The Life of Nelson《纳尔逊传》
Poetical romances--
Thalaba the Destroyer 《萨拉巴》
Madoc《麦道克》
The Curse of Kehama《克哈马的诅咒》
Roderick, the Last of the Goths 《罗德里克，最后的高斯人》
the Satanic school—1. George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)
“Forward! Forward! Follow me!”
1.1 life
Born in an aristocratic family
Became Lord Byron after inheriting the title and estate of his grand-uncle
a radical supporter of worker’s movement.
In 1811, took seat in the House of Lords(贵族院/上议院). He made vehement speeches to attack English government’s policy for the Luddites (workers who destroy machinery).
Byron left England for ever in 1816.
He first visited Switzerland, where he made acquaintance with Shelley.
Then he moved to Italy, where he finished Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》and wrote his masterpiece Don Juan《唐璜》.
Upon hearing the news of the Greek revolt against the Turks, Byron plunged himself into the struggle. The Greeks made him commander in chief (总司令) of their forces in 1824. Due to months’hard work under bad weather, he fell ill and died. April 19, 1824, Byron died with “Forward! Forward! Follow me!”The Greek people mourned over his premature death.
Byron was regarded as the “satanic poet”by the English government when he died. It was not until 1969 that a white marble memorial to Byron was erected in Westminster Abbey.
Nowadays his name is put in the Poets’Corner.
1.2 major works:
(1). Hours of Idleness 《闲散的时刻》--his first collection of poems composed in college dealing with childish recollections and early friendship, but was mercilessly criticized by Edinburgh Review, a blow to the young man, but didn’t discourage him;
(2). English Bards and Scotch Reviewers《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家》--a satirical poem against Edinburgh Review, in which Wordsworth, Southey and some other celebrities of the day were satirized;
(3) Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》
an autobiographical narrative poem written in Spenserian stanzas. It tells the travels and the reflections of a pilgrim, Childe Harold, who is tired of the empty life of pleasure and is now seeking spiritual rebirth.
(4) Don Juan《唐·璜》
Byron’s masterpiece, an epic satire in ottava rima(八行体) , A stanza of poem consisting of 8 lines in iambic pentameter rhyming abababcc. 16,000 lines long in 16 cantos.
唐璜》是拜伦后期最重要的一部长诗。唐璜原是一名西班牙家传户晓的一名传说
人物，他并不是一个英雄，相反他却是一个因为诱骗了某贵族少妇而被驱逐并到处流亡的青年无赖式的人物。但在拜伦的笔下得以重新塑造，成为一个“极美貌、骄傲、大胆而又运气好的人”。虽然他屡次身陷险境，但又每次都能从死神的身边安全逃开；虽然他经受过无数与情人生离死别的痛苦煎熬，但总有新的爱情给他带来新的幸福。他热情冲动、敏感正直，在遭遇饥饿的恐怖和沉船的厄运后，遇见了美丽的希腊少女海蒂。正陶醉于爱情和大自然时，一个游吟诗人的吟唱将唐璜带到了残酷的现实。这块如海蒂一般美丽的土地正饱受着土耳其的侵扰，并面临着即将灭亡的噩运。这段吟唱带给唐璜以巨大的震撼，诗人拜伦对这一切当然也感同身受。因为种种原因，作为希腊异族人的拜伦在他后来的生命岁月里选择了与希腊人民站在一起、并共同抵御外辱。而这段在《唐璜》中并不太起眼的第三章中的一节就在诗内和诗外的世界里也因此具有了特殊的意义
1.3 Contribution:chief contribution -- “Byronic hero”(拜伦式英雄)
then further developed in later works such as the Oriented Tales《东方故事集》，Manfred, 《曼弗雷德》and Dan Juan in different guises.
2.Percy Bysshe Shelley （雪莱）(1792-1822)
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
2.1 life
born in Sussex; father a conservative narrow-minded country gentleman; though gentle by nature, he could not stand any injustice
In 1811, expelled from Oxford for an anti-religion pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必然》
at 19, alone in London, homeless. married a 16-year-old schoolgirl Harriet
in 1812, went to Ireland, Address to the Irish People 《告爱尔兰人民书》
in 1813, back in England wrote Queen Mab《麦布女王》
in 1814, broke with Harriet
in 1816, married Mary Godwin, daughter of radical philosopher Godwin
in 1818, Shelley’s happy marriage was broken by the sudden death of Harriet who jumped into a river.
in 1816 met Byron
In 1818 The Revolt of Islam 《伊斯兰的反叛》
in 1819, Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》，Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》Masque of Anarchy 《专制魔王的化妆旅行》,The Cenci 《钦契》A Defense of Poetry《诗辩》
In 1820, To a Skylark 《致云雀》
in 1822. July 8th, a sudden tempest struck his boat, drowned. Inscription on his tombstone: “P. B. Shelley. COR CORDIUM”= the heart of hearts 众心之心
他的一切并没有消逝只是经历过海的变异已变得丰富而且神奇
2.2 major works
A . “Queen Mab”1813 《麦布女王》
A revolutionary poem condemning tyranny and exploitation and the unjust war waged by the rich to plunder wealth
B. “The Revolt of Islam”1818 《伊斯兰的反叛》a revolutionary epic
C. “Prometheus Unbound”《解放了的普罗米修斯》1820
lyrical drama in 4 acts.
Greek myth--Prometheus is reconciled to Zeus.
But Shelley reinterpreted it. Prometheus is supported by public.
D. Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》(重点)
best of Shelley’s lyrics
Expression of poet’s envy of the boundless freedom of the west wind
Melancholy in tune
But optimistic and resolute in theme
Poet’s conviction --- the good will certainly defeat the evil
frequently quoted epigram: “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”Selective reading: 《西风颂》
(1) Form:
The poem is divided into 5 parts. Each part consists of four stanzas of terza rima and one couplet lines, rhymed aba bcb cdc ded ee
(3) Theme:
Revolutionary spirit.
Wish to destroy the old and build up a new.
(4) In what way is the west wind both a destroyer and a preserver? (南京大学07) The west wind is considered the “destroyer”for driving the last signs of life from the trees; it is considered the “preserver”for scattering the seeds which come to life in the spring.
Definition:
terza rima(三行体)—verse form consisting of stanzas of three lines (tercets); the first and third lines rhyming with one another and the second rhyming with the first and third of the following tercet.
《西风颂》采用象征手法《西风歌》不是风景诗，而是政治抒情诗，虽然没有一句直接描写革命，但整首诗都是在反映革命。五个小节格律完整，可以独立成篇。从内容来看，它们又熔为一体，贯穿着一个中心思想。第一节描写西风扫除林中残叶，吹送生命的种籽。(大地)第二节描写西风搅动天上的浓云密雾，呼唤着暴雨雷电的到来。（天空）第三节描写西风掀起大海的汹涌波涛，摧毁海底花树。（海上）三节诗三个意境，诗人幻想的翅膀飞翔在树林、天空和大海之间，飞翔在现实和理想之间，形象鲜明，想象丰富，但中心思想只有一个，就是歌唱西风扫除腐朽、鼓舞新生的强大威力。从第四节开始，由写景转向抒情，由描写西风的气势转向直抒诗人的胸臆，抒发诗人对西风的热爱和向往，达到情景交融的境界，而中心思想仍然是歌唱西风。因此，结构严谨，层次清晰，主题集中，是《西风颂》一个突出的艺术特点。
Jane Austin 1775 –1817 )Becoming a woman. Becoming a legend
English writer, who first gave the novel its modern character through the treatment of everyday life.
About her life
Born: on 16 December, 1775 at the rectory in the village of Steventon, in England Family : the seventh of eight children (six brothers and a sister)
Education: mainly at home by her father
Hobbies: reading,dancing,writing
Marriage: never
At the age of 14 :wrote her first novel ---Love and Freindship and then A History of England
In her early twenties :wrote the novels that were later to be re-worked and published The next four years : moved to Bath in 1801 firstly,and then moved to Southampton in 1805(after her father’s dead), wrote little in Bath and nothing at all in Southampton In 1809-1816: revised Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice and published them ( in 1811 and 1813) and then embarked on(着手) a period of intense productivity.
Mansfield Park came out in 1814, followed by Emma in 1815 and completed Persuasion (which was published together with Northanger Abbey in 1818.)
In 1816,she started Sanditon, but illness prevented its completion.
(None of her books published in her life-time had her name on them—they were described as being written “By a lady”)
sense and sensibility 1811 《理智与情感》
Pride and Prejudice 1813 《傲慢与偏见》
Mansfield Park 1814 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》
Emma 1815 《爱玛》
Sanditon (unfinished) 1816 《桑底顿》
Northanger Abbey 1818 《诺桑觉寺》
Persuasion 1818 《劝导》
Writing style
Austin focused on the life of middle-class(中产阶级) with humor and understanding. She depicted(描绘) minor landed gentry(贵族们), country clergymen(牧师) and their families, in which marriage mainly determined women‘s social status. Most important for her were those little matters. Although Austen restricted(限制) to family matters, and she passed the historical events of the Napoleonic wars(拿破仑战争1803-1805), her wit(才智) and observant narrative(叙述) touch has been inexhaustible(无穷无尽的) delight to readers.
Walter Scott(1771—1832 )瓦尔特·司各特
1.The father of the historical novel
2. Scottish Novelist and Poet
3. His language is difficult with Scottish dialect.
I. Life Story born in Edinburgh
Grandmother(legends the old Border feuds)
abandon the law()The Lay of the Last Minstrel《最末一个行吟诗人》translation from
the German dramas and poems
Scott’s Historical Novels
founder and great master of the historical novel
from the Middle Ages to the 18th century
subjects: history of Scotland, English history, history of European countries. history of Scotland,
Waverley 《威弗利》Guy Mannering 《盖曼纳合》
Old Morality 《清教徒》Rob Roy《罗布·罗伊》, the best of the group
5.The Heart of Midlothian《弥德洛西恩的心》,
Of the European countries
1.Quentin Durward 《昆丁·达沃德》,
the best-known novel on French history.
2. Talisman 《惊军英雄记》
3. Count Robert of Paris《巴黎的罗伯特伯爵》
Of the English history
1. Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》, Norman Conquest the best of the group
2. Kenilworth, 《肯纳尔沃思堡》during the Tudor dynasty
3. The Fortunes of Nigel, 《尼格尔的家产》Stuart rule
4. Woodstock 《皇家猎宫》The English Revolution
5. Peveril of the Peak 《贝弗利尔·皮克》the Restoration
西方音乐史论文 一个充满神奇音乐的时代浪漫主义时期音乐特点
目录 浪漫主义时期音乐特点简述 (2) 浪漫主义与古典主义音乐的不同 (2) 浪漫主义时期的主要代表人物 (3) 浪漫主义音乐特点总结 (3)
浪漫主义时期音乐特点 关于音乐，人们一直都在探讨它的奥秘和美妙，当第一次听到《小夜曲》，便被其中的婉转、悠扬与空灵所吸引，它源于西方浪漫主义时期——一个充满神奇音乐的时代。浪漫主义乐派是继维也纳古典乐派后出现的一个新的流派，浪漫主义产生于法国大革命以后的社会的和政治的动乱之中，它支配着十九世纪的艺术。这个时期艺术家的创作上则表现为对主观感情的崇尚，对自然的热爱和对未来的幻想。艺术表现形式也较以前有了新的变化，出现了浪漫主义思潮与风格的形成与发展。 浪漫主义时期音乐特点简述 浪漫主义音乐善于表现个人的感情和幻想，尤其强调个人主义的体验。他们热衷于反映内心最强烈情感的爱情主题；倾心于带自传性的，不满现状的忧郁，孤独者的精神。在描绘自然景色及现实形象时，也更强调主观色彩的印记。作曲家不同程度地倾心于标题音乐，其构思常常以文学、诗歌、戏剧、绘画、特性舞蹈等其他姊妹艺术的内容为基础，甚至为强调表现意图而加添明确的标题。所采用的形式载体也为了与标题性内容相符而突破传统的模式，创造出许多综合性或形式灵活的体裁。 同时，浪漫主义音乐有着对本民族历史文化及民间音乐的强烈兴趣。这反映了19 世纪欧洲民族意识的觉醒。表现在一些长期倍受欺凌的国家和民族（如波兰、捷克、匈牙利）等国家的“民族乐派”先后成立。和这些国家的民族解放运动紧密呼应。在音乐创作的题材方面，盛行采用民间歌谣及民间故事为主题。在追求更加个性化、情感化表现技巧的过程中，诸多民族民间音乐的色彩影响到旋律特征、调式和声与节奏节拍的独特处理。 浪漫主义与古典主义音乐的不同 浪漫主义音乐与古典主义音乐所不同的是，它承袭古典乐派作曲家的传统，在此基础上也有了新的探索。如强调音乐要与诗歌、戏剧、绘画等音乐以外的其他艺术相结合，提倡一种综合艺术；提倡标题音乐；强调个人主观感觉的表现，作品常常带有自传的色彩；作品富于幻想性，描写大自然的作品很多，因为大自然很平静，没有矛盾，是理想的境界；重视戏剧，研究民族、民间的音乐文学，从中吸取营养，作品具有民族特色。 在艺术形式和表现手法上，是继承古典乐派，但内容上却有很大的差异，夸张的手法也使用的特别多。在音乐形式上，它突破了古典音乐均衡完整的形式结构的限制，有更大的自由性。单乐章题材的器乐曲繁多，主要是器乐小品，如即兴曲、夜曲、练习曲、叙事曲、幻想曲、前奏曲、无词曲以及各种舞曲——玛祖卡、圆舞曲、波尔卡等。在众多的器乐小品中，钢琴小品居多。声乐的作品中出现了大量的艺术歌曲，并将诸多的声乐小品串联起来形成套曲，如舒伯特《美丽的磨坊女》、《冬之旅》等，就是浪漫主义音乐派创新的艺术题材。和声是表现浪漫主义色彩的重要工具，不谐和音的扩大和自由使用，7和弦和9和弦以及半音法和转调在乐曲里的经常出现，扩大了和声范围及表现功，增强了和声的色彩。作曲家创立了
浅谈浪漫主义时期的建筑与音乐【摘要】本文主要阐述了浪漫主义时期建筑和音乐的艺术特色，文化背 景，思想根源及其和相互影响 关键字：起源，发展，艺术，联系 一、浪漫主义的由来及其思想文化 浪漫主义（英语romantic）一词源出南欧一些古罗马省府的语言和文学。这些地区的不同方言原系拉丁语和当地方言混杂而成，后来发展成罗曼系语言（the Romance languages）。浪漫主义作为欧洲文学中的一种文艺思潮，产生于十八世纪末到十九世纪初的资产阶级革命和民族解放运动高涨的年代。它在政治上反对封建专制，在艺术上与古典主义相对立，属于资本主义上升时期的一种意识形态。 法国著名浪漫主义女作家乔治·桑曾对批判现实主义大师巴尔扎克说：“你既有能力而也愿意描绘人类如你所眼见的。好的！反之，我，总觉得必要按照我希望于人类的，按照我相信人类所应当有的来描绘它。”乔治·桑的这段话表明她在创作上所遵循的是与现实主义不同的创作方法，这就是浪漫主义。浪漫主义的基本特征是理想主义，就是按照作家认为生活应当有的样式来反映生活，因而总是理想地描写对象或者描写理想化的对象。 浪漫主义由于理想性质的不同，分为积极浪漫主义和消极浪漫主义两种。积极浪漫主义的理想，是与社会发展的趋向，与人民群众的愿望和要求相一致的，因而能够激励人们改造现实，增强人们的斗争意志。高尔基说：应用浪漫主义的方法，可以美化人性，克服兽性，提高人的自尊心。屈原的《离骚》，李白的诗歌，吴承恩的《西游记》，郭沫若的《女神》，就是我国这类浪漫主义的代表作。消极浪漫主义的理想，反映的是没落阶级对现实变革与社会进步的敌视。消极浪漫主义作家总是美化和怀恋已经消逝了的社会生活与制度，妄想历史能够按照他们的愿望倒退，因而思想悲观，情绪悲哀，作品内容表现为怀旧，逃避现实，或者陷入神秘主义。在艺术上则是格调低沉，色彩灰暗，往往蒙上一层迷离恍惚、虚无缥缈的纱幕。十九世纪英国的湖畔派诗人的作品就属于这一类。 浪漫主义作为欧洲文学中的一种文艺思潮，产生于十八世纪末到十九世纪初的资产阶级革命和民族解放运动高涨的年代。它在政治上反对封建专制，在艺术上与古典主义相对立，属于资本主义上升时期的一种意识形态。 浪漫主义思潮的兴盛衰落，是由各国历史条件的特点所决定的。作为一种成型的文艺思潮，它首先产生在德国。由于当时德国容克贵族势力猖獗，资产阶级软弱无力，因而消极浪漫主义得势，积极浪漫主义发展迟缓。只有海涅登上文坛之后，积极浪漫主义在德国才有所起色。 法国的浪漫主义思潮，犹如大海的波涛，气势磅礴，蔚为壮观，来势迅猛，激烈异常。它的产生与发展是与封建贵族的复辟和资产阶级的反复辟斗争分不开的。浪漫主义首先从古典主义设置的种种障碍中冲杀出来，历经短兵相接的搏斗，一举获胜。继而在漫浪主义内部角返相争，积极浪漫主义者组织了包括批判现实主义作家在内的广泛的统一战线，打败了消极浪漫主义。在十九世纪二十年代以前，消极浪漫主义称王称霸，二十年代末到三十年代初，由于资产阶级在政治上的胜利，积极浪漫主义骤然兴起．并取得了主导的地位。 在俄国，浪漫主义的发展是较迟的。它在十九世纪初期才形成为一种流派。其中积极浪漫主义与俄国十二月党人运动紧密联系在一起，在贵族革命中起过显著的进步作用。代表作家
英国浪漫主义诗人 威廉·布莱克（William Blake，1757---1827），英国第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人、版画家。主要诗作有诗集《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》等。早期作品简洁明快，中后期作品趋向玄妙晦涩，充满神秘色彩。 威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth,1770-1850）与柯尔律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞（Robert Southey）同被称为“湖畔派”诗人（Lake Poets）。他们也是英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义作家。他们喜爱大自然，描写宗法制农村生活，厌恶资本主义的城市文明和冷酷的金钱关系，他们远离城市，隐居在昆布兰湖区和格拉斯米尔湖区，由此得名“湖畔派”。华兹华斯的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》《丁登寺旁》《序曲》《革命与独立》《不朽颂》《远足》。 塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（1772年10月21日－1834年7月25日），英国诗人、文评家，英国浪漫主义文学的奠基人之一。以〈古舟子咏〉(亦可称作〈古舟子之歌〉)(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)一诗成为名家，其文评集《文学传记》(Biographia Literaria)以博大精深见称，书中对想像(imagination)与幻想(fancy)的区别尤其著名。一生作诗不缀，但中年时自称弃诗从哲，精研以康德、谢林为首的德国唯心论。 罗伯特·骚塞（1774—1843）是“湖畔派”三诗人中才气较差的一位。年青时代思想激进，饱读伏尔泰、卢梭的著作，在威斯敏斯特学校学习时曾因撰文反对校方体罚学生而被开除学籍。进牛津大学后，他更醉心法国大革命，写史诗《圣女贞德》歌颂革命，后来还与柯尔律治计划在美洲的森林里建立乌托邦社会。但中年后骚塞的政治态度却变得十分保守，还热衷于趋附权贵，成了统治者的御用文人，并因此获得“桂冠诗人”的称号。1821年他以桂冠诗人身份作颂诗《审判的幻景》颂扬去世不久的英王乔治三世，攻击拜伦、雪莱等进步诗人，称他们是“恶魔派”（撒旦派）。拜伦作同名讽刺长诗一首，对乔治三世和骚塞作了尽情的揶揄奚落。 乔治·戈登·拜伦（1788—1824），是英国19世纪初期伟大的浪漫主义诗人。其代表作品有《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》、《唐璜》等。在他的诗歌里塑造了一批“拜伦式英雄”。拜伦不仅是一位伟大的诗人，还是一个为理想战斗一生的勇士；他积极而勇敢地投身革命，参加了希腊民族解放运动，并成为领导人之一。拜伦是多产诗人。拜伦著名的诗还有《当初我们两分别》《给一位淑女》《雅典的女郎》《希腊战歌》《她走在美丽的光彩里》《我见过你哭》《我给你的项链》《写给奥古斯塔》《普罗米修斯》《锡雍的囚徒》《给托马斯·穆尔》
思想特征 1、偏重于表现主观理想，抒发强烈的个人感情。浪漫主义对法国大革命后的现实极为不满，往往把非资本主义的生活加以理想化；浪漫主义作家深感古典主义所宣扬的理性对文艺创作是一种枷锁，于是强调创作的绝对自由，反对古典主义的清规戒律，要求突破文学描绘现实的范围，把情感和想象提到首要地位。他们特别重视爱情题材，对人的梦境也进行了大量的描写。 2、描写自然风光，歌颂大自然。由于厌恶资本主义物质文明，反感庸俗丑恶的现实，对工业化的恐惧和憎恶便成为浪漫主义诗人共有的特点，而雄伟瑰丽的大自然和远方奇异的情景，则成为浪漫主义作家寄托自由理想之所在。在他们的笔下，大自然的美和崇高往往同城市生活的丑恶鄙俗形成强烈的对比，一些非凡的人物往往出没在大自然中间或奇异的和具有异国情调的环境里。他们标举卢梭的“回归自然”的主张，把自然看作一种神秘力量或某种精神境界的象征。浪漫主义作家不仅歌吟本国自然之美，而且乐于描绘异国风光，如美洲的丛林和大草原，地中海沿岸各国，少数民族的生活风俗，哥特式的建筑，古代的废墟等等。 3、酷爱描写中世纪和以往的历史。从司各特开始，至雨果、大仲马等浪漫派小说家，许多以历史题材为描写对象。他们的描写不重在反映历史真实，而在表现自我的想象，往往只是撷取历史的一个小插曲，这个小插曲在史书上语焉不详，可以任凭作者自由驰骋。有的浪漫主义者美化了中世纪封建宗法制度，把中世纪当作“黄金时代”以与资本主义来对立。 4、重视民间文学，尤其是中世纪的民间文学。在德国和英国，浪漫主义都是从搜集中世纪民间文学开始的，为此还提出“回到中世纪”的口号。这是因为中世纪的民间文学不受古典主义的清规戒律的束缚，其想象丰富，情感真挚，表达自由，语言通俗。 艺术特色 1、浪漫主义文学对各种艺术形式进行了卓有成效的探索，而成就最突出的在于诗歌，其中特别引人注目的是诗体长篇小说的创造。诗体长篇小说是在诗剧的基础上发展起来的，它视野宽广，扩大了诗歌反映现实的范围。 2、浪漫主义文学惯用对比、夸张和想象，用词也倾向于华丽一路。浪漫派寻求强烈的艺术效果，追求异乎寻常的情节，描写异乎寻常的事件，刻画异乎寻常的性格，塑造出超凡、孤独的叛逆形象，这些都离不开对比、夸张和想象的手法。 3、忧郁感伤的情调为浪漫派作家所爱好。忧郁是浪漫主义者与周围现实不相协调而产生的精神状态，既有贵族的怀旧式的忧郁，也有资产阶级不满现实的忧郁，“世纪病”即是忧郁病，勒内乃其典型。
浪漫主义艺术风格特征 在整体上而言，浪漫主义运动是由欧洲在18世纪晚期至19世纪初期出现的许多艺术家、诗人、作家、音乐家、以及政治家、哲学家等各种人物所组成。浪漫主义是文艺的基本创作方法之一，与现实主义同为文学艺术上的两大主要思潮。作为创作方法，浪漫主义在反映客观现实上侧重从主观内心世界出发，抒发对理想世界的热烈追求，常用热情奔放的语言、瑰丽的想象、幻想或复古等手段超越现实的夸张手法来塑造形象。浪漫主义宗旨与“理性”相对立，主要特征注重个人感情的表达，形式较少拘束且自由奔放。 浪漫主义的思想特征：一、偏重于表现主观理想，抒发强烈的个人感情。二、描写自然风光，歌颂大自然。三、酷爱描写中世纪和以往的历史。四、重视民间文学，尤其是中世纪的民间文学。 浪漫主义的艺术特征：一、浪漫主义文学对各种艺术形式进行了卓有成效的探索，而成就最突出的在于诗歌，其中特别引人注目的是诗体长篇小说的创造。二、浪漫主义文学惯用对比、夸张和想象，用词也倾向于华丽一路。三、忧郁感伤的情调为浪漫派作家所爱好。 浪漫主义画派派摆脱了当时学院派和古典主义的羁绊，偏重于发挥艺术家自己的想象和创造，创作题材取自现实生活，中世纪传说和文学名著（如莎士比亚、但丁、歌德、拜伦的作品）等，有一定的进步性。浪漫主义音乐的一些成分早在18世纪音乐里便已出现，狂飙突进运动中展现出的强烈精神和情绪成为了哥德小说的先驱，而法国大革命时期也出现了一些带有血腥而激情风格的歌剧，浪漫主义音乐便
是在这时期开始显现出其独特的风格。 在音乐方面，浪漫主义作曲家强烈地表现出自己的癖好，这与受形式支配的古典主义格格不入。古典主义音乐象线条一样鲜明；而浪漫主义音乐则偏重于色彩和感情，并含有许多主观、空想的因素。在视觉艺术和文学上，“浪漫主义”代表的通常是从18世纪晚期至19世纪的期间。浪漫主义文学里经常可以发现的特色在于对于过去历史的批判、强调妇女和儿童、对于自然的尊重。除此之外，一些浪漫文学的作家例如纳撒尼尔·霍桑，还将他们的作品根基于超自然/神秘学和人类心理学的基础上，他们都对此深深着迷。
William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 –23 April 1850 was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth's masterpiece is generally considered to be The Prelude, a semi autobiographical poem of his early years which the poet revised and expanded a number of times. The work was posthumously titled and published, prior to which it was generally known as the poem "to Coleridge". Wordsworth was England's Poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three maen bec ame known as“Lake Poets”.骚塞,柯勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为“湖畔诗人”。 Wordsworth was a defining member of the English Romantic Movement. 华兹华斯是英国浪漫主义诗歌的代表人物之一。 Like other Romantics, Wordsworth’s personality and poetry were deeply influenced by his love of nature, especially by the sights and scenes of the Lake Country, in which he spent most of his mature life. 对自然的热爱以及他大部分人生所度过的地方--湖区--的风光景色都对他的性格和作品有着深远的影响。 A profoundly earnest and sincere thinker, he displayed a high seriousness tempered with tenderness and a love of simplicity. 他是一位真挚深刻的思想者,作品在严谨中充满纯真质朴与敏感。 I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我孤独地漫游,像一朵云 William Wordsworth I wandered lonely as a cloud 我孤独地漫游,像一朵云
On Major Poets and Masterpieces of English Romantic Period ChapterI:the background of the rise of English Romantic Period The French Revolution of 1789 (French Revolution) brought hope to the future of human,and it impacted on British Society ,too. The British Industrial Revolution not only created wealth, but also intensifyied the contradiction between labor and capital. The transformation of the social structure and changes in the relationship between people and the traditions, man and nature promoted intellectual differentiation. Then, a group of better educated people felt confused about the society and they were at a loss what to do .In this context, the British Romantic literature rose.It originated in the end of the eighteenth century and became prosperous in the first half of the nineteenth century. ChapterII:the classification of poet in English romantic period 2.1 the pioneer of English romantic literature The pioneer of romantic literature is poet Robert Burns who lived in late eighteenth century and William Blake. Burns draw nourishment from the folk songs in Scotland, ("Poems, chiefly in Scottish dialcet") is his masterpiece, specializing in Lyric and satire ; Blake's "songs of innocence" and "songs of experience" ,which describe the ideal society order,are creative and fresh,full of originality. 2.2 the two schools of British Romantic literature Two opposing schools were formed in the formation of the romanticism.They are active romanticism and passive romanticism. Active romanticism is a positive trend of progress.Active romantic poets dare to face up to reality, criticize the social darkness and lead people to look ahead.Passive r omanticism is a reactionary countercurrent negative trend, it takes a negative attitude to escape, against the status quo, cling to the past and leads people to look back. 2.2.1 the representatives of Active Romanticism The emerged poets put forward the British Romantic literature to a climax.The representative poets are Byron, Shelley and Keats,they are active romanticist.Unlike the lake poets, they put more fighting consciousness and politic trends in his works. Shelley (1792 - 1822) is the most concentrated romantic poet and a British Utopian.In
浪漫主义文学作品有什么特点？除了夸张手法的运用、想象奇特之外还有什么？ 如果说浪漫主义文学最基本的特点是以充满激情的夸张方式来表现理想与愿望的话，那么，可以说，在世界各民族最初的文学活动中，就已经存在这种形态的文学了。例如各个民族都有的远古神话、中国先秦文学中的"楚辞"，都有这样的特点。表现理想和幻想本是促成文学发生的重要原因之一，也是文学构成的基本要素之一，从这个意义上说，浪漫精神是文学的一个重要源头，文学从一开始就和浪漫主义有着极其密切的关系。 不过，明确地把浪漫主义作为一种文学精神来倡导、来鼓吹，以至于形成了一个波澜壮阔文学运动和文学思潮，在西方则始于18世纪末到19世纪30、40年代这个时期。其最先形成于德国，而后波及到英国、法国和俄国，在短短的十多年里，迅速发展成为一场风靡欧洲的文学运动，相继产生了许多有影响的作家和作品。文学理论中所说的浪漫主义主要指的就是这个时期的浪漫主义，浪漫主义作为一种文学类型，也是在这个时期形成的。 浪漫主义文学的鼎盛时代是法国资产阶级大革命时期，即18世纪90年代到19世纪30年代。浪漫主义所以会在这个时期获得蓬勃发展，是因为资产阶级革命的需要。1798年法国资产阶级推翻了封建专制政权，建立了资产阶级统治。这个伟大的历史事件震撼了整个世界，在欧洲掀起了此起彼伏的资产阶级民主革命运动和民族解放运动。于是，表现理想、推崇英雄、充满激情的浪漫主义文学也就必然地成为这个时代的文学主流。 从文学本身的发展来看，浪漫主义文学思潮的盛行是反对古典主义文学的产物。所以在西方文学批评史上，人们常常以古典/浪漫的对立模式来描述它们之间的关系，以此说明浪漫主义文学思潮和运动产生的原因。韦勒克指出，"浪漫主义的意思简直包括一切不是按照古典传统写出的诗歌。"并指出这是一种"根据'古典的'与'浪漫的'之间的对立说法而建立的类型论。"这种对立或区别具体的含义是"指那种与新古典主义诗歌相对立并从中世纪和文艺复兴时期得到启发并以此为榜样的诗歌" 。 从这里可以看出浪漫主义文学类型的基本特点：与"新古典主义对立"，是说浪漫主义力主表现个性与感性，不像古典主义文学那样强调理性以及对社会、国家整体的服从；"从中世纪和文艺复兴得到启发"，是说浪漫主义在题材与主题的表现上富于传奇性、奇特性。这些特点都使浪漫主义文学有了与西方传统文学全然不同的面貌。 不过，即使在西方，浪漫主义文学在不同时代和不同民族那里，也有着不尽相同的特点和面貌，德国的、法国的和英国的浪漫主义不尽一致，早期的和以后的浪漫主义之间也有区别。但是这些民族的、时代的特殊性，并不意味着浪漫主义文学没有统一的特征和性质。正如韦勒克所说： "如果我们考察一下整个大陆上自称为'浪漫主义的'具体文学的特点，我们就会发现全欧都有着同样的关于诗歌及诗的想象的作用与性质的看法，同样的关于自然及其与人的关系的看法，基本上同样的诗体风格，在意象、象征及神话的使用上与18世纪的新古典主义截然不同。" 关于这些共同点，韦勒克总结为："就诗歌观来说是想象，就世界观来说是自然，就诗体风格来说是象征与神话。" 也就是说，浪漫主义文学以强调想象来突出文学的目的在于表现理想和希望，以强调自然来突出文学应偏重于抒发个体的主观感受和情绪，以强调象征与神话来突出文学的隐喻性、表现性和夸张、奇特的艺术表现方式。这些特点，是浪漫主义文学共有的特征。 韦勒克指出浪漫主义的世界观是一种自然观，这个问题需要进一步说明，即自然观的世界观是什么意思。浪漫主义所谓的自然是针对古典主义而言的。他们认为，古典主义对理性的强调实质上是对秩序、规律的强调，其违反了人的自然本性。浪漫主义把一切原始的、质朴无华的和天真无邪的事物视为"自然的"。从这里引出了浪漫/古典之间的一系列对立，如浪漫主义强调感性，古典主义强调理性；浪漫主义强调对大自然的表现，古典主义强调对人类创
Chapter 3 The Romantic Period 1. The Romantic Period: The Romantic period is the period generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It is emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. 2.Social background: a. during this period, England itself had experienced profound economic and social changes. The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one. b. With the British Industrial Revolution coming into its full swing, the capitalist class came to dominate not only the means of production, but also trade and world market. 3.The Romantic Movement: it expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoise. The romantics demontrated a a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. They saw man as an individual in the solitary state. Thus, the Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth and Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men”, and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imamgination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of the poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject mattre. It is in solitude, in communion with the natural universe, that man can exercise this most valuable of faculties. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets and dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules. Poetry: to the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.they would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects. Prose: It’s also a great age of prose. With education greatly developed for the middle-class people, there was a rapid growth in the reading public and an increasing demand for reading materials.Romantics made literary comments on the writers with high standards, which paved the way for the development of a new and valuable type of critical writings. Colerige, Hazlitt, Lamb, and De Quincey were the leading figures in this new development. Novel: the 2 major novelists of the period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott. Gothic novel: a tyoe of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century, was one of the Romantic movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion. With is description of the dark, irritional side of human nature, the Gothic form exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period. 3. Ballads: the most important form of popular literature; flourished during the 15th century; Most written down in 18th century; mostly written in quatrains; Most important is the Robin Hood ballads. 4. Romanticism: it is romanticism is a literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832. Romanticists were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups.
美国文学浪漫主义时期
美国文学浪漫主义时期 浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,是美国文学史上最重要的时期。华盛顿·欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期,所以也称为"美国的文艺复兴。" 美国社会的发展哺育了"一个伟大民族的文学"。年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱,很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期,到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。到十九世纪中叶,美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州,人口从1790年的四百万增至1860年的三千万。在经济上,年轻的美国经历向工业的转化,影响所及不仅仅是城市,而且也包括农村。蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。另外,大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。政治上,民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想,产生了两党制。值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。随着独立的美国政府的成立,美国人民已感到需要有美国文学,表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民,与印第安人的遭遇,边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。这个年轻国家的文学富有想象,已产生了一种文学环境。报刊杂志如雨后春笋,出现了一大批文学读者,形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。 外国的,尤其是英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响。美国作家由于秉承了与英国一样的文化传统,形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。欧文(Irving)、库柏(Cooper),坡(Poe),弗伦诺(Freneau)和布雷恩特(Bryant)一一反古典主义时期的文学样式和文学思潮,开创了较新的小说和诗歌形式。这一时期大多数美国文学作品中,普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素,注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。美国作家特别注意感情的自由表达和人物的心理描写。作品中的主人公富有敏感激动的特质。注重表现个人和普通人是这一时期作品的强烈倾向,几乎成了美国的信仰。富雷诺、布雷思特和库柏等人的作品对客观自然的描写有强烈的兴趣。富雷诺在"帝国的废墟"主题中对过去情景的描写绘声绘色,布雷恩特对北美五大湖区的史前印第安人描述引人入胜,欧文对哈德逊河传说的巧加利用炉火纯青,库柏的长篇历史小说深入细致。总的来说,美国浪漫主义时期的文学上接英国文学传统,下开美国文学之风。 虽然美国文学受到外国文学的影响,但这一时期著名的文学作品表现的却是富有美国色彩的浪漫主义思想。"西部开拓"就是一个说明美国作家表现自己国家的恰好的例子。他们大量描述了美国本土的自然风光:原始的森林、广袤的平原、无际的草原、沧茫的大海、不一而足。这些自然景物成为人们品格的象征,形成了美国文学中离开尘世,心向自然的传统。这些传统在库柏的《皮袜子的故事》(Leather Stocking Tales〉、梭罗的《沃尔顿》(Walden)以及后来马克·吐温的《哈克贝里·芬历险记》(Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn)中都得到了明显的表现。随着美国民族意识的增长,在小说、诗歌中美国人物都越来越明显地操本地方言,作品多表现农民、穷人、儿童以及没有文化的人,还有那些虽然没文化但心地高尚的红种人和白种人。美国清教作为一种文化遗产,对美国人的道德观念产生了很大影响,在美国文学中也留下了明显的印迹。一个明显的表现就是,比起欧洲文学,美国文学的道德倾向十分浓厚。在霍桑(Hawthorne)、梅尔维尔(Melville)以及其他一些小作家的作品中加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。该运动开始于19世纪30年代的新英格兰的先验主义俱乐部。本来,这个超验主义只是对新英格兰人提出来的。它是针对波士顿的唯一神教派的冷淡古板的理性主义而提的。而后来逐渐影响到全国,特别是在高级知识分子和文学界人士当中影响颇大。超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生(Emerson)和梭罗(Henry Davd Thoreau),他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大影响。超验主义"承认人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力,能够超过感官获取知识"。爱默生曾说:"只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的。"超验主义还认为自然是高尚的,个人是神圣的,因此人必须自助。 这一时期涌现了许多作家,著名的有富雷诺(Philip Freneau〉、布雷恩特(William Cullen Bryant)、郎费罗(Henry Words worth longfellow)、娄威尔(James Rassel Lowell)、惠特(John Greenleaf whitter〉、爱伦·坡(Edgar Ellen Poe)、以及惠特曼(Walt Whitman)。惠特曼的《草叶集》(Leaves of Grass)是美国十九世纪最有影响的诗歌。美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性、多样性,有华盛顿·欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说,有爱
Choose one romantic poet and make your comment on one of his/her poem. A Red,Red Rose Robert Burns Robert Burns is an excellent native poet of Scotland. He had written many lyrics praising nature, love, and friendship, such as “A Red, Red Rose”,“My heart’s in the Highland”. And today I will express my comment on his lyric “A Red, Red Rose”. This poem was written in 1794 and published in 1796. It is one of the world famous love poems, and one of Burns’best poems. It is written by a man for his lover. In the last stanza we can see that he is going away somewhere and “fare the weel”. The narrator keeps the poem simple as he does not want to complicate the expression of his feelings, his only desire is to proclaim his love for his partner, like a rose, soft, delicate, beautiful and innocent, in its simplicity, it sums up this man’s feelings for someone he adores. With its simple Scotch language, Burns expresses his love with strong emotions in effective words and haunting rhythm. The language of the poem is quite simple and such Scottish words like “luve”, “las”, “gang”, make it melodious and immortal. So, the poet’s own emotions are expressed with such vividness and simplicity that they appeal directly to the readers’heart. The red rose is a lyric of genius, made out of the common inherited material of folk song. It is an example of something that is very old but which seems startlingly new because it manages to convey deep feeling without qualification or embroidery. The extreme simplicity of the language and the charming rhythmic beat of the verse express better than anything else the poet’s true sentiments toward his beloved. In a word,it is the most popular poem in the world without any doubt, and I love it so much. 专业：英语专业 学号：B12123104 姓名：王利莹