新概念语法精粹
第一章 英语动词时态 (Tenses)
英语时态是英语语法中的第一道难关，攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。
英语各种时态构成表：以play 为例：
现在
play plays is am playing are
has have played has have been playing
过去
played was were playing
had played had been playing 将来
shall will play shall will be playing shall will have played shall will have been playing
过去
将来
should would play should would be playing should would have played should would have been playing
一、一般现在时：
1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
（1）直接加“s ”， works ，takes
（2）以辅音加“y ”结尾，变“y ”为“i ”，再加“es ” carry → carries
（3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh ”结尾的动词加“es ” goes dresses watches brushes
2．功能：
（1）表现在的事实、状态或动作：?. Birds fly.
?. She loves music.
?. Mary's parents get up very early.
（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often ，sometimes ，usually ，always ，every week ，seldom ，occasionally ，frequently 等时间副词连用。
?. I always take a walk after supper.
?. She writes to me very often.
?. Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally.
（3?. The earth moves round the sun.
?. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
?. Two and two makes four.
? 人非圣贤，熟能无过。
（4A ．在由when ，after, before ，as ，as soon as ，although ，because ，if ，even if ，in case ，till ，until ，unless ， so long as ，where ，whatever ，wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。
（黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它！）
例如： ?. I'll tell her when she comes tomorrow.
?. Even if it rains this afternoon, I'll meet you.
?. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. （不错的句型，背下！！）
B
?. The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
?. When does the plane take off?
?. He leaves for that city next week.
?. According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning.
（按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7 点出发。）
测试精编
1. The Browns ________ a nice car and Brown's brother ________ a nice jeep.
A. have / have
B. has / has
C. have / has
D. has / have
2. If their house ________ not like ours, what ________ it look like?
A. is / is
B. is / does
C. does / does
D. does / is
3. - ________ you think he will come? - If it ________ tomorrow, he will not come.
A. Do / rains
B. Are / rains
C. Do / will rain
D. Are / will rain
4. The little child ________ not even know that the moon ________ around the earth.
A. do / move
B. do / moves
C. does / moves
D. did / moved
5. Many a student ________ fond of films, but a good student seldom ________ to the cinema
A. are / goes
B. is / goes
C. are / go
D. is / go
二．现在进行时：is / am / are + 现在分词
1
?. The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea?
?. Don't you think you eat too much? You're putting on weight（体重增加）。
?. The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
2
?. He is taking physics this semester（本学期）。
?. We are preparing for our final examination this week.
3．go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。
?. Look! The bus is coming. 看！车来了！
?. The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
?. Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.
4．与always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶。
?. He is always thinking of others.（他总是想着别人。）
?. The boy is continually making noises.（这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。）
?. The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late.（老师一直在批评她迟到。）
5
（此条戒律请背10遍！！！）
believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），see（看见），hear（听见），know（知道），understand （理解），belong（属于），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得），look（看起来），seem（看上去），show（显示），mind（介意），have（有），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来），require（要求），possess（拥有），care（关心），like（喜欢），hate（讨厌），love（喜爱），detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）
【简单记忆】：
●可怕的是：我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错！
●注意：have a party / think about可以用进行时，因为这里have意为“举行”；think意为“考虑”。
测试精编：
1. How can you ________ If you are not ________ ?
A. listening / hearing
B. hear / listening
C. be listening / heard
D. be hearing / listening to
2.The girl even won't have her lunch before she ________ her homework.
A. will finish
B. is finishing
C. had finished
D. finishes
3. Those who have applied for the post（职位）________ in the office.（此题超前）
A. are being interviewed
B. are interviewing
C. interviewing
D. to be interviewing
4. The old scientist ________ to do more for the country.
A. is wishing
B. has been wishing
C. wishes
D. has been wished
5. If he ________, don't wake him up.
A. still sleeps
B. is still sleeping
C. still has been sleeping
D. will be sleeping still
三．一般过去时。定义动词的过去式：
1
?. We visited the school last spring.
?. I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
?. China was founded in 1949.
2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。（参）
?. She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day.
?. They would not leave until she came back.
?. My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision.
3．一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异：（别以为这很简单，下面的差异你不一定明白。）
●Her brother was a chemist.（已去世）●Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在）
●That's all I had to say.（话已说完）●That's all I have to say.（言之未尽）
●It was so nice to see you.（离别时用）●It is so nice to see you.（见面时用）
●Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是当天下午或晚上）
●Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午）［本句现在完成时，此乃后话！］
测试精编I：（用所给动词的正确时态填空）
1. Yesterday I ________ (think) that you were not in Beijing.
2. Alice usually ________ (sit) in the front of the classroom, but she ________ (sit) at the back this morning.
3. He ________ (tell) the news to us three days ago.
4. He________ (begin) to teach Chinese in 1990.
5. she would not telephone me if she ________ (have) no time.
测试精编II：
1. They ________ the trip until the rain stopped.
A. continued
B. didn't continue
C. hadn't continued
D. would continue
2. The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they ________ of hunger and cold.（without 在这里表条件，你知道吗？）
3. It was not until then that I came to know that the earth ________ around the sun.
A. moved
B. has moved
C. will move
D. moves
4. When all those present（到场者）________ he began his lecture.（重点题）
A. sit
B. set
C. seated
D. were seated
5. If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact I ________ not.
A. have
B. would have
C. had
D. had had
四．过去进行时：were / was + 现在分词。
1
?
?. When I arrived, they were watching TV.
?. They were doing housework this time last week.
2
?. She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
?. I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.
3．过去某时将发生的事。可参考—2（4）
?. They told me that they were leaving for New York.
?. He was going out when I arrived.
测试精编：
1. My brother ________ while he ________ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell / was riding
B. feel / were riding
C. had fallen / rode
D. had fallen / was riding
2. He ________ his leg as he ________ in a football match.
A. broke / played
B. was breaking / was playing
C. broke / was playing
D. was breaking / played
3. -Myfather will be here tomorrow. -I thought that he ________ today.
A. was corning
B. is coming
C. will come
D. comes
4. Jack was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who ________ in.
A. come
B. was coming
C. had been coming
D. had come
5. Michike couldn't come to the telephone when Mr. Smith called her because she ________ in the lab.
A. had been working
B. has been working
C. was working
D. worked
五．现在完成时：have / has + 过去分词
1yet，just，before，recently，lately（最近），ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。
●He hasn't seen her lately.
●I haven't finished the book yet.
2
如：so far（迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），since, for a long time（很长时间），up to present（直到现在），in the past / in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（目前）……
? He has worked here for 15 years.
? I have studied English since I came here.
?The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
?So far, I haven't received a single letter from my brother.
3．某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
黄金要点：
I．常见的非延续动词：die, arrive（到达），join（加入），leave，go, refuse（拒绝），fail（失败），finish，buy，marry，divorce（离婚），awake（醒），buy，borrow，lend ...（背三遍！）
II．这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。
III．但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
●She has gone away for a month.（误）●She has been away for a month （正）
●The man has died for two years.（误）●The man has been dead for two years.（正）
●How long have you bought the book?（误）●How long have you got the book.（正）
4．注意since的用法：
?. They haven't had any troublesince they came here.
?. It has been ten years since we met last time.
?. He has been heresince 1980.
?. He has been heresince ten years ago.
5．几组对比：
He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
She has gone. 她已走了。She is gone. 她缺席了。（or她死了。）
The door has been closed. 门关上了。（动作）The door is closed. 门是关着的。（状态）
测试精编：
1. The prices ________ going up all the time in the past few years.
A. keep
B. kept
C. have kept
D. are keeping
2. For the whole period of two months, there ________ no rain in this area.
A. is
B. will be
C. has been
D. have been
3. Today is Jane's wedding day. She ________ John.
A. have just married with
B. was just married to
C. has just been married to
D. just has been married to
4. No wonder the flower have withered, they ________ any water for ages.
A. hadn't
B. haven't
C. haven't had
D. hadn't had
5. Nowadays computer ________ a wide application with the development of production and science.
A. found
B. has found
C. finds
D. had found
六．现在完成进行时：have / has + been + 现在分词
1（最好将此定义读5遍）
?. I've been waiting for an hour but she hasn't come.
?. He has been running after her for 8 years.（run after: 追求）
2．表某种感情色彩。
?. I've been wanting to see you for so many years.
?. Who's been telling you such nonsense.
释惑要点：现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比：
现在完成时强调“结果”，而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。
?. I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点。）
?. I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）
?. Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）
?. Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。）
测试精编：
1. They ________ us since five o'clock this morning.
A. are helping
B. have been helping
C. have been helped
D. have helped
2. I ________ the book the whole day, yet I haven't finished it.
A. have been reading
B. have read
C. am reading
D. had been reading
3. Please come in. We ________ about your paper.
A. talk
B. had been talking
C. have been talking
D. would have talked
4. Such natural resources as coal and petroleum ________.
A. gradually are exhausted
B. are being gradually exhausted
C. have gradually exhausting
D. have been exhausting gradually
5. It ________ almost every day so far this month.
A. is raining
B. rained
C. rains
D. has been raining
用所给动词正确时态填空。
1. You should go to bed. You ________ (watch) TV for 5 hours.
2. I ________ (write) letters since breakfast.
3. I ________ (write) 3 letters since breakfast.
4. Sorry, but Mr. Smith ________ (leave) for Beijing.
5. I ________ (look) for him everywhere, where can he be?
七．过去完成时：had + 过去分词
1．表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。
●They had got everything ready before I came.
●The play had begunbefore I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2．过去完成时常用于hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than等固定句型结构中。（此乃超级重点句型，意为：“一……就”）
●She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
●No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.（注意no sooner 在句首时句型倒装。）
3．intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（计划）等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。
●I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.
（……原想昨天去看你……）
●They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because the bad weather.
（……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……）
测试精编：
1. -Let's hurry! The president is coming. -Oh, I was afraid that we ________.
A. already miss him
B. had already missed him
2. Your letter came just as I ________ my office.
A. was leaving
B. would leave
C. had left
D. left
3. I ________ my keys, I can't remember where I last sawthem.
A. was losing
B. lost
C. had lost
D. have lost
4. Nobody knew where the teacher ________.
A. has gone
B. would have gone
C. had gone
D. would be gone
5. The sportsmen ________ training for 3 hours when the coach told them to break off for rest.
A. have been
B. are
C. had been
D. were
八．一般将来时：shall / will + 动词原形
1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
●He will graduate from the college next year.
●We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2．将来时的其它结构：（务必背下！）
I. be going to do something. 打算做某事。（美国口语中常读作be gonna）
●I'm going to buy a new coat this fall.
[be going to与will的对比：下列情况须用will ]
●I'll be sixteen years old next year.
●It will be the 20 th of August tomorrow.
●When he comes, I will give him your message.
II．be + to do sth. 表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。
●Am I to take over his work?
●We are to meet at the gate.
III. be about to do sth. 即将做某事。
●The talk is about to begin.
3．重点补充：
be on the point of doing sth.正要做某事
set out to do sth.着手做某事
set about doing sth. 开始做某事
测试精编：
1. - "The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 o'clock." - "But ________ a delay."
A. it will be
B. there'd be
C. there will be
D. there is
2. He'll leave for Paris before you ________ next week.
A. will come back
B. will be back
C. come back
D. came back
3. Our next meeting ________ on 1st December.
A. has been held
B. will hold
C. is to be held
D. is holding
4. Where ________ a will, there is a way.
A. there will have
B. has been there
C. there is
D. there has been
5. It ________ be Wednesday tomorrow.
A. is going to
B. will
C. is about to
D. is to
九．过去将来时：should / would + 动词原形
1．表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。
●He said that they would meet me at the station.
1. On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader ________ on Saturday.
A. is arriving
B. will arrive
C. would be arrived
D. would arrive
2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we________ ready.
A. will be
B. would be
C. were
D. are
3. My aunt ________ to see us, she would be here soon.
A. is corning
B. was coming
C. came
D. had came
4. They would be given a new house if more ________ the next year.
A. will be built
B. would be built
C. are built
D. were built
十．过去完成进行时：had been + 现在分词
表示过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。
●She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
比较：
?. The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy.
?. The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.
测试精编：
1. It ________ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining
B. would be raining
C. had been raining
D. has rained
2. He told us that he ________ there since 1982.
A. has been living
B. had been living
C. would have lived
D. was living
3. He had been learning English for 3 years before he came here and ________ now.
A. is still learning
B. had been learning
C. was still learning
D. has been learning
4. By the end of last week, he ________ in the company for 10 years.
A. had worked
B. had been working
C. will have worked
D. would have worked
5. Not until then did people know that he ________ important military information to the enemy for a long time.
A. sold
B. would sell
C. had sold
D. had been selling
十一．将来进行时：shall / will be + 现在分词
1．表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作：
?. What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
〖比较：〗
?. Tom won't cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired.（说明意图）
?. Tom won't be cutting the grass.（无意图、仅陈述事实）
2．用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。
?. Will you be having supper with us this evening?
3．将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。
?. She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.
?. The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.
十二．过去将来进行时：should / would be + 现在分词
表示从过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。
?. He asked me what I should be doing when he came the next day.
1. Tomorrow, I ________ the book all morning.
A. am reading
B. will be reading
C. will read
D. have read
2. -"Can you attend the meeting tonight?" -"No, ________ the manager about something urgent."
A. I see
B. I'll have seen
C. I'll be seeing
D. I can see
3. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people ________ long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century?
A. will they live
B. they will be living
C. will live
D. living
4. He told us that he ________ visiting Japan by this time next year.
A. will be
B. would be
C. was
D. is
5. It ________ when you wake up tomorrow morning.
A. is snowing
B. will snow
C. will be snowing
D. snows
单项自测题（综合训练）
1. Simple photographic lenses can't ________ sharp, undistorted images over a wide field.
A. to form
B. are formed
C. forming
D. form
2. Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one ________ the most.
A. it influences farmers
B. that influences farmers
C. farmers that it influences
D. why farmers influence it
3. By tracking the eye of a hurricane, forecasters can determine the speed at which ________.
A. is a storm moving
B. a storm is moving
C. is moving a storm
D. a moving storm
4. During the flood of 1927, the Red Cross, ________ out of emergency headquarters in Mississippi, set up temporary shelters for the homeless.
A. operates
B. is operating
C. has operated
D. operating
5. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been ________.
A. the least studied
B. study the least
C. study less and less
D. to study the less
6. During an eclipse of the sun, ________ in the shadow of the Moon.
A. the Earth lies
B. the Earth when lying
C. that the Earth lies
D. the lying Earth
7. The photo periodic response of algae actually depends on the duration of darkness, ________.
A. the light is not on
B. and not on light
C. but is not on the light
D. is not on light
8. The wallflower ________ because its weak stems often grow on walls and along strong cliffs for support.
A. so called is
B. so is called
C. is so called
D. called is so
9. Because of its importance in modern living, ________ in all parts of the world.
A. algebra is studied in schools and colleges
B. studying algebra in schools and colleges
C. and the study of algebra in schools and colleges
D. in schools and colleges are algebra studies
10. Sociologists have long recognized that social tension ________.
A. elements from group living
B. elements of a normal group life
C. living are a group of elements
D. are normal elements of group life
第二章名词（Nouns）
（一）名词变复数：
1．规则名词复数形式：
在单数名词后加“s”day →days week →weeks
2．在以o, s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加“es”。
hero →heroes box →boxes class →classes
bush →bushes watch →watches
3．黄金重点：
I．有些以o结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“s”。
II．以元音字母加o结尾的单词只加“s”。（不认识的单词，请你查词典，懒惰是学英语的唯一大忌。）
教你一招☆如果以O结尾的名词有生命力，则该词汇一般加-es。
hero，tomato，potato，
4．以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为i再加“es”family →families city →cities
5．y前面是元音字母只加“s”key →keys boy →boys play →plays toy →toys
6．以f、fe结尾的名词，变f / fe为v加es。calf →calves knife →knives
?当心：
I．下列名词直接加“s”。（请大声朗读三遍，然后背下。注意读音！）
roof（房顶），reef（暗礁），chief（首领），cliff（悬崖），grief（悲痛），turf（草皮），belief（信仰），gulf （港湾），dwarf（侏儒），safe（保险箱），sheriff（长官），tariff（关税）
II．scarf（头巾），wharf（码头），staff（全体职员），handkerchief（手帕）和hoof（蹄）既可直接加“s”，又可变f为v加es.
（二）不规则名词复数形式：
1. foot →feet mouse →mice goose →geese child →children ox →oxen louse →lice
woman →women man →men
2．单复数同形：
sheep, deer, fish, means, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, works, barracks（兵营）bellows（风箱）kennels （狗窝）
3．一些英语外来词的复数形式：
crisis→crises 危机analysis→analyses 分析oasis→oases 绿洲parenthesis→parentheses 括号
axis→axes 轴心ellipsis→ellipses 日蚀hypothesis→hypotheses 假定
synopsis→synopses 内容提要erratum→errata 勘误误表addendum→addenda 补遗、附录medium→media 媒体（以上单词熟悉即可）
（三）．复合名词复数形式：
1．中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数：bookshelf→bookshelves handful→handfuls
2．man和woman构成的复合名词，二者均变为复数。man servant→men servants
woman teacher→women teachers
3．中间有连字符的合成次，在主体词（中心意义的词）末尾变复数：
sister-in-law→sisters-in-law looker-on→lookers-on editor-in-chief→editors-in-chief
4．下列合成名词在后一个词上变化：
sit-in→sit-ins, grown-up→grown-ups stand-by→stand-bys touch-me-not→touch-me-nots
go-between→go-betweens
（四）．名词所有格
1．在大多数名词末加“'s”the boy's toy men's work
2．以s结尾的复数名词直接加“'”the students' reading room
3．以s结尾的单数名词加“'”Dickens' novels the actress' performance
4．合成名词在最后一个词上加“s”her brother-in-law's piano Somebody else's books. （重要！）
【金牌重点】：除用于有生命的人外，“'s”格还可用于度量衡、地域、天体及一些习语中：
a stone's throw 投石之距离at one's wits end 智穷计尽to one's heart's content 尽情地
by a hair's breadth 千钧一发at a snail's pace 缓慢地
5．双重所有格：
如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词修饰。则要采用双重所有格。
（名词性物主代词）a child of hers the love poems of your sister's
● a portrait of her mother 她母亲的画像（画中人）
● a portrait of her mother's 她母亲拥有的画像中的一幅（不一定是她母亲的画像）
测试精编：
1. Julie went to the ________ to buy a pair of shoes.
A. shoes store
B. shoe's store
C. shoe store
D. shoes' store
2. As a safety precaution, all city cab drivers carry only enough money to make change for a ________ bill.
A. ten-dollar
B. ten-dollars
C. tens-dollar
D. ten-dollar's
3. Recently, he has lost all his ________ at cards.
A. wage and saving
B. wages and saving
C. wage and savings
D. wages and savings
4. I want ________ .
A. a dollar worth candy
B. candy a dollar's worth
C. a dollar's worth of candy
D. a dollar worth's candy
5.The surroundings a child grows up in usually ________ an effect on his development.
A. have
B. had
C. do
D. has
第三章形容词、副词比较级和最高级Comparative degree & Superlative degree:
A．adj / adv + er / est poor→poorer→poorest fast→faster→fastest
B．词尾e + r / st large→larger→largest fine→finer→finest
C．重读闭音节中短元音+ 辅音词尾→双写辅音词尾+ er / est.
big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest
D．辅音+ y→i + er / est dry→drier→driest angry→angrier→angriest
E．多音节形容词及副词：more + adj / adv most + adj / adv
F．不规则变化：
good / well→better→best bad / ill→worse→worst many / much→more→most little→less→least late→later→/ latest late→latter→last far→farther→farthest far→further→furthest
【用法示例】
比较级用于二者相比较，由than构成比较状语从句：
（1）? He looks stronger than I(do).
?The climate of Shanghai is hotter than that of Beijing.
?My Schoolbag is larger than hers.
?The book is much more interesting than that one.
笔记要点：两个相比较的主语必须相对应。
（2）? It is getting colder and colder. ?She is becoming more and more beautiful
.笔记要点：两个形容词比较级由and连在一起，表示“越来越……”
（3）?The older we grow, the poorer our memory will be.
?. The earlier we start, the sooner we'll get there.
笔记要点：这种句型结构表示“越……越……”
（4）?I prefer the cheaper one of the two books. ?. Of the two brothers, he is the cleverer.
三者或三者以上进行比较，“the + 形容词/ 副词est”。
(1) John is the tallest of the three.
He runs fastest in our class.（副词的最高级the可省略）
This is the most difficult book I've read.
(2) He is cleverer than any other boy in the class.（有than时只用比较级）
She is younger than all the other students.
测试精编
1. She is ________ than ________ .
A. busier / us
B. busier / we
C. more busy / us
D. more busy / we
2. Jane is ________ than Betty.
A. less taller
B. less tallest
C. less tall
D. not as tall
3. John's record was not so good as ________ in his team.
A. all the players
B.any player's
C. other players
D. any other player's
4. China is ________ country in the world.
A. the third largest
B. the largest third
C. the third large
D. a third largest
5. Shanghai has a larger population than ________ in china.
A. any city
B. all the cities
C. any other city
D. all other cities
用所给词的比较级、最高级填空：
1. The window is ________ (narrow) of the two.
2. Where is the ________ (near) bus-stop?
3. He is one of ________ (famous) Politicians.
4. Do you have any ________ (far) questions to ask?
5. Tom drives much ________ (careful) than John.
第四章被动语态(Passive Voice)
1．何时运用被动语态：
（1）强调动作的接受者：America was discovered by Columbus.
（2）不知谁是动作的执行者：You are wanted on the phone.
（3）作客观说明：It is said that the meeting has been put off.（经典句型）
2．主动变被动的基本方法：（说起来容易，掌握起来需要用心！）
（1）主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）谓语动词变为由“be + 过去分词”的形式，配合时态作相应变化。
（3）主动语态主语置于介词by之后，如无必需，则省略。
（4）不及物动词没有被动语态。
do (does) →am / is / are + done
→The piano is kept in the living-room.
did→was / were + done
→The bridge was built in 1980.
shall shall
will do →will + be + done
→The book will be read tomorrow.
have have
has done →has + been + done
had done →had been done
→The film had been seen before she came here.
shall shall
will have done →will have + been + done
→By the end of this term 80 texts will have been finished.
am am
is doing →is + being + done
are are
→The picture is being drawn by them.
was doing →was + being + done
were were
He was reviewing their lessons at this moment yesterday.
→Their lessons were being reviewed at this moment yesterday.
may may
can can
must must
should do →should + be + done
ought to ought to
used to used to
You must write an article on the subject. →An article must be written on the subject.
测试精编单项选择：
1. Since the first space mission, many communication satellites ________.
A. was launched
B. are launched
C. have been launched
D. had been launched
2. What kind of advice ________ you?
A. has gave
B. was gave
C. had been given to
D. has given
3. The slave ________ from morning till night.
A. madeto work
B. was made working
C. was made worked
D. was made to work
4. The construction of the laboratory ________ by the end of July.
A. must be completing
B. must complete
C. must have completed
D. must have been completed
5. Your proposal ________ by the committee soon.
A. is discussed
B. has been discussed
C. is going to be discussed
D. will have been discussed
第五章非谓语动词
一．不定式
1．定义：具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态变化。
2．形式：（以do
to do to be done
to be doing
to have done to have been done
to have been doing
3．用法：
（1）用作主语：
To speak good English is not easy. or: It is not easy to speak good English. （采用形式主语it 以避免头重脚轻）It took me an hour to do the work.
（2）用作宾语：
She decided to take the examination. I hope to meet him soon.
They expected us to help them. He wants his son to study hard.
金牌重点：
不定式作宾补，如谓语动词是感官动词，使役性动词（see, hear, notice, watch, make, have, let...），则不定式符号“to”须省略，但在被动语态中不能省。
I heard them sing in the classroom. I made her clean the room. The girl is heard to sing an English song. （4）用作表语：To teach is to learn. His job is to sell cars.
（5）用作状语，表示目的，结果。
We come to school to study English.（目的）= in order to I hurried to the store, only to find it closed.（结果）（6）定语：不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。
He asked for a piece of paper to write it on. = to write it on the piece of paper.
The poor man has no house to live in. = to live in the house.
Have you anything to do? = to do anything
4．不定式的时态意义：
She seems to dance very well.（现在情况）
She seems to be dancing in the dancing hall.（正在进行）
She seems to have danced well.（过去情况）
Has was happy to have been staying with his uncle.（动作持续一段时间）
5．不定式语态：
The doctor recommended him to air the room.
The doctor recommended the room to be aired.
She expects the police to find her bicycle.
She expects her bicycle to be found by the police.
She felt a bit puzzled as he had asked her such a question.
She felt a bit puzzled to have been asked such a question.
6．不定式否定形式：not to do ... He got up early in order not to miss the train.
测试精编
1. Did you find out ________ the pie out of oven?
A. to take
B. have taken
C. when to take
D. being taken
2. You would be irritated if you watched the mail ________ on your desk every day.
A. putting up
B. to be put up
C. to pile up
D. pile up
3. We shall set Jim ________ the passage.
A. explaining
B. explained
C. to explain
D. explain
4. In fact, she would rather leave for San Francisco ________ in Los Angeles.
A. tostay
B. than stay
C. than staying
D. than have stayed
5. Madame Curies is believed ________ the radium.
A. discovering
B. having discovered
C. to have discovered
D. to discover
二．动名词：
1．动名词定义：具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语，宾语表语，定语，具有所有格作修饰语。
2．形式：以do为例
doing →being done having done →having been done
3．用法：
（1）主语：
Saving is easier than doing. His coming here will be a great help.
It is no use waiting here, he has left. It is no goodsmoking.
There is no getting along with him.（简直无法和他相处）
（2）表语：His job is keeping the hall clean as possible. Seeing is believing.
（3）宾语：
a. 动词宾语：He admitted taking the book. I do mind your smoking here.
重磅要点，请读20 遍：下列动词须跟动名词作宾语：
admit, appreciate, avoid, complete, delay, deny, enjoy, fancy, finish, mind, practice, resent, risk, suggest, allow, permit...
特注：以allow为例：allow + doing sth（动名词作宾语）。但可以：Allow sb to do sth（不定式作宾补）。
这类动词常见如advise, allow, permit, recommend, etc.
b. 作介词宾语：
He left without saying goodbye to us. I'm looking forwardto meeting you.（to 在这里是介词）
（4）定语：reading room swimming pool walking stick
4．动名词复合结构：由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成。
His leaving is a great loss.
Mother dislikes my (me) working late.
John's having seen her did not make her worried.
注：动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语，作主语是必须是所有格。如上二例，但作宾语时可以用所有格，也可用普通格。（解释得很拗口，请将例句看透即可！）
5．动名词时态：
I am thinking of setting a new dictionary.（以后）
He never talked to me about his having been in Paris.（以前）
6．动名词语态：
He doesn't like being flattered.
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.
7．动名词与不定式在用法上的几点比较：
（1）在begin，start，continue 等词后用动名词或不定式区别不大。
He began writing / to write in 1980.
（2）下列动词跟不定式或动名词所表示意义差别很大，注意使用。（用心咀嚼！）
He stopped talking. 停止讲话。He stopped to talk. 停下来开始讲话。
Please remember to post the letter. 记住寄走这封信。I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄出了这封信。
I forgot to lock the door yesterday. 昨天我忘记锁门了。（未锁）
I forgot telling him the news. 我忘了我曾告诉过他这个消息。（做过的事情忘记了）
测试精编
1.The workers favor ________ funds to build the bridge.
A. to raise
B. raising
C. raised
D. rising
2. No one can avoid ________ by one's surroundings.
A. to be influenced
B. having influenced
C. influencing
D. being influenced
3. She doesn't feel like ________ tonight.
A. dancing
B. to dance
C. dance
D. to be dancing
4. Does Mr Wang object to ________ her the money?
A. that we lend
B. be lent
C. lending
D. lend
5. I can still recall ________ with him many years ago.
A. to stay
B. to staying
C. to have stayed
D. having stayed
三．分词
1．分词的性质：
具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行：过去分词表
2．分词的形式：
例：write (vt) rise (vi)
过去分词
现在时writing being written rising risen /
完成时having written having been written having risen /
3．分词的用法：
（1）定语分词置于被修饰名词前
分词短语于置于被修饰名词后
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping a running dog = a dog which is running
a broken glass = a glass which is broken a beaten team = a team which is beaten（beaten 是被打败的意思）This is the problem discussed at the last meeting. The problem being discussed is very important.
（2）表语：The book is interesting.
He is interested in the book. The news is exciting. He feels excited.
（3）宾语补足语：
When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me. I'd like to havethis package weighed.
掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动概念。
（4）状语：（以下例句值得一背！）
①If you turn to the left, you'll find the station. →Turning to the left, you'll find the station.
②As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.
→Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.
③While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
→Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
④When she was asked it she had any bad habit, she answeredthat she was a heavy smoker.
→Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.
你知道吗？注意：在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。
①Whenschool was over, the boys went home. →Being over, the boys went home. ×
School being over, the boys went home. √
②As my homework has been done, I have nothing else to do.
→My homework having been done, I have nothing else to do.
③If weather permits, I'll start tomorrow. →Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.
④I f we judge from his face, he must be ill. →Judging from his face, he must be ill.（这里应该是we judging ...，但若主语是we, one, you表示“一般人”，主语可省略）
实际上，这里涉及到独立主格结构问题，以后再作分解！
4．分词的时态：
现在分词一般时表示此动作与主句谓语动词同时发生。现在分词完成时表示此动作在主句谓语动词之前发生。Entering the room, hesaw he. （几乎同时）
Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. （分词动作在前）
5．语态：现在分词一般时被动表动作正在被进行，完成时被动强调分词所表示的动作先被完成。
The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us.
Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.（渔民先被告知而后驶向港口）
测试精编Exercises:
1. The ________ news made them ________.
A. excite / exciting
B. exciting / excited
C. exciting / to be excited
D. excited / excited
2. ________ an answer from the committee, he was worried.
3. ________, all the quarrels came to an end.
A. The lost money was found
B. Was the lost money found
C. Because the lost money found
D. With the lost money found
4. Many of our dreams ________ impossible in the past have come true.
A. were considered
B. to be considered
C. considering
D. considered
5. The hall was so noisy for the speaker to make himself ________.
A. hear
B. being heard
C. hearing
D. heard
6. After a whole day's heavy work, the old worker returned home, ________.
A. hungry and exhausted
B. hungry and exhausting
C. hungry and being exhausted
D. hungry and exhaust
第六章英语句型基本结构Basic English Sentence Structures
精要：五种基本句型
1．主+谓（不及物动词）Man can think. The fire is burning.
不可忽视：常用不及物动词有break, breathe, burn, smoke, swim, skate, appear, disappear, work, think etc.
2．主+谓+表语（系动词）
He became a scientist. She is getting more and more beautiful.
不可忽视：常用系动词：be, get, turn, feel, seem, appear, look taste, sound, smell, become, go, prove etc.
3．主+谓+宾（及物动词）We love peace. They will paint the door.
常用动词有：see, watch, need, love, like, study, answer, carry, etc.
4．主+谓+宾+宾补
We elected him president. They painted the door white. I advised the students to recite the texts.
王牌重点：常用作宾补的形式：（请将每个例句大声朗读一遍）
（1）名词：The couple named their baby Johnson.
（2）形容词：I keep the door open.
（3）副词：The naughty boy knocked the bottle over.
（4）不定式：He ordered his men to fire.
（5）分词：He heard me singing. I saw the vase broken.
（6）介词短语：They look on him as a teacher.
（7）名词性从句：I asked him what he was doing.
5．（1）主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语My friend bought me a gift. I passed him the book.
（2）主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾My friend bought a gift for me. I passed the book to him.
忘记就意味着背叛→常与介词for 搭配的动词有：
buy, make, do get, play, call, choose, cook, fetch, find, keep order, s ave, etc.
常与介词to 搭配的动词有：bring, give, grant, hand, pass, lend, offer, pay, promise, sell, send, show, each, tell, throw, write, etc.
第七章主谓一致Principle Rules for Subject and Verb Agreement
I．单数主语：
1．当every-, some-, any-, no- 等构成的不定代词及each, either, neither 作主语时，谓语动词为单数。
Someone has told me about it. Neither of us likes the film.
2．当every 或each 位于两个由连接词连接的单数主语前，谓语动词用单数。（必记之要点！）
Each girl and boy has a nickname. Every man and woman is welcome.
3．位于主谓之间的介词短语不影响谓语动词的数，谓语动词须和主语一致。常见介词短语有：in addition to, together with, as well as, along with, but, except, etc.
（这是一几乎所有考试都不愿放过的重点。）
The teacher along with his students is going to the party.
His parents as well as his elder sister have come to see him.
II．复数主语：
1．当主语由and 或both ... and 连接，通常采用复数谓语动词。
●Both thegirl and the boyare his friends.
2．如主语是both, few或主语前有both, few, several, many 等限定词时，谓语动词须用复数。
●Several novels have been written by her. ●Both got the news at the same time.
3．下列名词总是复数形式且谓语动词必须用复数。
trousers, pants，jeans, glasses, scissors，tweezers（镊子），plier（钳子），scales （天平），compasses，etc.
●The trousers hereare mine.
别忘了：如果以上名词受“a pair of”“the pair of”修饰时，谓语动词用单数。The pair of pants is too dirty.
III．单、复数的灵活运用：
1．当主语由neither... nor, either... or, not only ... but also 或or 连接时，谓语动词与nor, or, but also后面的词一致，在英语语法中，这被称之为“就近原则”。
●Neither he nor I am going to the airport.
●Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.
2．当主语前面有none, all, some, any, most, half, majority等词时，谓语动词则根据主语的具体情况而采用相应的单、复数。
All of the money has been in the bank. (money 是不可数名词)
All of us have been here.
3．“a number of”是复数，修饰可数名词，谓语动词为复数，“the number of”也修饰复数名词，但谓语动词用单数。（黄金要点！！）
● A number of students have passed the exam. ●The number of students in this class is 50.
IV. 用作单数的复数形式主语：
1．如主语是指：time, money, weight, volume, etc. 虽为复数形式，但谓语用单数形式。
Two years is a short time. One hundred dollars is needed by me.
2．下列单词如：physics，economics，mathematics，statistics，etc；measles，mumps，herpes，etc，news，ethics，politics，etc. 为复数形式，但谓语动词用单数。
Statistics is a dull subject. Politics is important.
3．书、报、杂志、电影的名称作主语，谓动用作单数。
The New York Times is a good newspaper.
V．下列名词在形式上保持不变，但谓语动词的数取决于其意义：
1．family，team，class，committee，group，audience，faculty，etc.
The family is big.（总体）His family like to watch TV.（家庭所有成员）
3．sheep，deer，etc. The sheep are eating grass. The sheep is big.
VI. Chinese, English, French, etc 指语言时，谓动是单数，如与"the" 搭配，指人民时，谓语动词用复数。English is used widely. The English love peace.
VII. 注意下列外来语的单复数形：
单数basis crisis criterion（标准）phenomenon radius（半径）alumnus（男校友）datum（资料）
复数bases crises criteria phenomena radii alumni data
单数medium（媒体）index（索引）appendix（附录）alga（海藻）vita（生命）
复数media indices appendices algae vitae
测试精编
1. Students today are writing ________ of poetry.
A. a great many lines
B. quantities of lines
C. lots lines
D. a large number
2. Thebookstore had not ordered ________ texts for all the students in the course.
A. plenty of
B. enough
C. as many
D. enough of
3. — What did you see? — We saw ________ police there.
A. many
B. much
C. little
D. the
4. — Do you want to wait? — Two weeks ________ too long for me to wait.
A. is
B. are
C. were
D. was
5. There they were greeted by a woman called Zenobia, ________.
A. being a beautiful woman of wealth and position
B. who is beautiful woman of wealth and position
C. a beautiful woman of wealth and position
D. and a beautiful woman of wealth and position
新概念英语第二册语法解析及练习题：过去完成时 过去完成时：had + 过去分词 1.表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。● They had got everything ready before I came. ● The play had begunbefore I got to the theater with my boyfriend. 2.过去完成时常用于 hardly / scarcely ... when, no sooner ... than等固定句型结构中。(此乃超级重点句型，意为：“一……就”)● She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang. ● No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents. (注意 no sooner 在句首时句型倒装。) 3.intend(打算)，mean(意味)，hope(希望)，want(想要)，plan(计划)等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。● I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave. (……原想昨天去看你……) ● They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because the bad weather. (……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……) 练习： 1. -Let's hurry! The president is coming. -Oh, I was afraid that we ________. A. already miss him B. had already missed him C. will miss him already D. have already missed him 2. Your letter came just as I ________ my office.
新概念英语第一册113-144课语法点总结一．so / neither引导的简短回答 a.结构： 1.so / neither + be动词 + 主语 例：He is a dancer, so am I. 他是个舞蹈家，我也是。2.so / neither + 情态动词 + 主语 例：He can dance very well, so can I. 他跳舞跳得很好，我也是。 3.so / neither + 助动词 + 主语 例：He doesn’t like singing, neither do I. 他不喜欢唱歌，我不喜欢。 b.表示 某人也是，某人也会，某人也不是，某人也不会。 c.区别 如果前一句是肯定的，后一句用so开头； 如果前一句是否定的，后一句用neither开头。 二．not a (an) / any & no & none 1.no是个限定词，用在名词前，等同于not a或not any，用 来强调句子的否定含义。
例：I haven’t got any fingers. = I have got no fingers. 我没有手指。 I haven’t got a long tail. = I have got no long tail. 我没有一条长尾巴。 2.none : 没有人；一个也没有；一点儿也没有 例：He has got many interesting books. I have got none. 他有很多有趣的书，我一本也没有。 三．不定代词either; both; all; neither; none 注意：either表示两者任选其一。 例：Which one do you want, an apple or a pear? Either is Okay. 你想要苹果还是梨？都可以。 Either of my parents will come to see you. 我爸爸或者妈妈会来见你。 不定代词的词组： 1.both … and …两者都…… 例：Both Lily and Linda are right. Lily和Linda都是对
新概念英语第三册重点语法总结：定语从句 导读：本文新概念英语第三册重点语法总结：定语从句，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 1. 定语从句：由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which; 关系副词when, where, why 引导。 1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week. 2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend. 3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful. 4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in. 5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 6. He still remembers the day when he went to school. 7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didn't finish it in time. 8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war. 9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English. 10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy. 2. 只能用that和who引导的定语从句 A.all, nothing, anything, a few, one做先行词指物时
L.1 1．五大基本句型2．零冠词精讲背诵 L.2 1.现在进行时与一般现在时2．感叹句的基本结构精讲 L.3 1.“给予”动词带双宾精讲背诵 L.4 1．现在完成时2．Accept vs.receive3.excited vs. exciting知识点和第五课重复，可以不讲 L.5 1.一般现在时与过去完成时的区别2．In 3 minutes vs. in 3 minutes’time3. 带way的短语精讲课文：背诵课文 L.6 1.in vs.on2.不定冠词的一般用法3 动词词组搭配精讲课文：背诵 L.7 1.expect的用法2．过去进行时3．When, while and as4. 小品词（副词vs介词）精讲 L.8 1.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级2．谓语动词的单复数确定精讲：背诵 L.9 1.基本时间介词的用法：at, in, on, during, through, till, until2 时间表示法次精讲 L.10 1.被动语态2．名词所有格，双重所有格（37）3.made in, made of, made from, made by精讲;鼓励背诵，加强语感 L.11 1.deserve的用法2．不定式作宾语动词后是否需要先加一个名词或代词次精讲：适合背诵L.12 1．一般将来时可以不讲 L.13 1.将来进行时和一般将来时的区别精讲 L.14 1．Except, except for, apart from次精讲 L.15 1.afford的用法2.interrupt的用法3．直接引语与间接引语精讲：背诵 L.16 1．Remind的用法2．Fail的用法3．if条件句精讲：背诵 L.17 1.in spite of2.介词的用法in, 3 情态动词精讲：鼓励背诵L. 18 1.have的多种用法（助动词，完全动词）2．关于give的词组自学课文L. 19 1.hurry的用法2．Can vs may; can vs could; may vs might3. might as well次精讲：设置场景，组对背诵 L.20 1.动名词充当主语和宾语2．Instead of vs. instead精讲：背诵 L.21 1.含助动词的被动语态2．Come into3.drive的不同用法4．Home vs. house次精讲 L.22 1 课后介词搭配练习文章次精讲 L.23 1.there is vs. it is自学课文
1. 关系副词eweek. 2. A． B which. C． D ? 3.as as A “as...as” 例如： B．as ??? as 例如： (二): . (三): 从句）gthecase. 就是that不做任 ，doubt，suggestion explanation truth，knowledge 或whether that不做 that做定
2 3 4 nity. VII. 1． 句话说） 2．括） 关系。 3． (四): 1. should might 2. er. 3. ? 4. ● 词原形，（建议） ??? ●（should oposal. arty. ●I wroteit) 通常用于动词： 属静态 被省 句子，seldom，等。
7 ???? oblem. ???? 注意：不用was 找他。 答案词， 不能说 8 ???（ ????? ( 定义：特点等。 ● ● 所属等。 1 2 smell， remain 3 面） poorly（身 ） ，usually ，below 等 ，perfectly， 注意
式地）（以前） 10.free freely (九):前，an 如： I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11． 12 13 民 II 1． 2 3 4 5 (十): 1 “willyou”，如：
1 assroom. 2 3 ??? 别力。 (十三): 1.rise， ?“rise”提高”。 “arise”其语义为“义为“ https://www.doczj.com/doc/d87827460.html,y， “lay” “lie” “lie” 3.sit， “sit” “seat” 4. “affect” “effect”dy. 5.hang 当hang 而当hang 6. 7.take :? 8. 9.fit, “fit”指“ 10.搭配
新概念英语第一册语法点梳理 新概念一共144课，其中单课为课文，双课为语法和练习。整本书是以单数课为正课，并附带有插图而双数课则是针对单数课所讲的内容有针对性地进行练习，从此出展现出整个新概念一教材区别于其他教材的独特之处。 以下是对新概念一整本教材的理解和剖析，以供各位对整个课本的理解和把握上参考和借鉴。 首先根据课本中出现的时态来分析： 本册书的语法出现层次性和规律性是很强的，首先我们先来整本书中都出了哪些时态，这些时态的具体分布和讲解时我们大家需要注意的递进性。 Lesson 31—34现在进行时 Lesson 37—40第一次出现be going to的将来时 Lesson 51—56一般现在时 Lesson 67—76为一般过去式 Lesson 83—90为现在完成时 Lesson 91—96为一般将来时(will) Lesson 117—118过去进行时 Lesson 119—120过去完成时 除去前面所有时态和句型所占据的76课我们一起来看一下以下的68课，每一课小的语言点，语法点都是在什么地方，应该用什么样的方式来讲解。 在这里告诉学员新概念一的每一个单课的重点都是出现双课的标题和课后的练习题里面。 Lesson1—2
语言点：与陌生人说话或引起别人的注意。Excuse me. Yes? Pardon? Thank you very much.语法点：主系表结构this为主语，名词做表语1的一般疑问句以及它的肯定回答。Is thisyour handbag? Yes, it is. Lesson 5—6 语言点：如何介绍别人。This is Miss Sophie Dupont. Nice to meet you. 语法点：主语为第三人称单数的主系表结构。She is French. He is German. It’s a Volvo.(L6)a/an的使用。 Lesson 7—8 语言点：如何自我介绍和相互认识。 语法点：主语为第二人称的主系表结构。Are you French? What nationality are you? What’s your job?特殊疑问句。Lesson 9—10 语言点：朋友或熟识的人之间如何相互问候。How are you? 语法点：主系表结构形容词做表语。 介词短语表示位置near the window, on the televion, on the wallLesson 29—30 语言点：如何发号命令。 语法点：祈使句（肯定）。 动词与宾语的固定搭配。 Lesson 37—38 语言点：如何表达将要做的事情。 语法点：现在进行时态be going to do结构表达将要发生的事情。 There be句型的一般疑问句形式。 Lesson 41-42
新概念英语第三册语法解析：类比法、夸张法、排比法 类比法(Analogy)是一种词义修辞格，把两种本质上不相同的事物就其某方面的共同 点进行比较，通过比喻说明某种道理或描绘某种复杂情况。例如，Lesson 27的第一句, “It has been said that everyone lives by selling something.” 作者把人们生活工作的方式类比成销 售货物的方式，每个人都是一定意义上的推售员，抽象的为谋生而付出的努力被比喻成具体的可供售卖的货物。通过这样的类比，读者找到了联系的线索，加深对句子的理解并引起共鸣。假如我们要借助类比描绘英语的作用，我们就可以说，“What English means to a student is what weapons mean to the soldiers who fight in the battlefield.” 或“If we obtain English proficien cy, we obtain the key which leads us to more knowledge and opportunities.” 夸张法(hyperbole)也是词义修辞，刻意地夸大或缩小把事物的特征，在数量，形状和 程度上加以渲染，“言过其实”地使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来，给人强烈的印象。Lesson 49, 作者谈到阿姨家的仆人数量时提及”an army of servants (仆人大军)” and “the shifting population(流动人口)”, 把Bessie导致布丁砸在桌上的小意外说成“catastrophe (大 灾难)”, 不难看出这些都是夸张的例子。如果我们的朋友多不胜数，我们也可以自豪地说，“I have an army of friends.”, 但是如果他们都是“the shifting population who just come and go into my life without even a hello or goodbye (他们只是连招呼不打就来来去去的流动人口)”，那么这样的友情带来的只是一个“catastrophe”, 因为没有得到真正的知己。 排比法(Parallelism)，属于结构修辞，以语法结构对称来突出意义，增添气势。Lesson 51,阐述Bagrid预测计算机的功能, 文中出现了连续四个排比，充分证明了Bagrid非凡的 眼光，“Bagrid foresaw a time when computers would be small enough to hold in the hand, when they would be capable of providing information about traffic jams…, when they would be used in hospital…, when they would relieve office workers and accountants of dull, repetitive clerical work..”排比是最常用的修辞之一，排比项通常以三项为起点，控制于五项之内。 结合一个写大学教育的主题，以下的排比句跃然纸上, “University is the place where we absorb the most comprehensive knowledge, where we encounter friends of lifetime, where we cultivate our characters and personalities, where we create the most impressive part of our life.
新概念英语第二册：第7课课文详解及语法解析 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.…detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. ……侦探们在机场等了整整一上午。 all 一般直接加表示时间的单数名词构成副词短语，如：all day (整整一天)，all night(整夜)，all week(整星期)，all winter(整个冬天)，all year(整年)等。但不说all hour。 whole在表达同样的意思时一般要加冠词或数词，如：a whole day/ year(一整天/年)，two whole weeks(整整两星期)。 2.…someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. ……有人向警方报告，说有人企图偷走这些钻石。 that后面的部分为动词tell的宾语从句。从句中的时态为过去将来时(would)。 3.When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. 当飞机到达时，一些侦探等候在主楼内，另一些侦探则守候在停机坪上。 (1)这个长句子由3个部分组成：when引导的是整个句子的时间状语从句;some of…building为主句;while 引导的是动作与主句的动作同时实行的时间状语从句。while作为连词表示“和……同时”、“当……时候”时常常引导一个过去实行时从句。(cf. 本课语法) (2)地点状语 on the airfield 与第一句中的 at the airport 意义相近。注意介词on和at的不同搭配。
新概念英语第二册语法 总结 Revised as of 23 November 2020
《新概念英语第二册》语法总结 知识要点： 冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a book, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old man, an hour, an interesting book等。the是定冠词。 一、不定冠词的用法 1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple. 2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library. A Wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。 3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如： I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes. 4、用于某些固定词组中。如：a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, a pair of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。 5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如： This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。 It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。 It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。 二、定冠词的用法： 1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如： Beijing is the capital of China. The pen on the desk is mine.
新概念英语第一册语法点归纳 新概念一共144课，其中单课为课文，双课为语法和练习。整本书是以单数课为正课，并附带有插图而双数课则是针对单数课所讲的内容有针对性地进行练习，从此出展现出整个新概念一教材区别于其他教材的独特之处。以下是对新概念一整本教材的理解和剖析，以供各位对整个课本的理解和把握上参考和借鉴。 首先根据课本中出现的时态来分析： 本册书的语法出现层次性和规律性是很强的，首先我们先来整本书中都出了哪些时态，这些时态的具体分布和讲解时我们大家需要注意的递进性。 Lesson 31—34 现在进行时 Lesson 37—40 第一次出现be going to 的将来时 Lesson 51—56 一般现在时 Lesson 67—76 为一般过去式 Lesson 83—90 为现在完成时 Lesson 91—96 为一般将来时(will) Lesson 117—118 过去进行时 Lesson 119—120 过去完成时 除去前面所有时态和句型所占据的76课我们一起来看一下以下的68课，每一课小的语言点，语法点都是在什么地方，应该用什么样的方式来讲解。 在这里告诉学员新概念一的每一个单课的重点都是出现双课的标题和课后的练习题里面。 Lesson1—2 语言点：与陌生人说话或引起别人的注意。Excuse me. Yes? Pardon? Thank you very much. 语法点：主系表结构this为主语，名词做表语1的一般疑问句以及它的肯定回答。Is this your handbag? Yes, it is. Lesson 5—6 语言点：如何介绍别人。This is Miss Sophie Dupont. Nice to meet you. 语法点：主语为第三人称单数的主系表结构。She is French. He is German. It’s a Volvo.(L6) a/an 的使用。
新概念英语第三册重点语法总结：名词性从句 王牌要点：通常由 that或疑问词导出。 1. How some mammals came to live in the sea is not know.(主语从句) 2. The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.(宾语从句) 3. The problem is what we'll do next.(表语从句) 4. We have no idea that he has come back.(同位语从句) 同位语(Appositive): 同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。 《新概念英语》第三册第一课有这样一个句子： When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
(当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没 有受到重视。) 在这里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London就是同位语从句，它本来应该放在“reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分 came into London zoo的后面， 目的是让句型显得更为稳重。 I.简单记忆：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。 I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday. (that 引导的句子解释了news的内容，注意：that不做任何成分) We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad. (that 引导的句子解释了fact的内容) II.联想记忆： 能接同位词从句的名词有：belief(信仰)，fact，idea，doubt，rumor(谣言)， evidence(证据)，conclusion(结论)，suggestion(建议)，problem，order，answer， discovery(发现)explanation(解释)，principle(原则)，possibility(可能性)，truth，promise(承诺)，report(报告)，statement(声明)，knowledge(知识)，opinion(观点)，likelihood(可能性) [大声朗读三遍，背下即可。]
新概念英语第二册：第26课课文详解及语法解析课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.They always tell you what a picture is‘about’.(他们)总是告诉你一张画的“意思”是什么。 This is a book about Australia. 这是一本关于澳大利亚的书。 They are talking about modern art. 他们在谈论现代艺术。 课文中这句话能够直译为：他们总是告诉你某一幅画是“关于”什么的，也就是一幅画的“意思”是什么。about放在引号里，一是指这些人谈论画的时候经常用到这个词，二是表示一种讽刺，因为有些画没有任何“意思”。 2.They are just pretty patterns.它们就是些好看的图案。 just在此处指“仅仅”、“仅仅(是)”，而不是指“刚才”、“正好”、“正是： It was just a wrong number. 这仅仅一个错误的号码。(即只不过是拨错了号码) It's just six o'clock. 正好6点。 I've just heard the news. 我刚刚听到这个消息。
3.We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material. 我们喜爱它们就像我们喜爱漂亮的窗帘布一样。 in the same way that/as是个连接短语，用于表示比较，可译 为“像/和……一样”： She walks in the same way that/as her sister did. 她的走路姿势和她姐姐以前走路的姿势一模一样。 4.I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else. 我觉得小孩子们往往比任何人 都更能欣赏现代绘画。 else经常与不定代词连用(如everyone else，someone else，anything else等)，表示“另外/加”、“其它/他的”或“不同的”： Can you find anyone else? 你还能够找到其他人吗? I can find nothing else here except an old dictionary. 除了一本旧字典，我在这儿再也找不到别的东西了。 课文中的这句话表示小孩子们比其他任何人都更能欣赏现代绘画。 5.…she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not. ……她总能说出我的画是好还是坏。 连接词whether…or not能够表示选择： I don't know whether you are interested (in it) or not.
新概念英语第1册第87-88课课重点语法 第87-88课的内容： 一、重要句型或语法 1、现在完成时 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，基本形式为have/has done。本课侧重的是标志性词语yet的用法和不规则的过去分词。如：Have your mechanics finished yet? 二、课文主要语言点 Is my car ready yet? 1)ready，准备好了的。 2)yet用于疑问句，起加强语气作用。 What's the number of your car? It's LFZ 312G. 1)What's the number of ...?，用来询问某物的号码，如：What's the number of your phone?，相当于What's your phone number? 2)汽车牌照的号码只要按顺序逐个读出即可。 When did you bring it to us? I brought it here three days ago. 1)此处动词采用一般过去时，是因为他们在讨论的是三天前发生的事情。 2)bring sth. to sb.，把某物带给某人。 3)可复习ago表示过去时间的用法。 Ah, I remember now. 注意remember的读音和拼写。 Have your mechanics finished yet? No, they're still working on it. 1)finish，完成，结束。如果后面再接动词，要用doing，如finish working。 2)此处yet用来加强语气。 3)still，仍然，用来加强语气。 4)work on sth.，忙于。 Let's go into the garage and have a look at it. 1)Let's用来引导祈使句，后面要接动词原形。 2)注意garage的发音：美 [ɡ?'rɑ??] ;英 ['ɡ?rɑ??]。 3)have a look at sth.，看一看某物。 Isn't that your car? Well, it was my car. 1)Isn't在此用来引导反问句。 2)此处的was用了斜体，起到强调作用，意思是这车子曾经是我的，但现在不是了。意思是：车子坏得已经认不出来了。 Didn't you have a crash? have a crash，表示出车祸了、撞车了。crash作为动
1. 被动语态（二） will/must/can/would/could/have to be done have/has been done must have been done drive 用法 home/house 2. 介词用法：见书 3. 复习 there be句型 it做为虚主语可以用来表示时间，天气，温度，距离，人或指代一个句子或不定式。 4. Summary of Unit two 5. 并列句 我们可以将几个简单句连在一起,组成并列句,常用以下连词: and, but, so, yet, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but …as well, not only…but also 主谓一致: 当主语由and , both…and 连接时,通常用复数谓语. Both the girls and the boy are his friends. 当主语由neither… nor, either…or, not only…but also或or 连接时,谓语动词与nor, or, but also后面的一致,在英语语法中，这被称为就
近一致. Neither he nor I am going to the airport. Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad. 6. 一般现在时的复习,状态动词,标点符号的使用. 以下一些动词很少用与进行时态: appear(看起来), appreciate(鉴赏), believe(相信), feel(感觉到), forget(忘记), hear(听见), know(知道), like(喜欢), look like(看起来像), notice(注意到), remember(记得), resemble(形似), see(看到), think(认为), understand(理解), have(拥有),love(爱), seem(看起来), show(显示), mind(介意), sound(听起来), hate(讨厌), detest(憎恨), desire(意欲), 引号: 引号位于一行之上,应该在句尾其他标点符号, 如逗号,句号,问好之外. 引语的第一个词以大写字母开头. 在said, asked, 等词后面用逗号,只有当它们位于句尾时才在它们后面用句号. 当said, asked等词置于引语之间时,句子的后半部分以小写开头. 当一个新的说话人开始讲话时, 要另起一个段落. 7. 复习一般过去时/不规则过去式和过去分词 常用不规则动词过去式和过去分词在英语里约有300多个 put up(搭建), put out(扑灭), put on(穿上), put sb. up(为某人安排住宿), put up with(容忍), put down(抄写), put off(推迟), put away(放好，放到一边去)
新概念第三册语法精粹 第一章英语从句 Subordination 英语从句主要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句） 一．定语从句 定语从句：由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which; 关系副词when, where, why 引导。 （下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出！） 1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week. 2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend. 3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful. 4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in. 5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 6. He still remembers the day when he went to school. 7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didn't finish it in time. 8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war. 9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English. 10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy.
NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH BOOK 2 practice : 训练, progress : 进步 If you practice more, then you can make great progress. 五项综合训练技能listening : 听力 speaking : 说话 grammar : 语法writing : 写作 reading : 阅读 translation : 译knowledge +skills Lesson 1 A private conversation 【New words and expressions】（12） private conversation theatre seat play loudly angry angrily attention bear business rudely adj. 私人的n. 谈话n. 剧场，戏院n. 座位n. 戏adv. 大声地adj. 生气的adv. 生气地n. 注意v. 容忍n. 事adv. 无礼地，粗鲁地 ★private adj.私人的 ①adj. 私人的 private life 私生活 private school 私立学校 It’s my private letter. （如果妈妈想看你的信）It’s my private house. （如果陌生人想进你的房子）②adj. 普通的 private citizen 普通公民 I’m a private citizen. （citizen n. 公民）private soldier 大兵 《Private Ryan》（《拯救大兵瑞恩》） public adj. 公众的，公开的（private的反义词）public school 公立学校public letter 公开信 public place 公共场所 privacy n.隐私 It’s privacy. 这是我的隐私!(不愿让别人知道的)
新概念英语第一册： 129-130课语法及单词解析 【篇一】 语法 Grammar in use 表示猜测和推断的情态助动词must和can't(2) must与can't不仅能表达对现在和将来的猜测和推断，而且能表达对过去的猜测和推断——这时可用 must have been表示肯定的推断，用can't have been(而不是mustn't have been)来表示否定的推断，如后面跟进行时则表示对过去正在进行的动作的猜测。请看例句： You must have been driving at seventy miles an hour. 你当时肯定正以每小时70英里的速度行驶。 I didn't see it. I must have been dreaming. 我没看见。我当时一定是在胡思乱想吧。 She can't have been 29.She must have been 36. 她那时肯定不会是29岁，她一定36岁了。 He can't have been reading. He must have been sleeping. 他那时肯定不是在看书，他准是在睡觉。 【篇二】 词汇学习 Word study charge v. (1)罚款;使承受经济负担： He was charged by the policeman for speeding. 他因开车超速而被警察罚款。
(2)要(价);收(费)： The hotel charged them ￡ 900 for one night. 饭店向他们索要900英镑作为住一晚的费用。(3)指控;指责： They charged him with murder. 他们指控他犯了谋杀罪。 【篇三】 dream v. (1)做梦;梦见： He dreamt about his grandmother last night. 他昨天夜里梦见他的祖母了。 Do you often dream at night? 你晚上经常做梦吗? (2)梦想;幻想： She dreamed that one day she would be as free as a bird 她幻想着有一天自己能像鸟儿那般自由。 I once dreamed of becoming a famous doctor. 我曾一度梦想着成为一位的医生。 (3)出神;心不在焉;空想： Don't dream away your life! 不要在想入非非中虚度你的人生。 Sorry, I didn't see the sign. I must have been dream ing.
2012年新概念英语第三册语法句型总结 根据语法要求，把谓语动词置于主语前，称为完全倒装，把助动词或情态动词置于主语前，称为部分倒装。1．副词如：in,out,down,there,here,off,over,away,etc.句子倒装。（完全倒装，但主语不能是代词）Down jumped the murderer from the tenth floor.In came Miss Green.特别注意：当主语是人称代词时不倒装。Away she went!（她走了！）Here you are!（你在这儿！）1.由关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which;关系副词when,where,why引导。 （下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出！） e.g.1.The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week.2.The man (whom)you spoke to just now is my friend.3.The building whose lights are on is beautiful.4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in.5.The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.6.He still remembers the day when he went to school.7.It is no need telling us the reason why you didn't finish it in time.8.He has three sons, two of whom died in the war.9.Mr.Smith,whose wife is a clerk,teaches us English.10.In the Sunday paper there are comics,which children enjoy. 2.只能用that和who引导的定语从句 A.all,nothing,anything,a few,one做先行词指物时 B.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，后面常跟that而不是which C.先行词前有the only,the first,the last,the next,the very等词修饰时，引导词只能用that D.当先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone, somebody时，后面要用who或whome.g.All that glitters is not gold.闪光的并非都是金子。 3.as引导定语从句 A.引导限制性语从句。在此类定语从句中，as常与主语中作为其先行词的such,the same 或as联用构成，"such...as"，"the same...as"和"as...as"句型，可代替先行词。e.g.We hope to get such a tool as he is using.我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。 B.as引导非限制性定语从句时，作用与which相同，as作为关系代词代替整个主句。(这是语法考试的一个考点。)注意区别：as引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。e.g.As is reported,a foreign delegation will visit the city.据报道，一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。①原因：because,since,now that（既然）as,for,this reason... ②结果：so that,so,therefore,consequently,so as to,as a result... ③时间：after,before,when,while,as,until,as soon as,since,by the time,once,lately, presently,shortly after,currently,at present,nowadays... ④条件：if,only if,once,unless,in the event(that),in case(that),provided that,on the condition that... ⑤让步：though,although,even though(if),no matter what/how/when→whatever/ however/whenever... ⑥目的：in order that,in order to,to, 王牌要点：通常由that或疑问词导出。1.How some mammals came to live in the sea is not know.（主语从句）2.The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.（宾语从句）3.The problem is what we'll do next.（表语从句）4.We have no idea that he has come back.（同位语从句）同位语（Appositive）：同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。 《新概念英语》第三册第一课有这样一个句子：When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London,they were not taken seriously.（当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重