SHIPPING GLOSSARY
AMS
Automated Manifest System. An application that expedites the clearance of cargo for the subsequent release of containers when imported to U.S.A. through electronic submission of cargo manifests in lieu of bulk paper manifests.
Arrival Notice
An advice that the carrier or forwarder sends to the consignee advising of goods coming forward for delivery. Pertinent information such as bill of lading number, container number and total charges due from consignee etc, are included and sent to consignee prior to vessel arrival. This is done gratuitously by the carrier or forwarder to ensure smooth delivery but there is no obligation by the carrier or the forwarder to do so. The responsibility to monitor the transit and present himself to take timely delivery still rests with the consignee.
Awkward Cargo
Cargo of irregular size that can either be containerized (packed in container) or non-containerized (without equipment associated with) during transportation. It requires prior approval on a case-by-case basis before confirmation of booking. Axle Load
Maximum load permitted to be carried on each axle of a motor vehicle.
Bill of Lading (B/L)
The official legal document representing ownership of cargo. It is a negotiable document confirming the receipt of cargoes, and the contract for the carriage of cargoes between the shipper and the carrier.
Block Train
Railcars grouped in a train by destination so that segments (blocks) can be uncoupled and routed to different destinations as the train moves through various junctions. This eliminates the need to break up a train and sort individual railcars at each junction. Bona fide
In good faith.
Booking Number
A reference number for bookings registered with a carrier. It should be unique without duplication for a three-year period.
Bow
The front of a vessel.
Box
Common term for an ocean-going freight container.
Break-bulk Cargo
Goods shipped loose in the vessel hold and not in a container.
Broken Stowage
The spare volume of a container or the cargo hold of a vessel where no cargoes are stowed. It is a reflection of the bad stowage of the container or the vessel.
Bulk Carriers
A vessel carrying dry, liquid, grain, not packaged, bundled or bottled cargo, and is loaded without marks and number or count.
Bull Rings
Cargo-securing devices mounted in the floor of containers which allow lashing and securing of cargoes.
Bunker Surcharge (BAF, BSC)
Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF), or Bunker Surcharge (BSC) are surcharges assessed by the carrier to freight rates to reflect current cost of bunker.
Bunkers
Heavy oil used as fuel for ocean vessels.
C & F
Cost and Freight. It is a term of trading in which the buyer of the goods pays an amount which covers the cost of the goods plus the cost of transporting the goods from origin to the port of discharge or final destination.
C.B.M. (C.M.)
Cubic metre.
C.C.A.
Connecting Carrier Agreement. An Agreement of freight rates for connections between feeder ports and the ports of call of vessels.
C.I.F.
Cost, Insurance and Freight. A term of trading in which the buyer of the goods pay for the cost of the goods, the cost of transporting the goods from origin to the port of discharge or final destination and the insurance premium for a maritime insurance policy for the value of the order.
C.K.
D.
Abbreviation for “Cars Knocked Down “. Automobile parts and subassemblies manufactured abroad and transported to a designated assembly plant.
C.O.
D.
Collect (cash) on Delivery; Carried on Docket (pricing); Change of Destination. Cargo Manifest
A manifest that lists only cargoes, without freight and charges.
Carrier
Any individual, company or corporation engaged in transporting cargoes.
Carriers Owned Containers (COC)
The containers used for the transportation of cargoes belonging to the property of the carriers.
Cells
The construction system employed in container vessels which permits containers to be stowed in a vertical line with each container supporting the one above it inside the cargo hold.
Cellular Vessel
A vessel designed with internal ribbing to permit the support of stacked containers. Certificate of Origin
Document certifying the country of origin of goods which is normally issued or signed by a the relevant Government Department of the exporting country, or Chamber of Commerce or Embassy.
CFS/CFS
A kind of cargo movement by container. Delivered loose at origin point with vanning by carrier, devanned by carrier at destination, and picked up loose at destination.
Chassis
A wheeled flat-bed constructed to accommodate containers moved over the road. Also termed as “Trailers”.
Closing
The published deadline for export cargoes or containers to be accepted for a sailing of the carrier. CY Closing is applicable to FCLs and CFS Closing is applicable to LCLs. Normally, CFS Closing is around 24 hours ahead of CY Closing, depending of the complexities of export customs clearance formalities at the country. See “ Late-Come “ .
Consolidated Cargo
Cargo containing shipments of two or more shippers, usually shipped by a firm called a consolidator. The consolidator takes advantage of lower FCL rates, and savings are passed on to shippers.
Consolidation
The combination of many small shipments into one container.
Consolidator
A person or firm performing a consolidation service of small lots of cargoes for shippers.
Consortium
A group of carriers pooling resources, normally container vessels, in a trade lane to maximize their resources efficiently.
Container
A receptacle designed to transport cargo of many types in continuous transportation.
Container Freight Station (CFS or C.F.S.)
Consolidation depots where parcels of cargo are grouped and loaded into containers. Alternatively, inbound cargoes in a container are devanned for deliveries to consignees as LCLs.
Container Gross Weight
Refer to “Gross Weight”.
Container Load Plan (CLP)
A document prepared to show all details of cargoes loaded in a container, e.g. weight (individual and total), measurement, markings, shippers, consignees, the origin and
destination of goods, and location of cargo within the container. A Container Load Plan is either prepared by the cargo consolidator or the shipper which ships its cargoes on FCL terms.
Container Number
The unique identification of a container.
Container Seal Number
A number embossed on high-security seals for closing up containers which will serve identification purposes.
Container Size
The length of a container i.e. 20', 40' and 45' (feet).
Containership
An ocean vessel specifically designed to carry ocean cargo containers. It is fitted with vertical cells for maximum capacity.
Container Terminal
A facility which allows container vessels to berth alongside for the operations of loading and unloading of containers. Shippers deliver their export containers to the Container Terminal awaiting for loading onto container vessels whilst consignees at ports take delivery of containers from the Container Terminal after they are unloaded from the container vessels.
Container Type
Containers are classified under different types, e.g., dry cargo, reefer, open top, flat-rack, open-side, etc.
Container Yard (CY or C.Y. )
A facility inside or outside the Container Terminal which accepts laden export containers from shippers or laden import containers for delivery to consignees.
Controlled Atmosphere (CA)
An atmosphere in which oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen concentrations are regulated, as well as temperature and humidity.
Cu.
Cubic. A unit of volume meansurement.
Cubic Foot
1,728 cubic inches.
Currency Adjustment Factor ( CAF )
A surcharge percentage applied to freight rates to reflect currency fluctuations between U.S.dollars and other currencies.
Customs Bonded Warehouse
A public or privately owned warehouse where dutiable goods are stored pending payment of duty or removal under bond. The storage or delivery of goods are under the supervision of customs officers and if the warehouse is privately owned the keeper has to enter into a bond as indemnity in respect of the goods deposited, which may not be delivered without a release from the customs.
Customs House
A Government office where import duties, etc., on foreign shipments are handled.
Cut-off Time
Lastest possible time the cargo or container may be delivered to the vessel or designated point. See “Closing”.
Cwt.
Hundredweight (100 pounds in U.S.A.; 112 pounds in the U.K.).
CY/CFS
Cargo loaded in a full container by a shipper at origin, delivered to a CFS facility at destination, and then devanned by the carrier for loose pick-up.
CY/CY
Cargo loaded by the shipper in a full container at origin and delivered to the carrier's terminal at destination for pick-up intact by consignee.
D & H
Dangerous and Hazardous. Also see "Dangerous Goods".
DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)
In DDU, shipper clears the goods for export and is responsible for making them available to the buyer at the named place of destination, not cleared for import.
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)
In DDP, shipper clears the goods for export and is responsible for making them available to the buyer at the named place of destination, cleared for import, paid duty and tax
Dangerous Goods
The term used by I.M.C.O. for hazardous materials which are capable of posing a significant risk to health, safety or property while being transported.
Dead Space
Space in a car, truck, vessel, etc., that is not utilized.
Deadweight (D.W.)
The number of tons of cargoes, stores and bunker fuel a ship can carry and transport. Also see "Deadweight Tonnage".
Deadweight Tonnage (D/W)
The number of total weight tons of cargoes, stores and bunker fuel that a vessel can carry and transport. It is the difference between the number of tons of water a vessel displaces "light" and the number of tons it displaces when submerged to the "load line."
Dedicated Unit Train
An unit train operated by various railroads for exclusive usage.
Delivery Order
A document authorizing delivery to a nominated party of cargoes in the care of a third party. The document is issued by a carrier or a forwarder on surrender of a bill of lading and then used by the merchant to transfer title by endorsement. Destination
The place where the carrier or the forwarder actually turns over the cargo or container to consignee or his agent. It may also be termed “ Final Destination”. Destination Delivery Charge (DDC)
A charge assessed by the carrier for the handling of a full container at destinations. The term is more commonly used in the U.S.A. trade.
Detention (Demurrage )
Charges raised by the carrier or the forwarder for detaining container/trailer at customer premises for a period longer than that provided in the Tariff of the carrier or the forwarder.
Detention Charge
See "Detention".
Devanning
The removal of cargo from a container. Also known as unstuffing, unloading or stripping.
Differential Rate
An amount added or deducted from base rate to make a rate to or from some other point or via another route.
Diversion
A change made in the route of a shipment in transit.
Divert
The route of a shipment changed in transit from that shown on the original billing. Used interchangeably with reconsign.
Dock
(a) The water alongside a pier or wharf. (b) Loading or unloading platform at an industrial location or carrier terminal.
Dock Receipt
A document used to acknowledge receipt of cargo or container at a CFS or a CY or a Container Terminal. When delivery of an expert shipment is completed, the dock receipt is surrendered to the vessel operator or the operator's agent in exchange for the ocean or house bill of lading.
Door-to-Door
Through transportation of a container and its cargoes from consignor's premises to consignee's premises.
Double-deck Load
A second tier of cargo placed on top of the first tier.
Double Stack Train (DST)
Rail or train capable of carrying two 40' containers, one on top of the other.
Dray
A truck or other equipment designed to haul heavy loads.
Drayage
Charge made for local hauling by dray or truck.
Dry Cargo
Cargo that does not require temperature control.
Dry Dock
An enclosed basin into which a ship is taken for underwater cleaning and repairing. It is fitted with watertight entrance gates which when closed permit the dock to be pumped dry.
Dry-Bulk Container
A container constructed to carry grain, powder and other free-flowing solids in bulk.
Dunnage
Lumber or other material used to brace materials in carrier's equipment or containers.
Dwell Time
It is expressed in terms of number of days that a container changed from one status to another, e.g., from inbound load to empty available to outbound load. The shorter the dwell time, the more efficient the container utilization will be.
Empty Depot
A container yard used for the storage of empty containers.
En route
Along the route of movement.
ETA
Estimated time of arrival of carriers.
ETD
Estimated time of departure of carriers.
Ex Works
An INCOTERMS term of sale in which the buyer is responsible for taking delivery of the goods at the premises of the factory. Also known as “F.C.A.”
Export
Shipment of goods to another country.
Export Declaration
A government document permitting designated goods to be shipped out of the country.
F.A.K.
Freight All Kind. A system whereby freight is charged per container, irrespective of the nature of the cargoes, and not according to a Tariff.
F.A.S.
Free Alongside Ship. An INCOTERMS term of sale in which the buyer is responsible for all charges of the transportation of the cargoes after they arrive at the side of the ship. It is not a commonly-used term of sale in international trade today.
F.C.A.
Free Carrier. See “Ex-Works”
F.C.L.
Full Container Load. It is an arrangement whereby the shipper packs cargoes into a container provided by the carrier or the forwarder before delivering to the container terminal.
F.I.O.
Free In and Out. It is a term used in ship-chartering whereby the owner of the ship is not responsible for any charges incurred in the ports of loading or unloading.
F.O.B.
Free On Board. It is an INCOTERMS term of sale where the seller of the cargoes are responsible for all charges of the transportation of the cargoes all the way up to
their arrival on board the ship. It includes all charges of carriers or forwarders levied at the port of loading.
FCL/FCL
See “CY/CY”.
FCL/LCL
See “CY/CFS”.
Feeder Vessel
A vessel employed in normally short-sea routes to fetch or carry cargoes and containers to and from ocean-going vessels from the principle port hubs in a region to the minor ports.
FEU
Forty-foot Equivalent Unit (40' or 2 TEUs)
Final Destination
The place where the carrier or the forwarder actually turns over the container or cargo to the consignee of its agent. It is the end of liability of carriers or forwarders.
Flash Point
A temperature that when certain inflammable cargo reaches will trigger spontaneous ignition. It is an IMCO standard information requirement for dangerous goods.
FMC
Federal Maritime Commission. US Government Agency responsible for the regulation of all maritime activities.
Force Majeure
Force of nature. Accidents or incidents caused by the force of nature which are beyond the power of people to control.
Free Storage Period (FSP)
A carrier offers a period of time, normally three to five days, at destinations whereby imported containers or cargoes are allowed to be taken delivery by consignees free of any storage charge. After the FSP, there will be an overtime storage charge or demurrage levied by the carriers to the consignee. When bulk shipments are
involved, the carriers are prepared to negotiate a longer FSP with the consignees.
Freight
(a) The price paid to the carrier for the transportation of goods or merchandise by sea or air from one place to another. (b) Freight is also used to denote goods which are in the process of being transported from one place to another.
Freight Collect
The freight and charges agreed by the shipper and carrier is payable at destination.
Freight Prepaid
Freight and charges are required to be paid by a shipper before an original bill of lading is released.
Fresh Air Exchange (FAE)
The fresh air exchange system in a reefer container which removes harmful gases from reefers carrying sensitive perishable commodities. The fresh air vent is located on the reefer machinery at the end of the container. The fresh air vent is adjustable to accommodate a variety of cargo and chilled load operating conditions. The fresh air vent should be tightly closed when carrying frozen cargo.
Full Cellular Ship
A ship fitted for container carriage in all available space. The ship is fitted with vertical cells for container placement both below and above deck. No provisions are available for cargo other than containers.
Fumigation
Treatment of cargoes with a pesticide-active ingredient that is a gas under treatment conditions. It is a process required by many importing countries for the importation of wood and related products.
G.R.I.
General Rate Increase.
GATT
General Agreement on Tariff and Trade. An international multilateral agreement embodying a code of practice for fair trading in international commerce.
General Average
General average is an unwritten, non-statutory, international maritime law which is universally recognized and applied. It is founded on the principle that vessel and goods are parties to the same venture and share exposure to the same perils, which may require sacrifice or the incurring of extraordinary expense on the part of one for the benefit of the whole venture. It is an arrangement which will be applied when the vessel is encountering serious accidents caused by force majeure.
Genset (Generator Set)
A portable power generator, which converts fuel into electrical power by mechanical means, and from which a reefer draws power. A clip-on generator set is mounted to the front of the refrigeration unit. An underslung generator set is mounted to the chassis upon which the reefer is mounted for handling and transport. The underslung generator set can be either side-mounted or center-mounted on the chassis.
Gooseneck
The front rails of the chassis that raise above the plane of the chassis and engage in the tunnel of a container.
Gross Tonnage
Applies to vessels, not to cargo. Determined by dividing by 100 the contents, in cubic feet, of the vessel's closed-in spaces. A vessel ton is 100 cubic feet.
Gross Weight
Entire weight of goods, packaging and container, ready for shipment.
Hague Rules
1924 International Convention on Carriage of Goods by Sea. These rules govern liability for loss or damage to goods carried by sea under a bill of lading.
Hague-Visby Rules
1968 Revision of Hague Rules.
Hamburg Rules
In March 1978 an international conference in Hamburg adopted a new set of rules (The Hamburg Rules), which radically alter the liability which shipowners have to bear for loss or damage to goods in the courts of those nations where the rules apply.
Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System
A multi-purpose international goods-classification for manufacturers. Transporters, exporters, importers, customs officials, statisticians, and others in classifying goods moving in international trade under a single commodity code. Developed under the auspices of the Customs Cooperations Council (CCC), an international customs organization in Brussels, this code is a hierarchically structured product nomenclature containing approximately 5,000 headings and subheadings describing the articles moving in international trade. It is organized into 99 chapters arranged in 22 sections. Sections encompass an industry [ (e.g., Section XI, Textiles and Textile Articles); chapters encompass the various materials and products of the industry (e.g.: Chapter 50, Silk; Chapter 55, Manmade Staple Fibres; Chapter 57, Carpets).] The basic code contains four-digit headings and six-digit subheadings. (The U.S. will add digits for tariff and statistical purposes. In the U.S., duty rates will be the 8-digit level; statistical suffixes will be at the 10-digit level.
Hatch
The opening in the deck of a vessel which gives access to the cargo hold.
Haulier
The participating carrier responsible for drayage of containers.
Heavy Lift
Articles too heavy to be lifted by a ship's tackle.
Heavy-Lift Charge
A charge made for lifting articles too heavy to be lifted by a ship's tackle.
High Cube (HC or HQ)
Any container which exceeds 8 feet 6 inches (102 inches) in height, usually 9 feet 6 inches.
Hold
It is the part of the ship below decks where the cargo is stored.
House Bill of Lading (HB/L)
Bill of lading issued by a forwarder or an NVOCC operator.
House-to-House (H/H)
See “CY/CY”.
House-to-Pier (H/P)
See “CY/CFS”.
Hull
The body of a vessel exclusive of masts, yards, sails, rigging, machinery and equipment.
Hull Underwriter
The person with whom the ship hull, machinery apparel, and tackle is insured.
I.M.C.O.
International Maritime Consultative Organization. A forum in which most major maritime nations participate and through which recommendations for the carriage of dangerous goods, bulk commodities and maritime regulations become internationally acceptable.
I.P.I.
Inland Points Intermodal. Inland carriage by another mode of transportation after discharge.
IMDG Code
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code. The IMCO recommendations for the carriage of dangerous goods by sea.
Import
Shipment of goods from a foreign country.
Import Licence
A document required and issued by some national governments authorizing the importation of goods into their individual countries.
Import Permit
Usually required for items that might affect the public health, morals, animal life, vegetation, etc. Examples include foodstuffs, feedstuffs, pharmaceuticals (human and veterinary), medical equipment, seeds, plants and various written material (including
tapes, cassettes, movies, TV tapes or TV movies). In some countries an import permit is the same as an import licence.
In Transit
In passage from one place to another.
Inbound
Inward bound. Direction of vessel or cargo going to port of discharge or final destination.
Incoterms
Incoterms are a set of uniform rules codifying the interpretation of trade terms defining the rights and obligation of both buyer and seller in an international transaction, thereby enabling an otherwise complex basis for a sale contract to be accomplished in three letters. Incoterms are drafted by the International Chamber of Commerce.
Inland Clearance Depot
A CFS with Customs Clearance Facilities.
Insulated Container
A container insulated on the walls, roof, floor and doors, to reduce the effect of external temperatures on the cargo.
Insulated Tank Container
The frame of a container constructed to hold one or more thermally insulated tanks for liquids.
Interchange
Transfer of a container from one party to another.
Intermodal
Movements of cargoes or containers between motor, rail or water carriers.
Intermodal Transport
Moving ocean freight containers by various transportation modes. The fact that the containers are of the same size and have common handling characteristics permits them to be transferred from truck to railroad to air carrier to ocean carrier.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from some 130 countries, one from each country. It is a non-governmental organization established in 1947 to promote the development of standardization facilitating international trade. ISO's work results in international agreements which are published as International Standards.
Keel
The main center-line structural member, running fore and aft along the bottom of a ship, sometimes referred to as the backbone.
Knot
A unit of speed. The term "knot" means velocity in nautical miles per hour whether of
a vessel or current. One nautical mile is roughly equivalent to 1.15 statute miles or
1.85 kilometers.
L.C.L.
Less than Container Load. Cargo in quantity less than required for the application of a container load rate.
LCL/FCL
See “CFS/CY”.
LCL/LCL
See “CFS/CFS”.
Lashing
Support for cargoes inside a container or a cargo hold to ensure that they are secured and will not be subject to rolling during the voyage from origin to destination.
Late-Come
It is a term used in the liner industry when extensions are being given to the shippers against the official CY or CFS Closing date and time which carriers publish to the trade.
Letter of Indemnity
Guarantee from the shipper or consignee to indemnify carriers or forwarders for costs
and/or loss, if any, in order to obtain favourable action by carriers or forwarders. It is customary practice for carries and forwarders to demand letters of indemnity from consignees for taking delivery of cargoes without surrendering bill of lading which has been delayed or is lost.
Lien
A legal claim upon goods for the satisfaction of some debt or duty.
Lift-On/Lift-Off (LO-LO)
A container ship onto which containers are lifted by crane.
Lighter
An open or covered barge towed by a tugboat and used mainly in harbours and inland waterways.
Lighterage
Refers to the carriage of cargoes by lighter and the charge assessed therefore.
Liner
Vessel plying a regular trade/defined route against a published sailing schedule.
Liner Terms
Freight includes the cost of loading onto and discharging from the vessel.
Lloyds' Registry
An organization maintained for the surveying and classing of ships so that insurance underwriters and others may know the quality and condition of the vessels offered for insurance or employment.
Load Factor
Percent of loaded containers against total capacity of vessel or allocation.
Locking Bar
Device that secures container doors at top and bottom.
Long Ton
2,240 pounds.
Longshoreman
Workers employed in the terminals or quays to load and unload ships. They are also known as “S tevedores”.
Loop
A particular service of any Consortium or Carrier among various ports of calls, with the objective of creating a niche in the market for the first port of discharge.
Loose
Without packing.
Low-Bed
A trailer or semi-trailer with no sides and with the floor of the unit close to the ground.
Manifest
A document that lists in detail all the bills of lading issued by a vessel or its agent or master, i.e., a detailed summary of the total cargoes or containers loaded in a vessel. Used principally for customs purposes. It is also called summary of Bills of Lading.
Marine Insurance
Broadly, insurance covering loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, piracy and various other causes but excludes losses that can be legally recovered.
Maritime
Business pertaining to commerce or navigation transacted upon the sea or in seaports in such matters as the court of admiralty has jurisdiction over.
Marks and Numbers
Marks and Numbers placed on packages for export for identification purposes; generally a triangle, square, circle, diamond, or cross with letters and/or numbers and port discharge. They are of important use before containerization.
Master Bill of lading (MB/L)
See “Ocean Bill of lading”.
Master Lease
Master lease is one form of a short-term lease, which refers to the leasing of the containers by carriers from those leasing companies.
Master Lease Leasing Cost
Master lease leasing cost includes container rental, depot lift-on/lift-off charge, on/off hire drayage, drop-off charge and offhire repair cost, etc. Due to off-hire quota limitation, the average on-hire period is around 73 days for 20'GP, 40'GP and 102 days for 40'HQ.
Mate's Receipt
A receipt signed by a mate of the vessel, acknowledging receipt of cargo by the vessel. The individual in possession of the mate's receipt is entitled to the bill of lading, which in due course is issued in exchange for that receipt.
Maximum Payload
Maximum cargo that can be loaded into a container either by weight or volume.
Maximum Rate
The highest freight rate permitted by a regulatory body to apply between points.
Measurement Ton
1 cubic metre. One of the alternative bases of Freight Tariff.
Microbridge
A landbridge movement in which cargo originating/destined to an inland point is railed or trucked to/from the water port for a shipment to/from a foreign country. The carrier is responsible for cargo and costs from origin to destination. Also known as I.P.I. or Through Service.
Mini Landbridge (MLB)
An intermodal system for transporting containers from/to a foreign country by water to/from a U.S. ocean port other than the arrival port by rail at through rates and documents.
Mini-Bridge
Cargo moving from/to an inland destination on one bill of lading from/to a foreign port through two U.S. ports.
四种常见国际贸易术语 一、FOB Free On Board（……named port of shipment）--船上交货（…指定装运港），是指卖方在指定的装运港将货物装船超过船舷后，履行其交货义务。这意味着买方必须从那时起承担一切费用以及货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。它要求卖方办理货物出口结关手续。 按照《2000年通则》，FOB合同买卖双方的主要义务如下： 卖方主要义务： 1．负责按港口惯常方式在合同规定的日期或期间内，在指定装运港，将符合合同的货物交至买方指定的船上，并给予买方充分的通知。 2．负责办理货物出口手续，取得出口许可证或其他核准书。 3．负担货物在装运港越过船舷为止的一切费用和风险。 4．负责提供商业发票和证明货物已交至船上的通常单据。如果买卖双方约定使用电子通讯，上述发票和单据可被具有同等效力的电子信息所替代。 买方主要义务： 1．负责技合同规定支付价款。 2．负责租船或订舱，支付运费，并给予卖方关于船名、装部地点和要求交货时间的充分通知。 3．自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其他核准书，并办理货物进口以及必要时经由另一国过境运输的一切海关手续。 4．负担货物在装运港越过船舷后的一切费用和风险。 5．收取按合同规定支付的货物，接受有关单据。 使用FOB术语时，应注意以下几个方面的问题： 1．不能把FOB术语称之为"离岸价"。 2．"船舷为界"主要是针对风险的划分而言的，如果把它作为划分买卖双方承担的责任和费用的界限就不十分确切了。
3．船货衔接问题。 4．装船费用问题（FOB变形）。按FOB术语成交，可以选用适当的FOB 术语变形，即FOB术语之后加列各种附加条件，用以明确有关装船费用的负担。常用的FOB变形有以下几种： （1）FOB Liner Terms-FOB班轮条件，指有关装船费用按班轮条件办理，即由负责签订运输合同的一方当事人（即买方）支付。 （2）FOB Under Tackle－FOB吊钩下交货，指卖方仅负责将货物交到买方指定船只的吊钩所及之处，有关装船的各项费用均由买方负责。 （3）FOBS（FOB Stowed）一FOB包括理舱，指卖方负责将货物装人船舱支付包括理舱费在内的装船费用。 （4）FOBT（－FOB Trimmed）一FOB包括平舱，指卖方负责将货物装入船舱，并支付包括平船费在内的装船费用。 （5）FOBST（FOB Stowed andTrimmed ）－FOB包括理舱、平舱，指卖方负责将货物装上船，并支付包括理既费和平舱费在内的装船费用。 FOB变形不改变交货地点和买卖双方划分风险的界限。 5．应当注意《2000年通则》与《1 941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》对FOB贸易术语的不同解释。 二、CFR Cost and Fright（…named port of destination）--成本加运费（……指定目的港），是指卖方必须支付成本费和将货物运至指定的目的港所需的运费，但货物灭失或损坏的风险以及货物装船后发生事件所产生的任何额外费用，自货物于装运港越过船舷时起即从卖方转由买方承担。 按照《2000年通则》，CFR合同买卖双方的主要义务如下： 卖方主要义务： 1．负责在合同规定的日期或期间内，在装运港将符合合同的货物交至运往指定目的港的船上，并给予买方充分的通知。 2．负责办理货物出口手续，取得出口许可证或其他核准书。 3、负责租船定舱，并支付至目的港的正常运费。 4．负担货物在装运港越过船舷为止的一切费用和风险。
国际贸易术语解释 2010年国际贸易术语解释,EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP 国际贸易术语2010主要变化：1. 术语分类的调整：由原来的EFCD 四组分为适用于两类：适用于各种运输方式和水运2、贸易术语的数 2010年国际贸易术语解释,EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DAT、DAP、DDP 国际贸易术语2010主要变化： 1. 术语分类的调整： 由原来的EFCD 四组分为适用于两类：适用于各种运输方式和水运 2、贸易术语的数量由原来的13种变为11种。《通则2010》的分类新版本改变了《通则2000》将13个贸易术语分为EFCD四组的做法，而将11种术语分成了如下截然不同的两类： 第一组：适用于任何运输方式的术语七种：EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DA T、DAP、DDP。 EXW（ex works）工厂交货 FCA（free carrier）货交承运人 CPT（carriage paid to）运费付至目的地 CIP（carriage and insurance paid to）运费/保险费付至目的地 DA T（delivered at terminal）目的地或目的港的集散站交货 DAP（delivered at place）目的地交货 DDP（delivered duty paid）完税后交货 第二组：适用于水上运输方式的术语四种：FAS、FOB、CFR、CIF。 FAS（free alongside ship）装运港船边交货 FOB（free on board）装运港船上交货 CFR（cost and freight）成本加运费 CIF（cost insurance and freight）成本、保险费加运费 3、删除INCOTERMS2000中四个D组贸易术语，即DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)、DAF (Delivered At Frontier)、DES (Delivered Ex Ship)、DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay)，只保留了INCOTERMS2000D组中的DDP（Delivered Duty Paid ）。 4、新增加两种D组贸易术语，即DA T （Delivered At Terminal ）与DAP（Delivered At Place ）。 5、E组、F组、C组的贸易术语基本没有变化。 如何应用国际贸易术语2010通则(文捷ex) DA T（delivered at terminal）目的地或目的港的集散站交货 类似于取代了的DEQ术语，指卖方在指定的目的地或目的港的集散站卸货后将货物交给买方处置即完成交货，术语所指目的地包括港口。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地或目的港的集散站的一切风险和费用（除进口费用外）。本术语适用于任何运输方式或多式联运。 DAP（delivered at place）目的地交货 类似于取代了的DAF、DES和DDU三个术语，指卖方在指定的目的地交货，只需做好卸货准备无需卸货即完成交货。术语所指的到达车辆包括船舶，目的地包括港口。卖方应承担将货物运至指定的目的地的一切风险和费用（除进口费用外）。本术语适用于任何运输方式、多式联运方式及海运。 《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》(International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2010, 缩写Incoterms? 2010) 是国际商会根据国际货物贸易的发展，对《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的修订，2010年9月27日公布，于2011年1月1日实施。法|律教育网整理 《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》删去了《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》4个术语：DAF (Delivered at Frontier)边境交货、DES (Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港船上交货、DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay)目的港码头交货、DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid)未完税交货，新增了2个术语：DAT（delivered at terminal）在指定目的地或目的港的集散站交货、DAP（delivered at place）在指定目的地交货。即用DAP取代了DAF、DES和DDU三个术语，DAT取代了DEQ，且扩展至适用于一切运输方式。 修订后的《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》取消了“船舷”的概念，卖方承担货物装上船为止的一切风险，买方承担货物自装运港装上船后的一切风险。在FAS，FOB，CFR和CIF等术语中加入了货物在运输期间被多次买卖（连环贸易）的责任义务的划分。考虑到对于一些大的区域贸易集团内部贸易的特点，规定，Incoterms? 2010不仅适用于国际销售合同，也适用于国内销售合同。 《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》共有11种贸易术语，按照所适用的运输方式划分为两大类： 第一组：适用于任何运输方式的术语七种：EXW、FCA、CPT、CIP、DA T、DAP、DDP。 EXW（ex works）工厂交货 FCA（free carrier）货交承运人 CPT（carriage paid to）运费付至目的地 CIP（carriage and insurance paid to）运费/保险费付至目的地
国际贸易——international trade 进口贸易——import trade 复出口贸易——Re-export trade 货物贸易——good trade 直接贸易——direct trade 对外贸易值——value of foreign trade 出口贸易——export trade过境贸易——transit trade 复进口贸易——Re-import trade 服务贸易——service trade转口贸易——entrepot trade 贸易差额——balance of trade 贸易术语——trade terms 《1932年华沙—牛顿规则》——warsaw-oxford rules 1932 《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》——revised american foreign trade definitions1941 《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》——INCTERMS2000 《国际贸易术语解释通则》——international rules for the intepretayionl of trade terms 装运港船上交货（……指定装运港）——Free on Board(…named port of shipment) FOB 班轮条件——FOB Liner Terms FOB吊钩下交货——FOB Under Tackle 船上交货并理舱——FOB Stowed船上交货并平仓——FOB Trimmed 成本加运费（……指定目的港）——Cost and Freight（…named port of destination） CFR 班轮条件——CFR Liner Terms CFR卸到岸上——CFR Landed CFR 吊钩下交货——CFR Ex Tackle CFR舱底交货——CFR Ex Ship’s Hold Cif 成本保险费加运费（……指定目的港）——Cost，Insurance and Freight（…named port of destination） 实际交货——Physical Delivery 货交承运人（……指定地点）——Free Carrier（…named place） 运费付至（……指定目的地）——Carriage Paid to（…named place of destination） 运费、保险费付至（……指定目的地）——Carriage and Insurance Paid to（…named place of destination） 工厂交货（……指定地点）——EXW（…named place） 船边交货（……制定装运港）——FAS(https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713355512.html,d port of shipment) 边境交货（……指定地点）——DAF(…named place) 目的港船上交货（……指定目的港）——DES(…named port of destination) 目的港码头交货（……指定目的港）——DEQ(…named port of destination) 未完税交货（……指定目的地）——DDU（…named place of destination） 备完税后交货（……指定目的地）——DDP（…named place of destination） 商品名称——Name of Commodity 商品的品质——Quality of Goods 凭等级买卖——Sale by Grade 货物描述——Description of Goods 凭规格买卖——Sale by Specifications 商品的等级——Grade of Goods 凭标准买卖——Sale by Standard 良好平均品质——Fair Average Quality，FAQ 上好可销品质——Good Merchantable Quality，GMQ凭说明书和图样买卖——Sale by Descriptions and Illustrations凭品牌或商标买卖——Sale By Brand or Trade Mark 凭产地名称买卖——Sale by Name of Origin 凭样品——Sample 复样——Duplicated Sample 品质公差——Quality Tolerance 实际品质——Actual Quality 留样——Keep Sample 品质机动幅度——Quality Latitude 重量单位——Weight
13种国际贸易术语解释 一、E组 1：EXW---工厂交货（---指定地点）。是指卖方将货物从工厂（或仓库）交付给买方，除非另有规定，卖方不负责将货物装上买方安排的车或船上，也不办理出口报关手续。买方负担自卖方工厂交付后至最终目的地的一切费用和风险。如买方不能直接或间接的办理货物出口报关手续时，则不宜采用此贸易方式。EXW是卖方责任最小的贸易术语。 二、F组 2：FCA ，即货交承运人(……指定地点)。此术语是指卖方必须在合同规定的交货期内在指定地点将货物交给买方指定的承运人监管，并负担货物交由承运人监管前的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。 需要说明的是，交货地点选择对于在该地点装货和卸货的义务会产生影响。若卖方在其所在地交货，则卖方应负责装货；若卖方在任何其他地点交货，卖方不负责卸货，即使货物在卖方的运输工具上，尚未卸货，卖方只要将货物交给买方指定的承运人或其他人或由卖方选定的承运人或其他人处置时，交货即算完成。当卖方将货物交给承运人照管，并办理了出口结关手续，就算履行了其交货义务。3：FA S---装运港船边交货（---指定装运港）。是指卖方将货物运至指定装运港的船边或驳船内交货，并在需要办理海关手续时，办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续，买方承担自装运港船边（或驳船）起的一切费用和风险。 4：FOB-装运港船上交货（---指定装运港）。 该术语规定卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内在指定的装运港将货物交至买方指定的船上，并负担货物越过船舷以前为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险。 三、C组 5：CFR ( -成本加运费（---指定目的港）。是指卖方必须自阿合同规定的装运期内，在装运港将货物交至运往指定目的港的船上，负担货物越过船舷以前为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险，并负责租船订舱，支付至目的港的正常运费。 6：CIF---成本加保险费、运费（---指定目的港）。 是指卖方必须在合同规定的装运期内在装运港将货物交至运往指定目的港的船上，负担货物越过船舷以前为止的一切费用和货物灭失或损坏的风险并办理货运保险，支付保险费，以及负责租船订舱，支付从装运港到目的港的正常运费。 7：CPT运费付至（---指定目的地）。是指卖方支付货物运至指定目的地的运费，在货物被交由承运人保管时，货物灭失或损坏的风险，以及由于在货物交给承运人后发生的事件而引起的额外费用，即从卖方转移至买方。 8：CIP-运费保险费付至（---指定目的地）。是指卖方支付货物运至目的地的运费，并对货物在运输途中灭失或损坏的买方风险取得货物保险，订立保险合同，支付保险费用，在货物被交由承运人保管时，货物灭失或损坏的风险，以及由于在货物交给承运人后发生的事件而引起的额外费用，即从卖方转移至买方 四：D组 9：DAF边境交货（---指定地点）。 是指卖方将货物运至买方指定的边境地点，将仍处于交货的运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交付买方，并办妥货物出口清关手续，承担将货物运抵边境上的指定地点所需的一切费用和风险，此地点为毗邻边境的海关前，包括出口国在内的任何国家边境（含过境国）。进口清关手续则由买方办理。 10：DES-目的港船上交货（---指定目的港）。是指卖方将货物运至买方指定目的港的船上，并交给买方，但不办理进口清关手续，卖方负担将货物运抵指定卸货港为止的一切费用和风险，买方负担货物从船上开始卸货期的一切费用和风险。 11：DEQ-目的港码头交货（---指定目的港）。是指将货物交付给买方，但不办理货物进口清关手续，卖方负担将货物运抵卸货港并卸至码头为止的一切费用与风险。买方则负担随后的一切费用和风险。 12：DDQ进口国未完税交货（---指定目的地）。 是指卖方将货物运至进口国指定的目的地交付给买方，不办理进口手续，也不从交货的运输工具上将货物卸下，即完成交货。卖方应该承担货物运至指定目的地为止的一切费用与风险，不包括在需要办理海关手续时在目的地进口应缴纳的任何“税费”（包括办理海关手续的责任和风险，以及交纳手续费、关税、税款和其他费用）。买方必须承担此项“税费”和因其未能及时办理货物进口清关手续而引起的费用和风险。 13：DDP -进口国完税后交货（---指定目的地）。是指卖方将货物运至进口国指定地点，将在交货运输工具上尚未卸下的货物交付给买方，卖方负责办理进口报关手续，交付在需要办理海关手续时在目的地应缴纳的任何进口“税费”。卖方负担将货物交付给买方前的一切费用和风险。如卖方无法直接或间接的取得进口许可证时不宜采用该术语。DDP是卖方责任最大的贸易术语。 E、F、C、D四组13种术语的解释 1、对EXW术语的解释（发货合同） 即工厂交货（……指定地点）。是指卖方在其所在地（如工场、工厂或仓库等）将备妥的货物交付买方，以履行其交货义务。
13种常见的国际贸易 术语
13种常见的贸易术语 (一)工厂交货(EXW) 本术语英文为"EX Works(... named place)"，即"工厂交货(......指定地点)"。 它指卖方负有在其所在地即车间、工厂、仓库等把备妥的货物交付给买方的 责任，但通常不负责将货物装上买方准备的车辆上或办理货物结关。买方承担 自卖方的所在地将货物运至预期的目的地的全部费用和风险。 优缺点： 对于卖方的优势：在exw条件下成交卖方承当责任最小，工作内容最少。买方 必须承当在卖方所在地受领货物的全部费用和风险。 劣势：一般来说买方是不会提出这种贸易方式的。 买卖双方的责任与义务： A 卖方义务 B 买方义务 A1 提供符合合同规定的货物 卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票或有同等作用的电子讯息，以及合同可能要求的、证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。 B1 支付价款 买方必须按照销售合同规定支付价款。 A2 许可证、其他许可和手续 应买方要求并由其承当风险和费用，在需要办理海关手续时，卖方必须给予买方一切协助，以帮助买方取得为货物出口所需的出口许可证或其他官方许可。 B2 许可证、其他许可和手续
买方必须自担风险和费用，取得任何出口和进口许可证或其他官方许可，在需要办理海关手续时，并办理货物出口的一切海关手续。 A3 运输合同与保险合同 a）运输合同 无义务。 b）保险合同 无义务。 B3 运输合同与保险合同 a）运输合同 无义务。 b）保险合同 无义务。 A4 交货 卖方必须按照合同约定的日期或期限，或如果未约定日期或期限，按照交付此类货物的惯常时间，在指定的地点将未置于任何运输车辆上的货物交给买方处置。若在指定的地点内未约定具体交货点，或有若干个交货点可使用，则卖方可在交货地点中选择最适合其目的的交货点。 B4 受领货物 买方必须在卖方按照A4和A7/B7规定交货时受领货物。 A5 风险转移 除B5规定者外，卖方必须承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险，直至已经按照A4规定交货为止。 B5 风险转移 买方必须按照下述规定承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险：自按照A4规定交货之时起；及由于买方未能按照B7规定通知卖方，则自约定的交货日期或交货期限届满之日起，但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下，即清楚地划出或以其他方式确定为合同项下之货物为限。 A6 费用划分 除B6规定者外，卖方必须负担与货物有关的一切费用，直到已经按照A4规定交货为止。
国际贸易词汇术语大搜罗 贸易价格术语 trade term / price term 价格术语 world / international market price 国际市场价格FOB (free on board) 离岸价 C&F (cost and freight) 成本加运费价 CIF (cost, insurance and freight) 到岸价 freight 运费 wharfage 码头费 landing charges 卸货费 customs duty 关税 port dues 港口税 import surcharge 进口附加税
import variable duties 进口差价税commission 佣金 return commission 回佣，回扣price including commission 含佣价net price 净价 wholesale price 批发价 discount / allowance 折扣 retail price 零售价 spot price 现货价格 current price 现行价格/ 时价indicative price 参考价格 customs valuation 海关估价 price list 价目表 total value 总值
贸易保险术语 All Risks 一切险 F.P.A. (Free from Particular Average) 平安险 W.A. / W.P.A (With Average or With Particular Average) 水渍险 War Risk 战争险 F.W.R.D. (Fresh Water Rain Damage) 淡水雨淋险 Risk of Intermixture and Contamination 混杂、玷污险 Risk of Leakage 渗漏险 Risk of Odor 串味险 Risk of Rust 锈蚀险 Shortage Risk 短缺险 T.P.N.D. ( Theft, Pilferage & Non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险 Strikes Risk 罢工险
2010国际贸易术语解释通则 Incoterms?2010 （2011年1月1日实施） 目 录 前言 EXW工厂交货（&&指定地点） FCA货交承运人（&&指定地点） CPT运费付至（&&指定目的港） CIP运费和保险费付至（&&指定目的地） DAT终点站交货（&&指定目的港或目的地） DAP目的地交货（&&指定目的地） DDP完税后交货（&&指定目的地） FAS船边交货（&&指定装运港） FOB船上交货（&&指定装运港） CFR成本加运费付至（&&指定目的港） CIF成本，保险加运费付至（&&指定目的港） 全球化经济赋予商业以空前宽广途径通往世界各地市场。货物得以在更多的国家、大量且种类愈繁地销售。然而随着全球贸易数额的增加与贸易复杂性的提升，因销售合同不恰当起草引致误解与高代价争端可能性也提高了。 国际贸易术语解释通则这一用于国内与国际贸易事项的国际商会规则使得全球贸易行为更便捷。在销售合同中参引国际贸易术语解释通则2010可清晰界定各方义务并降低法律纠纷的风险。 自1936年国际商会创制国际贸易术语以来，这项在全球范围内普遍被接受的合同标准经常更新，以保持与国际贸易发展步调一致。国际贸易术语解释通则2010版考虑到了全球范围内免税区的扩展，商业交往中电子通讯运用的增多，货物运输中安保问题关注度的提高以及运输实践中的许多变化。国际贸易术语解释通则2010更新并加强了交货规则规则的总数从13降到11，并为每一规则提供了更为简洁和清晰的解释。国际贸易术语解释通则2010同时也是第一部使得所有解释对买方与卖方呈现中立的贸易解释版本。 国际商会商法和实践委员会成员来自世界各地和所有贸易领域，该委员会宽泛的专业技能确保了国际贸易术语解释通则2010与各地的商贸需要照应。 国际商会向Fabio Bortolotti（意大利）的商法和实践委员会的成员表示谢意，向由Charles Debattista（副组长，英国），Christoph Martin Radtke （副组长，法国），Jens Bredow （德
第二章国际贸易术语 大纲要求 1、贸易术语含义和作用 2、《INCOTERMS 2010》中11个贸易术语的基本含义 3、FOB、CFR和CIF变形的含义 4、FOB、CFR和CIF与FCA、CPT和CIP的异同 5、选用贸易术语应考虑的因素 《2010通则》对贸易术语的分类 水运术语：FOB、CFR、CIF、FAS 全能术语：FCA、CPT、CIP、EXW、DA T、DAP、DDP 术语的主要内容 1．运输方式 2．交货点/风险转移点/交货性质/合同性质 3．双方责任与费用划分 ①进口通关②出口通关③运输④保险⑤装货费⑥卸货费 第一节国际贸易术语概述 第二节六种主要贸易术语 第三节其他贸易术语
第二节六种主要贸易术语 FOB、CFR、CIF——装运港船上交货 三个术语的共同点： 1．适用的运输方式——水运 2．交货点＼风险转移点——出口国. 装运港. 船上 货物装上船之前的一切风险和费用——卖方承担 货物装上船之后的一切风险和费用——买方承担 3．象征性交货 卖方交单即交货，买方见单即付款 交货步骤： ①卖方将货物装船——“一要交货” ②卖方提交相关单据或相等电子信息——“二要交单” ③买方接受交货单据，付款——“见单付款” 卖方提交相关单据说明： 发票——买卖双方收付货款、记账、办理报关、纳税的重要凭证 海运提单——转移货物的所有权 装箱单——说明每件货物内装的品名和数量 保险单——CIF术语下有，其余两个术语下无 4．装运合同 卖方只管按时装运，不管何时到达 5．通关手续与费用 领取进口许可证，办理进口——买方承担 领取出口许可证，办理出口——卖方承担 6．不适合集装箱运输 当使用集装箱运输时，卖方通常将货物在集装箱码头移交给承运人，而不是交到船上，故FOB、CFR、CIF应由FCA、CPT、CIP（出口国货交承运人）取代。
国际贸易术语解释通则（2010） 目录 前言. 1 EXW——工厂交货（……指定地点）. 5 FCA——货交承运人（……指定地点）. 7 CPT——运费付至（……指定目的港）. 10 CIP——运费和保险费付至（……指定目的地） 13 DAT——终点站交货（……指定目的港或目的地） 16 DAP——目的地交货（……指定目的地）. 18 DDP——完税后交货（……指定目的地）. 20 FAS——船边交货（……指定装运港）. 22 FOB——船上交货（……指定装运港）. 24 CFR——成本加运费付至（……指定目的港） 27 CIF——成本，保险加运费付至（……指定目的港） 30 国际贸易术语解释通则2010 全球化经济赋予商业以空前宽广途径通往世界各地市场。货物得以在更多的国家、大量且种类愈繁地销售。然而随着全球贸易数额的增加与贸易复杂性的提升，因销售合同不恰当起草引致误解与高代价争端可能性也提高了。 国际贸易术语解释通则这一用于国内与国际贸易事项的国际商会规则使得全球贸易行为更便捷。在销售合同中参引国际贸易术语解释通则2010可清晰界定各方义务并降低法律纠纷的风险。 自1936年国际商会创制国际贸易术语以来，这项在全球范围内普遍被接受的合同标准经常更新，以保持与国际贸易发展步调一致。国际贸易术语解释通则2010版考虑到了全球范围内免税区的扩展，商业交往中电子通讯运用的增多，货物运输中安保问题关注度的提高以及运输实践中的许多变化。国际贸易术语解释通则2010更新并加强了“交货规则”——规则的总数从13降到11，并为每一规则提供了更为简洁和清晰的解释。国际贸易术语解释通则2010同时也是第一部使得所有解释对买方与卖方呈现中立的贸易解释版本。 国际商会商法和实践委员会成员来自世界各地和所有贸易领域，该委员会宽泛的专业技能确保了国际贸易术语解释通则2010与各地的商贸需要照应。 国际商会向Fabio Bortolotti（意大利）的商法和实践委员会的成员表示谢意，向由Charles Debattista（副组长，英国），Christoph Martin Radtke （副组长，法国），Jens Bredow （德国），Johnny Herre （瑞典），David Lwee（英国），Lauri Railas （芬兰），Frank Reynold（美国），Miroslav Subert （捷克）组成的起草小组致谢，并且向对11条规则的表述给予帮助的Asko Raty （芬兰）致谢。 前言 Incoterms 2010规则阐释了一系列在货物销售商业（商事）合同实践中使用的三字母系列贸易术语。Incerotms 2010规则主要描述货物从卖方到买方运输过程中涉及的义务、费用和风险的分配。 如何运用Incoterms?2010规则 1.将Incoterms?2010规则订入到你的销售合同中
各种主要贸易术语的解释 在我国对外贸易中，经常使用的主要贸易术语为FOB，CFR和CIF三种，近年来随着集装箱运输和国际多式联运业务的发展，采用FCA，CPT和CIP贸易术语的也日益增多，因此，道德应对这几种主要贸易术语的解释和运用有所了解。 1.对FOB术语的解释 FOB术语的中译名为装运港船上交货，其原文为Free on Board (https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713355512.html,d port lf Shipment)。此术语是指卖方在约定的装运港将货物交到买方指定的船上而方，按照《1990年通则》规定，此术语只能适用于海运和内河航运。但是在海运和内河航运中，如要求卖方在船舶到达前即将货物交到港口货站，则不宜采用FOB术语，而改用FCA术语更为适宜。 按国际商会对FOB的解释，买卖双方各自承担的基本义务概括起来，可作如下划分： 卖方的基本义务 办理出口结关手续，并负担货物到装运港船舷为止的一切费用与风险。 在约定的装运期和装运港，按港口惯常办法，把货物装到买方指定的船上，并向买方发出已装船的通知。 向买方提交约定的各项单证或相等的电子信息。 （2）买方的基本义务 按时租妥船舶开往约定的装运港元接运货物，支付运费，并将船名和到港装货日期给卖方充分通知。 承担货物越过装运港舷时起的各种费用以及货物灭失或损环的一切风险。 按合同规定，受领交货凭斑点并支付货款。
值得注意是的，《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》对FOB的解释与运用，同国际上的一般解释与运且有明显的差异，这主要表现在下列几方面：该定义把FOB笼统地解释为在某处某种运输工具上交货，其适用范围很广，因此，在同美国商订FOB进口合同时，除必须标明装运港名称外，还必须在FOB 后加上“船舶”（Vessel）字样，如果只订为“FOB San Francisco”而漏写“Vessel”字样，则卖方只负责把货物运到旧金山城内的任何外所，不负责把货物运到旧金山港口并交到船上，这一点同欧洲，亚洲，非洲各国对FOB的解释和运用有很大的区别，对此特别注意，由于加拿大等国也援引美国的惯例，因此，同加拿大国商人签订FOB进口合同时，也应注意上述这个问题。 在风险划分上，不是以装运港船舷为界，而是以船舱为界，即卖方负担货物装到船上为止所发生的一切丢失与残损。 在费用负担上，规定买方要支付卖方协助提供出口单证的费用以及出口税和因出口而产生的其它费用。 此外，按FOB成交时，应明确装货费由谁负担，在FOB条件下，由买方派船接运货物，如属件杂货，通常采用班轮运输，而班轮运输的特点之一。是由船方负担装卸费，故买方不另外支付装货费，买卖双方就没有必要约定装货费由谁负担。 但是，如果成交的是大宗货物，为了节省运费，通常洽租不定期船运输，在洽租不定期船运输时，装货费不一定包括在租金中，如租金中没有包括装货费，则船方不负担装货费，在此情况下，装货费窨由买方抑或卖方负担，就应当在买卖合同中订明，即在FOB后加列有关装货费由谁负担的附加条件，以明确责任，这就导致FOB的变形。在实际业务中，常见的变形有下列几种：
常用国际贸易术语 SCO：SCO=SOFT CORPORATE OFFER 软发盘或责任供货函的意思，外贸单证是指进出口业务中使用的各种单据和证书，买卖双方凭借这些单证来处理货物的交付、运输、保险、商检和结汇等，单证工作主要有审证、制单、审单、交单和归档五个方面，它贯穿于进出口合同履行的全过程，具有工作量大、涉及面广、时间性强和要求高等特点。 ICPO:不可撤销意向书 LOI:购货意向书 POP: Proof of Product 产品证明产品证明也就是货物证明 PB： Performance Bond(履约保证金) POF： Proof of Funds(资金证明) FCO： Formal Change Order(合同正式更改确认书) Q88： BG：银行保函 BCL：银行资信证明。 DLC:跟单信用证 SBLC:备用信用证 MT103：是电汇 MT103-23:这个MT103有个形式为MT103-23，也就是有条件支付形式. MT760: BG/MT760/SKR是根据ICC458见索即付和ICC500有条件付款等条款制定的。而且，这种在国际贸易中新兴的付款方式近年来已被美、欧及香港地区多数国际知名大银行所广泛采用，其发展的态势将全面取代国际贸易中传统的付款方式“跟单信用证”。开证行：在此程序中，开证行（或买方银行）对于执行的合同扮演两个角色，一是开证行是这笔交易的第一付款责任人，二是买方银行又是这笔交易的“第三方委托人”。银行付款保函：在这个程序中，保函内容“无条件的、不可撤消的、保兑的、全款的”是完全保护卖方的（见附件一和二），而且开证行为第一付款责任人。在整个过程中，正本银行保函一直存放在开证行安全帐户直至卖方按照合同规定履约其全部责任。 MT760：是银行保函的通知函，这个通知函是根据合同第九章和附件四内容开立的，是用来保护买方和买方银行的（见附件三、四）。安全帐户/安全收据在开证行开立的“第三方责任人” /信托帐户存放正本保函，只把安全收据提供给卖方作为收据。BG/MT760/SKR操作程序（买 方银行） 1．买方银行向卖方（而不是卖方银行）发出保函的预通知函，供卖方确认，卖方同意后返回买方或买方银行。 2．买方银行/联系行通过MT760密押向卖方银行通知保函生效，通知上没有保函的具体内
国际经济与贸易专业英语词汇手册 商学院 2009年1月
economist 经济学家 socialist economy 社会主义经济 capitalist economy 资本主义经济 collective economy 集体经济 planned economy 计划经济 controlled economy 管制经济 rural economics 农村经济 liberal economy 经济 mixed economy 混合经济 political economy 政治经济学 protectionism 保护主义 autarchy 闭关自守 primary sector 初级成分 private sector 私营成分,私营部门 public sector 公共部门,公共成分 economic channels 经济渠道 economic balance 经济平衡 economic fluctuation 经济波动 economic depression 经济衰退 economic stability 经济稳定 economic policy 经济政策 economic recovery 经济复原 understanding 约定 concentration 集中 holding company 控股公司 trust 托拉斯 cartel 卡特尔 rate of growth 增长 economic trend 经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势 infrastructure 基本建设 standard of living 生活，标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力 scarcity 短缺 stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达 underdeveloped 不发达的 developing 发展中的 initial capital 创办资本 frozen capital 冻结资金 frozen assets 冻结资产 fixed assets 固定资产 real estate 不动产,房地产 circulating capital, working capital 流动资本
国际贸易术语解释通则INCOTERMS 当贸易双在洽商交易和订立买卖合同时，不但要制定价格，数量，以及商品品性的条款，还要明确交易双方在货物交接过程中有关风险，责任和费用的划分。为了明确交易双方各自承担的责任，费用和风险，所以采用专门的贸易术语来表示。?国际贸易术语解释通则?（International Commercial Term) 是为国际贸易中最普遍使用的贸易术语提供一套解释的国际规则。买卖双方在合同中使用贸易术语是为了明确规定比如由谁来支付货物在运输过程中的运输费用及保险费用，由谁来支付货物在装卸中的费用，由谁来承担货物运输过程中可能遭遇的自然灾害，意外事故和各种外来风险等等事项。贸易术语在合同中的应用还直接影响到海关对进口商品的估价基准。 ?国际贸易术语解释通则?由在法国巴黎的国际商会制定监管，并受到世界上主要贸易国家的支持。目前世界上所用的贸易术语有十三种，这些贸易术语可以作为上述所引用事例的基础。下列所有的现行贸易术语是以卖方的责任排列的。 E组（启运) 工厂交货（指定地点）(EXW) - 卖方（出口商）将货物在自己的所在地为买方（进口商）准备好。买方一旦支付货款，就要对工厂外的货物承担所有的运费，关税，保险费，以及灭失或损坏的一切风险。工厂交货条款下的货价不含装车装船费。卖方对买方没有通关补贴。如果最终进口国的海关是以船上交货价格（FOB)作为完税价格，那么从卖方场地到出口港之间的运费和保险费还要加进工厂交货价格以达成所规定的完税价格。工厂交货（指定地点），是指卖方在其所在地或其工厂仓库等地将货物交给买方已达到承担最小风险的目的。 F组(主要运费未付) 装运港船边交货(FAS) - 卖方（出口商）办理货物清关手续并将货物在指定的装运港将货物交到船边，即完成交货。买方必须承担自那时起货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。买方负责装船（除非特别指明）并且承担到达目的地的一切费用。 货交承运人(FCA)- 卖方（出口商）只要将货物在指定的地点交给买方指定的承运人，并办理出口清关手续，即完成交货。如果卖方在其所在地交货，则卖方应负责装货，否则买方负责装货。买方承担自交货点起货物灭失或损坏的一切风险，还要支付自规定交货之时起货物抵达目的地的运输费用。 装运港船上交货(FOB) - 卖方（出口商）负责办理出口清关手续以及将货物从自己所在地运至并装上出口港的船上。一旦货物越过船舷，卖方即完成交货。买方必须从该点起承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险以及运费，保险费和进口的清关手续。FOB 的成交方式要注明出口港的名称。比如说，出口港是Boston, 应该在有关文件上写明：FOB, Boston. 如果进口国的海关是以CIF 作为完税价格，那么完税价格在FOB价格的基础上还要加上国际运费及保险费。
保税仓库 bonded warehouse 贸易顺差 favorable balance of trade 贸易逆差 unfavorable balance of trade 进口配额制 import quotas 自由贸易区 free trade zone 对外贸易值 value of foreign trade 国际贸易值 value of international trade 普遍优惠制 generalized system of preferences-GSP 最惠国待遇 most-favored nation treatment-MFNT -------------------价格条件---------------------- 价格术语trade term (price term) 运费freight 单价 price 码头费wharfage
总值 total value 卸货费landing charges 金额 amount 关税customs duty 净价 net price 印花税stamp duty 含佣价price including commission 港口税portdues 回佣return commission 装运港portof shipment 折扣discount,allowance 卸货港port of discharge 批发价 wholesale price 目的港portof destination 零售价 retail price 进口许口证inportlicence 现货价格spot price 出口许口证exportlicence 期货价格forward price 现行价格（时价）current price prevailingprice 国际市场价格 world (International)Marketprice 离岸价（船上交货价）FOB-free on board 成本加运费价（离岸加运费价） C&F-cost and freight 到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF-cost,insurance and freight --------------------交货条件---------------------- 交货delivery 轮船steamship(缩写S.S) 装运、装船shipment 租船charter (the chartered shep) 交货时间 time of delivery 定程租船voyage charter; 装运期限time of shipment 定期租船time charter 托运人（一般指出口商）shipper,consignor 收货人consignee
国际贸易（International Trade） 国际贸易惯例（International Trade Practice） 《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERM 2000） FOB ( Free On Board ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713355512.html,d port of shipment FOB 也称“离岸价”，实践中的使用通常为“FOB……港（出发地）按FOB成交，由买方负责派船接运货物，卖方应在合同规定的装运港和规定的期限内，将货物装上买方指定的船只，并及时通知买方。货物在装船时越过船舷，风险即由卖方转移至买方。 成员图片(4张) FAS ( Free Alongside Ship ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713355512.html,d port of shipment FAS(Free Alongside Ship)是国际贸易术语之一，《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERMS2000）对其规定如下：“船边交货（……指定装运港）”是指卖方在指定的装运港将货物交到船边，即完成交货。买方必须承担自那时起货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。 FCA ( Free Carrier ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713355512.html,d place FCA是国际贸易术语之一，《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》（INCOTERMS 2000）free carrier“货交承运人对其规定如下：需要说明的是，交货地点的选择对于在该地点装货和卸货的义务会产生影响。若卖方在其所在地交货，则卖方应负责装货，若卖方在任何其他地点交货，卖方不负责卸货。 该术语可用于各种运输方式，包括多式联运。 “承运人”指任何人在运输合同中，承诺通过铁路、公路、空运、海运、内河运输或上述运输的联合方式履行运输或由他人履行运输。若买方指定承运人以外的人领取货物，则当卖方将货物交给此人时，即视为已履行了交货义务。 CFR ( Cost and Freight ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713355512.html,d port of destination 在《2000年通则》中，明确规定CFR术语只能适用于海运和内河航运。如合同当事人不采用越过船舷交货，则应使用CPT术语。 CIF ( Cost Insurance and Freight ) https://www.doczj.com/doc/d713355512.html,d port of destination CIF到岸价即"成本、保险费加运费"是指在目的港当货物越过船舷时卖方即完成交货。 FOB、CFR和CIF三种术语的换算： 1.FOB价换算为其他价CFR价=FOB价+国外运费CIF价=(FOB价+国外运费)/(1-投保加成×保险费率) 2.CFR价换算为其他价FOB价=CFR价－国外运费CIF价=CFR价/(1-投保加成×保险费率) 3.CIF价换算为其他价FOB价=CIF价×(1-投保加成×保险费率)－国外运费CFR价=C IF价×(1-投保加成×保险费率) 4. CFR计算报价 1．净价CFR=FOB+F 2．含佣价CFRC=CFR/(1-Rc)=FOB+F/(1-Rc）