本文档包括改专题的：外文文献、文献综述
一、外文文献
The Role of Banks in Small and Medium Enterprises Financing: A Case Study
from Kosovo
Abstract
In this study we investigate the impact of firm and entrepreneurship characteristics in small and medium enterprises (SME-s) investment finance through debt (bank loan). Data are gathered from interviews based on a self-organized questionnaire with 150 SME-s in Kosovo. Based on the econometric model of linear regression, key factors are identified which influence the investment growth financed by debt. The results indicate that there is mutual correlation among the firm's age, size, business plan, sector, number of owners, sources of financing and the investment growth financed from banks in Kosovo. Therefore, findings in this work suggest that the access to external sources of financing through bank loan is an important factor that influences the investment growth. The paper provides some important conclusions and implications for policymakers and entrepreneurs.
Keywords: SME, entrepreneurship, financing through debt, investment, Kosovo
1. Introduction
It is explicitly accepted that SME-s present a pivotal element in the economic activity in both, developed and developing countries (Acs & Audretsch, 1990; Johnson & Loweman, 1995). Numerous authors from academic and professional world designate SME-s as generators of both, economic growth and overall social development (Audretsch & Klepper, 2000; World Bank Group, 2005; McMillan & Woodruff, 2002).
The discussion of the relevant literature related to the access of SME-s to finance, as well as to investment finance is of particular importance (Krasniqi, 2007). According to Beck et al. (2007), the SME-s access to, and cost of, finances is quite often characterized as a major difficulty, up to the extent of 35 percent. It should also
be stressed that the small firms come with more difficulty to loans, since they encounter higher transaction costs and higher premium risks, for they are more fragile and they offer lower collaterals (Beck et al., 2006). Audretsch and Elston (2006) also stress that small firms confronted higher financial difficulties than large ones. Similar conclusions can be found among other authors who have worked in this direction (Beck et al., 2006; Oliveira & Fortunato, 2006).
Brinckmann et al. (2011) finds that small firms have higher limitations to access external sources of financing than bigger firms, and, thus, they become more dependent on internal funds for financing their investment needs. A major obstacle in financial markets to the access on finances by SME-s is also the asymmetry of information. Thus, based on Zhao et al. (2006), one from the major difficulties for accessing finance is the asymmetry of information among lenders and debtors; for instance, borrowers have private information on the firm that lenders do not possess. Because of their small size, short history and inconsistent accounting data, the issue of asymmetric information for SME-s becomes more serious (Deakins et al., 2008; EBRD, 1999; Pissardies et al., 2003; Klapper et al., 2002).
Difficulties of this kind are expressed also among SME-s of Kosovo, as one from the last countries in transition. In spite of the fact that the SME sector in Kosovo is relatively new, it constitutes 98% of all the firms, thus representing a huge potential for generation of new jobs and for economic development of the country. Based on data of the World Bank (2010), the major obstacle to the development of SME-s in Kosovo is access to bank loans. Only 10% of investments made by SME-s are financed through bank loans, and above 85% of investments are financed from private sources (World Bank, 2010).
Objective of this work is to empirically investigate the role and importance of the firms and entrepreneurship characteristics that influence the investment growth through debt finance (loans) in Kosovo. Therefore, the research question in this study is: How does the investment growth impact the performance of SME-s, by discussing the firm and entrepreneurship characteristics of the investment growth of SME-s in Kosovo?
The organization of the work is as following: Part one discusses the context of the research, part two the theoretical aspect and the summary of literature. In part three we provide the research methodology and model. Part four contains the results and empirical findings. And, part five deals with the conclusions.
2. Theory and Literature Review
Until now, there is no single and unique theoretical model that explains the financing of SME-s, which influences the performance of investments, their growth and development. The theoretical principles underlying capital structure can generally be describes in terms of the static trade off theory by Modigliani and Miller (1958), the pecking order theory (Myers & Majluf, 1984), managerial theory of investments (Marris, 1963; Baumol, 1967), agency theory by Jensen and Meckling (1976) and extended by Stiglitz and Weiss (1981).
According to neoclassical theory of investments (M-M), which affirms the attitude on the irrelevance of the capital structure for the value of the firm, internal and external sources of financing are perfect substitutes. In the world of the perfect functioning of the market, the choice between financing through capital or debt is irrelevant. Therefore, the cost of capital and the market value of the firm are independent from the value of the firm (Modigliani & Miller, 1958). The theory of M-M is based on the following premises: there are no taxes, there are no transaction costs, there are no bankruptcy costs, the equal cost of debt for companies and for investors, symmetrical information in the market, there is no influence of debt in the profit of the company before interest and taxation.
Modigliani and Miller (1958) modify their theory by introducing the tax on profit. In this case, the value of the firm is positively related to debt. After introducing the tax on profit in their analysis, they ascertain that the financial leverage increases the value of the firm, since the interest decreases the tax base (it is deduced from the business profit), and, therefore, we have savings which have the value of the interest. From this ascertainment, the value of the firm grows bigger, as the financial leverage increases, which means that the highest value of the firm is achieved if the burden of debt becomes 100%. In this way the firm attains absolute advantage, given that it is
defended from taxes.
Scott (1972) emphasizes that 100% tax shield does not exist in reality, because of distress costs. Debt leads to legal obligation to pay interest and principal. If a firm cannot meet its debt obligation, it is forced in to bankruptcy an incurs associated costs (Fatoki & Asah, 2011). This theory, in fact, does not take into the consideration all the other factors, such as: the costs of the bankruptcy of the firm, the costs of the agency, the impact of debt in profit, the asymmetry of information, and, therefore, this theory is challenged by other theories (Harris & Raviv, 1991).
Thus, the static trade off theory, which is based on the M-M theory and is its complementary, except savings from the tax on profit, incorporates into the discussion also the cost of bankruptcy, such as: judicial taxes, attorney costs, administrative costs, and, also, the agency costs (the firms managers damage the interests of the creditors by working in the interest of shareholders), and this can reduce the value of the firm (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). This theory is, in fact, the dominant theory regarding the determination of the financial structure of the firm, and it is founded on the premise that it is the firm that chooses how much it will be financed from debt, and how much from the capital, by balancing the cost of profits. According to this theory, the optimal level of the structure of capital is the one which equates the profit and costs from debt.
According to pecking order theory, the firm initially prefers internal sources of financing to external ones, and, regarding external sources, they prefer debt to capital (Donaldson, 1961). Thus, initially we have the use of accumulated profit, amortization, debt, and, finally, the equity capital. According to this theory, the firms finance their investment requirements based on a hierarchic order. This can direct also to existence of the asymmetry of information between managers (insiders) and investors (outsiders). As a result of this, managers have more information then investors (Myers & Majluf, 1984).
Based on the agency theory, Stiglitz and Weiss (1981) present the problem that, as a consequence of asymmetrical information, occur between managers and shareholders, on one hand, and the problem among shareholders, managers and
creditors, on the other. They argue that only SME-s knows the real financial structure of their own, the real strength of their investment projects and the tendencies for settling up the debt, and, therefore, the firm possesses superior private information (Mazanai & Fatoki, 2012).
3. Hypothesis
3.1 Business Plan
According to Guffey, the business plan is a necessary requirement at the beginning of business, and it is used as an important element to acquire financial support during application to banking institutions (Guffey, 2008). An increase in the level of skills of those who are looking for credits in the compilation of business plans, will increase their opportunities to have properly prepared documentation, and to have a clear idea on the course of their business. According to Maziku (2012), the asymmetric information between the debt-seeking SME-s and the bank, is reflected in the incapability of the majority of SME-s to provide consistent financial data and real business plans, which increases the operational cost during the decision making for permitting the loans by the a bank (Maziku, 2012). Thus, the business plan does not have an impact only in reduction of operational costs, but it is also a key instrument in the decision making regarding the use of banking loans by the firms (Zhang, 2008; Madura, 2007). This is valid particularly for start-up businesses.
Therefore, the following hypothesis is generated:
H1: SME-s which have business plans are more likely to use bank loans than SME-s without written business plans.
3.2 The Growth of the Firm
The growth of SME-s depends on the level of investments. The growth of SME-s can be measured in different ways, including the growth of sales, profits, or number of employees (McPerson, 1996). We measure this variable through the growth of the number of employees.
The ability of SME-s to grow depends on a large measure from their potential to invest in the restructuring and innovations. All these investments require capital, that is, they require access to finance (Mazanai & Fatoki, 2012). According to Ganbold
(2008), in a research of the World Bank, one among the key difficulties in the growth of the firm is access to financial services, which reflects in economic growth, employment generation, and reduction of poverty in the developing countries (Ganbold, 2008). Based on the theory of firm growth (Jovanovic, 1982), new enterprises grow faster, which means that these have to invest more.
Therefore, the following hypothesis is generated:
H2: SME-s that grow faster invest more than those with low level of growth.
3.3 Gender
In the professional literature there are contradictory opinions regarding the impact that gender of the owner of the firm has into the access to finance. While a group of thinkers assert that gender of the owner has an impact into the capital structure of the firm, the other group denies this, ascertaining that gender doesn't have any impact into the determination of the capital structure.
On one hand, Abor (2008) argues that businesses owned by female owners use the debt (loans) less for different reasons, including discrimination and aversion to risk. Watson et al. (2009) emphasize that a key factor in determining the capital structure in businesses owned by female owners is their propensity towards not accepting risk from the desire to keep things under control. Female clients are more hesitant to seek loans, since they feel discriminated and discouraged (Kon & Storey, 2003).
On the other hand, Coleman (2000) find that there ar no important differences in the use of debt (banking loan) between female and male owners, and that gender is not an important predictor of the financial leverage of the firm. Whereas, Irving and Scott (2008), analyzing 400 SME-s, and based on the questionare prepared by Barclays Bank, in the most surprising way ascertain that female have easier access to finance then male. Therefore, based on the findings reported above, the following hypothesis is generated:
H3: The male owners of firms are more likely to use bank loans then the female owners of firms.
3.4 Sources of Financing
The larger participation of investment finance from internal sources of SME-s increases the probability for acquiring of bank loans, since the internal sources carry the opportunity cost of financing of the project. Thus, SME-s provide higher level of trust to banks, since, in the case of failure, the unexpected burden falls on SME-s themselves. In their research conducted in 16 countries of OECD, Japelli and Pagano (1994) ascertain that banks don't finance 100% of the property value in any of these countries, but they do that with a certain coeficient loan/property. This is not equal for all the countries, and it differs from country to country, starting from the minimum financing of 50% in Turkey and Greece, up to 95% in Denmark.
Thus, authors Lee and Ratti (2008) and Ahn et al. (2006) reports negative relationship between debt and investments. This relationship is stronger among smaller firms. As the debt (loans) grows, the cash flow is increasingly used for settling up the loan and its interest. Consequently, firms fulfill their obligations to creditors with more difficulties, and, on the other hand, the possibility for new investments is reduced.
Therefore the following hypothesis is generated:
H4: The higher the internal sources of SME-s, the higher probability to acquire bank loans for investment finance.
3.5 Education
Education is one of the important factors that influence the growth of the firm. Therefore, the high level of human capital (education and experience) has a positive impact in the growth of the firm. The owners of the firm who are of young age and low level of education are more active in using the external sources of financing, in spite of the fact that higher education reduces the fear for refusing the loans. In the meantime the owners of more mature age and with higher education, the so called "wiser" ones, can be found as less interested for external sources of financing (V os et al., 2007). Therefore, the majorities of owners of SME-s prefer to keep the control and do not apply for external capital (Curran, 1986; Jarvis, 2000).
Thus, the internal capital is the major source of financing the SME-s (Ou & Haynes, 2003). Rand (2007) finds also negative influence between education of
owners-managers and access to credit, arguing that owners-managers with higher education can understand easier that their requirements for credits can be refused. Therefore, these owners-managers are for this reason discouraged and hesitate to apply for loans. In their study on new firms, Hartarska and Gonzales Vega (2006) find that education does not have an important role in the decision-making of the banks for lending.
Therefore, the following hypothesis is generated:
H5: Owners/managers with high level of education use less bank loans for financing the investment requirements.
4. Methodology
4.1. Sources of Data
The organization of data gathering from the questionnaire was developed in the period March-July, 2012, and data processing based on the answers was conducted in November and December 2012. On this occasion, a database was developed, which includes characteristics of SME-s in general, and characteristics related to investments and their financing in particular. Data processing was conducted with the STATA software.
The questionnaire is specially designed for this scientific research with 150 SME-s in Kosovo, and it includes years 2010 and 2011. The sample selection is made randomly, from database at the Agency for Businesses Registration in the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Kosovo, and it is stratified in three basic sectors, in order to reflect eventual changes among the production, trade and service firms. Interviews were conducted directly (face to face) with owners/managers, or financial managers of the firms.
4.2 Questionnaire
The questionnaire consisted of 4 major sections. The first section included data on the owner/manager of the firm, and general data about the firm (location, the year of establishment, type of activity, and qualification of owners/managers). Second section included the orientation regarding the development in the future as well as investments, and here are presented data regarding volume of investments, sources of
investment, the use of bank loans in realization of investments, conditions of financing, activities that are conducted during the realization of investments, and investment plans for the future. The third section covers information regarding business activities of the firms inside and outside of the country, that is, whether a certain firm imports or exports merchandise. The fourth section includes data regarding the business plans of the firms: possession of the business plan, its impact on the decisions of the banks. Information gathered from the questionnaire was important for determining the variables in the econometric model of linear regression.
5. Survey Results
Based on the results, we conclude that the regression linear model mentioned above is specified good, given that Adj R-squared 0.36, which shows that the variation in independent variables explains the variation in dependent variable for more than 36%. In addition, the statistical F-test, shows that all the independent variables, jointly, which are statistically significant, are different from zero.
Also, the correlation analysis shows that the problem of correlation in independent variables is not present in our data, given that there no higher coefficients in our estimation. Also, the dependent variable has a normal distribution and does not represent a statistical problem that requires treatment.
Based on the table 2, in which the results of the linear regression are presented, from nine independent variables, six are statistically significant with impact on the dependent variable, or on the investment growth.
According to results, the variable business plan, is statistically significant and with positive sign. This means that the firms that have business plans, on average have investment growths that are bigger than those of the firms that do not have business plans. Similar ascertainments can be found among other authors who emphasize that the business plan serves as a mean for increasing financing from external sources (Zhang, 2008).
The variable trade is statistically significant and with negative impact in the investment growth when compared with the firms that belong to the service sector. This has the meaning that services on average invest more than other sectors. In
addition the variable production is also statistically significant and with negative impact on the increase of investments when compared with the firms that belong to the sector of services. This has the meaning that when compared with the services, the sector of production invests less than other sectors. Similar ascertainments for the case of Kosovo can be found in the work of the author Krasniqi (2010).
The next variable no_own, which indicates the number of owners, is statistically significant and with positive impact, which means that the greater the number of owners, the greater will be the investments. We have also size_emp as a variable that shows the size of the firm expressed by the number of employees, and is statistically significant and with inverse impact on the growth of investments. This means that smaller firms have larger investment growths. This finding clearly reflects that as the number of employee's grows, the firms grow slowlier. This is in full accordance with findings of other authors (Audretsch & Klepper, 2000; Caves, 1998). These results are the same with other studies that oppose the Gibrat Law (Krasniqi, 2006; Harris & Trainor, 2005).
The firm_age as an independent variable is statistically significant and with negative sign, which means that new firms grow faster than older firms. This ascertainment is in accordance with findings of many authors who ascertain that younger firms grow faster than the older ones, and, therefore, have higher investment growth (Woldie et al., 2008; Storey, 1994; Barkham et al., 1996).
The gender of the owner of the firm in the presented model, as a variable is not statistically significant, which means that the owners of the businesses of both genders have the same probability to obtain bank loans for SME-s investments. These results are in accordance with the studies conducted by Kalleberg and Leicht (1991), who, in a study conducted with 300 firms in three sectors, ascertain that female owners were as successful as male owners. We find similar ascertainment in the study of 298 businesses in United Kingdom, which emphasizes that gender, is not a determinant for financing the business (Johnson & Storey, 1993). Coleman (2000) emphasizes that there are no important differences in the use of debt (bank loans) between males and females, and that gender is not an important predictor for financial leverage of the
firm.
Finally, education represents a variable which is not statistically significant and has negative sign, which means that the level of education of the managers/owners doesn't impact external sources of financing (bank loans) for SME-s investments. This is explained by the fact that Kosovan SME-s suffer from permanent lack of capital, and on average the time frame of establishment is short and the means that are accumulated from the profits are insufficient for financing the investments. Therefore, the only alternative that remains to them is financing from banking credits, taking into the consideration that the capital market does not function in Kosovo, which causes that the possibility to use other forms of external financing is very difficult. Similar results can be found at Krasniqi (2010).
6. Conclusions
In this study we have investigated empirically the key factors of the firms and entrepreneurship which influence the increase of investment growth through bank loans. The data gathered by the self organized questionnaire with 150 SME-s in the entire territory of Kosovo for the years 2010 and 2011 are used to test the impact of certain factors in the increase of investments through the use of financial means from debt (bank loans). Based on the statistical analysis and the method of linear regression, key factors are identified as indicators that influence the growth of investments of SME-s in Kosovo.
The findings of this work stress that the business plan is a factor with statistical importance which has positive influence in the access to the bank loans for financing the SME-s investment. This means that the firms that posses business plan and use it for seeking bank loans necessary for financing investments, on average have higher growth of investments than the firms who do not have a business plan.
The variables trade and production are statistically significant, but they have negative influence in the growth of investments. This means that the firms that use bank loans for investment in the sector of trade and production, on average, have lower chance to grow, than firms in the service sector. This is an indicator that shows that the sector of services is more attractive in the aspect of investments of Kosovan
firms, than other sectors of the economy, and this results from faster returns of investments and, consequently, faster settling up of the bank loans.
The next variable named as the number of owners also results positive and significant in the statistical aspect, which means that the larger the number of owners, the greater the investments. This is explained by the fact that in Kosovo firms have started to use other forms of organization that influence the growth of business and of firm, through larger number of owners who use investment as another opportunity for the growth and development of the firm.
The size of the firm expressed by the number of employees results with inverse influence in the growth of investments, and is statistically significant. The meaning of this is that smaller firms have bigger growth of investment on average than other firms. This result is in accordance with other studies that oppose the Gibrat's Law for the case of Kosovo (Krasniqi, 2010). Similar results are attained regarding the variable the age of the firm, which is statistically significant and has a negative sign, which means that the younger firms invest more on average than older firms.
Empirical evidence and findings in this work can be used as recommendations for a broad spectrum of users. The problems of asymmetric information between owners-managers and creditors (banks) are of particular importance. This represents a clear signal for policy makers to create conditions for favorable environment for stimulating the sources of external financing of SME-s in Kosovo, such as: the creation of the guarantee fund for SME-s, the increase of banking supply through licensing of new banks in the financial market, which will increase the competition between the existing banks, and which will, in turn, enable the improvement of the conditions of financing of SME-s, with the reduction of the interest, reduction of managerial costs, increase of the grace period, softening of the conditions for collateral, longer periods of use of financial means, particularly for SME-s that have longer investment plans. Also, in the institutional aspect, initiatives should be undertaken for the creation of conditions for development of entrepreneurial capabilities, and for other forms of cooperating networks of firms that will facilitate the growth of businesses in general, and investment growth in particular.
二、文献综述
中小企业融资研究文献综述
摘要
长时间以来，融资难问题都是制约中小企业长期稳定发展的最主要因素之一，各国学者对于中小企业的融资问题从本国范围和世界范围内进行了深入的研究,在此对国内外学者的研究成果进行了文献综述，主要内容包括：中小企业融资现状和制度环境分析；分别从内、外部原因以及信息不对称等原因分析中小企业融资难问题；第三部分是关于应对中小企业融资难问题的对策研究；最后给出关于中小企业融资难问题的建议。
关键词：中小企业；融资难；对策
一、中小企业融资现状及制度环境分析
1资金支持与其对中国经济所作贡献相互脱节
在中国，中小企业数量超过 1 000 万家，占全国企业总数的99%以上，在工业总产值、实现利税、出口总额中的比重分别占到60%、40%和60%，并提供了全国75%的就业机会。然而，中国中小企业从各种渠道获得的支持其发展的资金来源却显得相当狭窄，得到的融资待遇也相当的不公平。据世界银行所属的国际金融公司（IFC）对私营企业的调查显示，中小企业和大企业向银行申请贷款的成功率分别为77%和88%，即相对于大企业来说，中小企业的贷款申请被接受的概率要明显的低于大企业。
2中小企业面临的融资“双缺口”问题严重
刘曼红（2004）认为，中国中小企业的主要融资渠道是自身资金的积累和债务融资，然而由于信息的不通畅，导致了银行在信息不对称的情况下对中小企业实施了信贷配给政策，使得在银行贷款方向上，中小企业受到了严重的“惜贷”问题。此外，中国资本市场长期以来都有向国有大中型企业服务的倾向，中小企业通过资本市场，主要是中小企业板和创业板，获得融资非常有限。另外，中国的风险资本以及私募股权融资等市场起步较晚，发展不健全，使得中小企业吸收天使资本等私募股权的数量也非常有限（汤丽春，2007）。中小企业在债务和股权融资市场上，受到了“双缺口”的限制，融资渠道极其不通畅。
国内外中小企业融资对比 中小企业的发展对于世界各国国家经济的发展具有重要的意义。然而，中小企业却临融资难的问题，这不仅是国内中小企业存在的问题，也是一个世界性的问题。因此，要对国内外中小企业融资难进行对比分析，找出其共同点，结合本国国情，借鉴国外成功经验，发挥政府的主导作用，促进我国中小企业的发展。 一、分析课题，确定检索范围： https://www.doczj.com/doc/d410534972.html,/chinese/virtual_reference_desk/ztfjj.htm 中图分类号查询 （一）学科范围：(F821.5) F(经济) F8（财政、金融）F83（金融、银行）F831（世界金融、银行）F831.7（国际资金流通） F832（中国金融、银行）F832.5（金融市场） （二）确定主题词： 中小企业；融资；对比；借鉴 （三）分析文献类型 专著、期刊论文、会议文献、学位论文 （四）分析查找年代 查10年，即2001-2011年 （五）分析查找地区范围： 以国内文献为主，国外文献为辅。 二、确定检索手段 手段：计算机检索 三、选择检索工具： （一）本馆数据库： 1．《本馆馆藏书刊目录》2．《中国期刊全文数据库》（CNKI） 3．《中国科技期刊数据库》（VIP数据库）
4．《超星》 5.万方数据： 学位论文数据库、学术会议论文库等与专业相关的数据库 6．《人大复印资料》 （二）搜索引擎： 全文搜索引擎有：百度搜索引擎 目录式搜索引擎有：搜狐 （三）网络专业信息检索 四、检索结果： （一）本馆数据库： 1．《本馆馆藏书刊目录》 检索途径：题名 检索式或检索词：企业融资 检索结果：检中33篇 （1）企业融资/李军—北京：民主与建设出版社，2001 （2）企业融资与非对称信息/穆争社—北京：中国金融出版社，2009 （3）企业融资与信用能力/梁鸿飞—北京：清华大学出版社，2007 （4）企业融资方略/许青山—昆明：云南人民出版社，2006 2．《清华光盘全文数据库》 检索途径：题名 检索式或检索词：企业融资 检索结果：检中25篇 （1）关于中小企业融资问题的思考（J）/张海燕//化工管理，2011.，（01）：29~30 （2）中小企业融资难问题研究(J)/林禹同//才智，2011，（02）:22 （3）中小企业融资问题及对策研究(J)/黄勇//中国城市经济，2011，（01）:78~79 （4）结构性贸易融资——中小企业融资新途径(J)/乔欢欢//财会月刊，2011，（03）：46~47 （5）中小企业融资难的对策分析(J)/吴俊//科技和产业，2011，11（01），：102~106 3．《中国学位论文数据库》 检索途径：关键词、全文 检索式或检索词：([企业融资]*[融资难])*[融资] 检索结果：检中50篇 （1）论民因企业融资的制度创新[硕]/曾文，2004//上海交通大学 （2）我国中小企业融资问题对策及研究[硕]/郑晓丹，2006//长春理工大学 （3）中小企业融资难及相关理论研究[硕]/王小芳，2004//武汉理工大学 （4）创业板在中小企业融资中的作用研究[硕]/金珍珍，2009//江西财经大学（5）我国中小企业融资问题研究[硕]/刘永利，2009//河北大学 （6）浙江中小银行与中小企业融资的关系研究[硕]/徐娥，2010//上海师范大学（7）河北中小企业融资问题研究[硕]/张梅花，2007//河北大学 （8）中小企业融资主要困难及其解决[硕]/许崇建，2009//山东大学 （9）我国中小企业融资担保体系研究[硕]/李凤琼，2008//厦门大学 （10）高新技术民营企业融资问题研究[硕]/潘菊，2008//武汉理工大学 4.《中国学术会议论文数据库》
广东工业大学华立学院 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部会计学系 专业会计学 年级 08级 班级名称 2008级会计（7）班 学号 14010807030 学生姓名吴智聪 2012年 2 月 9 日
目录 1. 外文译文 (1) 2. 外文原文 (5)
中小型企业财务管理中存在的问题及其对策中小型企业在中国经济发展中发挥着重要的作用。统计数据表明，在工商行政管理局登记在册的企业中，中小型企业占了99%，产值和利润分别占总额的60%和40%。此外，中小型企业所提供了75％的城镇就业机会。可见其为中国的稳定和经济繁荣作出了重要贡献。 虽然中小型企业在国民经济中占有重要地位，对中国经济发展与社会稳定具有很重大的意义。但是，中小型企业发展的主要障碍是缺乏有效的财务管理。本文分析了当前中小型企业财务管理中存在的问题，并就改善中小型企业财务管理提出了相应对策。 1.1 中小型企业的财务管理现状 自从21世纪以来，中国的中小型企业的蓬勃发展，在经济增长和社会发展中发挥着非常重要的作用。据财政部统计数据，直到2005年底，中小型企业总数已超过1000万，占中国企业总数的99%。中小型企业提供了75％的城镇就业机会，工业企业的总产值、销售收入、实现的利得税和出口额分别占总数的60%、57%、40%和60%，上缴的税收已经接近了国家税收总额的一半。中小型企业承载着超过75%的技术革新和超过65％的专利发明，他们以其灵活的经营机制和积极创新活动，为经济发展提供了增长的最根本动力。近年来，中国中小企业的消亡率将近70%，大约有30%的中小型企业存在赤字。中小型企业应该如何建立现代企业制度，加强财务管理，并科学地进行资本运作以谋求自身的健康发展，是我们密切关注的一个问题。 1.2 中小型企业财务管理中存在的问题 ⑴财务管理理念滞后，而且方法保守 中小型企业由于管理者自身知识水平的限制，使得企业的管理能力和管理质量较低。他们的管理思想已经不适合现代企业，并且大多数企业领导人缺乏财务管理的理论和方法，忽视了企业资本运作的作用。管理者既不重视财务事，也不参与企业政策的制定和相关管理活动。因此，财务管理无法发挥其应有职能，从而导致企业缺乏现代财务管理的理念，也无从去培训合格的财务人员。 ⑵财务管理工作基础薄弱，缺乏财务监督
文献出处: Waitz M. The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2016, 8(6): 81-91. 原文 The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance Waitz M Abstract Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. Article introduces the concept of the Internet financial, mainly summarized the P2P financial in the development of financial innovation and integration of science and technology, a combination of academic research on P2P financial now of the five directions of various views and opinions. Points out the current P2P financial problems in the development of risk control, and analyses the trend of the Internet financial. Keywords: P2P financial; Financial innovation; Risk control 1 Introduction Look from the history of enterprise development, a large enterprise originate from small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) is the most dynamic part of the national economy, often walk in the forefront of technology development, in the high-tech industry, clean energy, green economy, etc, have good performance, play an important role in the economic transformation. Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. These small and medium-sized enterprise financing environment and narrow channels, more than 60% are unable to get a bank loan. At present, science and technology enterprises and the characteristics of light assets, financing difficulties, become a huge bottleneck of sustainable development. 2 The concept of the Internet financial In the past two years, the Internet financial show explosive growth, since 2014, the Internet financial sector performance strength. Current economic field exists the phenomenon of two special contradiction, one is the small and medium-sized
本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 原文： Financing of SMEs Abstract The main sources of financing for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are equity, trade credit paid on time, long and short term bank credits, delayed payment on trade credit and other debt. The marginal costs of each financing instrument are driven by asymmetric information and transactions costs associated with nonpayment. According to the Pecking Order Theory, firms will choose the cheapest source in terms of cost. In the case of the static trade-off theory, firms choose finance so that the marginal costs across financing sources are all equal, thus an additional Euro of financing is obtained from all the sources whereas under the Pecking Order Theory the source is determined by how far down the Pecking Order the firm is presently located. In this paper, we argue that both of these theories miss the point that the marginal costs are dependent of the use of the funds, and the asset side of the balance sheet primarily determines the financing source for an additional Euro. An empirical analysis on a unique dataset of Portuguese SME’s confirms that the composition of the asset side of the balance sheet has an impact of the type of financing used and the Pecking Order Theory and the traditional Static Trade-off theory are https://www.doczj.com/doc/d410534972.html, For SME’s the main sources of financing are equity (internally generated cash), trade credit, bank credit and other debt. The choice of financing is driven by the costs of the sources which is primarily determined by costs of solving the asymmetric information problem and the expected costs associated with non-payment of debt. Asymmetric information costs arise from collecting and analysing information to support the decision of extending credit, and the non-payment costs are from
资金是经济发展的一个决定性因素，是企业的血液，资金的数量、结构等状况直接制约着各类企业的运行和能否可持续发展。中小企业规模较小，难以获得银行和其他金融机构的支持是世界各国中小企业发展过程中普遍面临的问题。因此，西方经济学家在对该问题的研究颇多，本文仅列举其中几种比较有代表性的观点: 中小企业融资的理论概述 1、企业融资基本理论 (1)“麦克米伦缺口”理论 20世纪30年代初，英国议员麦克米伦 (Macmi1lan)在向英国国会提供关于中小企业问题的调查报告中提出了著名的“麦克米伦缺口” (Macmi11anGaP)。报告认为，中小企业在发展过程中存在着资金缺口，对资本和债务的需求高于金融体系愿意提供的数额。 Macmi1lan发现，在英国金融制度中，中小企业与金融市场之间横亘着一条难以逾越的鸿沟.当企业需要的外源性资本的规模低于25万英镑(约合400万英镑现值)时，很难在资本市场上融到资。这是关于融资缺口方面最早的论述，后来Bolton和Wilson的报告以及Mason和Harison等人对非正式风险投资的研究表明，中小企业筹集一定数额以下的资本时都面临着资本缺口的问题。 （2）不对称信息理论 1977年罗斯(Ross)在《贝尔经济学学刊》上发表了题为“财务结构的确定:激励信号方法”的论文，提出了公司资本结构的信号理论;1984年梅耶斯(Myers)和迈基鲁夫(Majluf)在《财务经济学刊》上发表了题为“企业有信息而投资者没有信息时的投资和融资决策”的论文，提出了资本结构的排序假说。这两篇论文构建了不对称信息理论。 2、中小企业融资理论 (l)Myers和 MyersMajlaf的融资顺序偏好理论 该理论认为中小企业并不是按照传统的以最优资本结构为目标的方式进行融资，由于担心控制权的稀释和丧失，企业更倾向于对企业干预程度最小的融资方式，即中小企业融资次序是先内源后外源，外源中则是先债权后股权。啄食顺序融资理论还认为银行融资具有低成本优势，银行信贷融资应是中小企业融资的主要来源。（线文） (2) Banerjeel的长期互动假说 Banerjeel(1994)提出了长期互动假说，认为中小金融机构一般是地区性的，与地方中小企业长期合作，互相了解，减少了信息不对称问题，愿意为之提供服务，相比之下，大型金融机构缺乏此优势，出于规避信贷风险考虑，他们更偏向于向大型企业提供贷款，不愿意为信息不对称的中小企业提供贷款。因此，该假说认为，中小金融机构的建立有助于解决融资难问题。Phillp.Strallan and Jamesp.Weston(1998)也阐述了几乎相同的主张:在为中小企业提供小额信贷方面，中小型金融机构具有明显的比较优势。西方发达市场经济国家都十分重视中小金
中小企业融资的英文文献 Automatically translated text: The definition of lease financing Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer. It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial industry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and
XX企业融资开题报告范文 中小企业迅猛发展为世界各国经济发展起到了强有力的推动作用，但在中小企业创建、经营发展过程中，融资困难一直是困扰世界各国中小企业的大问题，为此，探索可行有效的措施解决中小企业融资难题, 己成为世界各国政府中小企业经济政策的重要内容和工作重点。 一、论文选题的背景、意义： （一）背景 改革开放以来，中国经济经历了根本性变化，从完全依靠国有和集体企业发展到民营中小企业发挥重要作用的混合性经济，由于大批国有企业进行资产重组、人员分流和产品结构调整，国有经济拉动经济增长的作用明显减弱，而此时我国中小企业得到了蓬勃发展，成为保持国民经济持续增长的生力军。在我国，中小企业在活跃市场，吸纳就业，促进技术创新与出口创汇等方面发挥着越来越大的作用。并己成为我国国民经济中最具活力的新的经济增长点。 （二）意义 在我国，占企业总数99%的中小企业创造了74%的工业增加值，63% 的gdp,但是其占有的金融资源却不足20%o中小企业的融资难问题己经严重制约了经济社会的发展。杭州的企业体制一般是以中小企业为主，这也导致了杭州的中小企业也存在严重的融资难问题，虽然各个金融机构采取了一系列的措施，但是并没有从根木上解决杭州中小企业的融资难问题。因为中小企业地位的重要性，所以解决中小企业的融资难问题是刻
不容缓的。 二、相关研究的最新成果及动态（参考文献综述的主体与总结部分）（一）国外关于中小企业融资问题的研究 中小企业迅猛发展为世界各国经济发展起到了强有力的推动作用，但在中小企业创建、经营发展过程中，融资困难一直是困扰世界各国中小企业的大问题，为此，探索可行有效的措施解决中小企业融资难题, 己成为世界各国政府中小企业经济政策的重要内容和工作重点。西方国家如美国、日本、意大利、英国等都制定了相关的促进中小企业发展的政策，值得我们借鉴。 国外有关企业融资的理论研究主要是资本结构理论。早期的资木结构理论是美国经济学家大卫杜兰特提出的，包括净收益理论，净经营收益理论和传统理论。现代资本结构理论形成于20世纪五十年代，至七十年代后期，它以mm定理为中心，一部分探讨税收差异对资本结构的影响，被称为税差学派，另一部分研究破产成本与资本结构的关系, 发展成为财务困境成本学派，形成破产成本主义和财务困境主义，最后合并为权衡理论。七十年代后期，由于信息不对称和博弈论的引入, 使资本结构理论研究发生了一次质的飞跃，新资本结构理论以信息不对称为中心，大量引入经济学各方面的最新分析方法，从新的学术视野来分析资木结构问题，提出了不少新的观点 此外,adolphusj.toby（xx）运用xx至xx年间尼日利亚中小型企业的相关数据测试了4个运行现状不佳的企业。认为对中小企业来说，持续的增长，充足的资金流动性和必要的盈利能力是与他们的投资和融资决策密切相
国外中小企业融资方式及其启示 一、国外中小企业融资的基本特点和融资难的原因分析 在西方国家，中小企业的融资活动与一般企业并无二致。依照企业的法律类型，中小企业的融资可分为以下两种情况： 一是单人业主制企业和合伙制企业。这些企业属无限责任制企业，其特点是不必支付企业所得税，只需缴付个人所得税，税负相对较轻，但无权以债券和股票的形式向社会直接融资，并且还要对其经营风险负完全的责任。这类企业一般规模较小，都是些微型企业，或一些初创的企业。它们的资金主要来源于业主（或合伙人）的个人资产，一部分是向亲戚朋友借来的资金，其它则来自金融机构的借贷和政府的资助等，但量极少。 从各国的比较来看，意大利和巴西的这类小企业向亲戚朋友借来的资金比较多一些，政府也鼓励他们这样做。美国和英国的这类小企业则较少靠亲戚朋友的钱，他们主要靠自己的积蓄。法国对这类小企业的政府资助则较大一些，一方面政府对个人新建的自顾型小企业给予较大的税收减免，另一方面还对其雇佣的员工给予直接的就业补贴。 二是公司制中小企业。这类企业属有限责任制企业，其特点是必须支付高额的企业所得税（也要缴付个人所得税），税负相对较重，但由此得到的好处是有权以债券和股票的形式向社会直接融资，并且对其经营风险只承担以股本金为限的有限责任。当然，除少数公司制中小企业外，绝大多数中小企业债券和股票都只能以柜台交易的方式进行，而难以实现公开上市（因为
无法满足公开上市的苛刻条件），即使要到条件要求相对较低的所谓“第二板块”上市也是不容易的。相对而言，柜台交易方式的成本是比较高的，而且风险也较大。因此，虽然公司制中小企业同其它公司制企业一样拥有直接融资的权利，但是，实际上它们在直接的金融市场上，仍然处于极为不利的地位。 总之，无论是单人业主制和合伙制企业，还是公司制中小企业，都客观地、不可避免地存在着融资难的问题。这是由市场这只“看不见的手”的运行规律，以及中小企业的特点和金融业的特殊性等共同决定的。具体分析其原因，主要有以下几方面。 （一）从市场这只“看不见的手”的运行规律来看 市场机制讲究的是效益和利益最大化，资金作为生产要素之一，其市场流向也必须符合这一要求。如果没有其它机制的干预，规模较小的中小企业在资金市场上是难以与大企业竞争的。 （二）从中小企业的特点来看 1.中小企业易受经营环境的影响，变数大、风险大，难以吸引投资者的注意。据美国统计，全国近2000万多个各种不同类型的小企业，其中1/3甚至1/2的企业将在3年关闭，特别是在经济衰退时期，小企业关闭率更高，只是由于小企业的开办率更高，才使企业总数逐年不断增长。但这丝毫也不能掩盖中小企业的易变性和其巨大的经营风险。这给其融资带来根本性的影响。
淮阴工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院： 专业： 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Facts for You (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 中小型企业融资决策 企业的产生、生存及发展均离不开投资与融资活动。随着我国加入WTO 组织，市场经济体制的逐步完善，金融市场的快速发展，投资与融资效率也越来越成为企业发展的关键。对于中小型企业而言，应要根据自身发展需求，认真考虑如何选择自己需要和适合自己发展阶段的融资方式以及各种融资方式的利用时机、条件、成本和风险，确定合适的融资规模以及制定最佳融资期限等问题。要解决这些问题，需要中小型企业制定适当的融资策略，以作出最优化的融资决策。 一、企业融资决策概述 (一)企业融资决策概述 企业融资决策，是企业根据其价值创造目标需要，利用一定时机与渠道，采取经济有效的融资工具，为公司筹集所需资金的一种市场行为。它不仅改变了公司的资产负债结构，而且影响了企业内部管理、经营业绩、可持续发展及价值增长。典型的融资决策包括出售何种债务和股权（融资方式）、如何确定所要出售债务和股权的价值（融资成本）、何时出售些债务和股权（融资时机）等等。而其中最主要的包括融资规模的决策和融资方式的决策。融资规模应为企业完成资金使用目的的最低需要量。而企业的融资方式则多种多样，常见的以下几种： 1.财政融资。财政融资方式从融出的角度来讲，可分为：预算内拨款、财政贷款、通过授权机构的国有资产投资、政策性银行贷款、预算外专项建设基金、财政补贴。 2.银行融资。从资金融出角度即银行的资金运用来说，主要是各种代款，例如：信用贷款、抵押贷款、担保贷款、贴现贷款、融资租凭、证券投资。 3.商业融资。其方式也是多种多样，主要包括商品交易过程中各企业间发生的赊购商品、预收货款等形式。
国外中小企业融资及借鉴 发表时间：2009-12-31T09:19:55.233Z 来源：《今日财富》2009年8月供稿作者：杨俊 [导读] 除了通行的《反垄断法》、《反不正当竞争法》、《公平交易法》等外，各国还制定专门扶持中小企业的法律 杨俊（利安达会计师事务所辽宁分所） 中图分类号： F038.1文献标识码： A 一、国外中小企业融资的经验与做法 (一)制定中小企业融资的法律、法规。 除了通行的《反垄断法》、《反不正当竞争法》、《公平交易法》等外，各国还制定专门扶持中小企业的法律。美国联邦政府制定了《中小企业法》、《中小企业投资法》、《中小企业经济政策法》、《中小企业技术革新促进法》、《小企业投资奖励法》、《小企业开发中心法》等法律、法规。 (二)设有专门的金融机构，制定融资政策。 美国的小企业局、各商业银行、美国进出口银行、各州金融公司都成立专门或部分为小企业服务的金融机构，出台了专门的小企业金融扶植措施，对中小企业使用的商业银行贷款提供 90%的担保，为刚进入国际市场的中小企业提供商业贷款、国际贸易贷款担保和出口营运贷款担保，各州金融公司还向中小企业提供以企业股票和债券为抵押的贷款。 (三)政府设立各种专项发展基金。 全球性的金融创新大趋势已露端倪。金融市场的发展尤以金融工具的创新更为突出。现在金融工具创新已由第一代（现金、银行存款和商业票据、债券、股票等）向第二代（即衍生金融工具）迈进。在这一阶段，一种新设计的金融工具随时都有可能投入市场，参加运作。要适应这一情况，必须对传统会计中的会计要素定义、对会计确认标准的原则、对会计计量的基础以及对会计报表结构体系等进行彻底改革。金融工具创新呼唤着财务会计的创新。这就要求企业财务管理重心应从市场导向财务导向转移。 六、实践证明了企业管理要以财务管理为中心 财务管理是伴随着经济的发展而不断强化和完善的。改革开放后，特别是我国确立了市场经济体制后，财务管理被放在了企业管理的显著位置。实践证明，企业摆正财务管理的位置，以财务管理为中心，企业就能适应市场经济，就能发展；企业忽视财务管理或财务管理失误，企业管理就会失控，企业目标就不能实现，甚至会破产、倒闭。 基金主要有两种：第一种是建立专项基金。美国 1959年就通过类似的投资基金来鼓励中小企业发展。美国有两类基金：一类是鼓励中小企业产品创新和吸纳就业的中小企业的创业基金等；另一类是帮助中小企业降低市场风险的风险补偿基金、特殊行业的再保险基金等。第二种是设立风险基金。美国对风险投资收益的 60%免税；英国对风险投资信托实行全面税赋豁免；法国风险投资公司从持股中获得的资本收益可免除部分所得税，免税金额最高可达收益的 1/3；新加坡风险投资的最初 5至 10年完全免税，并允许风险投资公司从所得税中扣除投资于经批准的风险企业造成的损失，而且对于连续 3年亏损的风险投资者提供亏损额 50%的政府补助。 (四 )专门成立管理机构和行业协会。 日本在 1948年就在通产省设立了“中小企业厅”，并在通产省的 8个派出机构中设有“中小企业课”，专门对中小企业进行管理和服务。英国于 1971年在工业部设立了“小企业服务局”，并特别任命了一位专门负责中小企业事务的工业大臣，在全国建立了 70个地方合作发展机构。美国政府设立联邦小企业管理局，对中小企业进行管理，ＳＢＡ在各州设有派出机构，为中小企业贷款担保是其一项重要任务，担保贷款的风险损失由政府预算列为风险处理。德国、法国、加拿大、意大利、韩国等也都设有专门的中小企业管理或服务机构，设有由政府规范职能的中小企业协会组织，这些协会组织在中小企业自助、自律方面发挥了较大作用。 (五 )建立中小企业信用担保体系。 信用保证制度是各国为解决中小企业融资问题普遍采用的制度。从上世纪二三十年代起，市场经济国家或地区为了支持本国中小企业的发展，成立了为中小企业提供融资担保的信用机构。截止到目前，全世界已有 48%的国家和地区建立了中小企业信用担保体系， 1980—1998年间，作为美国全国性中小企业信用担保机构的中小企业管理局共为中小企业提供了 28万笔、总额达 410亿美元的担保贷款。日本的贷款担保措施更加完善，制定了许多专门的中小企业金融扶植措施，除对商业银行贷款给予担保外，还有中小企业信用保险公库对信用保证协会的保证实行连环保险。 二、借鉴国外经验，做好我国中小企业融资工作 我们要借鉴国外的经验，结合我国的实际，健全中小企业融资法律体系，实施优惠政策，建立健全中小企业融资的金融市场体系，采取行之有效的融资手段，解决中小企业融资难的问题。 (一 )健全中小企业融资的法律、法规体系。我国的《中小企业促进法》已于 2003年 1月 1日实施，这必将为中小企业的发展、融资提供有力的法律保护和支持。还应建立与之相配套的《中小企业信用担保法》、《中小企业融资法》、《中小金融机构法》等法规，并对已有的法律、法规进行修订和完善，允许各地制定相应的地方性法规，扶持、规范和保障中小企业的健康发展，促进民间资本和外资对中小企业的支持。 (二 )完善中小企业融资的扶持政策体系。一是设立财政专项基金，国家和省、市、县在制定财政预算时可按一定比例提取中小企业专项发展基金，主要为中小企业的新产品开发、新技术的应用提供贷款贴息和担保；二是发展创业投资基金，鼓励国有控股公司、国有企业、民间资本等各种社会力量创建投资基金，并对中小企业的投资活动给予补贴、税收优惠等政策；三是健全完善一套支持中小企业融资的银行制度，银行要努力开展信贷创新，加大对有市场、有效益、有信用中小企业信贷的支持力度，建立和完善适合中小企业特点的评48 2009.08 级和授信制度，适当下放中小企业流动资金贷款审批权限。 (三 )组建为中小企业服务的民营银行。据统计，我国每 100家中小企业中只有大约 1.4家能获得银行支持，而在美国这个数字是 80家。要满足中小企业的贷款需求，除了对现有的国有商业银行贷款经营模式进行改革外，还要进一步发展多层次、多样性的银行体系。 (四 )建立和完善信贷担保机制。中小企业信用担保制度的建立，能有效解决中小企业抵押物不足和保证人难觅问题。信用担保制度中有关担保基金与银行贷款放大倍数的规定和协作银行制度的建立，为中小企业的技术开发、产品研制、设备更新、产品出口等生产经营活
Sme financing problems related to the analysis First small and medium-sized enterprises financing status Reform and opening up china for 30 years of small and medium-sized enterprises obtained arapid development of enterprises 99 of the small and medium-sized enterprises of our countrymore than 60 GDP contribution tax over 50 provides 70 of import and export trade and80 of urban jobs. Small and medium-sized enterprises in our country is also an important powerof independent innovation 66 of invention patent 82 of new product development of smalland medium-sized enterprises from small and medium-sized enterprises has become the economicprosperity expanding employment adjusting structure promote innovation and new industriesof important strength. From 80 years since the outbreak of the international financial crisis the implementation ofthe positive fiscal policy and loser monetary policy but no small and medium-sized enterprisesfrom the proactive fiscal policy and moderate looser monetary policy benefit directly for instanceof the new 2008 225 million small loan only more than previous year but rose 1.4 only theloans increased 14.9 09 year three months of national credit increased 48 trillion includingloans to small and medium-sized enterprises increased amount only less than 5 .Current loanfinancing difficult has
SME financing in China Université Paris X-Nanterre Maison Max Weber (batiments K et G) 200, Avenue de la République 92001 NANTERRE CEDEX Document de Travail Working Paper 2007-29 Chen Xiang LIU E c o n o m i X http://economix.u-paris10.fr/
SME Financing in China LIU Chen Xiang Université Paris X-Nanterre EconomiX (CNRS-UMR 7166) Batiment K-115 200, Avenue de la République 92001 Nanterre Cedex Tél : 01.40.97.59.10 Fax : 01.40.97.59.10 Courriel : liu_chenxiang@yahoo.fr
SME Financing in China LIU Chen Xiang Abstract SMEs have a great contribution in China’s economic expansion. However, the financing predicament currently faced by SMEs constitutes a great bottleneck for their development. Banks are reluctant to lend to them, mainly due to the lack of collateral and their poor capability in pricing risk. This is the reason why credit guarantee institutions play a key role in SME financing and the perfection of the credit guarantee system is important for promoting their access to credit. In addition, the lifting of the ceiling on lending rates as well as other steps taken by banking authorities will encourage bank lending to SMEs. Finally, informal finance has a significant part in SME financing. Résumé Les PME ont une grande contribution à la croissance chinoise. Pourtant, leur difficulté de financement devient un grand obstacle dans leur développement. Les banques ne veulent pas leur prêter, principalement à cause de manque de collatéraux et la faible compétence des banques pour évaluer le risque de crédit. C’est la raison pour laquelle les organismes de garantie jouent un r?le indispensable dans le financement de PME et le perfectionnement du système de garantie est important pour augmenter leur accès aux crédits. En plus, l’enlèvement du plafond de taux d’intérêt de crédits ainsi que les autres mesures prises par les autorités bancaires vont encourager les prêts bancaires aux PME. Enfin, la finance informelle a une part significative dans le financement de PME. Key Words: SME financing, credit guarantee, informal finance JEL Classification: E26, E51, G21, O53