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4.汉英翻译中主语选择的思维因素(兼翻译的多样性)

4.汉英翻译中主语选择的思维因素(兼翻译的多样性)
4.汉英翻译中主语选择的思维因素(兼翻译的多样性)

Computer, in my childhood, is just a tool for me to communicate with friends, to watch movies and to listen to my favorite songs. But a little robot which could move and sing a song as our human beings displayed on a technology festival of our high school changed my impression of computer.

修改划线部分:

1. But a little robot which could move and sing a song as our human beings displayed on a technology festival of our high school changed my impression of computer。

2. But a little robot displayed on a technology festival of our high school and being able to move and sing

a song as our human beings changed my impression of computer。

3. But a little robot displayed on a technology festival of our high school and being able to move and sing

a song as our human beings changed my impression of computer。

4. But a little robot changed my impression of computer displayed on a technology festival of our high school and being able to move and sing a song as our human beings

5. My impression of computer changed because of a little robot displayed on a technology festival of our high school and being able to move and sing a song as our human beings

从表面上看,熊彼特的“创新”理论与发展中民族的经济活动无关,但是若对他的理论内核进行深入分析后,不难看出,他所理解的“创新”,并没有排除发展中民族参与创新这一含义。

The “Innovation T heory” put forward by Schumpete R·Joseph Alios superficially has nothing to do with the economic activity of a developing nation; however, a profound analysis of his theoretical core will easily find that the "innovation" in his understanding doesn’t exclude the notion a developing nation’s participation.

1907年,光复会领导人如徐锡麟、秋瑾等先后在安徽、浙江发动的反清起义失败了,光复会蒙受了重大的损失,不得不寻求在海外的发展,光复会的工作重心开始转变,在一系列问题上与同盟会的利益相冲突,二者之间的关系开始裂变并走向公开化。

In 1907, the uprisings against the Qing Administration launched successively in Anhui and Zhejiang Provinces by Xu Xilin and Qiu Jin etc. failed.

In 1907, the failure of the uprisings against the Qing Administration launched successively in Anhui and

then had to seek overseas development and shift the focus of its work.

In 1907, the failure of anti-Qing administration uprisings in Anhui and Zhejiang launched by the leaders of Association of Recovery, such as XuXilin and QiuJin brought a loss to the Association of Recovery, and forced it/them to seek development overseas and change its focus of work, which conflicted (conflicting ) with benefits/interests of the United League in a series of problems, so the relationship between the two groups and toward openness.

In 1907, the failure of Anti-Qing Uprisings, launched successively in Anhui and Zhejiang Provinces by the Restoration League’s leaders, like XuXilin, Qiujin, made the Restoration Society suffer a great loss,so they/it had to seek for development aboard (overseas development) and to change the focus of their work, which aroused conflict of interests between the Restoration Society and the Tung Meng Hui appeared in a series of problems; consequently/thus/therefore the relationship between them broke down and came into the public.

高级英语课文中类似的句子:

1.This knack for going instinctively to the heart of a matter was the secret of his major scientific

discoveries. (P-29)

2.Collaboration with Einstein was an unforgettable experience. (P-30)

I had an unforgettable experience by collaborating with Einstein.

3.The intensity and depth of his concentration were fantastic. (P-30)

4.It was this very Mozartean simplicity that most characterized Einstein’s methods.(P-31)

5.His very ineloquence made this the most eloquent tribute I have heard to Einstein’s genius.

(P-32)

6.The slightest hint of disagreement, from anyone, on the most trivial point, was enough to set

him off on a harangue that might last for hours…(P-37)

7.In short, the very development of the American city has removed poverty from the living,

emotional experience of millions upon millions of middle-class Americans. (P-47)

8.This new segregation of poverty is compounded by a well-meaning ignorance. (P-47)

9.The total impact of the various housing programs in postwar America has been to squeeze

more and more people into existing slums…(P-47)

land is reduced to eating the forage of animals or exposed to unknown toxic levels of mercury,

lead or salmonella to know that something very extraordinary must be done? (P-54)

To know that one American child or a single elderly person in this bountiful land is reduced to eating the forage of animals or exposed to unknown toxic levels of mercury, lead or salmonella is sufficient to know that something very extraordinary must be done.

A quarter of a century after the introduction of television into American society, a period that has seen

the medium become so deeply ingrained in American life that in at least one state the television set has attained the rank of a legal necessity, safe from repossession in case of debt along with clothes, cooking utensils, and the like, television viewing has become an inevitable and ordinary part of daily life. (P-58)

11.

Chen is unhappy because there are so many students absent from his class.

So many students’absence makes Chen unhappy.

《英汉对比研究》

Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese

连淑能

高等教育出版社: 北京2003

汉英翻译中主语转换的思维因素

摘要:翻译不但是一种语言活动,而且还是一种思维活动。思维是翻译活动的基础,思维方式的差异对翻译有着方方面面的影响。我们在翻译实践中遇到的许多困难,正是由于中西思维差异而造成的。本文从中西思维方式的差异入手,对汉英翻译过程中主语的转换进行探讨,一斑窥豹,以说明思维因素在汉英翻译过程中的重要性。

关键词:汉英翻译;主语;思维

How to Choose Appropriate Subject in C-E Translation due to the Gap between Oriental and Occidental Thinking Modes

Abstract: Translation is not just an activity of language, but of thinking as well. Thinking is the base of translation. The gap between the oriental and the occidental thinking modes has many effects on translation result and thus causes various kinds of problems to translation practice. This paper, by analyzing the gap between the oriental and the occidental thinking modes, discusses how to choose appropriate subject in

Key word: C-E Translation; subject; thinking

一、前言

在世界全球一体化的大趋势下,我国的对外开放不断深入,对外经济文化交流日益频繁,为了进一步“让中国走向世界,让世界了解中国”,各行各业都需要大量的对外翻译工作。这种对外翻译有一个突出的特点,即基本上都是中译英,也就是把大量有关中国的各种信息从中文翻译成英语,通过图书、期刊、报纸、广播、电视、互联网等媒体以及国际会议,对外发表和传播。但事实表明,我国的对外翻译不管是数量上,还是质量上都难以满足形势发展的要求,原因之一是汉英翻译不仅仅只是英汉翻译的逆转,它要求译者不但要有扎实的语言功底,而且还要对中西文化的不同所造成的思维方式的差异进行系统深入的研究,译者必须熟悉英语文化的思维方式,必须考虑英语的思维方式和造句心理,不能完全用汉语的思维习惯取代英语的思维习惯,否则翻译的意义或作用就会受到影响。本文从中西思维方式的差异入手,对汉英翻译过程中主语的转换进行探讨,一斑窥豹,以说明思维因素在翻译过程中的重要性。

二、思维方式差异对翻译的影响

由于各民族的历史、生态、宗教、民情风俗和文化背景不同,各个民族思维方式中也必然存在着区别于其他民族的特殊点或相异点,这便是思维的特性或思维的民族性。它指的是各民族思维内容和思维方式的不同,反映在思维形式的倾向性上。思维的民族性所形成的语言形式上的差异,构成了不同的民族之间交往的障碍,成为翻译困难的症结之所在。正如卡尔·普利布兰姆在《思维方式之矛盾》中所指出的:“世界各民族之间的相互理解与和睦关系之所以受到阻碍,不仅是由于语言形式的复杂多样,更是由于思维模式的差异所造成的。”各个民族思维的特性使得他们运用语言来体现和组织生活方式自然有异。

翻译活动是个非常复杂的过程,不仅仅是语言信息的转化,而且包含了极为复杂的思维的转换过程。英汉句式的差异归根到底还是由于不同的思维方式造成的。

Before

We will graduate from here in(after) two years.

There are still two years before we graduate from here.

思维的共性是翻译得以实现的基础,而思维方式的差异对翻译的准确性有着极大的影响。因此,在翻译过程中,应充分重视不同民族思维方式之间的差异,对英汉思维方式进行细致的比较研究。只有通过在思维方式上进行广泛而深入、系统而具体的比较,才能认识不同民族思维的共性,辨别其个性,并采取相应的调整手段努力排除思维方式的差异给翻译带来的消极干扰,才能使译文更自然、更准确、更流畅,所以,在翻译中,加强中英思维的比较,尤其是思维方式差异的比较便显得尤为重要。

《功能翻译理论》

三、汉、英主语使用差异的思维因素

由于思维方式的差异而导致的语言形式的差异表现在方方面面。就主语使用情况而言,汉、英

(一)汉语常用人称主语,英语常用物称主语

汉语注重主体思维,这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”作主导,往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态,思维往往指向自身,寻求人与自然的和谐,因而常用人称。而西方人重视自然客体,思维的目标往往指向外界,探求外部世界,整个思维是开放型的。思维方式上这种差别反映在语言表达上,汉语常用人称(或有生命的名词)作主语(或潜在的主语),注重主体意识;而英语较常用物称(或非生命的名词)作主语,让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。例如:(1)他一想到要返回去,心里就害怕.

The thought of returning filled him with fear.

As soon as he …. he…

When he…he ….

No sooner had he …. than….

(2)我没想到你会反对。

It didn't occur to me that you would object.

I didn’t ….

(3)The little chap’s good-natured honest face won his way for him.

这小伙子长相老实,看上去脾气也好,到处有人缘.

The guy /boy…

The young man…

(4)The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.

我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没有。

I walked on the thick carpet with no sound (without any sound.)

I walked soundlessly on the thick carpet.

(5)父母爱子女无微不至。

Parents' love of children is perfect and minute.

Parents love their children perfectly and minutely.

(6)徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。

Xu Beihong's drawings of horses are exceptionally good.

Xu Beihong draws horses exceptionally good.

(7)本地人一听他们的口音便知道他们是外乡人。

The local people will know that they come from other place as soon as they hear their accent.

Their accent couldn't fool a native speaker.

Their accent betrayed their identity…

the native speaker = local people

(8)谁也不能以不懂法律来替自己辩解。

Ignorance of the law excuses no man.

Whoever can’t …..

(9)我小时侯梦寐以求想得到答案的问题,终于得到了圆满的回答。

The burning question of my childhood had been richly answered.

The question existing in my mind throughout my childhood has been already answered perfectly.

从以上例句中的黑体部分看出,汉语常用人称主语,如例句中的“他”、“我”、“小伙子”;英语常用物称主语,如例句中的“thought”、“it”、“face”、“carpet”。

英语可用人称主语表达,也常用非人称主语表达。用非人称主语表达时,往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”,而汉语则较常用人称主语表达,往往注重“什么人怎么样了”,如:(11)What has happened to you?

你出了什么事啦?

(12)An idea suddenly struck me.

我突然想到了一个主意。

I suddenly got an idea.

(13)A strange peace came over her when she was alone.

她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。

(14)Not a sound reached our ears.(A.S.Hornby)

我们没有听到任何声音。

We didn’t hear any sound.

(15)A great elation overcame them.

他们欣喜若狂。

(16)Alarm began to take entire possession of him (W.Thackeray)

他开始变得惊恐万状。

He began …

(17)His sympathy for the Chinese revolution and his friendship for the Chinese people gained Edgar Snow many enemies.

埃德迦·斯诺,由于对中国革命同情并对中国人民友好,引起很多人对他的仇视。

汉语虽然也有用拟人法来描述抽象的概念或无生命的事物,如“什么风把你吹来的?”,“爱情把我们的心连在一起”,“高山低头,河水让路”,但这种表达法较常见于形象的比喻或轻松的文体,无论从使用的语境或出现的频率来看,都远远不及英语。汉人较缺乏幽默感,注重的是“什么人做什么事”,往往用人或比较确定的事物作主语。

(二)汉语主语隐含,英语主语明确

但是(我们、你)若对他的理论内核进行深入分析后,不难看出,他所理解的“创新”,并没有排除发展中民族参与创新这一含义。

汉语属于汉藏语法语系。汉语中的主语不像英语中的主语那样容易确定。因为汉语是主题显著的语言,它所突出的是主题而不是主语。再者,汉语句法的特征是意合,这一特征往往使句子中的指代关系(尤其是主语)在形式上不明显。在汉语篇章中,某些句子的主语常常可以省略,有时则必须省略,否则文字不顺畅;有些主语难以一眼看清,需要译者用心识别。因此,译者必须善于认准和确定原文句子中不明显、被省略或未说明的主语,并在译文中妥帖地表现出来。

英语属于印欧语法体系。在其发展过程中受到日耳曼诺、法语和拉丁语等多种语言的影响,经历了古英语、中古英语和现代英语的不同发展阶段,较早地确立了以“主语—谓语”为框架的句法结构理论。英语是主语显著的语言,它所突出的是主语;除省略句以外,每个英语句子都必须有主语。再者,由于英语句法的特征是形合,这一特征要求英语句子各成分之间的关系要明晰,以免句子结构混乱,影响意义的传达。例如:

(1)送君千里,终有一别。

Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.

(2)小不忍则乱大谋。

If one is not patient in small thing, one will never be able to control great ventures.

(3)交出翻译之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改的地方。这样才能把工作做好。

Before handing in your translation,you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well.

It is required to read your translation over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved before it is handed in.

(4)面试时,?问了她几个问题,她一一答对了。

She was asked several questions in the interview and answered every one correctly.

In the interview, the interviewers asked her several questions and she answered every one correctly.

He uprisings led (launched) by the the leaders…..failed.

We will build Huaihua to be ......city.

Huihua will be built to be ....city.

(5)昨奉大函,诵悉一是。尊稿极佳;唯篇幅甚长,本志地位有限,故不克刊登,良用歉然。

I received your letter yesterday. Your article is very good, but I am sorry that owing to pressure of space, I find it too long to be published.

(6)书到后请立即付款。

You are expected to pay right after the books are delivered.

(7)近来忙于其他事务,未能早些复信,深感抱歉。

I am very sorry that I was too busy to do sth.

I am very sorry that sth prevents me from doing sth.

I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations recently has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your 1etter.

若? 能借奥运之东风,吹皱教育改革一湖春水,打破分数第一的桎梏,变应试教育为德、智、体、美全面发展的素质教育,少年强健则民族强健。

学生译文:

Teenager s’development, with the fortunate wind of the Olympic Games blowing reforms to Chinese education, involving in breaking the shackle of score-first education and transforming exam-oriented education into quality-oriented one of all round development of mortality, intelligence, physicality and aesthetics, makes Chinese nation rise.

参考译文1:

If China takes the opportunity of holding the Olympic Games to promote the educational reform, smash the shackles of over stress on students’examination scores, and transform the examination-oriented education to quality one to make the students achieve all round development of morality, intelligence, physique and aesthetics, it/she will become a powerful nation with so many young talents.

参考译文2:

If China takes the opportunity of holding the Olympic Games to promote the reform of education, which lays too much emphasis on students’examination scores, and to transform the examination-oriented education to quality one to make the students achieve all round development of morality, intelligence, physique and aesthetics, it will become a powerful nation for having so many young talents.

从以上例句可以看出,汉语主语隐含,英语主语明确。

(三)汉语主语具体,英语主语抽象

汉民族重形象思维,英民族重抽象思维。不同的民族都具有以上两种不同的思维方式,只是由于历史和文化等各方面的原因,不同的民族会有不同的侧重。从总体上看,英民族擅长用抽象的概念表达具体的事物,比较重视抽象思维能力的运用,具有较强的抽象性。“外国语言学家长于抽象思维,喜欢玩概念,翻来覆去得说了一大堆,令人感到高深莫测,不得要领”。[5]相比之下,汉民族则更习惯于运用形象的方法表达抽象概念,不太重视纯粹意义的抽象思维,具有较强的形象性。这种不同的侧重,植根于各自的民族文化土壤。

这两种不同的思维方式反映在主语的使用上,则表现为英语常用大量的抽象名词来充当句子的主语,而汉语则倾向于用形象具体的概念来做主语。如例:

(1) The absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments.

=No news is good news.

没有消息就是好消息。

Princess Diana is famous for her stunning physical presence.

Present 现在、目前、礼物、出席、参加、到场

She is in wrong situation. I suggested her to stay at home, but she would like to come here.

(2)这个学生勤奋、聪明,通过了入学考试。

The student’s diligence and cleverness made him pass the entrance examination.

=The student was diligent and clever, so he passed the entrance examination.

(3)From the moment we stepped into the People’s Repub lic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.

一踏上中华人民共和国国土,我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。

(4)Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.

我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。

I…too…to

(5)恕我孤陋寡闻,对此关系一无所知。

My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology.

(6)凭良心讲,你待我礼貌有加,却受之有愧。

My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness.

(7)小梅心地善良,性情温和,对她朋友这种没有心肝的行为,实在看不顺眼。

(8)The happiness,the superior advantages of the young women round about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.(W.Thackeray:Vanity Fair)

丽贝卡看见她周围的小姐那么福气,享受种种优越的权利,却有说不出的眼红。

从以上例子可以看出,英语用抽象名词的事物名称作主语,同时又使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作其谓语,因而这种句式往往带有拟人化修辞色彩,语气含蓄,令人回味,反映了英美民族的幽默感。汉语虽然也有用拟人法来描述抽象的概念或无生命的事物,如“什么风把你吹来的?”,“爱情把我们的心连在一起”,“高山低头,河水让路”,但这种表达法较常见于形象的比喻或轻松的文体,无论从使用的语境或出现的频率来看,都远远不及英语。

四、汉英翻译中主语转换的思维方法

思维是语言转换的基础。英汉思维方式的差异,势必会影响两种语言的相互转换。在汉英翻译过程中,译者必须对不同民族的思维方式心中有数,必须按照英语思维方式的特点,确定恰当的主语,作出相应的调整,以符合英语的表达习惯。常见的主语转换方法有以下三种:(一)调整句子重心

在汉英翻译中,尽管原文一种思维内容可以用多种译语语言的形式表达,既同一种原文可以有多种表达形式,但译者必须采用主要的信息焦点作为出发点来对原文进行双语符号转换。

我昨天买了一本书。

It is …..that….

因为,在表达思想时,英民族的思维更直截了当,他们习惯把语义的重心放在句首说出,然后再把其他次要成分一一补进;汉民族习惯“从众归一”的思维方式,往往将次要的语义部分放在句首,最后才点出话语的信息中心。

人生最高境界:拿沙特工资,住英国房子,用瑞典手机,戴瑞士手表,娶韩国女人,包日本二奶,做泰国按摩,开德国轿车,坐美国飞机,喝法国红酒,吃澳洲海鲜,抽古巴雪茄,穿意大利皮鞋,玩西班牙女郎,看奥地利歌剧,买俄罗斯别墅,雇菲律宾女佣,配以色列保镖,洗土耳其桑拿,当中国干部。做到最后一点,前面皆可实现。

这是英汉句子内部结构的一个明显区别。所以,在翻译的过程中,译者必须根据上下文,仔细斟酌,调整句子的重心,把主要信息做为译文的主语,以符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。例如:

近年来,中、泰两国国民经济发展迅速,为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。

(a)Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the national economies in China and Thailand, which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

(b)The rapid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

(c)In recent years the national economies of China and Thailand have quickly developed, providing a

(d)China and Thailand,with the rapid development of their national economies in recent years, have laid a good foundation for their economic and trade cooperation.

(1)到去年年底,我部已同有关省市签订了100余艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。

By the end of the last year, contracts and agreements were signed with some provinces and cities for the construction of more than 100 medium-and-small-sized vessels.

原文的主语是“我部”,译文的主语则是“contracts and agreements”。仔细阅读原文就会发现,原文最重要的信息并非是“我部”,而是“合同和协议”,译者在译文中使之突出,正确地传译出了原文的重要内容,同时也反映了汉族人重人伦,英美等西方人重物质的心理特征。

(2)托马斯·杰佛逊对美国的教育事业作出了巨大的贡献。

American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.

Thomas Jefferson made great contribution to American education.

(3)语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。(P-58)

The mastery o f language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.

Language is not easy to master. If you want to learn it well, you must work hard on it.

(4)我们访问了一些地方,遇到了不少人,要谈起来,奇妙的事可多着呢。(P-65)

There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.

(5)熟悉情况的人士猜测说,产量明年有望超过一亿吨。

Informed guesswork suggests that it could rise to over one hundred million tons next year.

(6)我从没想到他是个不诚实的人。

It never occurred to me that he was a dishonest man.

原文中的主语言是“我”,是行为的主体,这一句子结构反映出了中国的思维方式。在译文中,主语被译成“It”,看来似乎风马牛不相及,其实是西方人的思维方式使然,译文意为:这种念头从来没有闪过她的脑际。这是西方人比较重视客观观念的例证之一。同时,译文这样处理重点突出了“我”对“对他为人不诚实”这一点感到惊奇。当然,上面一句也可以译为:I have never thought that he is a dishonest man。但两相比较,前一种译文强调“他是个不诚实的人”是客观事实,字里行间显露出她对这事感到惊异,后一种译文则更强调主观印象。

(二)改变句子语态

中国人比较习惯于本体型思维方式,在语言表达时,常以动作行为的实施者作为句子的主语,因此汉语中主动语态句使用频繁;而习惯于客体思维方式的西方人却常把视点放在行为动作的结果或承受者,并以此作为句子的主语,因此英语中被动语态的使用很广泛。在汉英翻译过程中,译者必须按照英语思维方式的特点,改变句子语态。如:

(1)热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作,建立和发展贸易关系。

Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.

析:原文是省略句,被省略的成分是主语“我们”,这既反映了汉语重主题而轻主语的语言特点,同时也反映了汉民族喜欢以主人的姿态欢迎客人这一文化特征。由于英语是主语显著的语言,故译者在译文中将主语补出,但补出的主语不是原文中被省略的成分“我们”,而是原文中的宾语“客商”

了英美人的心态:在英美国家,人人都希望被当作客人看待。类似的例子如:

(2)只要知道电压和电流,就能确定电阻。

The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known.

(3)当两个物体在一起摩擦时,电子便从一个物体转到另一个物体。

Whenever two objects are rubbed together,electrons are transferred from one object to the other.

(4)必须调整高等院校的专业设置,改进教学方法。

Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved.

(5)发现了错误,一定要改正。

Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.

(6)看树看果实,看人看作为。

A tree is known by its fruit,and a man is known by his actions.

(7)人们普遍认为,孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。

It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.

(8)许多人都呼吁建立一个阿拉伯共同市场。

Many voices have been raised demanding Arab common market.

英语的被动式,尤其是用“it”作主语的非人称被动式,如it is believed,it is felt,it is thought等,往往不说出施动者,而让所叙述的事实或观点以客观、间接和婉转的方式表达出来,使口气显得客观公正,避免主观臆断。汉语没有英语这类多重被动式,没有用“it”作主语的非人称被动式,也少用被动式,而较多用主动形式表达被动意义。这与汉人的主体思维甚有关系。汉人的思维习惯重“事在人为”,人的动作和行为必然是由人做的,事或物不可能自己去完成这些动作和行为,因而表达时往往要说出施动者,常常采用人称表达法;若无法说出确定的人称,则采用泛称,如“有人”、“人们”、“人家”、“大家”、“别人”等;若无法采用泛称,则采用无人称;当人称或泛称不言自喻时,又常常采用隐称——省略人称。所以,在翻译的过程中,译者必须根据英语的思维方式和表达习惯,进行相应的语态变化。

(9)我知道你要说服他放弃那个计划是很困难的。

I know it is difficult for you to persuade him out of the plan.

析:在该句中,原文宾语从句的主题是“你要说服他放弃那个计划”,而译文宾语从句的主语却变成了it。“it”是形式主语,形式主语可谓是英语的“特产”。英语的表达习惯是主语简短,谓语长,仿佛英美人喜欢把一个句子搭成一个“金字塔”,如果主语过长,谓语过短,“金字塔”会倒塌似的。因此,若是较长的短语或者是从句作主语则常常将其后移,用it作形式主语,这样,英语的句子就可以稳稳当当地扎下脚跟,而这恰恰是中国人汉译英时的一个难点。像上面这个例句若译成I know that for you to persuade him out of the plan is difficult,尽管语法上没有错误,却不符合英语的表达习惯。因此,对原文句子言内意义的传译一定要符合译语的语言习惯。

关于英语形式主语的使用,王力先生曾经有过精辟的论述:“就句子结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。法治的不管主语用得着用不着,总要呆板地求句子形式的一律;人治的用得着就用,用不着的就不用,只要能使对话人听懂说话人的意思,就算了。”作为反映文化的语言,汉语和英语有如此的差异,难怪有人说,汉文化是人文文化,而西方文化是科学文化。

从表面上看,熊彼特的“创新”理论与发展中民族的经济活动无关,但是若对他的理论内核进行深入分析后,不难看出,他所理解的“创新”,并没有排除发展中民族参与创新这一含义。

The “Innovation T heory” proposed by Schumpete R·Joseph Alios superficially has nothing to do with the economic activity of a developing nation; however, a profound analysis of his theoretical core will easily find that the "innovation" in his understanding doesn’t exclude the notion a developing nation’s participation.

一般来说,在汉语里,时间、地点常用来做状语,很少做主语。而时间、地点做主语是英语中较为常见的现象。以具体时间、地点做主语的这种用法反映了英语民族的至少两种类型的思维方式:开放型思维和认知型思维。首先,英伦岛国,因为它被海环抱,属于开放的海洋性地理环境,所以它向往外界,较早地接受了古希腊的“注重自然客体、探索自然奥秘”的传统,思维对象倾向于外界,富有全球观念和宇宙意识,竭力认同外界中对人有价值的客观存在。思维的开放性使英语的语言形式具有了开放性。其次,在英语的主语中体现了英语思维的认知性。西方向来崇尚以自然为认知对象,认为只有认识自然,才能把握自然并进而征服自然。他们相信,求知是人类的本性,“哲理的探索源于对自然的惊异”。所以,在他们的思维中,物我两分,自然客体与本体具有等同的地位,自然客观现象在英语主语中随意出现也就不足为怪了。比如:

(1)中国在2008年9月25号成功发射了神州七号宇宙飞船。

September 25, 2008 saw the successful launching of China's Shenzhou VII spacecraft

China successfully launched Shenzhou VII spacecraft on September 25, 2008.

这几天心里颇不宁静。今晚在院子里坐着乘凉,忽然想起日日走过的荷塘,在这满月的光里,总该另有一番样子吧。

The last few days have found me very restless.This evening as I sat in the yard to enjoy the cool,it struck me how different the lotus pool I pass every day must look under a full moon.Of late, I have been in a rather uneasy frame of mind. Sitting in my courtyard enjoying the cool evening,I suddenly thought of the lotus pond that I pass on my way day in and day out.

(2)五四运动以后,开始了“新红学”时代,代表人物有胡适、俞平伯等这样一些学者。

The May Fourth Movement of 1919 saw the beginning of the “New Redo1ogy”,represented by scholars such as Hushi and Yu Pingbai.

(3)当夜幕降临时,他离目的地还有好几英里路。

Nightfall found him many miles short of his destination.

(4)在北京发生过许多伟大的历史事件。

Beijing has witnessed many great historical events.

(5)八点钟,王老师起床穿衣。

Eight o'clock found Mr. Wang up and dressed.

(6)一看到那棵大树,我便想起了童年的情景。

汉语里的时间、地点状语转换成英语中的主语,不但表达生动,也更符合英语民族的思维方式和行文习惯。

(7)近年来,中、泰两国国民经济发展迅速,为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。

(a)Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the national economies in China and Thailand, which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

(b)The rapid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

(c)In recent years the national economies of China and Thailand have quickly developed, providing a good foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

(d)China and Thailand,with the rapid development of their national economies in recent years, have laid a good foundation for their economic and trade cooperation.

(8)The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America. (P.Bromhead:Life in Modern America)

从1840至1880这四十年中,近一千万移民移居美国。

(9)Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22,000-student University of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor,where the Chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria Iine for lunch and later played an exhibition match.(“China U.S.Table T ennis”)

星期五那天,中国乒乓球队一早就到安亚伯附近去参观拥有两万两千名学生的密执安大学现代化校园。他们和该校学生在校内自助餐厅排队取午餐,然后举行了一场表演赛。

(10)五四运动以后,开始了“新红学”时代,代表人物有胡适、俞平伯等这样一些学者。

The May Fourth Movement of 1919saw the beginning of the “New Redo1ogy”,represented by scholars such as Hushi and Yu Pingbai.

另外,汉语中的原因状语也可以做英语的主语

(11)由于他离开此地,从2005年五月开始的长期谈判和讨论乃告结束。

His departure brought to an end the long period of negotiations and discussions begun in January 2005.

(12)华侨离乡背井,远居国外,所以他们在感情上越来越向往大陆。

Absence and distance make the overseas Chinese heart increasingly fond of the mainland.(13)在历史上,由于长江不断改道在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。

The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan.

英语这类非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”(inanimate subject),表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等,但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”(animate verb),表示人或社会团体的动作和行为,如see,find,bring,give,escape,surround,kill,deprive,seize,send,know,tell,permit,invite,

因为的场合也比汉语广。汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配,根据汉人的思维习惯,人或社会团体才有这类有意识、有意志的行为,非人类的、无生命的事物一般只能有一些无意识、无意志的状态、运动或变化。汉语“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配通常用作一种修辞手段——拟人化:(14)北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。

Beijing has witnessed many great historical events.

(15)星光很早以前就踏上了旅程。

The light from the stars started on its journey long long ago.

五、结语

通过以上汉英翻译过程中主语转换的实例分析,可以看出,思维因素在汉英翻译过程中是非常重要的一环。翻译不但是一种语言活动,而且还是一种思维活动。在翻译过程中,不同的思维方式在碰撞、调和、融合,最后常以译语民族的思维方式为主输出思维结构内容。一名称职的译者必须加强双语修养,了解中西思维方式差异和汉英两种语言的异同,自觉地对比所涉及的两种语言不同的思维方式,才能有效地克服汉译英遣词、造句、谋篇过程中常遇到的障碍,才能把原文的意义甚至意境尽可能完满地用译文表达出来。

高级英语课文中类似的句子:

12.This knack for going instinctively to the heart of a matter was the secret of his major scientific

discoveries. (P-29)

A deep analysis o f his innovation theory will easily find that his innovation theory doesn’t exclude the essence of developing nation which has involved in creation.

13.Collaboration with Einstein was an unforgettable experience. (P-30)

14.The intensity and depth of his concentration were fantastic. (P-30)

15.It was this very Mozartean simplicity that most characterized Einstein’s methods.(P-31)

16.His very ineloquence made this the most eloquent tribute I have heard to Einstein’s genius.

(P-32)

17.The slightest hint of disagreement, from anyone, on the most trivial point, was enough to set

him off on a harangue that might last for hours…(P-37)

18.In short, the very development of the American city has removed poverty from the living,

emotional experience of millions upon millions of middle-class Americans. (P-47)

19.This new segregation of poverty is compounded by a well-meaning ignorance. (P-47)

20.The total impact of the various housing programs in postwar America has been to squeeze

more and more people into existing slums…(P-47)

21.Isn’t it sufficient to know that one American child or a single elderly person in this bountiful

land is reduced to eating the forage of animals or exposed to unknown toxic levels of mercury,

lead or salmonella to know that something very extraordinary must be done? (P-54)

A quarter of a century after the introduction of television into American society, a period that has seen

attained the rank of a legal necessity, safe from repossession in case of debt along with clothes, cooking utensils, and the like, television viewing has become an inevitable and ordinary part of daily life. (P-58)

22.

(补充)翻译的多样性(主语不同,表达不同)

调整句子重心:

在表达思想时,英民族的思维更直截了当,他们习惯语义的重心放在句首说出,然后再把其他次要成分一一补进;汉民族习惯“从众归一”的思维方式,往往将次要的语义部分放在句首,最后才点出话语的信息中心。这是英汉句子内部结构的一个明显区别。在翻译的过程中,如不加以调整,一定会影响译文的流畅通顺。如例7、例8:

例1.I met with my former classmate by accidence on the bus when I was on my way to the company at 2:30 yesterday afternoon, whom I haven’t seen for years.

昨天下午两点半,在去公司的路上,我在公共汽车上邂逅了我多年未见面的老同学。

例2.It is a truth university acknowledge that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. (J. Austen, Pride and Prejudice)

译文(1):有一条举世公认的真理,那就是,凡有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太。

译文(2):凡是有钱的单身汉,总想娶位太太,这是一条举世公认的真理。

译文1曾被著名翻译家卞之琳先生批评过,认为这种译法本想“不走样”,结果是“不像样”(《中国翻译》1997年第2期)。但后来有人认为按照原文译法还有很多,不一定很不像样。如:译文(3):有这么一条真理,举世公认单身男人拥有一笔大财产,就必定需要一个太太。(《中国翻译》2000年第2期)

译文(4)有这么一条举世公认的真理,男人有钱就不能无妻。(同上)

原句的语义重心是“一条举世公认的真理”,英语中将它置于句首的主句中,从语义上看,这几种译法都忠于原文,在汉语中都存在,都可以被汉语读者所接受。随着文化交流的深入和相互渗透,一些原来认为“不像样”的句式也逐渐为译入语读者接受,但应该说第二种译法比起其他译法更符合汉语的思维方式和表达习惯。

例3.Elizabeth is putting on a lot of weight.She smokes very heavily(1992:226).

(1) 由于伊莉莎白吸烟吸得很厉害,因此胖了不少。

(2) 由于伊莉莎白的体重猛增,所以她拼命地吸烟。

(3) 尽管伊莉莎白吸烟过多,她的体重还是增加了。

(4) 伊莉莎白体重猛增,而且还不断地吸烟。

对原文两句话之间的语义关系的解释,一方面靠语境,另一方面靠它们之间可能存在的蕴含意义。

例4.

I study English. I value Western culture.

(1)I study English and I value Western culture.

(2)In studying English, I learn to value Western culture.

(3)I study English, which makes me value Western culture.

(5)If I had not studied English, I would probably not have come to know western culture, not to mention value it.

(6)Because I study English, I value Western culture.

(7)Studying English causes me to value Western culture.

(9)I study English, so I value Western culture.

(10)Studying English makes me value Western culture.

(11)Because of the many years spent in English study, I have come to value Western culture.

(12)Study English. It will make you value the culture behind it.

(13)If you want to know the value of Western culture, study its language.

(14)The more I study English, the more I admire Western culture.

(15)I study English. I value Western culture.

(16)What I study in English makes me value Western culture.

(17)The study of English is almost the same as making you believe in the culture behind it.

例5.

He moved astonishingly fast.

He moved with astonishing rapidity.

His movements were astonishingly rapid.

His rapid movements astonished us.

His movements astonished us by their rapidity.

The rapidity of his movements was astonishing.

The rapidity with which he moved astonished us.

He astonished us by moving rapidly.

He astonished us by his rapid movements.

He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.

(O. Jesperson)

有时,汉语的同一句话译为英语时,因侧重点不同,其虚词的译法也不一样。请看下例:例1.一想到要出国深造,他就激动不已。

(a) The idea that he would go abroad for further study made him greatly excited.

(b) He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad for further study.

原文的同一信息在译文中以两种形式译出,两种译文中的主语大不一样。译文(a)是用“idea”作主语,译文(b)用“he”作主语。相对而言,译文(a) 即突出了主要信息,又符合英语中以物称作主语的表达习惯。

例2.只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这个人争取过来。(彭开明:“翻译中的多种表达形式”,载《中国翻译》1995年第5期)

(a)When he catches a glimpse of potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.

(b)As soon as he finds any possible opponent, he is, by instinct, to have as an inclination for winning him over with charm and humor.

charm and humor.(同上)

例3.近年来,中、泰两国国民经济发展迅速,为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。

(a)In recent years the national economies of China and Thailand have quickly developed, providing a good foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

(b)Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the national economies in China and Thailand, which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

(c)China and Thailand,with the rapid development of their national economies in recent years, have laid a good foundation for their economic and trade cooperation.

(d)The rapid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

例4.你的眼睛长哪儿去了?

1) Haven’t you got eyes?

2) Are you so blind?

3) Are you such a blind man?

4) You're really stone-blind !

5) How blind you are !

6) As blind as a bat !

7) What a blind man !

8) A sightless guy !

9) Why are you so rash?

10) How can you be so reckless?

11) My goodness! Be careful!

12) Would you please be more careful?

英汉翻译的8大差异

翻译中的英汉8大差别 一、英语重结构,汉语重语义 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived。 译文:儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视前休闲,到这时数字时代就来到了。 二、英语多长句,汉语多短句 Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 译文:人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣,这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战,还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。 三、英语多从句,汉语多分句 On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 译文:总的来说,得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。 四、主语,宾语等名词成分“英语多代词,汉语多名词” There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 译文:届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车,一旦这些汽车污染超标(或违规),监测器就会使其停驶。 五、英语多被动,汉语多主动 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes of scientists, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training. 译文:许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比,认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。 六、英语多变化,汉语多重复 The monkey's most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle. 译文:这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候,这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。

英汉语主语功能比较论文

英汉语主语功能比较研究 【摘要】本文通过比较英汉主语的不同之处,指出英语是主语突出语言,汉语是主题突出语言。正确理解英汉主语的差异以便在翻译过程中准确地进行英汉两种语言的转换。 【关键词】主语主题翻译 【abstract】this essay focus on the comparison between english and chinese subject and points out that english is object-prominence language and chinese is topic-prominence language. in order to get accurate translation between english and chinese language we should understand the difference between the two languages’ subjects correctly. 【key words】object;topic-prominence;translation 人类在学习与研究过程中比较法是一种重要方法,在学习英语的过程将英语与汉语进行比较,在比较过程中我们发现英汉两种语言存在相同之处,也有着差异和区别。尤其在翻译的过程中,我们发现相同之处比较好翻译,而不同之处则是需要进行学习与掌握的地方。只有掌握了英汉语言的不同之处,才能很好的进行翻译。英语是印欧日耳曼语族的日耳曼语系,汉语是汉藏语系,这两种语言在主语上也存在着差异。本文从英汉主语的不同之处进行讨论,希望在翻译过程中有所帮助。 一、英汉语主语的定义 刘应德将英语主语的定义概括为:“主语是一句话讨论的中心,

汉英翻译技巧

汉英翻译技巧 第一节汉语无主语句的英译处理 一、祈使句对应为祈使句 e.g. 小心轻放。Handle with care. 量体裁衣,看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes. 宁为鸡首,不为牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse. 二、采用英语的被动结构译出 采用英语被动结构翻译的汉语无主语句一般的情况:一是某些表示事物存在的无主语句;二是有些句子突出宾语部分,在翻译时可以不用补出主

语而用原句中的宾语来充当主语。e.g. 这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。More apartments will be built here. 利用发电机,可以将机械能转变为电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator. 在合同中,详细地规定了双方必须履行的各种条件。 In the contract, all kinds of conditions which both sides should follow were laid down in detail. 没有爱心,就无法了解人生。 Life cannot be understood without much charity. 三、采用倒装语序

e. g. 地下埋藏着大量的金银。Hidden underground is a wealth of gold and silver. 随着一声吼叫,忽的从树林里窜出一只老虎来。 Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes. 山里住着个老和尚。 In the mountain lived on an old monk. 四、采用THERE BE 结构 例句:没有顺利,无所谓困难;没有困难,也无所谓顺利。 Without facility, there would be no difficulty; without difficulty, there would also be no facility. 剩下的时间不多了。

英汉翻译的差异

地域政治与社会生活差异对翻译的影响 莎士比亚十四行诗中把情人比作夏天可爱而温柔Shall compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough wind do shake the darling buds of May And summer’s lease hath all too short a date(译文:我可否将你比作夏日?你更可爱,更温柔:暴风摇撼五月钟爱的嫩芽,而夏日的周期太过短暂)。由于地理位置的关系,“夏天”带给中国人和英国人的联想和感受是不相同的。在中国,情人象夏日,有你受的。 风俗习惯差异对翻译的影响 同一件事物, 不同的文化背景, 看法大相径庭。在汉文化中龙(dragon) 凤( phoenix) 是一个图腾形象。在封建社会, 龙比喻是皇帝, 凤比喻皇后, 帝王成婚称龙凤呈祥。在汉语中, 龙和凤都用于好的意思。如龙凤, 龙虎、凤毛、山窝里飞出金凤凰。汉语中还有不少表示欢乐、愿望而气势磅礴带龙的成语: 龙飞凤舞、龙盘虎跃、生龙活虎、藏龙卧虎、攀龙附凤、望子成龙。龙在中华民族的心目中是顶礼膜拜的, 所以称自己是龙的传人。但在圣经中, 与上帝作对的恶魔撒旦(San tan) 被称为the Great Dragon. Dragon 总是代表邪恶, 令人感到恐怖。说一个人象龙不是一句好话, 尤其是讲女人象龙, 指的是又凶恶又歹毒、令人讨厌。She is a bit of a dragon around this place. (她是一个很专横跋扈的人)。Phoenix 在西方的传说中是一种鸟, 在沙漠中生存了五、六百年后, 将自己烧成灰烬, 然后从中又诞生一只的Phoenix, 所以英语中Phoenix, 有再生、复活的意思。英语习俗差异是多方面的, 最典型的莫过于对狗这种动物的态度上。西方人把狗当作宠物来养, 狗是人类最好的朋友, 所以, 英语中大部分用狗的形象词语比喻的是普通人的形象, 毫无侮辱的意思。如love me love my dog. 爱屋及乌。Every dog has its day. 凡人皆有得意日。He works like a dog.他干得十分卖力。Dog doesn’t eat dog. 同类不相残。Y ou lucky dog . 你这个家伙真走运!中国人当然也养狗, 但对狗的看法大不相同, 与狗的成语总是含贬义, 表示坏人恶行,典型的如走狗、狗仗人势、狗眼看人低、狗嘴里长不出象牙来、狼心狗肺、狗急跳墙、狗头军师、狗改不了吃屎、狗娘养的、狗屁等。孔雀(peacock) , 汉文化中,peacock 是吉祥的象征, 孔雀开屏是大吉大利的事。傣族人跳孔雀舞来表达自己美好的愿望。在英语中, 孔雀的意义基本上是否定的, 强调它骄傲的一面。如: He attempted to peacock his way through the world。他想名扬世界。Mary was peacocking about in the classroom. 玛丽在教室里趾高气扬地走来走去。 3宗教信仰与历史典故、谚语对翻译的影响 中西文化的历史渊源不同, 宗教信仰不同, 典故、谚语的来源不同。汉英语言中涉及宗教的词语数目庞大,蔚为壮观。大多数西方人信基督教, 崇拜的神称为上帝(God) , 上帝只有一个, 但包括三个位格(Person) 即: 上帝圣父(God the Father)、上帝圣子(God the Son )、上帝圣灵(God the Holy Ghost ) , 统称为三位一体(Trinity). 这三位不是三个神, 而是同具一个本体的独一真神。中国有盘古开天、道教的玉帝, 有佛教的阎王和观音(Buddhism Guan Ying, the Goddess of Mercy) 有神话的龙王。典故、谚语是每个民族文化的一个重要组成部分, 也是语言的重要组成部分, 人们常常在不自觉运用各民族文化遗产的典故、谚语。中国人常说“东施效颦”“叶公好龙”“真是马后炮”“原来又是个空城计”。中国人的典故多来自于《诗经》和中国的四大名著等。西方人的典故则来自于《圣经》和莎士比亚及希腊、罗马神话和传说。若缺乏对中西文化不同的宗教信仰和历史典故、谚语的个性深刻了解, 难以翻译出词语中的文化内涵。比如“Being a teacher is being at present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe. ”要翻译出这个句子, 首先要弄清上帝之创造(Creation of God)。上帝用六天的时间创造了世界。第一天, 创造光, 划分昼夜。第二天, 创造空气, 划分天地。第三天, 划分海陆, 使陆地长植物。第四天, 创造日月星辰, 划分季节。第五天, 创造鸟类与鱼类。第六天, 创造昆虫、兽类, 并按照自己的形象造人。第七天, 安息日(Sabbath)。其次要明白(clay) 指的是人体(clay figure)。据圣经记载, 上帝用泥土造一个人形, 再在人体的鼻孔吹一口气, 人体就

英汉主语差异现象对比及其翻译策略

英汉主语差异现象对比及其翻译策略 主语作为句子中不可或缺的成分,其在英汉句子结构与意义中担当不等程度的角色,英汉主语之间有什么差异,而我们又能总结归纳出哪些翻译方法呢? Part 1 英汉主语的差异 (一)主语显著与话题显著 英语是主语显著性的语言,汉语是话题显著性的语言。要弄清楚两种语言之间的这种差别,首先必须明白主语和话题二者之间的联系和区别。英语是偏重形合的语言,句子以主谓结构为纲, 勾连,节外生枝,叠床架屋,句子复杂而不流散。在这种句子结构中,主语不可或缺,主语对全句具有“全面密切的关系”,且要求谓语在人称和数上与之保持一致关系。这种一致关系决定了主语不管起不起语义作用,总得有一个,哪怕是it, there等做“假位”主语。所以说英语的主语偏重于“形”,是主语突出的语言,主题往往就是句子的主语。汉语是偏重意合的语言,主语和谓语呈一种松散的结构关系,主语不决定谓语的形态,因此可以以话题的形式出现。所谓话题,指一句话里作为新情况的述说对象的事物或事件,其特点是占据一句话的开头部位,但并不等同语法系统中的主语。如昨天晚上他进过这间屋子,这里的“昨天晚上”是主题,但不是主语,而是状语。综上所述,主语与话题的差别可以概括如下:形合的英语是主语显著的语言(subject- prominent),主题往往就是句子的主语;而意合的汉语是主题显著的语言(topic- prominent),其主题往往并非就是句子的主语 例如:英语必须有主语 a语法上的一致: She is a student. They are students. My family are all fond of playing table tennis. Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer. The girl has seen her mother. Sent to zoos in Tokyo and other cities, the pandas are reported to have settled down very well. b逻辑上的一致 你的教学科研都取得了长足进步,但不能因此而骄傲自满. 原译:Your teaching and research have made progress,but you should not get conceited and arrogant. 改译:You have made good progress in teaching and researching,but you should not get conceited and arrogant. (二)物称主语与人称主语 英、汉语主语的另一差别是英语的物称倾向和汉语的人称倾向。“英语较常用物称表达法,即不用人称来叙述,而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来”,而汉语则“往往以自我出发来叙述客观事物,或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态,因而常用人称”。一般而言,西方民族在使用英语语言方面采取的是客体思维方式,强调“物我分立”,注重物对人的思维及行为的影响,因此往往突出“物”的重要,让物以客观事实的形式表达出来,故英语常用非人称(impersonal)做主语,强调物对人的作用,对人的思维和行为的影响及其产生的结果,其主语可以是具体事物的名词,表示自然客观现象的时间名词或表示抽象概念,例如 1.The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 2.Nightfall found him many miles short of his appointedpreaching place. 3.His failure to observe the safety regulations brought an accident to the machine. 以上三例均是用物称作主语,但是翻译成中文时 1.我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没有。

汉英翻译中的句子结构处理

汉英翻译中的句子结构处理

汉英翻译中的句子结构处理: 翻译一个具体句子时,首先必须解决句子结构的问题。在很多情况下,将汉语原文的句子结构不加改变或稍加改变就移植到英译文中去,是完全可能的;但在不少的情况下,则必须改变原文的句子结构。例如原文的句子很长或由于其他原因,译成英语时就须把它拆开,译成几个句子。如原文是两个或两个以上的句子,但其间的逻辑关系非常紧密,或由于英语本身的原因,又须将它们译为一句。此外,如为了句子的连贯,为了强调或不强调句子的某一部分;为了传达原文句子的语气,或是由于汉语句子比较特殊(如汉语多无主语句),或是由于英语本身的特点(如被动结构较多)等等,我们都必须改变原文的结构。改变原文句子结构的方法很多,现将常用的几种列举如下。 一、拆句 将原文中的一个句子拆开,译成两个或两个以上的句子,称为拆句翻译法。 1、时候既然是深冬,渐近故乡时,天气又阴晦了,冷风吹进般舱中,呜呜的响。(鲁迅《故乡》) It was late winter. As we drew near my former home the day became overcast and a cold wind blew into the cabin of our boat.

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