Unit 7 The Glorious Messiness Of English Before Reading
Listening and Answering the Questions (2)
History of English (2)
Winston Churchill (3)
Julius Caesar (4)
Viking (4)
Norman (4)
William Caxton (5)
Otto Jespersen (5)
Renaissance (5)
Global Reading
Part Division of the Text (6)
Further Understanding (6)
Detailed Reading (7)
After Reading
Useful Expressions (16)
Listening Comprehension (16)
Synonyms (17)
Body Language (18)
Sentence Translation (18)
Writing Practi ce (19)
Talk about the Pictures (20)
Proverbs and Quotations (20)
Supplementary Reading
Culture Notes (22)
L anguage Study (22)
Comprehension Task (25)
Before Reading
Ⅰ. Listening and Answering the Questions
ⅰ. Listen and Answer
(Directions:) Listen to the recording two or three times and then think
over the following questions.
1.What is the passage about?
(=English is a great language, but it is also a crazy language.)
2.Can you give one or two examples to illustrate the messiness of the English language?
(=Yes. For example, the meaning of “your house burns up” is the same as
that of “your house burns down”, or “you fill in a form” is the same as
“you fill out a form” .)
3.Are you sure of all the idiomatic usages mentioned in the recorded
passage?
(= Some of the more confusing usages are explained here:
1)ship by truck / send cargo by ship: ship can be either a verb or a
noun
The first “ship” means “send”, the second one “a large boat”.
2) noses that run / feet that smells:
This refers to what people usually say “have a running nose”
(流鼻涕), “have smelly feet” (臭脚).
3) a slim/fat chance: a remote possibility
4) a wise guy: a person who pretends to be much wiser than
he/she really is; a derogatory term
a wise man: a really wise person; a commendatory term
5) overlook: fail to see or notice, pay no attention to
oversee: control (work, workmen)
6) hot /cold as hell: extremely hot/cold
7) burn up: catch fire and flare up
burn down: be destroyed by fire
8) fill in a form/fill out a form: synonymous
9) go off: start an action, usually accompanied by a great noise
go on: continue doing something
10) when stars are out: when stars appear in the sky
when lights are out: when lights are turned off
11) wind up a watch: tighten the spring of a watch
wind up a speech: end a speech
Ⅱ. History of English
ⅰ. The root of English
English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England by the Saxons around 400 A.D. Old English was the spoken and written language of England between 400 and 1100 A.D. Many words used today come from Old English, including man, woman, king, mother, etc. But Old English was very different from modern English and only a few words can be easily recognized. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words, e.g.
sky, take and get and many place names, entered the language.
From the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late 12th century English was replaced as the official language by Norman French, though English was still used by the lower classes. English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and also Latin in vocabulary and pronunciation. French brought many words connected with government, e.g.
sovereign, royal, court, legal and government itself. Latin was the language of religion and learning and gave to English words such as minister, angel, master, school and grammar.
Literature began again to be written in English during this period. One of the most famous Middle English works is Chaucer’s
The Canterbury Tales.
ⅱ. The development of Modern English
Modern English developed from the Middle English dialect of the East Midlands and was influenced by the English used in London, where a printing press was set up by William Caxton in 1476. English changed a great deal from this time until the end of the 18th century.
During the Renaissance, many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. They included physics, species, architecture, encyclopedia and hypothesis. In the 16th century several versions of the Bible helped bring written English to ordinary people. The Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama, and Sh akespeare’s plays were seen by many people.
The development of printing helped establish standards of spelling and grammar, but there remained a lot of variation. Samuel Johnson’s A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) was the first authoritative treatment of English. It defined about 40,000 words and gave examples of their use.
By the 18th century American English was established and developing independently from British English. After colonists arrived in the US new words began to be added from Native American languages, and from French and Spanish. In 1783, soon after Johnson’s dictionary was published, Noah Webster’s The Elementary Spelling Book was published in the US. At first it used Johnson’s spellings, but later editions contained m any of what have come to be known as American spellings, e.g. harbor and favorite.
ⅲ. 20th Century English
During the 19th and early 20th centuries many dictionaries and books about language were published. New words are still being added to English from other languages, including Chinese (feng shui) and Japanese (karaoke). Existing
words gain new senses, and new expressions spread quickly through television and the Internet.
English is now an international language and is used as a means of communication between people from many countries. As a result the influences on the English language are wider than ever and it is possible that World English will move away from using a British or American standard and establish its own international identity.
Ⅲ. Winston Churchill
ⅰ. A Brief introduction to Winston Churchill
As a politician, Winston Churchill is remembered as one of Britain’s greatest statesmen. He was the son of the Conservative politician Lord Randolph Churchill and his American wife Jennie. As a young man he served as a soldier
in India and Egypt, and as a journalist in South Africa, before entering politics. Churchill became Prime Minister and Minister of Defence in 1940. His radio speeches during World War II gave the British people a strong determination to win the war, especially at times of great crisis. Examples of Churchill’s phrases still often quoted today are “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat”, and “This was their finest hour”. The Conservative Party led by Churchill lost the election of 1945, but he became Prime Minister again from 1951 to1955 when he retired, aged 80. When he died in Jan 1965 he was given a state funeral.
ⅱ. Chronology of Winston Churchill
-- November 30, 1874
Born Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock,
near Oxford.
-- October 1, 1911
Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in Liberal government.
-- April 30, 1915
Failure of the Dardanelles Expedition, in World War I, led to his resignation
as First Lord of the Admiralty.
-- November 6, 1924
Baldwin named him Chancellor of the Exchequer.
-- May 10, 1940
Appointed to head wartime coalition government.
-- July 1945
Lost general election.
-- April 24, 1953
Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.
-- December 10, 1953
Awarded Nobel prize for literature in recognition of “historical works and
biographies as well as his brilliant speeches.”
-- January 24, 1965
Died in London; buried, following a state funeral, in the churchyard at Bladon,
near Blenheim.
ⅲ. A Video Clip about Winston Churchill
(Directions:) Watch this video clip and answer the following questions.
1.What do you learn from the clip?
2.What do you think of Winston Churchill?
Ⅳ. Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar was the best-known of all the ancient Roman leaders, and the first one to land in Britain with an army.
He did this twice, in 55 and 54 BC, although Britain did not become part of the Roman Empire until nearly a hundred years later.
Ⅴ. Viking
Viking was a member of a people from Scandinavia who attacked parts of northern and western Europe, including Britain and Ireland, in the 8th to 11th centuries. In Britain they were also known as Norsemen. They settled on the
Scottish islands and in areas of eastern England, and the Danish king Canute ruled England from 1016. The Vikings were feared as violent and cruel, but they were also noted for their skill in building ships and as sailors. They had an important influence on English culture and the English language.
Ⅵ. Norman
Norman refers to any of the people from Normandy in northern France who settled in England after their leader William defeated the English king at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The Normans took control of the country, a process known as the Norman Conquest. They used many of the existing Anglo-Saxon methods of government of the state and the church, but added important aspects of their own and made government much more effective. The language of government
became first Latin, and then Norman French, and this caused many new words to be added to the existing English language.
Ⅶ. William Caxton
William Caxton was the man who set up the first printing firm in Britain. He printed his first book in 1474. By printing books in English, Caxton had a strong influence on the spelling and development of the language. Many of the books he published were French stories which he translated himself. Ⅷ. Otto Jespersen
Otto Jespersen was a Danish philologist, grammarian, and educationist. He promoted the use of the “direct method” in language teaching with the publication of his theoretical work How to Teach a Foreign Language (1904). Other books include his seven-volume Modern English Grammar (1909~1949).
Ⅸ. Renaissance
The Renaissance emerged in northern Italy in the 1300s when, not content with the abstract and highly subjective thinking of the Middle Ages, scholars turned for inspiration to the ancient Greeks and Romans with their love of earthly life. Italian architects rediscovered ancient construction techniques and incorporated Greek and Roman columns, arches, and domes into their public buildings. Instead of the flat, stiff figures of the Middle Ages, Renaissance artists portrayed rounded, flesh-and-blood people, people filled with emotions. To depict the world they lived in realistically, Renaissance artists developed linear perspective, which creates on a flat surface the illusion of depth. Renaissance scholars explored their world through mathematics, science, and engineering. Probably the most famous people of the Renaissance times are Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. By the 1500s the Renaissance had spread to Spain and the countries of northern Europe, where people sought to blend the intense interest in human affairs with spiritual ideals.
Ⅰ. Part Division of the Text
Ⅱ. Further Understanding
For Part 1
Pair Discussion
(Directions: ) Look at the picture below. Answer these questions with a partner.
1.What are differences between English and French in borrowing foreign words?
(= 1) English has a vocabulary of about one million words while French has
only about 75,000 words.
2) English has borrowed a lot of words from other language while French
hasn’t. And the French government even tries to ban words from
English.)
2.What can we infer from the invention of a French word “balladeer”?
(= 1) In borrowing foreign words, English people are open-minded while French people are conservative.
2) We know the reason why English has become the first truly global language.)
3.How did the word “Walkman” come into being?
(= The Japanese put two simple English words together to name their product.)
For Part 2
English – the Sea of Language
(略)
For Part 3
Questions and Answers
1.Who is Otto Jespersen?
(= He is a Danish scholar.)
2.According to Otto Jespersen, what is the cause for English to become what it is?
(= It’s the result of the great respecters of the liberties of each individual.)
3. What is English language i the author’s opinion?
(= English is the tongue of common man.)
Ⅰ. Difficult Sentences
1. (Title) THE GLORIOUS MESSINESS OF ENGLISH
1) Translate the title into Chinese.
2) What kind of rhetorical device is used in the title?
( =1) 英语中绚丽多彩的杂乱无章现象.
2) The rhetorical device used here is called oxymoron (矛盾修饰法). An oxymoron puts two contradictory terms together to puzzle the reader, luring him/her to pause and explore why. Here “Glorious” is a commendatory(褒义的) term, while “Messiness” is derogatory(贬义的). As the reader reads on, he/she will know that English is messy, but the messiness reflects some commendable qualities of English, such as tolerance, t he love of freedom, and the respect for others’ rights. At this point the reader cannot but admire the author’s ingenuity.)
2. (LL. 9~10) … which French kids are supposed to say instead –but they don’t.
Paraphrase this part of the sentence.
(= French children are expected to say the word “balladeer” instead of “Walkman” but they don’t say it.)
3. (L. 14) Such is the glorious messiness of English.
What can we know about the author’s attitude towards English from this sentence?
(= He thinks much of it.)
4. (LL. 20~21) The history of English is present in the first words a child learns about … (food, water).
1. Paraphrase this part.
2. Translate this part into Chinese.
(=1) The history of English is revealed in the f irst words a child learns about …
2) 英语的历史体现在孩子最先学会用来表示…的词汇当中。)
5. (LL. 29~31) … “We shall fight …surrender.”
What kind of rhetorical device is used here? And what’s the function of it?
(= The rhetorical device used here is called parallelism(排比法). With this device the sentences become more powerful and will leave a deeper impression on listeners or readers.)
6. (LL. 69~70) … French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people.
What kind of rhetorical device is used here?
(=The rhetorical device used here is called metonymy(转喻). Here the word “churches” stands for religious institutions and those who are involved in religious practices. Another example, in the sentence “The kettle boils.”, the word “kettle” stands to “the water in the kettle”.)
7. (LL. 80~81) Translations o f Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page, …
1. What is the Chinese version of this part?
2. What kind of rhetorical device is used here?
(= 1) 希腊罗马经典著作的译文纷纷印成书册
2) The author used personification(拟人法) in this part.)
8. (LL. 83~84) Today we still borrow from Latin … cyberspace.
Where are the two words “television” and “cyberspace” from?
(= The word “television” is formed by “tele”(Greek, meaning “far off”) and “vision” (Latin, meaning “to see”).
The word “cyberspace” is formed by “cyber”(Greek, meaning “to steer”) and “space”(Old French, Latin)).
9. ( L. 89) Fortunately their idea has never been put into practice.
What can we infer from this sentence about the author’s attitude towards Eng lish?
(= The author prefers what English is today to what some British scholars wanted to do.)
10. (L. 95) I like that idea.
What does “that idea” refer to?
(= It refers to the fact that the English language today results from the great respecters of the liberties of each individual and his freedom to strike out new path for himself.)
11. (LL. 95~99) Consider that … around their language.
What kind of rhetorical device is used in these sentences?
(=The rhetorical device used in these sentences is called metaphor. Here the author uses sustained metaphor: the cultural soil, the first shoots sprang up, … grew stronger, build fences around their language. In this case the English language is compared to plants, and the various cultures influencing it are compared to the soil, while users of English are compared to gardeners. Besides this, the author employs many other metaphors in this text, such as core of English (Para. 4), another flood of new vocabulary (Para. 14), and the special preserve of grammarians (Para. 19) ).Ⅱ. Words and Expressions
1.(L. 7) corrupt: vt.
1) cause errors to appear in
* The Academy ruled that such foreign expressions were not permitted, as they corrupted the language.
(=Has Japanese been corrupted by the introduction of foreign words?)
2) cause to act dishonestly in return for personal gains
* To our great surprise, the former mayor turned out to have been corrupted by the desire for money and power.
* To gain more profits, the businessman tried every means to corrupt the officials in the local government.
2. (L. 8) ban:
1. vt. forbid (sth.) officially (used in the pattern: ban sth.; ban sb. from sth./doing sth.)
* The local government will ban smoking in all offices later this year.
* Tom was banned from driving for six months after being caught speeding again.
* Lady Chatterley’s Lover was banned when it was first published.
CF: ban, forbid & prohibit
这三个是及物动词，均含“禁止”之意。
ban语气最重，指权威机关“正式禁止”。一般含有“严厉谴责”的意思，只能用于严重危害公众利益的事物。例如：
* The treaty bans all nuclear tests. 该条约禁止一切核试验。
forbid是普通用词，可用于较细小的事物。例如：
* He forbade his children sweets because he didn’t want their teeth to be ruined.他不许孩子们吃糖果，因为他不希望他们的牙齿蛀坏。
prohibit指“（通过法律、法令或严正警告）禁止某些事物”，应用范围较ban广。例如：
* In some countries the sale of alcoholic beverages is prohibited.在一些国家禁止出售含酒精的饮料。
2. n. ban (followed by on)
* The government is considering a total ban on cigarette advertising.
*The ban on human cloning is welcomed by most countries in the world.
3（L. 9）invent: vt.
1) make or design (sth. that has not existed before); create (sth.)
* James Watt invented the steam engine.
* Walter Hunt and Elias Hone invented the sewing machine
2) give (a name, reason, etc. that doesn’t exist or is not true)
(=All the characters in the novel are invented.)
* Standing still in the teacher’s off ice, the boy tried to invent a plausible excuse for his absence from class.
CF.: invent & discover
这两个词都是及物动词，在意义上比较容易混淆。
Invent“发明”，发明的对象是以前没有的新东西；如：工具、手段或方法，是实践问题，不仅仅是认识问题。例如：
* Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.亚历山大?格雷厄姆?贝尔
发明了电话。
discover“发现”，发现的对象是本来就存在，但主语不知道的东西，如新的科学真理，新领域等。有时也可泛指“发现”、“认识到”某种情况。例如：
* The planet Pluto was discovered in 1930.冥王星是在1930年被发现的。
4．(L. 11) fascinating: adj. of great interest or attraction
* The story of his adventures in the Arctic was fascinating to listen to.
我觉得有关克隆的讨论很有吸引力。
(=I found the discussion about cloning absolutely fascinating.)
* It is fascinating to imagine what might have happened if the US had not declared war against Japan in World War II.
5. (L. 11) strictly speaking: if one uses words, applies rules, etc. in their exact
sense
* He’s not strictly speaking an artist; he is more of a performer.
(=Strictly speaking she was not qualified for the job. But we employed her
because of her honesty.)
6. (L. 15) tolerance: n.
1) the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you
don’t agree or approve of it (followed by for)
* School teachers have to have a great deal of tolerance in order to deal
with difficult children.
* He has no tolerance for people who disagree with him.
2) the ability to bear sth. painful or unpleasant (followed by of/for/to)
* Human beings have limited tolerance of/to noise.
* The patient had no tolerance for/to pain. Whenever he was injected he
would cry.
Collocation：
display/show tolerance 表示宽容
have tolerance 有容忍力；有雅量
tolerance for/of/towards 对…容忍
7. (L. 16) to a (very real, certain, etc.) extent: to the degree specified
* I agree with him to some extent but there are still some areas of sharp disagreement between us.
(=To some extent the water pollution has affected local residents.) 从某种程度上说，餐馆的失败是由于经营不善造成的。
（＝To a certain extent the failure of the restaurant was due to bad
management.）
8. (L. 22) necessity: n.
1) sth. you must have in order to live properly or do sth.
(= Water is a basic necessity of life.)
* A lot of people would consider a TV as more of a necessity than a
luxury item.
* The workers’ wages were so low that they hardly had enough money to buy the bare necessities of life.
2) circumstances that force one to do sth.; the state of being necessary; the need for sth. (followed by of/for)
再搞一次选举有必要吗？
(= Is there any necessity for another election?)
*There is absolutely no necessity for you to be involved in the project.
Collocation：
feel the necessity of 感到有…的必要
the bare necessities 最低限度的必需品
the necessities of life 生活必需品
of necessity 必然地
* You will of necessity remain silent. 你必然会保持沉默。
by necessity 由于必要；不得已
* I walked home by necessity, because the car broke down. 汽车坏了，我不得已只好走回家。
9. (L. 26) arouse: vt. provoke (a particular feeling or attitude)
* These educational toys give children a feeling of self-worth by arousing their interest in challenging tasks.
* The man’s strange behavior aroused the policeman’s suspicions.
10. (L. 31) surrender: v. give in (followed by to)
* After several weeks of severe attacks, Afghanistan’s Taliban forces
surrendered to the Northern Alliance.
*After the bombs fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese
surrendered.
*We’ll never surrender to terrorism despite the terrorist attacks.
你们必须向警方缴枪。
(= You must surrender your guns to the police.)
11. (L. 32) virtually: adv. for the most part, almost
* It’s virtually impossible to tell the imitation from the real thing.
* It has been raining virtually non-stop for the past several days.
晚饭差不多准备好了；我只差做蔬菜了。
(=The dinner’s virtually ready; I only have to finish the vegetables.)
12. (L. 38) invade: vt. enter with armed forces
* In July 1937 the Japanese army invaded China.
* The Germans invaded Poland in 1939, leading to the start of World War
II.
13. (L. 40) mystery: n. sth. that people can’t, or have not been able to
understand or explain
* The politician’s sudden death remains a mystery to us all.
埃及的金字塔（pyramid）是如何建成的依然是个谜。
(=How Egyptian pyramids were built still remains a mystery.)
* No one has ever been able to explain the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle.
Collocation：
pose a mystery 形成疑团
remain a mystery 依然是个谜
clear up a mystery 使神秘的事真相大白
solve/unravel a mystery 阐释奥秘
shrouded/cloaked/wrapped in mystery 处于神秘之中
14. (L. 42) resemble: vt. be like or similar to
约翰在各方面都非常像他父亲。
（＝John resembles his father very much in all ways.）
(= I’d say he resembles his mother more than his father.)
15. (L. 43) descend: v. come down (from a source), go down
* These ideas descend from those of the ancient philosophers.
* The old lady descended the stairs.
太阳落山了。
（＝ The sun descended behind the hills.）
CF: descend, fall & drop
这三个词都是动词，均含“下落”之意。
descend是相当正式的用法，表示从某一高处落到某一低处。
fall为不及物动词，表示由于地球吸引力或失去支撑而导致的下落。广义上讲，指任何形式的下落。
drop表示一点一滴地落下，但通常表示下落或使下落时的速度、方向出乎意料或不经意。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1. The rain was still __________ from the trees. (=dropping)
2. On turning the corner, we saw that the road ______ steeply. (=descended)
3. Large masses of rock are constantly ______ into the sea. (=falling)
4. The hawk (鹰) ______ in a vertical stoop on its quarry (猎物). (=descends)
16. (L. 49) establish: vt.
1) cause to be, set up
这学校是由一位意大利教授于1905年建立的。
（＝ The school was established in 1905 by an Italian professor.）
* The bank helps people wanting to establish their business.
2) place or settle sb./oneself in a position, an office, etc.
* Ingrid Bergman established her fame as a film star at the age of 20.
* Yao Ming established himself in the team soon after he arrived in
U.S.
17. (L. 50) drift:
1. vi. move or go somewhere in a slow casual way
(=Jimmy spent the year drifting around Europe.)
* The football match was over, and the crowds drifted away from the
stadium.
她经常调换工作。
（＝She just drifts from job to job.）
2. n.
1) the movement or course of sth. drifting
* Nowadays there is a drift of young people from the country to the city.
2) the general meaning
* I’m sorry: I can’t catch/get the drift of what you’re saying.
论点的要旨你明白了吗？
（＝Did you get/see the drift of the argument?）
Collocation：
drift along 漫无目的地游荡
drift apart 分开；疏远
drift into/toward 渐渐进入；陷入
* At last, he drifted into a life of crime. 最后，他陷入了犯罪生涯。
drift from … to …从…漂流到…
* The conversation drifted from one subject to another. 谈话从一个主题转
到另一个主题。
a general drift 总的倾向
get/catch the drift of …理解大意
follow sb’s drift 听懂某人的意思
18. (L. 56) pass (sth.) on to (sb.): hand or give (sth.) to (sb.)
* When you have finished reading the novel, please pass it on to Laura.
* The King passed on much of his fortune to the princess.
19. (L. 66) addition: n.
1) a person or thing added (followed by to)
* The baby is a welcome addition to the Smith family.
他将是我们篮球队里可贵的新增力量。
(=He will be a valuable addition to our basketball team.)
2) the act of adding, esp. adding numbers together
* Before I entered the primary school, my mother taught me to do addition and subtraction.
Collocation：
do addition 做加法
make an addition 增加一些
in addition to 除…之外
* In addition to his salary, he earns a lot from giving lectures.
in addition 另外；加之
* You need money and time. In addition, you need diligence.
20. (L. 69) conquer: vt. take possession and control of (a country, city, etc.) by
force; defeat
* Afghanistan’s Northern Alliance conquered Kabul a month ago.
(= She has conquered the hearts of many men.)
全世界已作出巨大努力来征服癌症。
* There has been a tremendous international effort to conquer cancer.
CF: conquer, beat & defeat
这三个词都是动词，均含“打败”、“胜过”之意。
conquer指通过武力、斗争或坚强的意志把某事或某物、某人置于自己的控制之下。例如：
* The Romans conquered parts of Britain in the first century B. C. 公元前
一世纪罗马人曾占领了英国的部分领土。
beat强调对手被彻底打败，该词常用在正式场合，可用于描写任何比赛。例如：
* She beat her brother at tennis. 在网球上，她打败了她弟弟。
defeat是个普通用语。可指打败敌人、对手，也可指在选举中落选，希望、计划受挫等。例如：
*He was defeated by 165 votes against 132. 他以132票对165 票落选了。
21. (L. 73) alternative:
1. n. one of two or more possibilities (followed by to)
* His father gave John the alternative of staying in high school or going to
work.
恐怕除了向警察告发你之外，我别无选择。
（＝I’m afraid I have no alternative but to report you to the police.）
NB: 该词本意是“另一个，每两者中的第二个”，因此仅限于在两者之间进行选择，但现在也可指“几种可能中的一种”，类似 We have several
alternatives to chose from.（有几种可能性可供我们选择。）之类的句子也相当普遍。
2. adj. (of two things) that may be used, had, done, etc. instead of another;
other
* We returned by an alternative road.
NB: 有时alternate可用来代替alternative：They had an alternate/alternative
plan.（他们另有一个计划。) 但是，alternative被认为是更地道的英语。22. (L.76) enrich: vt.
1) make rich or richer
* That once poor coastal village has been enriched by the profits from
tourism.
油田的发现使许多阿拉伯国家富足起来了。
（＝ The discovery of oil has enriched many Arabian countries.）
2) improve
* It is important to enrich the soil prior to planting.
* Music can enrich your whole life.
23. (L. 86) source: n.
1) a place from which sth. comes or is obtained
* Tourism, which is a major source of income for the city, has been
seriously affected by SARS.
* Do you have any other source of income apart from your job?
2) the place where a stream of water starts
* Where is the source of the Amazon River?
CF: source & origin
这两个词都是名词，均含“根源，起因”之意。
source原指“水源”，转义指事物的“根源，起因或出处”。例如：
* They had to find a new source of income. 他们不得不寻找新的收入来源。origin指事物的起源、源头，含有现在的情景已有变化之意，有时也指“出身，血统”。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.
1. There are a number of words in the English language which were French
in __________. (=origin)
2. Where is the _______of the River Thames? (=source)
3. They had to find a new _________ of income. (=source)
4. This practice owes its _________ to the Chinese. (=origin)
24．(L. 87) out of control: no longer able to be controlled
* The fire was out of control by the time the second fire engine arrived.
* There was nothing they could do about it. The situation was out of
control.
25. (L. 89) put into practice: take action regarding sth.
* They weren’t allowed to put into practice in their daily lives the
teachings they received.
(= Having delayed several times, we must put this plan into practice
now.)
26. (L. 94) strike out: start being independent; start doing what one wants to do in life
* After working for his father for about ten years, he decided to strike out on his own.
约翰辞掉原来的工作，开始从事旅游推销员的工作。
(= John quit his job and struck out as a traveling salesman.)
After Reading
Ⅰ. Useful Expressions
1. 排行榜 a hit parade
2. 严格地说strictly speaking
3.对我们真正至关重要的事the things that really matter to us
4.发表演说make a speech
5.为了加强效果for effect
6.系统的研究 a systematic study
7.起源于descend from
8.提出come up with
9.向西漂泊drift west
10.留传给我们pass on to us
11.日子过得开心enjoy oneself
12.抚养孩子rear/raise a child
13.诺曼人征服英国the Normans conquered England
14.平民百姓common people
15.印刷机 a printing press
16.大量新思想 a wealth of new thinking
17.欧洲文艺复兴the European Renaissance
18.失控be out of control
19.付诸实施put into practice
20.个人自由的崇尚者 a respecter of the liberties of each
individual
21.开拓新路strike out new path
22.培育了…的准则nourish the principles of …
23.人权the rights of man
24.知识精英 an intellectual elite
Ⅱ. Listening Comprehension
ⅰ. Brainstorm
(Directions: ) Work in groups and brainstorm as many words as possible that are related to the topic – Chinese Language.
ⅱ. Respond
(Directions: ) Listen to the passage and answer the following questions.
1. What does the Chinese language usually refer to?
(= It refers to the standard language and its dialect.)
2. What percentage of the Han nationality accounts for the total population?
(= 93.3%.)
3. Why do we say the Chinese language is very important in the world?
(= Because it is one of the five working languages in the United Nations.)
4. How many overseas Chinese and persons of Chinese decent in Southeast Asia speak Chinese
language?
(= It’s more than 10 million.)
5. According to this passage, what was the world’s population when the passage was written?
(= About 5 billion.)
6. How long has the Chinese language been spoken?
(= More than 6,000 years.)
Ⅲ. Synonyms
（Directions: ） Choose a suitable word from the given pairs to complete the following sentences and try to figure out the difference in meaning.
1. want/wish
a) I ________ you both a very pleasant journey.
b) Ann, I am sorry. I ________ I had never said that to you.
c) My parents ________ me to give you their best regards.
d) We do not ________ to waste our money on such worthless things.
2. skin/hide
a) This is the best lotion I’ve ever known for ________ care.
b) “I’m sorry I called you a pig.” “My ________ is thick enough; it didn’t
bother me.”
c) This pair of boots is made of buffalo ________. They are very durable.
d) I don’t need a knife; I can peel the ________ off with my fingers.
3. raise/rear
a) The male bird helps the female to ________ the young.
b) You cannot ________ corn here. The climate is not right for it.
c) The couple agreed that to ________ the children properly they need two
incomes.
d) He worked hard to ________ himself from poverty.
4. royal/kingly/sovereign
a) The British ________ family has been the focus of media attention in
recent weeks.
b) The young man’s ________ bearing(仪态)has won him many admirers.
c) When did India gain its independence and become a ________ state?
d) With his health restored, he is now ready to resume his ________ duties.
Ⅳ. Body Language
(Directions:) In this part, you can see four pictures and each picture shows the different meaning of body language both in China and U.S. At the same time, you can also see the different phrases or expressions showing the meaning of the different pictures. You’re required to match the picture with the phrases by drawing the phrases into the proper places.
（略）
Ⅴ. Sentence Translation
1.That happy tolerance, that willingness to accept words from anywhere, explains the richness of
English and why it has become, to a very real extent, the first truly global language..
(=这种乐意包容的精神，这种不管源自何方都来者不拒的精神，恰好解释了英语为什么会这样丰富，解释了英语缘何在很大程度上成了第一种真正的国际语言。)
2. A systematic study revealed that many modern languages descended from a common parent
language, lost to us because nothing was written down.
(=系统的研究显示，许多现代语言起源于一个共同的母语，但由于没有文字记载，该母语已经失传。)
3.The English language would not have been what it is if the English had not been for centuries
great respecters of each individual and if everybody had not been free to strike out new paths for himself.
(=如果不是多少世纪以来英国人一向崇尚个人自由，如果不是人人都能自由地为自己开拓新的道路，英语就不会成为今天的英语。)
4.English may become one tool that opens windows to the world, unlocks doors to opportunities,
and expands our minds to new ideas.
(=英语可能成为人们了解世界、开启机遇大门、扩展思路、接纳新思想的一种工具。)
5.而演说中使用我们语言中的古词汇具有直接拨动心弦的效果。
(=Yet there is something direct to the heart that speaks to us from the earliest words in our language.)
6.希腊罗马经典著作的译文纷纷印成书册。
(= Translations of Greek and Roman classics were poured onto the printed page.)
7.到2010年，将英语作为第二语言或外语使用的人数将超过以英语为母语的人数。
(=By 2010, the number of people who speak English as a second or foreign language will exceed the number of native speakers. )
8.世界正处于变革之中，英语将会出现新的形式。
(=The world is in transition, and the English language will take new forms.)
Ⅵ. Writing Practice
Graph Writing
Cause and effect essays are concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects). Cause and effect is a common method of organizing and
discussing ideas. The following tips can help you draft this type of essay:
1. A brief introduction
(1)Graph writing, in fact, is a way to transfer information into written language from a graph or
chart.
(2)Here the word “graph” refers to Graphs, Charts, and T ables. Graphs and charts are pictures
which show numbers or figures, and tables are just rows and columns of information.
(3)Usually, graph writing consists of three parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion. Introduction
should describe the purpose of report and say what overall trends you see. Body should describe the most important trends, while all information is summarized to avoid unnecessary details. Conclusion should sum up the global trends shown on the figure and compare them if
possible.
(4)In order to have a better composition, the writer should be familiar with some special
expressions in graph writing. (Details can be seen in Some common connects below)
2.An example
Directions: Write a composition entitled “Leading Causes of Road Accidents in
China”. The composition should be based on the following graph.
50%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5 %
1)introduce the causes;
2)report the information given in the graph;
3)conclude the composition by giving some suggestions.
3.Some useful expressions in graph writing
1)The picture shows….
2)This table shows the differences between….
3)The diagram r epresents…
4)The chart above indicates…
5)The information represented in the graph indicates …
6)As can be seen from the chart, …
7)As is shown in the bar graph, there were …
8)From the diagram it can be seen clearly that…
9)From these figures one can easily see that…
10)According to the graph given above, we can see that…
11)This is an illustration of…/a typical example of…
12)There was a great/slight increase/rise.
13)There has been a sudden/slow/rapid fall/drop…
14)Take the above chart as an example,…
4.Homework
(Directions: )
W rite a composition entitled “Us Spending Patterns, 1966-1996” based on the following pie charts.
Ⅶ. Talk about the Pictures
(略)
Ⅷ. Proverbs and Quotations
1.Speech is silver, silence is gold.
雄辩是银，沉默是金。
2.Speech is the index/picture of the mind.
言为心声。