2010------2011学年第 2 学期年级09 专业英语姓名马青青学号2009491133
考核科目英美短篇小说鉴赏课程号01 课序号50d13093 课程类别选修考核方式考查
成绩评卷教师
Appreciation of Kate Chopin’s the story of an hour
Abstract: when we meet the three things love, life, freedom, which one should we choose. I believe the short novel the story of an hour can give us an answer. Through this novel, we will know deeply about the Figures of speech like irony, the theme, the symbolism. Among all of this, I hope you can find some meaningful things about life. Key words: freedom, feminism, irony, symbolism
Chapter 1 Brief introduction of author……………………………………1-2
Chapter 2 Summary of The story of an hou r (2)
Chapter 3 Background of the story of an hour (3)
Chapter 4 Theme of the story of an hour (3)
Chapter 5 Symbolism, irony and foreshadowing (4)
Chapter 6 Personal feeling …………………………………………………………6-7
Brief introduction of author
Kate Chopin was born Catherine O'Flaherty on July 12, 1850, in St. Louis, Missouri. She was the daughter of an immigrant Irishman, Thomas O'Flaherty, and a French Creole mother, Eliza Faris. Kate was their youngest child. In 1855 Thomas O'Flaherty died suddenly from a work-related railroad accident.
Kate lacked male role models in her life after her father died. She was raised by three generations of women, including her maternal great-grandmother, Madame Victoria Verdon Charleville, who instructed Kate in music lessons, French lessons (she only spoke to Kate in French), and storytelling. Additionally, Kate attended the prestigious Sacred Heart Academy, which promoted intelligence and indepe ndent thinking: this helped Kate begin her lifelong love of reading and writing. When Kate she was eleven, Madame Charleville died, and Kate's half-brother George was killed while fighting in the Civil War for the Confederate side.
Kate grew up during the Civil War, and this caused her to be separated from the one friend she had made at the Sacred Heart Academy, Kitty Garesche. St. Louis was a pro-North city, and because the Greshe's were slave owners, they were forced to move. After the war, Kitty returned, and she and Kate were friends until Kitty entered Sacred Heart as a nun. Kate married Oscar Chopin, the son of a wealthy cotton-growing family in Louisiana, in June, 1870. Their union produced six children (five boys and two girls). Oscar was French Catholic, as was Kate. In 1882, Oscar Chopin died of malaria (swamp fever). Kate managed her husband's business for approximately a year and then returned to live near her mother in St. Louis. A year after her return, her mother passed away.
To support herself and her family, Kate began to write. She was immediately successful and wrote short stories about people she had known in Louisiana. Her first novel, At Fault, was published in 1890 when Kate was forty and was followed by two collections of short stories, Bayou Folk (1894) and A Night in Acadie (1897). When The Awakening was published in 1899, the story created a scandal because of its portrayal of a strong, unconventional woman involved in an adulterous affair. It was inspired by a true story of a New Orleans woman who was infamous in the French Quarter. By 1899, Kate was a
well-known woman writer, having published over one hundred stories, essays, and sketches in literary magazines. Chopin died of a brain hemorrhage after a strenuous day at the St. Louis World's Fair. She was remembered only as one of the southern local colorists of the 1890's until The Awakening was rediscovered in the 1970's. A third collection of stories A Vocation and a Voice was published posthumously in 1991.
Summary of The story of an hour
An American Writer Kate Chopin’s short story “Story of an Hour”, which describes the series of emotions Louise Mallard endures after hearing of the death of her husband, who was believed to have died in a railroad disaster. Mrs. Mallard suffers from heart problems and therefore her sister attempts to inform her of the horrific news in a gentle way. Mrs. Mallard locks herself in her room to immediately mourn the loss of her husband. However, she begins to feel an unexpected sense of exhilaration. "Free! Body and soul free!" is what she believes is a benefit of his death. At the end of the story, it is made known that her husband was not involved in the railroad disaster and upon his return home Mrs. Mallard suddenly dies. The cause of her death is ambiguous and left for analysis as it can range from her known heart problems to psychological factors.
Background of the story of an hour
Kate Chopin is one of the local colorists in the Realism and the nature of the socialist period of American literature, they were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions. They worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the locale.
At the ending of 19th-century, feminism was becoming a hot point around people, especially for women. More and more people struggle for women’s equal rights; socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression. Kate Chopin shows her ideas that women long for freedom through her novel, and many works refer to marriage. For most of time, she was condemned by many people when her work published by publishing company.
Theme of the story of an hour
From the view of women’s freedom, we can draw a conclusion that about a hundred years ago, women didn’t have equal right same with men. They were in the bottom of the society and bear a hard burden; nobody can imagine how hardship women went through in the past time. In the short novel the story of an hour, the heroine Mrs.Mallard just wants to get a new life from the traditional marriage, when
she knew about her husband was died in a sudden case, she found herself was in a new and beautiful world. But the beautiful scene only last for an hour until her husband came back. Pursuit of women's liberation can’t be realized in a short time, and this is a long-term process. A flash in the pan is a sad thing, although it brought comfortable feeling for us.
From a moral perspective, we should say that the author didn’t want to challenge the traditional marriage when we see the ending of this story, the heroine die of heart disease-of joy that kills can prove this novel apply the ethical standards. So when we want to realize our dream, we should struggle in a right way and own a good altitude.
From the perspective of Irony of fate, maybe when dream walk in an opposite direction, sometimes few people will choose to going to die, this is an irony of fate, we can’t do the same thing that the heroine has done.
From the perspective of the life pursuit, we should learn that if we want to pursuit something, painful thing and difficulties are inevitable in our life. We should have enough courage to accept good or bad fate which belongs to our life journey, tribulation also can bring rewards to us.
In a word, everybody has a dream, but not everyone has his own story, just like the he roine
Mrs.Mallard in this novel, although her story last for an hour. There is a dream in everyone’s heart, we all try our best to make our dream come true, from the dream to the story is a long way to go through, this course includes a social practice and life experiences. We should become a person who has his own story, only in this way we will have a colorful life.
Symbolism, irony and foreshadowing
Foreshadowing: The opening sentence of the story foreshadows the ending—or at least hints that Mrs. Mallar d’s heart condition will affect the outcome of the story. Moreover, this sentence also makes the ending believable. Without an early reference to her heart ailment, the ending would seem implausible and contrived.
Irony: The first irony is the reaction when she heard her husband' death. “She swept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sister’s arms. When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to
her room alone. She would no one follow her.” She didn't like what people expect it, "will be overwhelmed, and can’t accept the cruel fact" Of course she also has cried, after crying she didn't continue immersed in grief, but walked into the room lonely. This left a strong suspense to readers, just a woman were so calm after husband’s death. The reader’s heart is full of doubt; but the author draws the story to the unexpected direction.
All the beautiful things that Mrs.mallard see in her room is also an irony. According to the natural, a woman suddenly get her husband's death should be immersed in grief, forget the things around, and thought everything is also the grey. But the things in her eyes are with the new spring life, the delicious breath of rain was in the air. In the street below a peddler was crying his wares. The notes of a distant song and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves. We know from below the scenery here is the portrayal of Mrs. Mallard’s mood. She managed to escape the constraints of her husband; the world is free and become better. Readers then just understand that her husband's death brings the heroine free of body and mind rather sorrow from a people’s death.
The third irony is husband’s coming. When readers finally understand the secret and show sympathy on the heroine, her husband came back to home. This depictions for dead and is alive again push the story to the climax. Just enjoying a hours free, her husband actually back alive, she and began to live a terrible marriage life. Since then, the reader's mood and Mrs.mallard fallen down from happiness, she died, we can't help to saying it's a sad thing. While the success of this novel is that climax is quick and short, the top is also the ending.
At last, the end was a drama irony. When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease—of joy that kills. Some thought that the death of her is reasonable from the view of moral, but others thought that due to the extremely disappointing and the fear of the future, a heart disease happened, that she eventually lead to death. She was worth showing mercy on. Mrs.mallard is just one of the representatives for 10 million women who is fettered by male chauvinism.
Symbolism: The author uses the symbolism to represent the subject of the story for many times in The story of an hour. For example, the new, exciting life that Mrs. Mallard thinks is awaiting her. Spring, spring rain, singing, blue sky, white clouds are known as that represents fine and free life. This kind of description for the article created a kind of artistic conception, enhance the expressive force of the works,
let the reader can see through the heroine’s activity in her mind, understand the thing she was longing for is women's independence and freedom. Only after her husband died she can again to become a free agent, just have the opportunity to use the new view to appreciate the world.
Secondly, it’s the symbolism of the door in the novel. Suddenly death of her husband often can make a woman eager to ask help from others and to get comfort, but she went upstairs and shut the door. In fact the door is a protective screen, a watershed between two different kinds of life. Outside of the door because of the social public opinion and the moral reason she must be sad, of course, we believe that this sad is largely out of sincerity. After all, she had loved her husband, but she can abandon all inside the door, she can start her future free life more than sorrow. Only inside the door, her physical, emotional and thought is free.
Thirdly, it’s the symbolism for the heroine’s name—Louise. We know that "Louise" of the word itself is from men name "Louis", which means that even if her husband really die, she could not really get back to her as a woman’s independent status. Thus we can see that the author design the details of this novel is originality.
Of course, the story of an hour above, in addition to the irony of the symbol and that the writing technique, Kate Chopin also use the metaphor, personification, contradiction and other means to all reflects the author's superb writing skills. In addition to this article at the same time in it in writing style unique and the structure of the layout is famous for its exquisite, but only with irony and symbolism of the appropriate use of can yet be regarded as a outstanding work.
Of course, above the irony and symbol, Kate Chopin also uses the metaphor, personification, contradiction and other means to perfect the novel. The reasonable writing technique and unique structure can prove this novel is an outstanding work.
Personal feeling
In Chinese old saying: Life is dear, love is dearer. Both can be given up for freedom. When life, love and freedom meet together, most of people choose freedom, even though they will lost the first two things. Kate Chopin use this short novel to tell us the situation about the feminist in the 19th-century in American or in Europe. Freedom is a goal for many women at that time, may be the free time last just for an hour,
which is also worth trying to work hard. If there is purse, there will be suffering; the person who aren’t brave enough and can’t bear the hardship will have a sad fate. As a university student, to study well on the professional course is only a part of our university life, we also should learn well in the literary world. Asking more questions from our progress of study and communicating with the teacher. So we can make an attack to the further field. If we have no patience for learning and no care for our society or country’s further fate, there is no meaning about our education career. This time belongs to new human who dare to question, be good at finding, can be responsible, dare to explore and innovate, own passion and perseverance. So don’t only pay attention to score whether is high or not, don’t only pay attention to the profit you can get more or few, how to perfect ourselves well and become a person who can do good things for society and nation is also an important task for our life lesson.
Reference
1、凯特·肖邦小说《一小时的故事》的女性主义解读- 沈阳农业大学学报（社会科学版）2010, 12
2、崔玉梅、帅式毅:《〈一小时的故事〉中“门”的象征意义》,《九江学院学报》,2006年第4期。
3、彭贵菊:《真实的束缚,虚幻的自由——试论凯特·肖邦的〈一小时的故事〉》,《外国文学评论》,2003年第1期。
4、王洪章：《英美名家名篇选读:短篇小说》，上海科学技术出版社，2009年07月
年轻人必读的29本英文短篇小说，分分钟刷新你三观 本周，著名网站Buzzfeed 罗列了一份年轻人必读的29 篇短篇小说书单，这份书单的作者覆盖了英语世界，尤其是美国文学界最富盛名的小说家。《外滩画报》精选出10 篇已经翻译成中文的小说作重点推荐。 编辑：谭浩制图：唐卓人部分图片来自Buzzfeed 2013年，瑞典学院将诺贝尔文学奖颁给了以写作短篇小说见长的加拿大作家爱丽丝·门罗，这在某种程度上褒扬了中短篇小说为世界文学做出的重要贡献。阿根廷女作家萨曼塔·施维伯林甚至说：“门罗能够得到诺贝尔文学奖，让我们这些写作短篇的都松了一口气。”虽然很多人不一定赞同顾彬关于“长篇小说已经没落”的论调，但是短篇小说作为一种更为有力凝练的文学形式，确实更加符合如今这个时代的节奏。本周，著名网站Buzzfeed 罗列了一份年轻人必读的29 篇短篇小说书单，这份书单的作者覆盖了英语世界，尤其是美国文学界最富盛名的小说家。《外滩画报》精选出10 篇已经翻译成中文的小说作重点推荐： 1. 弗兰纳里·奥康纳：《流离失所的人》 《流离失所的人》选自小说集《好人难寻》在弗兰纳里·奥康纳的小说里，尽管大部分时间故事里的人物都被堕
落、自私、愚昧、自负、欺骗或冷漠所掌控，但是，总有那么一个时刻（往往在接近小说结尾处），奥康纳会安排上帝的恩惠（或曰天惠）降临到他们身上。在这圣灵显现的一瞬间，这些人物突然受到某种精神上的启迪，进而达到某种“顿悟”，他们也许会接受这一天惠，也许会拒绝它，但不管怎样，这一灵光闪现的“天惠时刻”会使他们的内心发生改变。——比目鱼，书评人 2. 朱诺?迪亚斯：《沉溺》 选自小说集《沉溺》《沉溺》里面的九个小短篇和一个准中篇都是以朱诺?迪亚斯自己和他的家庭的真实经历为蓝本书写出来的半自传作品，它所处理的是一个移民家族心灵史上最特殊的时段：移民前在多米尼加共和国的等待期和移民初期在美国的无望岁月。朱诺?迪亚斯在写这些“少作”的时候，还没有获得他后来的作品中罗伯特?波拉尼奥式的喷薄的语言强度，但这种语流清浅、句法简朴的写法与作者的青春期原型所附体的叙述者尤尼尔非常合拍：如此“低限度”的风格，恰好能够为那些在生理、心理与地理的转换交接处所蛰伏的晦暗不明的能量提供随机释放的可能性。——胡续东，作家 3. 米兰达·裘丽：《楼梯上的男人》
《英语短篇小说选读》教学大纲 作为一门选修课，《英语短篇小说选读》主要面向英语专业本、专科学生，同时兼顾非英语专业各科英语成绩优异并对英语文学感兴趣的学生。本课程旨在通过引导学生仔细研读英语短篇小说，欣赏其精美的语言和深邃的思想，提高学生的语言素养，帮助学生了解西方的思想与文化，培养学生阅读、欣赏英语文学作品、撰写读后感和简短评论的能力。 课时安排：每周两次，每次两小时，共授课一学期。 使用教材：姜晓梅（编著）《英语小说名篇赏析》，世界图书出版公司，1999年10月，西安具体教学内容： Chapter 1 I Want to Know Why by Sherwood Anderson Chapter 2 The Darling by Anton Chekhov Chapter 3 A Rose for Emily by William Faukner Chapter 4 The Snows of Kilimanjaro by Ernest Hemingway Chapter 5 The Cap and the Anthem by O. Henry Chapter 6 Araby by Jamse Joyce Chapter 7 The Magic Barrel by Bernard Malamud Chapter 8 Life of Ma Parker by Katherine Mansfield Chapter 9 The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant Chapter 10 The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin 参考书目： 叶华年《英语短篇小说导读—结构与理解》，华东师范大学出版社，1999 《英国短篇小说选》（上、下），上海译文出版社，1982 王佐良，刘承沛《美国短篇小说选》，商务印书馆，1984
《麦琪的礼物》读后感 111001108 蒋珂《麦琪的礼物》是美国短篇小说大师欧·亨利作品的选集。书中，社会上那些巧取豪夺，坑蒙拐骗，利欲熏心，尔虞我诈的“上流人物”，“得意之徒”们的丑恶行径，被揭露无遗。通过他们的种种表现，形象逼真，不拘一格地向读者展现了“文明社会”的黑暗与滑稽本质，弱肉强食与天良丧尽的现实，并喻示在金钱万能，唯利是图的生存环境中，人性的异化和畸变。 然而在众多对丑恶人性的描写之中，也不乏许多使人肃然起敬的“小人物”，让人对荒诞，滑稽的故事漠然一笑之后，感慨万千。留给我印象最深的是《麦琪的礼物》这篇文章，它让我真正领略到了人性的魅力。 有些人认为钱是万能的，有了钱就拥有了一切，但我一直坚信真挚的感情是无价的。即使你有千百万，那也换不来真正的感情。或许金钱让你获得一些感情，但那些都是虚伪的。当你不再拥有万贯金钱时，虚伪的感情便会破裂，最终留给你的是万分痛苦。 《麦琪的礼物》就是因为金钱而引发的一系列故事。一对夫妻因为想给对方买一件圣诞礼物而舍弃了自己的心爱之物。可惜最后彼此的礼物却都失去了使用价值，但他们都得到了人世间最宝贵的礼物———彼此的真情。我认为他们是幸福的，虽然他们很穷，生活拮据，但在他们心中，金钱并不重要，重要的是对方的真情，只要拥有它，他们感到比有钱的富翁幸福百倍。 换一个角度来看，假如小说中女主人公德拉家财万贯，即使她买了昂贵礼物也看不出真情所在，杰姆也就不会感到那么幸福了。德拉美丽的头发，杰姆珍贵的金表，两样各自引以为自豪的东西都失去了。他们本来想让对方更加美丽，却使礼物失去了使用价值，然而他们更加感到幸福。正像作者所说：“在所有馈赠礼物的人当中，他们两个是最聪明的。“我想，在一切接受礼物的人当中，他们也是最幸福的。许多人都会羡慕这对夫妻。 也许，有些人会对此不屑一顾，无法理解他们的做法。假如万贯家财和一份真挚的感情同时放在你面前，你会选哪一样呢？我会毫不犹豫地选择那份感情，因为真挚的感情是无价的！我相信真心的付出终会有真诚的回报，拥有真情才能拥有幸福。
《英美经典短篇小说赏析》课程教学大纲 A Guide to Classic British and American Short Stories 学分：2 总学时：32 课程性质：选修课 考核方式：考查适用专业：各类专业 一、课程性质、目的与任务 1. 课程性质：本课程是高等学校非英语专业的一门选修课，是为培养学生了解英国和美国文学短篇小说知识而设置的一门选修课程。 2. 教学目的：本课程旨在帮助学生全面了解英国和美国在不同历史时期所出现的重要作家与作品、风土人情与习俗、历史与文化等，通过经典短篇小说的分析，让学生能欣赏原作的风格、语言等，从而更好地把握英语，更全面地了解英国和美国的政治、经济与传统，扩大知识面，提高文学修养。 3. 教学任务：通过对英国文学和美国文学发展的主要阶段中的著名作家的短篇作品的分析，使学生掌握基本的短篇小说构成要素、在英美文学史上著名的短篇小说家以及分析小说的基本方法。本门课虽然是一门选修课程，但是，它对学生进一步学习和掌握英美文学有着重要的辅助作用。因此，要求学生在培养自己学习兴趣同时，增加短篇小说理论知识，更重要的是，加强学生对短篇小说理解及分析能力。 二、教学基本要求 1. 重点掌握：所选短篇小说涉及到的著名作家的写作特色，短篇小说的重要因素包括主题，内容，写作技巧，象征意义等。 2. 一般了解：作者的生平，所选短篇小说涉及的与英国和美国文化相关的背景知识。 三、课程内容与学时分配 第一讲英美短篇小说简介（4学时） 1. 重点：短篇小说的概念、短篇小说的基本要素、Rip Van Winkle和The Minister's Black Veil的基本要素及主旨内涵。 2. 难点：短篇小说的基本要素、Rip Van Winkle和The Minister's Black Veil主旨内涵。 3. 主要内容 3.1、短篇小说的概念
The Romance of a Busy Broker by O. Henry Pitcher, confidential clerk in the office of Harvey Maxwell, broker, allowed a look of mild interest and surprise to visit his usually expressionless countenance when his employer briskly entered at half past nine in company with his young lady stenographer. With a snappy "Good-morning, Pitcher," Maxwell dashed at his desk as though he were intending to leap over it, and then plunged into the great heap of letters and telegrams waiting there for him. The young lady had been Maxwell's stenographer for a year. She was beautiful in a way that was decidedly unstenographic. She forewent the pomp of the alluring pompadour. She wore no chains, bracelets or lockets. She had not the air of being about to accept an invitation to luncheon. Her dress was grey and plain, but it fitted her figure with fidelity and discretion. In her neat black turban hat was the gold-green wing of a macaw. On this morning she was softly and shyly radiant. Her eyes were dreamily bright, her cheeks genuine peachblow, her expression a happy one, tinged with reminiscence. Pitcher, still mildly curious, noticed a difference in her ways this morning. Instead of going straight into the adjoining room, where her desk was, she lingered, slightly irresolute, in the outer office. Once she moved over by Maxwell's desk, near enough for him to be aware of her presence. The machine sitting at that desk was no longer a man; it was a busy New York broker, moved by buzzing wheels and uncoiling springs. "Well--what is it? Anything?" asked Maxwell sharply. His opened mail lay like a bank of stage snow on his crowded desk. His keen grey eye, impersonal and brusque, flashed upon her half impatiently. "Nothing," answered the stenographer, moving away with a little smile. "Mr. Pitcher," she said to the confidential clerk, did Mr. Maxwell say anything yesterday about engaging another stenographer?" "He did," answered Pitcher. "He told me to get another one. I notified the agency yesterday afternoon to send over a few samples this morning. It's 9.45 o'clock, and not a single picture hat or piece of pineapple chewing gum has showed up yet." "I will do the work as usual, then," said the young lady, "until some one comes to fill the place." And she went to her desk at once and hung the black turban hat with the gold-green macaw wing in its accustomed place. He who has been denied the spectacle of a busy Manhattan broker during a rush of business is handicapped for the profession of anthropology. The poet sings
外国文学之三大短篇小说家 契诃夫（1860年-1904年），俄国的世界级短篇小说巨匠，是 俄国19世纪末期最后一位批判现实主义艺术大师，与法国作家莫 泊桑和美国作家欧?亨利并称为“世界三大短篇小说家”，是一个 有强烈幽默感的作家，他的小说紧凑精炼，言简意赅，给读者以独 立思考的余地。他的作品的两大特征是对丑恶现象的嘲笑与对贫苦 人民的深切的同情，并且其作品无情地揭露了沙皇统治下的不合理 的社会制度和社会的丑恶现象。代表作品《变色龙》《装在套子里的人》《小公务员之死》《凡卡》《樱桃园》等。 《变色龙》作品简介 巡逻中的督警奥楚蔑洛夫和巡警穿过集市广场时，忽然听 见有人在尖声大喊，于是他们朝喧闹的人群走去。原来，金银 匠赫留金想用烟蒂去烫一只无主的小狗的鼻子，却被小狗咬了 手指。见来了督警，于是便向他告状。一开始，奥楚蔑洛夫很 是公正和严历，大声斥骂养狗的人，并要把小狗处死；当听到 有人说这好像是席加洛夫将军家的狗时，他立即改变态度，并 警告赫留金不要玩花样。这时巡警说，好像这不是将军家的狗。 他又开始“变脸”，说“这样的小贱种，怎么会是将军养的”，“是该对它进行惩罚的时候了”。但接着又有人说好像在将军家看到这条狗时，他又改口大骂赫留金。他对小狗的态度一变再变，当最后从将军家厨师口中得知这是将军哥哥的狗时，他马上大声赞扬小狗是“伶俐的”，“小坏包”。处置完“事件”后，他警告赫留金说：“我早晚要来收拾你的！”又继续巡逻了。 《变色龙》是契诃夫的许多短篇小说中脍炙人口的一篇。作家在描述一个警官偶然审理一件人被狗咬的案情中，只用寥寥几笔，就极其简练、锋利地为我们勾勒出一个灵魂丑恶，面目可憎的沙皇走狗——警官奥楚蔑洛夫的形象，寄寓着一个发人深思的主题。作品以善于适应周围物体的颜色，很快地改变肤色的变色龙作比喻，起了画龙点睛的作用。
短篇小说《猎手》赏析 贾平凹 的短篇小说 《猎手》玄幻怪诞，神秘奇崛，寓意深刻。要如何进行赏析呢? 《猎手》 是贾平凹的短篇小说集 《太白山记》 中的一篇， 该篇小说玄幻怪诞， 神秘奇崛，寓意深刻。2012 年江苏省连云港市中考语文试题 “理解感悟 ”部分有一道以该小说为材料的阅读分析题，该试题所设计的问题精准恰 当，能够客观地考查学生的阅读能力。选用名家经典作品来设计试题，显示出了 命题者的眼光和水平， 但这道题的参考答案部分有些值得商榷的地方。 本文试着 对这篇小说进行赏析，并对其中试题的部分答案加以商榷。 小说的开头用简洁精炼、朴实严谨的语言点明了故事 发生的环境和矛盾对立的双方，为故事的发展奠定了基础。“从太白 山的北麓往上，越往上树木越密越高，上到山的中腰再往上，树木则越稀越矮， 待到大稀大矮的境界，繁衍着狼的族类，也住了一户猎狼的人家。”作者 让故事在开阔宏大的场景中展开，从山麓到山腰再往上，犹如电影 画面一般形象地展现了猎手和狼生存的环境， “ 大稀大矮的境界 ”几个字暗示出狼生存的环境随着人类生存环境的不断扩张已经变得非常 狭小、极端险恶，猎手和狼的对立已经到了十分尖锐的地步。开门见山式的开头 为全文烘托出了紧张的气氛，使整个故事充满了张力。 接下来，作者用“粗脚大手”四个字表现出了猎手身体的强壮， “熟知狼的习性”暗示他猎狼历史长、经验 丰富， 用枪射击“声响狼倒”强调猎手射杀技术的高超， 暗示出 他在争斗中处于优势地位。本来能用枪猎狼，却偏要用棍虐杀;最后把狼吊起来 在狼的吼叫声中迅速剥掉狼皮， 这表现了猎手对待狼的极端残忍以及人性的缺失。 在这种力量悬殊的较量中，狼几乎绝了踪迹。“几年里，矮林中的狼竟被 猎杀尽了”，这句话在结构上承接上文进一步表现出了猎手猎狼技术的高 超，又启示下文表现猎手杀狼数量之多及造成的结果。当猎手把狼猎杀殆尽，没 有了敌人的猎手也百无聊赖，只能以喝酒解闷，“倏忽听见一声嚎叫，鸟
The Chrysanthemum Elisa Allen, a woman approaching middle age, is at a point in her life when she has begun to realize that her energy and creative drive far exceed the opportunities for their expression. Her marriage is reasonably happy—when she notices that her husband is proud of selling thirty head of steers he has raised, she gives him the compliment he hopes for, while he, in turn, appreciates her ability to grow flowers of exceptional quality. There is an easy banter between them, and while they have settled into a fairly familiar routine, they are still responsive to each other’s moods, and eager to celebrate an achievement in each other’s company with a night on the town. On the other hand, their marriage is childless, and Elisa generally wears bland, bulging clothes that tend to de-sex her. Their house is described as “hard-swept” and “hard-polished”; it is the only outlet for her talents and it is an insufficient focus for her energy. She has begun to sense that an important part of her is lying dormant and that the future will be predictable and rather mundane.
哥特式文学首先盛行于18，19世纪的西方世界，旨在描述发生在 充满神秘与恐怖氛围中的传奇经历。许多学者认为，“哥特元素大都运用于小说创作，而诗歌则由于受到情节、节奏与韵律的限制而缺少叙述哥特故事的基础条件” (Tzvetan 25-26)。但部分学者则坚信“哥特元素不仅存在于小说中，在诗歌当中亦可以分外活跃”（刘守兰：55）。作为美国哥特文学大师与先驱，埃德加·爱伦坡的短篇小说以及他的诗作都充满了哥特式的神奇色彩。但是大多数学者仅将研究聚焦于其短篇小说中的哥特研究，而忽视了该元素在其诗歌中也存在的现实。 一、爱伦坡所持的哥特式文学理论 爱伦坡对美好事物的凋零有着强烈的迷恋。追根究底，这还源于他儿时的丧亲之痛，与中年的丧妻之痛。而已逝女子的影子常在他脑海里盘旋，引领他在诗歌王国里翱翔。哥特式风格又恰如其分地被其用于诠释他心底深处的恐惧与压抑。众多作家在描写恐怖情节时，常对外部环境进行大力渲染，而他则更注重对人内心世界的雕琢。他深信“诗歌的最好主题是死亡，尤其是美丽尤物的死亡，将毫无疑问是世界上最具诗意的主题（Poe：133-140）”。他用诗歌践行了自己的写作原则，并将一生都奉献给了这种哀伤的美丽。为更清晰地展现爱伦坡的哥特式写作风格，本文将以《乌鸦》为例并诠释其中所蕴含的死亡之美与哥特式元素。 二、意象塑造 1、人与物的塑造 《乌鸦》塑造了两个重要形象：年轻男子与乌鸦。悲伤的男子刚失去他最爱的女子，他企图沉浸于书以忘却伤痛，但一切都是徒劳，他越看书，越被寂寞与悲痛侵蚀；而象征死亡与不祥的乌鸦却在午夜，飞入这间男子曾常与故去情人蕾诺相会的小屋。此外，诗人还塑造了两个对诗的主旨起重要作用的意象。其一为黑色，“纯色调可使人产生快乐或抑郁之感”（朱立元：489-490）。诗中所连续采用的黑色背景，可使读者感到压抑，从而感受男子心底的恐惧与悲痛。 诗中反复出现的“永远不再”亦可看作一种特殊形象。除该词的原意外，它还具有象征意义。在乌鸦出场时，悲伤的男子问它叫什么名字，乌鸦的回答就是“永远不再”，但当主人翁向乌鸦询问是否有良药以消除他心中对蕾诺的思念时，当他想知道是否能与蕾诺在遥远的天堂再次相会时，以及最后要求乌鸦离开小屋时，乌鸦都是通过“永远不再”作答，也正是这个词，使得男子陷入永恒的悲痛深渊。 2、场景设置 读者可在开篇看到一幅夜半三更的凄厉画卷： 阴森的气氛，令人毛骨悚然的场景，神秘而忧郁的男子,不祥的乌鸦……在阴郁而寒冷的午夜，除寒风的呼啸声与男子翻动书页的声音，周围的一切均可谓万籁俱寂，屋外的世界在夜的面纱笼罩之下，而屋内的狭小空间在昏暗的光线下显得忽明忽暗，突然一阵短暂的敲门声在他房门上叩响，但当他打开房门查看时，却不见敲门人，只有无情的黑夜与肆虐的狂风。然而，当他回到屋内，之前的敲门声却再次响起，乌鸦在这时飞入他的房间，并栖息于他房门之上。 但为何选择午夜作为故事发生的时间？午夜意味着恐怖与神秘，各种幽灵与魔鬼总在此时出没。这种令人发怵的氛围，为乌鸦的出场奠定了基调。诗人将故事设置在一所幽僻而狭小的屋子里也是别有一番用心。首先，狭小而封闭的空间对构
《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短 篇小说》读书笔记 申丹教授的《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》，是一本研究与应用欧美文学批评的专著。在读完这本作品三遍之后，我仍然如堕五里雾中，多方面的原因造成了我的理解困难。第一，文学批评的理论研究本身是一门有一定难度的科学，它有着繁杂的概念，有着多样的研究流派和研究方法；第二，文学批评理论研究总是处在一定的历史文化环境中，会深刻地受到一定时期的政治、文化的影响，要理清这些影响也是很困难的；第三，作家的文学创作有一部分是根据自身经验和天赋进行创作，有一部分是在接受文学理论的学习之后进行的创作，这两部分的创作都会对文学批评理论产生反作用，所以文学批评的理论研究是动态的，复杂的，是需要付出艰辛努力的；第四，申丹教授在该专著的上篇的概述中说到“本书为文学领域的读者撰写”，已经明确指出了受众。文学领域的读者就应该对文学概论、文学批评理论、文学潮流等有非常熟悉的认知，否则在阅读、理解该书时就会产生与我类似的困难，进而不能把握该书的理论框架、理解该书的观点和看法，更不要说对申丹教授提出的方法进行迁移运用了。 虽然在阅读的过程中会面对上述种种困难，但读者应选择继续阅读，并通过收集其他方面的资料来帮助理解。 一、为什么要阅读这本专著？ 前面已经提到这是一本文学批评方面的专著，它提供的是一种方法，一种思路。文学是人学，文学作品通过虚构、改编等方式或明或暗来展现现实生活的本质，要了解文学作品的内涵，把握文学作品的实质，就需要掌握文学批评的方法。作为学科教学（语文）专业的研究生，掌握一定的文学批评的方法，进行文学批评的实践，对于语文文学作品的教学是大有裨益的。文学作品是作者精心创作出来的，体现了作者的立场和价值判断，阅读文学作品，能引起读者的审美体验和思考，这就需要读者能尽可能地走进作者，挖掘出作者创作的真实意图，同情作者，进而生出自己的思考；同时，文学创作不是简单直白的说教，文学作品的深层次意义，有可能是不明显的，或者在文本内部是矛盾的，这就要求读者掌握一定的批评方法，能挖掘出文本的深层含义，进而对现实生活有更深层的认识。语文教育工作者在对文学作品有了一定的认识之后，在语文教学过程中，才会对学生的语文学习起到指导作用，才能为学生的文学鉴赏活动提供有效的帮助。 文学批评的方法与流派多种多样，造就了文学批评理论的多样性。“而西方文论则承受了古埃及文明、巴比伦文明、希腊文明、希伯来文明等的远缘与多元塑造”[1]，是一种破裂式的文学批评理论，“西方文论则在远缘多元杂交环境中长成，屡屡走极端，先后呈现出人学、神学、认识论、语言论和文化论等‘转向’” [2],北京师范大学文艺学研究中心、文学院教授王一川在他的文章《西方文论的知识型及其转向——兼谈中国文论的现代性转向》中，在“知识型”和“范式”理论的视角下，对西方文论的五次转向和在“转向”基础上产生的新的文学理论进行了详细地阐述，“‘知识型’当于特定时代的具有话语生产能力的基本话语
宁波大学考核答题纸 （2014—2015学年第一学期） 课号：063W22A09 课程名称：英语短片小说选读改卷教师：阿德尔 学号：116070035 姓名：石佳得分： The Epiphany for Love Dubliners is often considered as the reflection of ethnic history in Dublin which, is stuffed by the ubiquitous “paralysis”. The corruption in social life, in politics even in people’s spirit is said to have made great impression in reader’s mind. However, with the skinny experience for no more than twenty years, I dare not conclude the thesis or the main idea of this opus in haste, while I could also not just allow myself to follow those comments and opinions made by “they”. Among the chapters I have read, Araby s eems to appeal to me most, because I have once had the same feeling of that little boy. This kind of feeling, literally, the epiphany for love, is the sweetest emotion and the most endurable torture I’ve ever experienced. There seems to be three periods of time during the process of the epiphany for love but to summarize with suitable words is undoubtedly a knotty issue. What comes first must be the admiration for the one who possesses neat skin, delicate facial features or slim figure, or even just a special nice odor. Since an occasion even you yourself cannot remember for sure, a figure has inserted into your little world and driven you to do crazy things. The shadow turned to the base to watch her; the hall witnessed numerous bumping into each other and in that corner the light from the lamp opposite the door caught the white curve of her neck, lit up her hair that rested there and, falling, lit up the hand upon the railing. What a magic feeling! But as you gradually sank in this dramatic journey, the inexplicable confusion and loneliness began to kidnap you. You found that you were not only the idle but also the weirdo nobody understands including yourself. Her name was like a summons to all your foolish body and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires. With this confused adoration, sometimes even an unnoticeable movement or sentence would annihilate the sunshine and the hesitation between “do” or “do not” always brought heavy rain. Asking help seems to be of no sense because adults were going to acting lightly even sometimes with contempt. So the only way is to lie on the floor in a dark evening murmuring her name. I believe that sex or the thoughts about sex must accompany though there is no such description between the lines. And this kind of confusion and loneliness cannot be removed until she refuses which is sure to leave the unbearable pain for you to learn from, or luckily, accepts, which means you are going to exploring the sealed world together. Then the epiphany for love seems to be accomplished. No one can bypass the enlightenment of love to achieve the epiphany. And only by experiencing the sweetest emotion and the most endurable torture at the same time can people really get to know the original taste of love.
《英美经典短篇小说赏析》课程教学大纲 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
《英美经典短篇小说赏析》课程教学大纲 A Guide to Classic British and American Short Stories 学分：2 总学时：32 课程性质：选修课 考核方式：考查适用专业：各类专业 一、课程性质、目的与任务 1. 课程性质：本课程是高等学校非英语专业的一门选修课，是为培养学生了解英国和美国文学短篇小说知识而设置的一门选修课程。 2. 教学目的：本课程旨在帮助学生全面了解英国和美国在不同历史时期所出现的重要作家与作品、风土人情与习俗、历史与文化等，通过经典短篇小说的分析，让学生能欣赏原作的风格、语言等，从而更好地把握英语，更全面地了解英国和美国的政治、经济与传统，扩大知识面，提高文学修养。 3. 教学任务：通过对英国文学和美国文学发展的主要阶段中的著名作家的短篇作品的分析，使学生掌握基本的短篇小说构成要素、在英美文学史上著名的短篇小说家以及分析小说的基本方法。本门课虽然是一门选修课程，但是，它对学生进一步学习和掌握英美文学有着重要的辅助作用。因此，要求学生在培养自己学习兴趣同时，增加短篇小说理论知识，更重要的是，加强学生对短篇小说理解及分析能力。 二、教学基本要求 1. 重点掌握：所选短篇小说涉及到的著名作家的写作特色，短篇小说的重要因素包括主题，内容，写作技巧，象征意义等。 2. 一般了解：作者的生平，所选短篇小说涉及的与英国和美国文化相关的背景知识。 三、课程内容与学时分配 第一讲英美短篇小说简介（4学时）
‘I t must be broken.’T he girl thought that and tried to get her coins back. But she failed.‘All right, just three coins.’S he left the vending machine and waited for the bus. Soon the bus came near the station, the girl was about to leave when she suddenly saw a man standing in front the vending machine. ‘Sir, the machine is broken.’T he girl came to him and said. ‘Well, thanks.’T he man seemed a little unnatural. The bus had already gone, so the girl was still waiting. ‘I thought Iwas the only person here.’S he turned her head but there was no one. ‘Where is the man? He was just over there!’She looked around and found nobody. ‘How strange it is!’ Thinking of this, she came to the vending machine again. Surprisingly, she found that the slot of the machine was empty, which a coin of hers should have been stuck in. The machine looked like nothing bad. She put another three coins in, and again, nothing in return. ’Oh! Again!’the girl left the machine and went to wait for her bus. Casually, she glimpsed at the vending machine. There stood the man she had met before.
詹姆斯·乔伊斯是举世公认的二十世纪英国文坛巨匠。他的早期作品《都柏林人》是一部由十五个故事组成的现实主义短篇小说集。该小说集以作者的家乡都柏林为背景，生动地描绘了二十世纪初该城市的社会现实和人生百态，深刻地反映出当时社会麻木不仁的瘫痪状态，成功地展示了不同身份的人物同僵死和瘫痪的社会之间的激烈冲突以及他们失败之后痛苦不堪的感受。作者从童年期、青年期、成年期和社会生活四个方面对这部小说集进行布局，揭示了当时社会政治、经济和道德的瘫痪。《阿拉比》是该小说集中“童年期”的第三篇，描述的是一个少年对朦胧爱情的浪漫追求以及幻想破灭后的失望和痛苦。 在故事中，乔伊斯细致而深刻地刻画了主人公复杂的内心世界，展示了主人公在认识自我，走向成熟的过程中所经历的困惑、孤独和痛苦。故事是以第一人称叙述的，主人公是一个天真无邪、正在成熟的少年，他居住的地方名叫“北理查蒙德街”，住处的周围是一些阴森森的楼房、幽暗潮湿的花园和满是泥泞的巷子。然而，少年对这些并没有深刻的意识，直到他对“曼根的姐姐”产生了朦胧的“爱慕”之情时才有了一种孤独和茫然之感，因为他根本不知道爱情究竟是什么样的，也不知道如何表达自己对姑娘的爱慕之情。当有一天他朝思暮想的“曼根的姐姐”主动和他说话，并告诉他该去“阿拉比”集市时，他的思想有了变化，他渴望去集市为心爱的姑娘买一份礼物。可见少年去“阿拉比”的渴望是出于对心中朦胧的爱情的本能追求。“阿拉比”这个具有阿拉伯异域色彩和东方世界神秘魅力的集市给他带来了希望和诱惑，寄托着他的爱情和理想，象征着他探索与追求的目标。于是，去“阿拉比”集市意味着他开始了追求理想，寻找自我的“成长之旅”。然而，当他几经周折到达集市时，“几乎所有的摊棚都关门了。半个大厅里黑沉沉的。我有一种孤寂之感，犹如置身于做完礼拜后的教堂中。”当他困难地想起自己来集市的目的时，他随意走到一个摆着瓷花瓶和印花茶具的摊棚前。他看见的却是一个女郎与两名英国男子调情的场面。他们轻浮放肆的话语跟他心中神圣、纯洁而又压抑的爱情成了鲜明的对比。这时他迷茫了，不明白现实生活中的爱情为什么跟他理想的爱情完全不一样，觉得自己心中的爱情受到了亵渎，他无法忍受。恰好在这一刻少年产生了“精神顿悟”：他终于领悟到现实世界和他心中的理想世界之间的巨大差异，认识到现实社会的麻木和不堪。于是，他“抬头凝视着黑暗感到自己是一个受到虚荣心驱使和拨弄的可怜虫，于是眼睛里燃烧着痛苦和愤怒”。由此可见，少年追求理想的“阿拉比”之行实际上是他的一次认识自我、认识人生的的成长之旅。他认识到在这个麻木、瘫痪和压抑的现实社会中，任何美好理想都会最终化为泡影。 通过这个故事，乔伊斯揭露了19世纪爱尔兰社会的黑暗和腐朽，希望爱尔兰人民能够振作起来，摆脱教会的束缚，重新恢复生机与活力。
契诃夫短篇小说答案 1、契诃夫是俄国的世界级短篇小说巨匠和19世纪末期最后一位批判现实主义小说家。 2、他与法国的莫泊桑，美国的欧亨利并称“世界三大短篇小说家” 3、他坚持现实主义传统，注重描写俄国人民的日常生活，塑造具有典型性格的小人物，借此反映出当时俄国社会的状况。 4、他创造了一种风格独特、言简意赅、艺术精湛的抒情心理小说。 5、他截取片段平凡的日常生活，凭借精巧的艺术细节对生活和人物作真实描绘和刻画，从中展示重要的社会内容。 6、这种小说抒情气味浓郁，抒发他对丑恶现实的不满和对美好未来的向往，把褒扬和贬抑、欢悦和痛苦之情融化在作品的形象体系之中。 7、他的小说再现了小人物的不幸和软弱，劳动人民的悲惨生活和小市民的庸俗猥琐。 8、他的作品的特征是对丑恶现象的嘲笑与对贫苦人民的深切的同情。 9、其作品无情地揭露了沙皇统治下的不合理的社会制度和社会的丑恶现象。 10、他被认为19世纪末俄国现实主义文学的杰出代表。 11、他的代表作有《套中人》、《小公务员之死》、《变色龙》等 12、《凡卡》这篇小说写得真实感人，也使我们从中看到旧俄时代穷苦劳动人民的悲惨生活。 13、《预谋犯》是契诃夫的许多短篇小说中脍炙人口的一篇。本文揭露了沙俄社会对人的青春、才能、幸福的毁灭。 14、《未婚夫和爸爸》以夸张的手法反映了沙皇俄国时不合理社会制度给人的恐惧。 15、《胖子和瘦子》反映十九世纪末沙皇专制制度下整个俄国社会现实，抨击形式那种世俗的不合理的社会制度。 16、《小公务员之死》是俄国作家契诃夫的代表作品之一。这个故事既反映了由于当时社会的极端恐怖所造成的人们的精神异化、性格扭曲、心理变态与行为荒诞，也表现了一个下等官员可悲的屈从、可鄙的奴性与可怜的结局。 17、《变色龙》是俄国作家契诃夫早期创作的一篇讽刺小说。 18、奥楚蔑洛夫的性格特征是对上诌媚，对下欺压。但他却要装出一副正义、公允的面孔，总想以美遮丑，因此往往丑态百出，令人发笑。契诃夫为了彻底剥下他的假面具，采用对比的方法，对他进行了无情的鞭挞。 19、在契河夫的经典短篇小说《变色龙》里，相对于奥楚蔑洛夫，叶尔德林是个次要角色，他除了端醋栗、帮警官脱大衣、穿大衣三个动作、以及吞吞吐吐、欲言又止的四句话外，不再有其他描写。 20、《苦闷》写出了沙皇俄国时期社会的死气沉沉和冷漠。 21、《第六病室》这部严峻深沉、震撼人心的小说无疑是作家契诃夫一生所写的最富反抗精神的作品之一，它揭露了沙皇俄国像监狱一般阴森可怕，批判了勿以暴力抗恶的主张。22、契诃夫的短篇小说《带小狗的女人》叙述一对相爱的男女在充满虚伪的社会中艰辛的情感历程。 23、在《装在套子里的人》中，契诃夫塑造了一个性格孤僻，胆小怕事，恐惧变革，想做一个纯粹的现行制度的“守法良民”别里科夫。 24、。《农民》（1897）极其真实地描述了农民在80、90年代极度贫困的生活现状，表现了他对农民悲惨命运的关心同情。 25、《普里希别叶夫中士》（1885）中，作者鞭挞了忠实维护专制暴政的奴才及其专横跋扈、暴戾恣睢的丑恶嘴脸，揭示出黑暗时代的反动精神特征。