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Self-Calibration of a Light Striping System by Matching Multiple 3-D Profile Maps

Self-Calibration of a Light Striping System by Matching Multiple 3-D Profile Maps
Self-Calibration of a Light Striping System by Matching Multiple 3-D Profile Maps

Self-Calibration of a Light Striping System by Matching Multiple3-D Pro?le Maps

Olli Jokinen

Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

Helsinki University of Technology

P.O.Box1200,FIN-02015HUT,Finland

E-mail:Olli.Jokinen@hut.fi

Abstract

A new method is proposed for re?ning the calibration of a light striping system including a projective transforma-tion between the image plane of the camera and the plane of the laser sheet,and also the direction of the scanning with respect to the plane of the laser sheet.The re?nement is ob-tained through weighted least squares matching of multiple pro?le maps acquired from different viewpoints and regis-tered previously using an approximate calibration.

Testing with synthetically generated pro?le maps shows that if the geometry of the object is appropriate and the registration parameters and the intrinsic parameters of the system are known exactly,then a calibration accuracy of

%relative to the scene dimensions can be achieved as the average noise level in the maps used for the calibration decreases from down to zero pixels.It is also possible to adjust several calibrations at the same time. The registration and calibration parameters can be re?ned simultaneously,but a close initial estimate and rather com-plex object geometry are needed for an accuracy of% when the average noise level is pixels.Determining the corresponding points by interpolation on the paramet-ric domains of the maps yields higher accuracy than per-pendicular projection to the tangent planes at the closest points in3-D in both registration and calibration tasks.The highest accuracy is achieved when the interpolation errors are as equal as possible within the overlapping areas.

1.Introduction

Light striping is a well-known technique for digitizing object surfaces.It is based on projecting a stripe of laser light on the surface and viewing it by a CCD camera.Scan-ning multiple pro?les by moving the object stepwise into a ?xed direction yields a set of3-D points that may be rep-resented as a pro?le map[7].Calibration of the system in-cludes solving the relative orientation between the camera and laser given by a projective transformation between the image and laser planes,and solving the direction of the ob-ject movement with respect to the plane of the laser sheet. In this paper,we assume that the intrinsic parameters of the camera and laser have been determined in advance.

Most previous approaches for the calibration use a sep-arate calibration target with known dimensions.In[15], an arrangement of orthogonal planes whose equations are known accurately in world coordinates and a set of detected world plane to image point correspondences are used to es-timate the parameters of the projective transformation.In [19],they use four edge points of a calibration object having an extrusion axis perpendicular to which all the cross sec-tions are the same.The case where the laser sheet is not per-pendicular to the direction of the object movement thus al-lowing a more?exible scanning of complex objects is stud-ied in[4].They propose an on-line calibration method using the vertices of a tetrahedron target for?nding the transfor-mation between a non-Cartesian skewed sensor frame and a Cartesian object frame.In[9],errors in scale and axes’non-orthogonality are reduced by a self-calibration method based on measuring a scene of balls on a plate from dif-ferent viewpoints.A reference object is also used in[17]. The accuracy reported after calibration is typically%of the depths measured[15]or%of the?eld of view[18].

In this paper,we present a new method for the calibra-tion of the light striping system.An initial calibration ob-tained using a pre-measured target is re?ned by an area-based matching of multiple3-D pro?le maps acquired from different viewpoints and registered previously to the same coordinate system.We thus derive the3-D structure of the object from shape correspondences.Consequently,our self-calibration method can be viewed as an extention to solving the structure from motion problem,where only point or fea-ture correspondences in a sequence of images(acquired us-ing either a calibrated or non-calibrated camera)have been

considered previously,see e.g.[1,2,10,14,21,23,24].

The calibration result given by our algorithm evidently depends on the accuracy of the registration.On the other hand,an accurate calibration is important for the registra-tion as systematic errors in the data may lead to a biased registration estimate.As studied in[13],the shape of the measured surface may be clearly deformed if there are er-rors in the calibration points used to estimate the parameters of the projective transformation.In this paper,we test how much the registration errors affect the calibration result and vice versa.We investigate solving the registration and cal-ibration parameters either sequentially or simultaneously. We also compare our parametric method to determine the corresponding points in the,hereby named,iterative para-metric point(IPP)algorithm[7]to the well-known iterative closest point(ICP)algorithm[3].

The paper is organized as follows.In the following sec-tion,we describe the measuring system and present the method for its calibration.We consider?rst a pure calibra-tion task and discuss then various extensions to the method related to the number of unknown calibration parameters and to solving both registration and calibration.A thorough testing of the different cases is performed in Section3and the conclusions are summarized in Section4.

2.Calibration method

In this section,we present an area-based method for the self-calibration of the light striping system.

2.1.System description and the unknown parame-

ters

The light striping system is illustrated in Fig. 1.The right-handed rectangular laser coordinate system is ?xed so that the-plane is parallel to the plane of the laser sheet and the?rst pro?le measured has the value. The object is moved in the direction of the negative-axis of a skewed coordinate system de?ned so that the and axes coincide with the and axes,respectively. The coordinates of the image of the camera are denoted by and while stands for the pro?le index.We use every th row(is a nonnegative power of two)and all columns of the image and the coordinates ,where and,de?ne a pro?le map coordinate system.We have where the coef?cients determine the projective transformation between the image plane and the plane of the laser sheet,and de?nes the step size of the object movement.The skewed frame is recti?ed by

by measuring the image coordinates of four corner points

of an object of known geometry.The parameters and are usually near zero.

The matching algorithm is a re?ned version of the itera-

tive parametric point(IPP)algorithm we have developed in [7]for solving the registration problem.It iterates two steps

until convergence namely the corresponding points are de-termined according to the current calibration and the cali-

bration parameters are updated so that the weighted mean

squared distance between the corresponding points is min-imized.The corresponding points between and are

de?ned on as described in[7].The distance is given by

,where is an image on whose values equal the transformed observations of in the pro?le map

coordinate system of according to the current calibration and known registration parameters,and is an image on

whose values are the interpolated values of at the interme-

diate locations hit by the transformed image .The bilinear interpolation has been replaced almost ev-

erywhere by a bicubic one which uses the values in the

neighborhood around to interpolate?rst in one direction and then in the other direction by a polynomial of third de-gree.In case there are not enough data around for the bicubic interpolation,we use the bilinear one.The inter-polation errors are smaller in the bicubic one especially for curved surfaces.They depend also on the geometry of the object surface and are usually not the same over the whole view.Consequently,the interpolation errors may cause a systematic error to the calibration result.

The weighted mean squared distance to be minimized in

calibration is given by

(3)

where are the weighting images between the corre-sponding points,,’’denotes the dot product of images,and is a unit image on having ones at all locations.Within the overlapping ar-eas,the weighting images adaptively reject incompatible matches in regard to the statistical distribution of the dif-ference in the direction of the surface normal and the statis-tical distribution of the distance between the corresponding points[7,22].The weighting near edges has been re?ned so that the correspondence is given zero weight if at least one of the corresponding points is near an edge.The edges are located in areas where the Laplacian does not change smoothly.A pixel location is near an edge if the value of the Laplacian image at the location differs from the mean value in the neighborhood of the location more than a threshold. Note that setting only a threshold for the Laplacian does not work for curved surfaces.We remove the edge locations and match the views only on smooth surfaces,since large in-terpolation errors near edges disturb correcting small shape deformations of the whole data which result from the er-rors in the calibration parameters.We have also introduced

a new weighting image that takes into consideration the precision of the data.The value of this image at equals v Var,where the variance is es-timated using the rules of the?rst order error propagation

and the scale is selected according to the noise level of the data so that the weights are around one.

The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to update the calibration parameters.The processing is sped up matching the surfaces hierarchically.Moreover,we have changed the normal estimation from the eigenvector estima-tion in a neighborhood to the one based on estimating the tangent vectors of two curves on the surface.For, we use the parabolas through three points along the and axes,respectively,and for,the same polynomials as in interpolation.The method can be vectorized and it per-forms about42times faster than our previous non-parallel estimation.The speed-up is important since the surface nor-mal changes each time the calibration parameters are up-dated.The iteration is stopped when the merit function is smaller than,or when the merit function previously decreased relatively less than0.1per cent,or when all the parameters changed relatively less than0.01per cent,or when the number of iterations exceeds100.The iteration is not terminated,however,if the merit function increased previously and the number of iterations is less than105. 2.3.Extensions to the basic problem

In the previous subsection,we considered the pure cal-ibration task and assumed that the registration parameters are known.This is not usually the case in practice.The pro-?le maps may also have been measured at different times with different calibration parameters if one wants,e.g.,to measure previously occluded parts of the object after hav-ing analyzed the data acquired by then.We consider the following extensions to the pure calibration.

The registration and calibration algorithms are iterated several times.All the maps are assumed to have the same calibration parameters.

The registration and calibration parameters are solved simultaneously.All the maps are assumed to have the same calibration parameters.

All the maps do not have the same calibration param-eters.The unknown parameters are given in a vector

,where.The registra-tion parameters are assumed known.

In all these cases,in Eq.(3)is minimized but the un-known parameters vary,being either,or,or,or and .Whether the algorithm converges to a correct solution

or not depends evidently on such things as the complexity

of the scene and the number of the maps in regard to the

number of the parameters to be solved.

3.Testing

In this section,we show the results of testing the pro-

posed self-calibration method and the extended problems

with synthetic data and one example with real data.The al-

gorithms have been implemented using the MATLAB soft-

ware[11].The computations have been performed in a Dig-

ital Personal Workstation433au and the largest cases requir-

ing much memory in a SGI Origin2000hardware.

3.1.Generating synthetic data

The?rst synthetic object considered consist of a box,

a cone,an elliptic paraboloid,and a planar background

the equations of which are given in an object coordinate

system.The transformation from the object to

the laser coordinate system de?nes the scanning

path as,where

is the starting point in the object coordinates and

pixels,where is the coor-

dinate of the unit surface normal in the laser frame and

is the number of scans.This noise model is based on our ex-

perience that the deviation depends somehow on the width

of the stripe projected onto the object surface[8].

3.2.Testing the basic problem

The calibration algorithm has been tested in several cases

by performing20trials for each test.In each trial,the true

calibration parameters are altered by adding normally dis-

tributed noise with zero mean and deviation to the im-

age coordinates of the four known corresponding points be-

tween the laser and image planes and with zero mean and

deviation to the parameters and.The noise

added to the data is changed each time,too.A single trial

is considered successful if the mean of the relative errors

(MRE)in the calibration parameters given by the trial is

less than5%.The estimated calibration is given by the

average over successful trials.The accuracy of the method

is evaluated by two?gures.The?rst one is the MRE in the

estimated parameters and the second one is the root mean

squared error(RMSE)in relative to the scene dimension

,i.e.,the root of the squared distance between the true data point in the frame and the one obtained using the estimated calibration divided by the squared scene di-mension for the row of the image the observation was made and averaged over all data points in successful trials.Table 1gives an idea of how much the perturbation of the four image coordinates and parameters and affects these error measures.The?gures in Table1have been calculated as a mean of100initial calibrations for each.

Table1.Relative errors when the initial cali-

bration is used,typically.

0.1

60.22

0.3

110.42

0.5

29 1.2

1.5

84 2.7

3.0

24062

5.0

succ.%MRE()%RMSE()%

1000.0130.0030

0.2

1000.0110.0033

0.4

1000.0130.0038

1.0

950.0130.0035

2.0

950.0130.0027

4.0

600.0140.0026

In the?rst experiment,it was tested how close the ini-tial calibration should be so that the algorithm converged to a correct solution.Four pro?le maps were generated from different viewpoints over the synthetic object and220tri-als were performed for11different values of(20trials for each,).The percentages of successful cal-ibrations are shown in Table2.We see that100%conver-gence is obtained for and the method performs well for.The accuracy of the method is high,about

Figure3.Weighted distances d

within the overlapping area a)before and b)

after matching.

1:30,000relative to the scene dimension on the average for successful trials.The errors in,,and were also computed and it was found that the errors in are an order of magnitude smaller than in and.Figure3further il-lustrates the weighted distances between the corresponding points of the?rst map and the fourth one.Figure3a is ac-cording to an initial calibration generated with and leading to a successful trial while Figure3b is according to the estimated from all the successful trials with

and further re?ned by performing some more iterations.We see that the systematic differences of the order of several pixels have been eliminated down to the noise level of the data.The data sets have been plotted according to the re-?ned calibration in the reference frame in Fig.4.

The algorithm was tested next for different noise lev-

Figure4.Data sets in the reference frame after

calibration.

els in the data.The same four maps were used as above and the tests were performed for two values of.The re-sults are shown in Table3and we see that it is somewhat

more likely to obtain a correct solution if the noise level is higher,i.e.,is smaller.The accuracy increases up

till when the noise level decreases.This is since shape deformations can be better distinguished and thus corrected during calibration if the noise level is lower.

In case,there are only interpolation errors left and their contribution to the calibration result is very min-imal if the initial calibration is close.If the bilinear in-

terpolation was used,we obtained MRE% and RMSE%for noise-free data.The bicubic one is better since the interpolation errors are more evenly distributed within the overlapping areas for the dif-ferent types of surfaces we are having in the data sets.On the average,the noise added to the pro?le maps results in an error in of%relative to the scene dimension for,respec-tively.The systematic errors caused by the errors in the calibration are thus of the same order of magnitude as the noise in this and the previous experiment.

The testing was carried on using three pro?le maps gen-erated from different viewpoints over one corner of the box and the background plane so that there were only data from four planes in each of the maps.The same tests were per-formed as above and the results are given in Tables4and 5.When compared to Tables1and2,we see that the per-centages of successful calibrations are roughly similar but the accuracy is lower than in the case of four maps over the whole object.The method works,however,although the geometry of the object is simple.We tested also using only Table3.Calibration results for different noise levels in the data when and

().

1

1000.0130.0030

100

1000.000910.00035

1

1000.00790.0034

100

650.00130.00058

succ.%MRE()%RMSE()%

1000.470.021

0.5

1000.400.023

1.5

850.370.015

3.0

800.170.014

5.0

Table5.Calibration results for different noise levels in the data(one corner of the box,

).

1

1000.470.021 100

1000.0790.0019

succ.%MRE()%RMSE()%

1000.0330.0021

3

1000.00390.0024

5

1000.00170.00034

7

0.010.10.5 1.0

0.24 4.61041

RMSE()%

0.010.10.5 1.0

0.0160.290.58 6.3 parameters.Good results were obtained with an object con-sisting of72planar patches in different orientations.This

object was generated triangulating a set of randomly per-

turbed3-D points.A pro?le map over the object is shown in Fig.5.Another object appropriate for the simultaneous

registration and calibration might be the registration aid de-signed in[12].

Figure5.A pro?le map over the triangulated

mesh.

The results of the simultaneous registration and calibra-

tion using the object in Fig.5are shown in Tables9and

10.The method gives100%success only if the initial esti-mates are close to the true ones.For,,and ,an accuracy of relative to the scene dimension can be obtained.For these values,the

MRE in the initial parameters was2.7times larger than in

the solution on the average.The error in includes the registration error when transforming the other data sets to the?rst frame.For comparison,the case of four maps was

also solved sequentially.The registration was kept?xed

when the calibration was re?ned and vice versa.The results in Table11show that the estimates get slowly better as more iterations are performed,but the accuracy of the calibration is an order of magnitude lower than in the simultaneous so-lution.In view of Tables7and8,it is our experience that further iterations do not essentially improve the results.

Table9.Simultaneous registration and cali-

bration as a function of the noise levels in the initial estimates().

,

succ.%

0.060 1.00.970.47

MRE()%

0.0270.430.490.072

Table10.Simultaneous registration and cali-

bration as a function of the number of maps ().

succ.%

0.250.0600.120.40

MRE()%

0.0630.0270.0470.089

Table11.Sequential registration and calibra-tion().

iteration

succ.reg.%

0.290.320.270.26

succ.cal.%

1.10.850.810.76

Some experiments were also performed where two or three sets of calibration parameters(,,and)were solved simultaneously using four or six maps.The registra-tion parameters were given the true values.For comparison, each was solved separately using the same two or three maps that were used in the simultaneous case.The results are shown in Table12.In the?rst case of four maps,solv-ing separately did not succeed while solving it together with gave accurate results.The simultaneous solutions are more accurate than the separate ones in the other cases, too.Table12.Calibration results for(

).

simultaneously

100100100 MRE()%

0.00410.00290.0021

succ.%

1.10.0280.25 RMSE()%

IPP

succ.%MRE()%RMSE()%

1000.330.035

10

1000.0270.0046 1000

700.330.071

ICP

succ.%MRE()%RMSE()%

0--

10

10 2.10.21 1000

55 2.50.28

Table14.Percentages of successful registra-tions for three methods().

IPP,Lev.-Marq.

1001009090

ICP,unit quat.

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

0.00180.00120.260.00088 IPP,unit quat.

0.250.470.69 1.0

In order to complement our previous work in[7,8],we compared the IPP and ICP algorithms for the pure regis-tration task,too.Only two maps were used so that the method of unit quaternions could be applied to update the registration parameters in the ICP algorithm.A third dis-tance image was also implemented where the correspon-dences were established by the parametric method,but the distance was measured in the frame and the reg-istration parameters were updated using the method of unit quaternions.The registration results for the three methods are shown in Tables14and15.We may realize that the IPP algorithm combined with the Levenberg-Marquardt method works best and gives the highest accuracy.More studies on the convergence range of the ICP algorithm can be found in[6].The closed form solutions to updating the registra-tion parameters between two data sets including the meth-ods based on the singular value decomposition,orthonormal matrices,unit quaternions,and dual quaternions are com-pared in terms of the accuracy,robustness,stability,and computing time in[5].

3.5.Testing with real data

The real data case consists of four pro?le maps over a scale model of an urban area.The maps were scanned with the same calibration from slightly different viewpoints so that the overlapping areas were large.The data sets were registered?rst sequentially and then simultaneously using the IPP algorithm.The initial calibration given by four points was then re?ned by the IPP calibration method with ?xed registration.Finally,the maps were matched with both the registration and calibration parameters as unknowns. The weighting based on the precision of the data was not used since only single scans were available.The maps con-tain much edge locations and it worked better to weight them with a decay function rather than to give zero weight. The matched data sets have been plotted in the reference frame in Fig. 6.Figure7shows the magni?cation of a building in the lower right corner of Fig.6.There are some errors left after registering and these have been corrected during the calibration.The simultaneous registration and calibration does not bring much visual improvement in this case.The pro?le maps were measured with a non-calibrated camera so that the assumption on a projective transforma-tion between the image and laser coordinates does not nec-essarily hold

here.

Figure6.Matched data sets in the reference

frame after simultaneous registration and cal-

ibration.

4.Discussion and the concluding remarks

In this paper,we have presented a novel method for the self-calibration of the light striping system based on match-ing multiple pro?le maps acquired from different view-points.The core of the method is the iterative paramet-ric point algorithm developed previously for the registration task and re?ned now for the calibration case.

A thorough testing with synthetic data proved the high accuracy and precision of the method if the registration pa-rameters and the intrinsic parameters of the system were as-sumed known.After calibration,we reported the RMS error in relative to the scene dimension of

depending on the noise level in the maps used for the cal-ibration.If the registration was also unknown,the best re-sults were obtained when the registration and calibration pa-rameters were re?ned simultaneously while the sequential approach proved to be unsuitable.The simultaneous solu-tion required,however,that the initial estimate was closer

to the true one and the object geometry was more com-plex than in the pure calibration task with known registra-tion.In the simultaneous case,we obtained an accuracy of

for a moderate noise level in the data with an object consisting of72planar patches in different orientations.These?gures are due to errors in the calibra-tion and the actual measuring accuracy of the system de-pends much on how accurately the stripe can be measured from the image.

In order to achieve the high calibration accuracy,we de-termined the corresponding points on the parametric do-mains of the maps,included the precision of the data in the weighting,performed the matching only on smooth areas, and used the bicubic interpolation so that the interpolation errors were as equal as possible within the overlapping ar-eas.Since edge areas may contain useful data for the match-ing,another possibility instead of removing them might be to estimate the magnitude of the interpolation errors us-ing higher order derivatives and weight the corresponding points accordingly.The interpolation errors could also be reduced increasing the density of pro?les and image obser-vations in critical areas.

The testing further showed that a rather close initial cal-ibration was needed in all cases for a successful conver-gence.It was also possible to re?ne several calibrations simultaneously.The number of maps did not have to be large if the geometry of the object was appropriate within the overlapping areas.A comparison indicated the superi-ority of our IPP algorithm to the standard ICP algorithm. An example with real data showed the qualitative improve-ment of the matching due to re?ning the calibration.The techniques presented for generating synthetic pro?le maps may also be utilized in other applications such as planning convenient scanning paths for object digitization if,e.g.,a CAD model of the object is available.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Henrik Haggr′e n for several dis-cussions on calibration.

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registration and calibration.

中国宏观经济形势的分析与预测

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中国宏观经济报告

2012-2013年中国宏观经济报告——迈向新复苏和新结构、超越新常态的中国宏观经济 中国人民大学经济学所

摘要: 2012年是中国经济从“次萧条”到“复苏重现”的一年。在消 费持续逆势上扬、基础建设投资大幅增长、房地产政策微调带来的“刚需”释放、货币政策和财政政策的持续放松以及全球市场情绪稳定带来的外需稳定等因素的作用下,中国宏观经济开始在2012年9月出现“触底反弹”,并在十八大政治换届效应、存货周期逆转、消费持续增长、外需小幅回升、投资持续加码等因素的作用下,重返复苏的轨道。2012年前3季度回落超预期,而第4季度复苏幅度也可能超预期。 2013年将延续 2012年第 4季度复苏的势头,随着换届效应的持续发酵、房地产困局的破解、外部环境的轻度改善、金融困局的缓和以及中期力量的释放,中国宏观经济将超越“新常态”,步入“次高速增长期”。2013年不仅是中国宏观经济完成由“复苏”向“繁荣”的周期形态转换的关键期,也是中国迈向“新结构”、超越“新常态”的关键年,更是新政府全面确立和落实新经济发展战略的一年。因此,2013年中国宏观经济将是在复杂中充满朝气的一年。 利用模型进行预测,2012年中国 GDP增速将达到 8.0%,比 2011 年回落 1.3个百分点,2013年中国经济将重返 9时代,增速达到 9.3%,CPI出现反弹,达到 4.1%。 在分析和预测的基础上,报告认为,未来短期宏观经济政策应当在强化中期定位的基础上保持相对宽松与积极的导向,应当在正确认识中国新时期的各种结构性力量和周期性力量的变化的基础上,超越

“新常态”悲观主义的定位,应当在收入分配、房地产等关键领域进行重点突破性改革,清楚“改革疲劳症”。 关键词:新复苏、新结构、新常态、中国宏观经济

OpenDaylight与Mininet应用实战之复杂网络验证(五)

OpenDaylight与Mininet应用实战之复杂网络验证(五) 1多交换机的测试 Mininet中本身就支持多交换机网络拓扑的模拟创建,可通过Python API自定义拓扑创建满足使用者在仿真过程中的多方位需求。 下面举出具体示例验证多交换机支持: 执行此条命令后,查看ODL的Web界面显示的网络拓扑。界面拓扑显示如下: 对所有的虚拟host之间进行互ping操作,通过pingall命令,验证主机间的连通性,继而可验证支持多交换机的功能。

由pingall显示的结果可看出,主机间能够互相通信,且将数据包的流转发给交换机,并由交换机上报给ODL控制器来下发流表使主机通信。 主机通信过程中可查看交换机的流表信息及本身信息。 由交换机流表信息显示可知,控制器通过策略将流表下发到交换机中,使主机发出的数据包转发到下一目的地址。每个交换机查看信息的端口都不同,从第一个交换机端口号为6634开始,以后每一个交换机依次在之前交换机端口号的基础上加1,如第二个交换机的端口为6635。其他交换机的流表信息及自身设备信息可根据此说明进行查看。 2多控制器的测试 多控制器验证支持测试包括两种情况: ■OpenFlow网络中多个同一类型的控制器; ■OpenFlow网络中多个不同类型的控制器; 2.1多个同一类型的控制器验证 测试OpenFlow网络中多个同一类型的controller,比如OpenDaylight,多个ODL之间通过

OpenFlow1.0协议标准交互。 通过Mininet验证,在Mininet中模拟创建的OvS交换机不能指定连接多个控制器,且在同一个Mininet中创建的多个交换机不能指定不同的控制器。所以在验证交换机被多个同一类型的控制器管控时,不能通过用Mininet来验证,但是可通过真实交换机来验证。 如,在真实交换机中设置连接此文中的ODL控制器及另一个ODL控制器,命令为: 连接两个相同类型的ODL控制器,其中192.168.5.203为上述实验使用的控制器,192.168.5.111为另外安装使用的ODL控制器。通过执行如下命令查看交换机连接的控制器信息。 is_connected:true表示交换机都成功连接上控制器。交换机连接到这两个控制器后,控制器通过设备拓扑管理也可以发现此交换机,同时控制器管控存在主备关系,但控制器都可对交换机进行管控、下发流表等操作。 通过真实OpenFlow交换机连接多个控制器,可以实施,且已经验证,控制器和控制器之间存在主备关系,多控制器都可以对连接的交换机进行管控。 2.2多个不同类型的控制器验证 在OpenFlow网络中多个不同类型的controller,比如同时存在NOX和ODL,它们之间如果遵循OpenFlow协议标准的话,也是能够协作工作的。多个不同类型的控制器管控交换机与2.1小节是同样的道理。 如,在真实交换机中设置连接此文中的ODL控制器及其他另一个不同类型的控制器,如POX,命令为: 连接两个不同控制器,其中192.168.5.203为上述实验使用的控制器,192.168.5.111为另外安装使用的POX控制器。经试验验证,ODL与POX都遵循OF1.0版本的协议标准,所以在复杂网络多控制器情况下,只要控制器遵循相同的标准规范,控制器之间可进行对网络的通信管理等。此处实验结果与2.1节一致。交换机连接这两个控制器后,控制器管控存在主备关系,但控制器都可对交换机进行管控、下发流表等操作。 3总结 本文主要对复杂网络多交换机及多控制器的支持验证。因Mininet现在无法模拟多控制器管控一个交换机的情况,所以本专题还是侧重对多交换机的管控实验。至此,OpenDaylight 与Mininet应用实战专题将结束,有介绍不到位或者有疑问的地方请多多指教,互相交流。谢谢!

2015年中国宏观经济分析

主题一:GDP增速下降是新常态,但短期因素改善,增长质量提高 综合长期趋势和短期因素,虽然在2015年我国潜在经济增长水平会继续下行,但周期性因素会有改善。两相抵消,2015年全年GDP增速相较2014年可能略有下降。美国已经退出量化宽松,2015年四季度很有可能开始加息,美元会保持强势,而人民币(6.2117, -0.0023, -0.04%)对美元大幅走弱的概率极小,因此2015年强势人民币会影响我国出口。但另一方面,强势美元伴随着国际上能源和其他大宗商品价格下跌,因我国是能源和大宗商品进口的世界第一大国,我国经济从整体上来讲必然受益,表现在国家的经常账户盈余增加、企业因成本降低而利润空间扩大、居民因在能源上面节省支出从而增加在其他方面的消费。在城市基础设施建设和一些国家重大建设项目方面,我们认为2015年实际的投资增速或能有一定反弹。最后在房地产市场方面,经历了2014年的较大幅度调整,基数已经降低,而过去几个月的放松限购、放松限贷和降息等措施会在2015年发酵。另外户籍和土地改革有望在2015年得到实质性的推进,有助于增加对大中型城市住房的需求。 主题二:低通胀引致货币政策框架调整和无风险利率下行 由于强势美元,对我国未来几个季度的出口将会造成一定负面影响,因此2015年人民币升值空间极为有限。考虑到要推动人民币国际化,维持国内资本市场稳定和防止资本外逃等因素,尽管美元或许继续走强,国际大宗商品价格在低位徘徊,国内通缩风险增加,人民币对美元的贬值空间也很有限。国际油价有望在一段时间内维持每桶70美元的低价。2015年我国没有通胀风险,通缩压力稍有显现。我国消费者价格指数涨幅维持在2.0%左右,生产者价格指数仍有下跌空间。不过2015年CPI通胀上限仍可能维持在3.5%。为给货币政策和价格改革留有足够的空间,我们认为政府没必要调低CPI通胀上限。目前我国融资利率还是太高,政府在2015年仍然有相当大的空间调整货币政策。2015年广义货币增速目标或许由2014年的13%小幅下调至12%,但仍有很大可能维持13%的目标。我们预计人行会采取不对称的方式降息一次,一年期贷款和存款利率分别降0.4%和0.25%。降准幅度更大,我们预测在2015年底前人行降准三次共1.5个百分点。由于有其他备选工具,降准幅度和频率或许没有那么重要,关键是我们认为人行在2015年会维持基础货币的稳定增长从而在低通胀的情况下进一步降低无风险利率。 主题三:地方债改革加速,股市复苏,风险溢价下降 新一届政府从2014年开始系统处理地方债问题,迈开了关键的两步。最新的改革方案将存量地方债整合到省一级政府,未来新增债务主要由省政府为主体发行债券来满足,其余由人民银行[微博]借道国开行来解决,应该说是结合我国实际的最佳选择。金融改革的另一艰巨任务是降低我国企业对债务融资的依赖。降低企业杠杆和融资成本的关键是完善和发展我国的股权融资市场。从种种迹象来看,提振股市信心和加快股市融资发展已经成了新一届政府的重要经济战略之一。2015年,我们预计政府会尽快推出股票发行注册制改革,放开对IPO的实质性审核,放宽对股票发行的盈利指标等要求,加快培育新三板、柜台市场等低层次的股权市场。同时政府也会加快资产证券化市场的推进步伐。地方政府债务改革和股市发展能在2015年有效地缓解我国企业的融资困境。由于部分地方政府债务能从央行[微博]直接获取,减少了挤出效应,给民间融资提供了更大的空间。将地方政府债务整合到省一级政府则能大幅降低地方政府的融资成本,同时也降低整个中国信贷市场的利率。股市的发展给企业提供了更为稳定和廉价的筹资渠道,而非像过去几年过度依赖短期高息的债务融资。

菜鸟水平初步设置OpenDaylight-OVSDB-+-Openstack测试环境

菜鸟水平初步设置OpenDaylight OVSDB + Openstack测试环境 Hannibal (SDNAP首发) 刚接触SDN和OpenDaylight两个多月时间,还处于人云亦云照葫芦画瓢的水平,在很多大牛的指导文章帮助下,初步搭建一个很简单的OpenDaylight OVSDB + Openstack调试环境。第一次写技术文章,请多包涵。 一、准备 硬件: 双核Core i7,内存4GB,一个以太网卡的Thinkpad X201t,普通个人用笔记本 Host环境: 64位Ubuntu 13.10,OVS 2.0.90 VM环境: 2个Virtualbox VM,Fedora 19 + OVS 2.0.0 + Devstack 。导入Virtualbox都是缺省配置。两个VM的下载地址: https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817615228.html,:443/v1/96991703573236/imgs/Fedora19--2node-Devstack.tar.bz2 Size: 4983728003 bytes MD5sum: dfd791a989603a88a0fa37950696608c 二、原理 OpenDaylight(ODL)是一个由Linux基金会支持,多个网络厂商参与的开源SDN控制器项目。Openstack是开源的IaaS项目。如何让两个平台整合以便更好的发挥作用是本环境搭建的目的。 现有的解决方案之一,就是利用Openstack Neutron的ML2 Plugin,将网络复杂性丢到ODL。也就是说,Openstack通过ML2 Plugin,与OpenDaylight的NB API进行会话,具体网络部署的实现交由OpenDaylight Controller来实现。

中国宏观经济形势分析与预测年中报告精心整理

2019中国宏观经济形势分析与预测年中报告 今天,上海财经大学高等研究院发布《2019中国宏观经济形势分析与预测年中报告》。报告以“外部压力下的中国经济——风险评估、政策模拟及其治理”为主题,详细分析了当前中国经济运行的主要特征、风险因素,并为下半年及今后一个时期的经济发展给出短期政策和中长期改革建议。 年中报告指出,2019年以来,中国经济稳中求进、稳中有忧,经济下行的压力有所上升,尤其是在中美经贸摩擦的背景下,中国经济所面临的外部环境严峻,与自身发展所面临的不充分不平衡问题相叠加,使得稳增长、防风险的难度加大。

从需求侧来看,消费增速持续疲软,虽房地产开发投资维持高位,基建投资小幅回升,但受工业企业利润增速下降、进出口增速下滑的影响,制造业投资大幅下滑,总投资增速有所回落。家庭部门杠杆率持续攀升,家庭流动性愈益收紧,普通家庭收入增速持续下降,收入差距未见明显缩小。不断强化的家庭储蓄动机不仅放大了总需求不足的影响,还进一步加剧了企业经营的困难,迫使企业被动加杠杆,实体部门杠杆率逆势反弹。在财政政策持续宽松的背景下,地方政府债务率亦有所增加。虽金融部门去杠杆成效显著,但宏观杠杆率不降反升。

从更深层次来看,结构性问题仍未得到根本改善,尤其是僵尸企业无法出清提高了企业融资成本,拖延了民营企业、中小企业融资难、融资贵问题的缓解,对经济发展的桎梏日益凸显。同时,区域间市场化发展不平衡限制了企业对冲各类冲击的工具选项,导致企业部门的劳动力需求疲软,劳动力市场承压。 正如课题组2018年度报告所预测的,受实体部门杠杆率进一步上升的拖累,中小银行风险加速暴露、其系统重要性持续上升,系统性风险的防范和化解难度进一步增加。从外部环境看,中美贸易摩擦已对进出口形成拖累,人民币长期贬值压力不可忽视。但正如课题组一直分析强调的,当前中国经济的主要矛盾还是内部的结构性失调,长期增长潜力仍未得到充分释放。深层次的结构性、体制性改革,如户籍制度改革,能有效改善资源配置效率,提高全要素生产率,促进投资,刺激消费,释放增长潜力。

新常态下的中国宏观经济形势分析与展望

收稿日期:2015-01-29 网络出版网址:https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817615228.html,/kcms/detail/13.1356.F.20150415.1627.011.html 网络出版时间:2015-4-1516:27:22 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(71361005)资助。 作者简介:郑嘉伟(1985-),男,山西沁水人,中共中央党校博士研究生,研究方向:产业金融,宏观经济理论与实践。 在经济增长速度换挡期、结构调整阵痛期和前期刺激政策消化期“三期叠加”的背景下,宏观经济面临较大下行压力,我国2014年全年 GDP 增长率在7.4%,略低于7.5%的经济增长目 标,延续了2010年以来我国经济下滑趋势,消费、投资、出口“三驾马车”对经济的拉动效应略显疲态,经济增长正处于一个换挡换动力的调整时期。一是经济增速连续跌破下限。进入2014年以来,我国经济增速进一步下滑,第2季度 GDP 增速跌至7.4%,跌破7.5%的年初政府工作 目标,第3、4季度则继续下滑至7.3%,基本打破了2012年以来我国经济运行的区间,全年经济增速创24年新低。二是经济增长的三驾马车尽显疲态。近些年我国出口保持低位增长的态势下, 2014年2月出口出现了-18%下滑,之后继续维 持低位震荡,全年进出口增长2.3%,其中出口增长4.9%,进口下降0.6%;固定资产投资增速从 30%已经回落到15.7%,其中,扣除土地购置款 的房地产投资2014年11月份以来已经进入负增长,消费虽然取代投资成为我国经济增长最重要的拉动力,但是消费需求也保持着一个逐年下滑的态势,2014年社会消费品零售总额扣除价格因素实际增长回落到10.9%。三是物价水平持续走低。2014年居民消费价格比上年上涨2.0%,其中 2014年9月CPI 跌破2%,目前已连续4个月运 行在2%的下方,11月和12月分别为1.4%、 1.5%,创下近年来的新低。四是经济发展预期有 所恶化。2014年7月份以来,中国制造业采购经理指数(PMI )从51.7%的高位回落到12月的 50.1%,已经靠近经济强弱的分界点50%。经济 增长动力明显不足,反映企业生产经营活动预期的指数从3月份就一路下滑,从3月的62.7跌至 12月的48.7。 ① 宏观经济在2014年增速回落的过 程中同时表现出一些可喜的变化,这些变化将很大程度上提升我国经济增长的质量和效益。一是需求结构出现新变化,消费拉动力增强;投资结构改善,民间投资开始发力。二是第三产业占比超过第二产业,经济呈现服务化态势;经济增长的就业吸纳能力提升, “中低速增长、高就业” 格局初现。三是中小企业快速发展,新兴产业加速发展;城乡收入差距缩小,城乡关系更趋协调。正如中央经济工作会议指出的: “目前我国经济 运行仍面临不少困难与挑战,经济下行压力较大,结构调整阵痛显现,企业生产经营困难增多,部分经济风险显现。” 未来几年是新常态统领中国经济工作的关键年份,也是经济结构转型的重要年份,未来几年将面临经济增长速度、增长动力、经济结构、发展方式等全方位的转型切换。但是转型切换的过程充满风险,一方面是中国经济之前的经济发展方式力量在逐渐弱化,另一方面中国经济新的常态的经济驱动力还没有强大起来,再加上美元升 新常态下的中国宏观经济形势分析与展望 笪郑嘉伟 (中共中央党校,北京100091) [摘要]在经济增长速度换挡期、结构调整阵痛期和前期刺激政策消化期“三期叠加”的宏观背景下,预计我国经济增长的下行压力进一步增大,宏观经济将面临三大风险和六大挑战。在中央提出“新常态”的判断后,我国将不再片面追求经济增长速度,在设定经济发展目标时,将进一步淡化经济增长速度,换之以弹性目标和发展区间进行管理,采取预调、微调等宏观调控手段予以应对。未来我国宏观经济政策的重点和难点就在于如何实现稳增长与促改革、调结构之间的平衡,其政策要点在于:短期内通过稳增长为深化改革和结构调整打造稳定的宏观经济环境;长期内围绕促进发展这一根本推进重大改革,激发企业活力。 [关键词]宏观经济形势;分析;展望;综述[中图分类号]F123.16 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1673-0461(2015)05-0039-06 2015年5月第37卷第5期 M ay 2015Vol.37No.5 当代经济管理 CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT DOI :10.13253/https://www.doczj.com/doc/d817615228.html,ki.ddjjgl.2015.05.007

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