关系词(关系代词和关系副词)有时可以省略, 但这只限于限制性定语从句中, 在非限制性定语从句中, 关系词则不可省略。
1.关系代词作宾语时的省略: 当关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时, 可以省略。
Is there anything (that/which) you wanted?
注意: 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时, 关系代词多用that
Who is the man (that/who/whom) you were talking to?
This is the best novel (that) I have ever read.
注意: 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时, 关系代词一般都用that
2.关系代词作表语时的省略：当关系代词that在定语从句中作表语时, 可以省略。
China is not the country (that) it was.
3.关系代词作宾补时的省略：当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足语时, 可以省略。
I’m not the madman (that) you thought me. that做宾补
4.关系副词when的省略：用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略, 但有一种特殊情况, 即用于day, year, time 等少数几个词后可以省略, 也可换成that
That was the year (when/that) I first went abroad.
I’ll never forget the day (when/that) we met.
5. 关系副词where的省略：用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略, 但有一种特殊情况, 即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时才可以省略, 也可换成that
This is the place (where/that) they met yesterday.
Have you met somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour?
6. 关系副词why的省略: 关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句, 且通常可换成that或for which, 均可省略。
That’s the reason (why/for which/that) he came.
关系副词的特点: 关系副词用于引出定语从句, 英语的关系副词主要有when, where, why三个。
Sunday is the day (when/that) very few people go to work.
That’s the reason (why/for which/that) he dislikes me.
Do you know a shop where/that I can find sandals?
注意：关系副词用于引出定语从句, 且在从句中用作状语。关系副词when表示时间, where表示地点, why表示原因。
使用关系副词应注意的几点：
1.how不能用作关系副词, 不要想当然地将how用作关系副词置于the way后表示方式:
This is the way how he spoke. (wrong)
This is how he spoke. /This is the way (that/in which) he spoke. (right)
This is the way that he solved the problem. =This is how he solved the problem.
2.关系副词when和where既可引导限制性定语从句, 也可引导非限制性定语从句, 但why只能引导限制性定语从句, 不能引导非限制性定语从句(若引导非限制性定语从句, 可用for which reason)
3.引导定语从句时, when的先行词为时间, where的先行词为地点, why的先行词为原因(主要是the reason), 但是反过来却不一定
Don’t forget the time (that) I’ve told you. 做宾语
Do you know the house (that) he bought recently? 做宾语
Please tell me the reason (that) you know. 做宾语
关系代词引导的定语从句who, whom, which, that, whose在句中必做成分
1)who, whom, that指人, 在句中做主语或宾语, 作宾语可省略
Is he the man who/ that wants to see you? 做主语
He is the man (whom/that) I saw yesterday. 做宾语
2)which, that指物, 在句中做主语或宾语, 作宾语时可省略
A prosperity which/ that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 做主语
The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 做宾语
3)whose表所属关系, 指人或物。指物可与of which互换, 指人可与of whom互换
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
=They rushed over to help the man of whom the car had broken down.
=They rushed over to help the man the car of whom had broken down.
Please pass me the book whose cover is green.
=Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
=Please pass me the book of which the cover is green.
关系副词引导的定语从句when, where, why
1)区别:及物动词后面无宾语, 用关系代词；不及物动词用关系副词
This is the place (where/that) I lived once. where指代the place充当地点状语
This is the place (which/that) I visited once. which做visit的宾语, 可省略
I’ll never forget the days (which) we spend together. which做spend的宾语, 可省略
when指代the days充当时间状语
可以互换, 口语中可省略
There are occasions when/that one must yield屈服. =There are occasions on which one must yield.
Beijing is the place (where/that) I was born. =Beijing is the place on which I was born.
Is this the reason (why/that) he refused our offer? = Is this the reason for which he refused our offer?
3)that代替关系副词: that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和”介词+which”引导的定语从句, 在口语中that常被省略。
His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.
He is unlikely to find the place (where/that/in which) he lived forty years ago.
不能用that的情况
1)引导非限制性定语从句时, 不能用that
The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (wrong, 应用which)
2)介词后不能用
We depend on the land from which we got our food.
=We depend on the land which/that we got our food from.
只能用that的情况
1)在there be句型中, 只用that, 不用which
2)在不定代词如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等做先行词时, 只用that
3)先行词有the only, the very修饰时, 只用that
4)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时, 只用that
5)先行词即有人, 又有物时
当先行词是way时, 关系副词常常省略。I appreciate the way (that) you teach me.
That作为关系副词所具备的功能, 即代替when、where、why三大关系副词或介词+ which。但这种代替是有条件的, 主要适用于表示时间、地点、原因、方式这四大类基本含义的先行词, 即time(替代when)，place(替代where)，reason(替代why)，way(替代in which)，其中time类的词汇最多, 包括若干下义词, 如hour, evening, summer, year, moment等。大概是因为这些词最基本、最常用, 所以在约定俗成的习惯下挣脱了原有关系副词的束缚。此外, that 还可以与speed, distance等先行词连用, 此时无法用where代替。
在非正式语体中, 关系副词that是经常省略的。正是基于这个原因, 在论述”关系副词that的功能”中笔者并未给出相关例句, 因为在各语法书和词典关系中关系副词that总是有左右两个括号相伴。
We moved here the year (that/when) my mother died.
I still remembered the summer (that) I walked around Paris.
The reason I called was to ask about the plans for Saturday.
There are so many delicious ways you can prepare chicken.
This is the place (where) I lived five years.
Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?
She knows the place (that/where) he stays.
There is nowhere (that) we can go.
The speed (that/at which) he is driving is 70 miles per hour.
This is the place (that) I spent my children at. =This is the place (that) I spend my childhood. 前者为关系代词用法, 比后者关系副词的用法更为正式
I don’t know any place (that) you can get a better exchange rate.
如上所述, 关系副词that是广泛存在的, 并且经常省略。当然各个词典和语法书的观点并非完全一致, 例如《薄冰高级英语语法》认为先行词为place时, 关系副词where也可省略；《薄冰高级英语语法》认为先行词为reason时, 关系副词why可以省略。为了便于记忆和理解, 我们可以将这类省略现象统一看做是关系副词that的省略。Oxford dictionary中可给出that作为关系代词的义项, 但所举例句中包含了that作为关系副词的用法(见如上第一个例句)。根据对句子结构的分析, 这里的that相当于when或in which, 不是代词而是副词。个别语法书中提到that代替关系副词when, where, why, how, 鉴于how作为关系副词并不具有充分的例证, 且多部语法书明确提出how不能做关系副词, 故笔者不采用that代替how的说法。
1.when(先行词是time, day, occasion等表时间的名词时在口语中可以省略)
At the time (when) I saw him, he was quite strong.
Do you know the year (when) The Declaration of Independence was published?
2. Where(先行词是place, room等表示地面的名词, 在口语中可以省略)
This is the place (where) I lived for 5 years.
3.why(先行词只有reason, 在口语中, 可以省略why)
That’s the reason (why) I’m checking it now.
还有一种省略应特别关注, 在this/that/it is后可省略先行词the time, the place, the reason, 直接跟why, when, where That was (the time) when he lived there.
It is (the place) where that rock festival is held every year.
That’s (the reason) why he spoke.
一、关系代词在限制性定语从句中的省略场合
1.当关系代词, that, which, who , whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略
The professor (that/who/whom) you wish to see has come.
Where is the book (which/that) I bought this morning?
2.当关系代词that在定语从句中作补语时可以省略
He has changed. He is not the man (that) he was.
3.当关系代词that, which, who在定语从句中作主语时, 只有当主句是由It is, that is, there is引导的场合才能省略
It isn’t everybody (that/who) can learn a fore ign lnguage so easily.
That was his brother (who/that) just went by.
There was someone (who/that) asked for you, Bill.
二、关系副词when,where, why引导的限制性定语从句在非正式语体中，通常可以省略
I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.
The reason (why) he came so early in his own affair.
That’s the place (where) he stayed when he was in London.
另外, 在当代英语里, that可以用于表示时间、地点、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句, 在口语中that常被省略。
His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.
He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.
三、以the way作为先行词的限制性定语从句用在非正式语体中通常省略in which或者that
The way (in which/that) you answered the questions was admirable.
1.Time, day, year, place, house, reason, way等作先行词时可以被省略, 其后的子句不再是形容词子句, 而变成名词子句或副词子句。
This is where he was born. Where he was born是名词子句
This is the place where he was born. Where he was born是形容词子句
I’ll meet her where I first met her. Where I first met her是副词子句
I’ll meet her at the place where I first met her. Where I first met her是形容词子句
Tuesday is when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage truck comes 是名词子句
Tuesday is the day when the garbage truck comes. When the garbage truck comes 是形容词子句
2.关系副词有限定用法,指的是关系副词引导的形容词子句只修饰先行词。
We were very happy in those days when we studied in school.
3.关系副词有补述用法, 即关系副词引导的是对等子句而不是形容词子句, 主要用于对主要子句中的不足之处加以补充, 前面都要加逗点与主要子句分开。
Tom got married the day before yesterday, when it was his birthday too.
1.Where引导的定语从句: 先行词是表示地点的名词, 如place, room, house, street, area等, 或含有地点意义的抽象名词, 如situation(处境,地势), stage, point(点), case(案例, 情况), 用where引导定语从句, 在定语从句中做地点状语。The school where/in which I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.
Harvard is a world-famous university. There Wang An got his Doctor’s degree.
=Harvard is a world-famous university where Wang An got his Doctor’s degree.
This is the house. I was born in the house.
=This is the house where/in which I was born.=This is the house which I was born in.
A bank is the place where/in which they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
*先行词为抽象名词situation, stage, point, job, case, system, game, degree等, 表示模糊化的地点, 用where引导定语从句。
You reach a point where medicine can’t help.
She is in a hopeless situation where we will keep a very close eye on her.
2.when引导的定语从句：先行词是表示时间的名词, 如day, time, year, hour等, 用when引导定语从句, 在句中作状语。
The time when/at which I first met Nelson was a very difficult period of my life.
The day when/on which Nelson helped me was one of my happiest. When=in/at/on/during+ which
I’ll never forget the day. I joined the league on that day.
=I’ll never forget the day when I joined the league.
The days are gone when physical strength was all your needed to make a living.
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
I’ll never forget the day when I joined the army.
一、”介词+关系代词”结构
1.当关系代词whom, which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时, 可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间；当先行词指人时, 介词后的关系代词用whom, 其余用which, 这时的关系代词不能省略; 有时为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词, 也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面, 这时的which可用that替换。当介词放在有关动词的后面时, 关系代词which, that, whom在口语和非正式语体中经常省略。
This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which/that) he used to live in.
Who’s the man with whom you just shook hands? = Who’s the man (that/whom) you just shook hands with?
注意: 下列情况介词不能提前
1)用who代替whom, 用that代替which时, 介词不能提前
He’s the boy (who) I learned English from.
This should be the place (that) Tom send the parcel to.
2)当whom, which省去时介词不能提前
Is he the boy you went there with?
This is the room he lived in.
3)当whom, which作为含有介词的动词短语的宾语时, 介词一般来说不能拆开提前
You’re the very man (whom) I’m looking for.
This is the program (which) he listened to.
2.”介词+关系代词”结构通常可以和一些关系副词(when, where和why相互转换)
1)where=in/on which
This is the room where/in which he lived.
2)when=on/in/at/during which
I still remember the year when/in which I joined the Party.
I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party.
I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.
3)why=for which
This is the reason why/for which he was killed.
注意: 并不是所有的介词+关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代
I am very impressed by the way in which he works. 这里in which代表的是in the way, 在句中作方式状语, 只有当介词+关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时, 才能相应地用when, where和why代替。
试比较下面两组句子:
This is the factory that/which produces radios. 划线部分作主语, 应用关系代词The factory produces radios.
This is the factory where radios are produced. 化纤部分作地点状语, 应用关系副词Radios are produced in the factory. Do you remember the days (that) we spent together? 关系代词在句中作宾语We spent the days together.
Do you remember the days when we worked together? 关系副词作时间状语We worked together during the days.
关系副词的省略:
1.the time, every time, the moment等后的关系副词可以省略
By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousands English words.
2.在某些表示地点的名词后, 关系副词有时也可以省略, 如the place等
This is the place (where) I saw him last time.
3. 先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略
The reason (why) he came is quite clear.
4.当先行词是way时, 关系副词常常省略
I know the way (that) he learns English.
An architect is a person who/that designs buildings.
I will never forget the teacher who/that taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school.
Anyone who/that wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.
Do you know the gentleman (whom/that) we met in the school library yesterday?
This is the student (whom/that) my father taught ten years ago.
The girl (who/whom/that) I saw is called Mary. 非正式英语中, 可用who代替whom
The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. Whose father=the father of whom
Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? Whose window=the window of which指the window of the hotel
Look out! Don’t get too close to the house whose roof is under repair. Whose roof-the roof of which
I do not like stories which/that have unhappy endings.
Toms works for a factory which/that makes watches.
Is the girl that/whom sells newspaper?
Where is the ice-cream that/which was in the fridge?
Is this the book (that/which) you want to buy?
关系副词
In Beijing July and August are the months (when/that) it rains very often.
Do you remember the day (when/that) we first went to the Summer Palace?
I haven’t seen her since the year (when) I left Tokyo.
Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what (=all that= the things that) it was 20 years ago, when it was so poorly equipped.
During the Spring Festival I went back to the town (where/that) I was brought up. That不能作为表示地点的关系副词This is the place (where/that) Li Bai once lived. That不能作为表示地点的关系副词
区别: This is the place (that/which) Li Bai once visited.
If a shop has chairs (where) women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.
The reason (why/that) I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.
This is the reason (why/that) he came late to school. =This is why he came late to school.
As是个比较特殊的关系代词, 一是用在某些句型搭配里, 二是独立于主句之外。
一、在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中, as引导定语从句
You may take as(副词) many books as(关代, 代替books, 在定语从句中作宾语) you want.
I have got such a computer as yours.
I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.
二、独立于主句之外, as引导定语从句
As we know, the earth turns around the sun.
As is known to us, the earth turns around the sun.
As we know和As is known to us均为定语从句, as分别作宾语和主语, 替代后面的主句。
Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. 关系代词as指代整个主句, 在定语从句中作宾语。
As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. Which和as引导定语从句均可代表一句话或整个主句, 但which不能放在句首, 另外as有”正如”的意思, 而which没有。
一、关系代词who和that的区别
1.当关系代词用作主语时, 多用主格who
He who loses hope loses all. 先行词为代词he, they , any, all, one等时, 多用who
I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. 在非限制性定语从句中用who
2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时, 用宾格whom, 不用that
The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.
=The man (who/whom/that) our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 口语中省略关代最自然
3.当关系代词泛指人时, 多用that
He is a man that is never afraid of failure. That用来泛指人
4.当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时, 应用that
Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? 避免重复
二、关系代词which与that的区别
1.当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时, 关系代词多用that
All that glitters is not gold.
She told me everything (that) she knew.
2.当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时, 关系代词一般都用that That is the best novel (that) I have ever read.
He is the only person that has been invited to the ball.
3.当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时, 应用that
Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest?
4.在非限制性定语从句中, 关系代词一般只用which
Beijing, which is the capital of the People’s Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games.
5.介词后的关系代词用which, 不用that
She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps.
I saw a women running towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction from which she had come.
He was educated at a local grammar school, after which he went to Cambridge.
The English play in which my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
=The English play which/that my students acted in at the New Year’s party was a great success.
限制性定语从句中, 从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系很密切, 若缺少, 句意则不完整, 故从句前不用逗号隔开;
非限制性定语从句中, 从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系不太密切, 若缺少,句意仍然完整, 故从句一般都用逗号隔开。试比较以下两组句子:
The water which has been polluted by the factory is not fit to drink.
Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our everyday life.
His brother who is nineteen years old is serving in the army now. 不只一个哥哥
His brother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now. 只有一个哥哥
The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, which means spending tens of thousands of pounds.
I have many friends, of whom some are business.
定语从句的位置: 定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候, 定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语, 这样它们被分隔了, 这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。
There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 定语从句置于句末以示强调
The factory produced half a million of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad.
定语从句与同位语从句的区别:
同位语从句与定语从句从形式上看好像没什么区别, 实际上从含义和功能上看, 还是比较易区分的。同位语从句的先行词一般为fact, idea, news, thought, reply, report, problem等抽象名词, 而且关联词大都为that. 在idea, problem 等词后根据句意可能用到who, when, why, how等其他关联词。关联词that在同位语从句中仅仅起连接作用, 不作任何成分, 但又不可省略。定语从句的关联词(关系代词和关系副词)在从句中是要充当句子成分的且有实际意义。The suggestion that we should practice speaking English every day came from our monitor. 同位语
The suggestion (that) our monitor put forward at the meeting is very valuable. 关代, that作宾语
A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday. We haven’t settled the question of whether是否it is necessary for him to study abroad.
考查whether引导的同位语从句。这个句子中的of可以省略, 形式上看, of后面的从句为介词的宾语从句,但实际上of连接的question与whether引导的从句是同位关系。在表示“是否”含义时, 用在介词后或在同位语从句中不可用if。
定语从句与强调句型的区别
强调句型一般总是使用It is…that…这个句子, 将被强调的成分(主语、宾语或状语)放在句式里。这个关联词that没有实际意义, 仅仅起连接作用, 但一般情况下不省略。当代英语有一种趋势: 如果强调的主语是人, 则可用who; 如果强调的宾语是人, 则可用whom; 如果强调时间状语, 则可用when;如果强调地点状语,则可用where。定语从句一般不用It is开头, 而且定语从句的关联词that在从句中担当句子成分。
It is Professor Johnson who/that is to visit China Agricultural University next week. 强调句型, who可换成that
This is Professor Johnson, who is to visit China Agricultural University next week. 定语从句, who不可换成that
It was with great joy that he received the news that his lost daughter had been found. 强调原因状语
The day which he was born on was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关代
The day that he was born on was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关代
The day on which he was born was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关代, 介词提前
The day he was born on was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关代which或that作表语省略
The day when he was born was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关副when
The day that he was born was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关副that
The day he was born was New Year’s Day. 定语从句, 关副when或that省略
When he was born was New Year’s Day. 省略the day, 变成when引导的名词子句作主语
The day which he was born on was New Year’s Day.
The day that he was born on was New Year’s Day.
The day he was born on was New Year’s Day.
The day on which he was born was New Year’s Day.
The day when he was born was New Year’s Day.
The day that he was born was New Year’s Day.
The day he was born was New Year’s Day.
When he was born was New Year’s Day.
限制性定语从句: 与主句的关系比较密切, 它说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况。如果去掉, 会影响句子意思的完整。
非限制性定语从句: 表示与主句的关系不十分密切, 只是对先行词做些附件说明而已。如果去掉, 主句意思仍然清楚完整。它跟主句之间常用逗号分开, 翻译时通常不译作定语, 而是单独译成与主句并列的句子。
Tom is a boy who often helps others. Tom是一个经常帮助别人的男孩。
Yesterday I met Tom, who seemed a little upset. 昨天我见了Tom, 他看起来有些心烦意乱。
A doctor is a person who/that looks after people’s health.
This is the diamond (which/that) the lady has lost.
The school (where/that) I studied for only two years was three kilometers away. That不能作为表示地点的关系副词The school at which I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.
The school which I studied at for only two years was three kilometers away.
Where I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.
I still remember the time (when/that) I first traveled by plane.
I still remember the time at which I first traveled by plane.
I still remember the time which I first traveled at by plane.
I still remember when I first traveled by plane.
Last night I saw a very good film, which was about the Second World War.
My parents live in my hometown, which is about 30 kilometers from here.
Alice, who is a distant relative of mine, studies in Yale now.
The house, where a murder case happened last year, has got a lovely garden.
They planted some trees which/that didn’t need such water.
The foreigner who/that visited our school yesterday is from Canada.
This is the house where the old scientist once lived.
=This is the house in which the old scientist once lived.
=This is the house which the old scientist once lived in.
=This is the house the old scientist once lived.
=This is where the old scientist once lived.
I will never forget the day when I joined the Youth League.
=I will never forget the day that I joined the Youth League.
=I will never forget the day on which I joined the Youth League.
=I will never forget the day which I joined the Youth League on.
=I will never forget the day I joined the Youth League.
=I will never forget when I joined the Youth League.
Do you know the man that/who is reading a book over there?
This is a supermarket that/which sells a variety of goods.
I don’t know the reason why/that he is late.
=I don’t know the reason he is late.
=I don’t know why he is late.
I’ll never forget the time during which I was with my friends in the country.
=I’ll never forget the time when I was with my friends in the country.
=I’ll never forget the time that I was with my friends in the country.
=I’ll never forget the time I was with my friends in the country.
=I’ll never forget when I was with my friends in the country.
I will offer you a better way in which you can do the job.
=I will offer you a better way that you can do the job.
=I will offer you a better way you can do the job.
=I will offer you a better way how you can do the job.
She bought several clothes, on which she spent all her money.
It is the grammar rules of which I am not sure.
=It is the grammar rules which I am not sure of.
Can you see the river across which there is a bridge? 你能看见上面有座桥的那条河吗?
He is swimming in the river, on which there is a boat. 他在那条河里游泳, 河面上有一只小船。
Here is the river in which I used to swim. 这儿就是我过去常常游泳的那条河。
This is the right book that/which I’m looking for.
Mary is the girl for whom I bought this gift.
=Mary is the girl whom/that I bought this gift for.
=Mary is the girl I bought this gift for.
The person to whom you talked just now is my father.
=The person whom/that you talked to just now is my father.
=The person you talked to just now is my father.
If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.
If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place all things are possible(America is where all things are possible=America is the place that all things are possible)
In an hour, we can travel to places which/that would have taken our ancestors days to reach.
This is the town which/that I wanted to visit most. This is the town and I wanted to visit it most.
=This is the town I wanted to visit most.
This is the town where I was born. This is the town and I was born there.
=This is the town that I was born.
=This is the town I was born.
=This is the town on which I was born.
=This is the town which I was born on.
=This is the town that I was born on.
=This is the town I was born on.
=This is where I was born.
Literature is the place where the past meets the present to contemplate the future.
=Literature is the place that the past meets the present to contemplate the future.
=Literature is the place the past meet s the present to contemplate the future.
=Literature is where the past meets the present to contemplate the future.
I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place which I’d like to visit.
=I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place I’d like to visit.
Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other.
=Remember that the best relationship is one that your love for each other is greater than your need for each other. Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low.
We moved here the year (that/when) my mother died.
I still remembered the summer (that/when) I walked around Paris.
The reason (why/that/for which) I called was to ask about the plans for Saturday.
There was so many delicious ways you can prepare chicken.
This is the place (where/that) I lived five years. =This is where I lived five years.
Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?
She knows the place (that/where) he stays.
关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as 关系副词when, where, why 关系代词和关系副词区别 Don’t forget the time that I’ve told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。This is the house that he bought yesterday. 这就是他昨天买的那座房子。 1.关系代词在句子充当主语或者宾语，定语。 2.关系副词作状语，相当于介词+which结构。 关键在于判断从句是否缺少主语或宾语。 主语： Vi 宾语：判断谓语动词Vt 双宾语 The factory _______ he works is good. The factory _______ he visited yesterday is good. Those words _______ Miss Li taught me is useful. 习题 1. This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 2. I will never forget these days _____ I spent in the countryside. 3. We really need a man ______ understands English. 4. Beijing is the place _____ I was born. 5. Is this the reason ____ he refused our offer?
关系代词练习题 1. This is the book _______ cover is blue. 2. Do you know the girl ______ father died in Iraq 3. The woman _________ we talked about is my sister 4. He told everything ______ he had seen in the traffic accident 5. This was the best model of the TV set ______ the factory produced last year. 6. The first thing _______I am going to do this evening is to write a report about the experiment. 7. It was heard in Beijing, ______ is one hundred kilometers away. 8. This was a film _______ Spielberg used real actors instead of toys. 9. I don’t like the girl _______ you are talking about. - 10. This is the house _______ we have just painted. 11. The rulers ______ are made of plastic are usually colorful. 12. He is the student_______ mother is a very famous singer. 13. Just then I caught sight of a violin ______ was hanging on the wall. 14. With him was a young fellow ______ appearance told of many days in hiding. 15. School is a place ________ children are educated. 16. People _______ agree with system say that it gives parents a larger choice of schools. 17. It is not a rule _______ everybody chooses to follow. 18. Teachers ______ are not good-looking might also have their personal charm. 19. We should have the ability to be tolerant of the weakness of human beings ______ may lead people to make mistakes
关系代词与关系副词的区分办法 一般说来，当先行词是表示时间的名词时，其后要用关系副词when来引导定语从句；先行词是表示地点的名词时，其后要用关系副词where来引导定语从句。但这只是一般情况，有时会有特殊情况噢！不信你看看下面的句子： The student (who answered the question) was John. student在从句中作主语,所以可用代词who来做关系代词 The hotel (where we stayed) during our holidays stands by the seaside. hotel在从句中应该是作地点状语，是we stayed at the hotel. 这个句子同时也能被写成： The hotel (which/that we stayed at) during our holidays stands by the seaside. 这个时候从句有主语we，有谓语stayed at，独缺宾语hotel，所以要用关系代词which或that Don’t forget the time that I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。 This is the house that he bought yesterday. 这就是他昨天买的那座房子。 这两句均含有定语从句，它们所修饰的先行词分别为the time和the house，分别为表示时间和地点的名词，但为什么后面接的是关系代词that，而不是关系副词when和where呢？ 要弄清这个问题，我们先来回顾一下关系代词和关系副词的用法。前面我们讲到，关系代词具有代词的功能，在定语从句中可用作主语或宾语等；而关系副词则具有副词的功能，它们在定语从句中只能用作状语。所以，当我们要判断一个时间或地点名词后是用关系词that 还是关系副词when和where时，我们首先要明确关系词在定语从句是用作什么成分——用作主语或宾语，则用关系代词；用作状语，则用关系副词。 现在我们再来分析一下上面的两个句子： 在Don’t forget the time that I’ve told you中，定语从句that I’ve told you之所以要用that 来引导，是因为从句中的动词told缺宾语，tell在此所用的句型是tell sb sth，所以定语从句要用关系代词引导。 在This is the house that he bought yesterday中，定语从句hat he bought yesterday之所以也要用that来引导，同时是因为从句中的动词bought缺宾语，所以定语从句也要用关系代词引导。 确定用关系代词还是用关系副词的简便方法是：看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语，若缺，用关系代词；若不缺，用关系副词。 练习 1)This is the factory __ I visited last year. 2)This is the factory __ I worked last year. A. where B. which C. as D. what 【分析】以上两句只有细微的差别，但答案却不同。 1）选B；1）是动宾关系，即I visited the factory，因此选which。 2）选A。做这种题时，要看先行词与定语从句中谓语动词之间的关系：2）中factory应在定语从句中作地点状语，即I worked in the factory，因此,选where。
先观察下面各句，尝试总结一下红色部分的用法。 Do you remember the days when / in which I stayed with you in the USA? 你还记得我和你在美国共度的那些日子吗？ 2) The factory where / in which he worked for twenty years is closing down. 他效力了20年的那个工厂倒闭了。 3) The reason why / for which he was late for school was that he didn’t catch the bus. 他之所以迟到，原因是没赶上公交车。 4) I have read the book in which you are interested. 我读了那本你感兴趣的书。 5) The man with whom I talked just now comes from Japan. 刚刚和我交谈的那个男人来自日本。 6) This is the book which she is looking for. 这就是她正在找的那本书。 小结归纳 ●when 通常放在表示时间的名词后引导定语从句，如句1）； ●where放在表示地点的名词后引导定语从句，如句2）； ●why经常放在reason的后面来引导定语从句，如句3）； ★当引导定语从句时，关系副词一般可以转化为“介词+ 关系代词”，即： when / where 可转化为on / in / at等+ which， why可转化为for which（在口语中可用that或省略），这也是定语从句中的一种常见现象。 ★需要特别注意的是此时介词后的关系代词不能用that，如句1）、2）、3） ★另外，指代先行词的关系代词which, whom在从句中作介词宾语时，可以把“介词+ 关系代词(which / whom)”一起放在先行词和从句之间，如句4）、5）；★但含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面，如句6）。 **★关系代词that和which在定语从句中充当主语或宾语 ★关系副词when/ where/ why分别在定语从句中充当时间状语，地点状语和原因状语。例如： This is the house where/ in which we once lived. 这是我们曾经住过的房子 （Where相当于in the house 做地点状语） This is the house which/ that they built last year. 这是他们去年建的房子 （which/ that 指代house 做built 的宾语） I’ll never forget the days when/on which we stayed in Beijing. 我永远不会忘记我们一起在北京的日子 （When相当于on the days 做时间状语，on the days “在这些日子”） I’ll never forget the days which we spent in Beijing.我永远不会忘记我们一起在北京的日子（Which指代the days 做spent的宾语） That is the reason why/ for which she told a lie. 那就是她为什么撒谎的原因。 （Why相当于for the reason 做原因状语 That is the reason which was told by the boy. 那就是那个男孩说的原因。 （Which 指代the reason 做主语） 注意：★确立关系代词which/that或关系副词when/where/why的方法： 看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语，如果缺少用which/ that； 如果不缺主语或宾语用when/where/ why.
定语从句讲解及练习 一、定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。如：) . ) . 上面两句中的和是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词, , (宾格, 所有格)和关系副词, 、 关系词常有三个作用：、引导定语从句、代替先行词、在定语从句中担当一个成分 二、关系代词引导的定语从句 指人，在从句中做主语 () . () . 如果先行词是, , , , , ,关系代词应该用 或. 例：? . 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 () . () . 注意：关系代词在口语和非正式语体中常用代替，可省略。 () . . 指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 () . ( 在句子中做主语) () () . ( 在句子中做宾语) . 指人时，相当于或者；指物时，相当于。 在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 () . (在句子中做主语) () ? (在句子中做宾语)
具体使用时还要注意下列问题：,只能使用,不用的情况： () 先行词是, , , , , 等不定代词时。例如：. (2)先行词被, , , ,等词修饰时。例如：. (3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：() . (4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。() . (5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：. ,只用不用的情况： () 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。 例如：. . 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 , , . 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。（非限) 这里有人要和你说话(限制性) () 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与相似，并可以指人。例如： , . () 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用。 . 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 () . () . 指物时，常用以下结构来代替
定语从句（一）--------关系代词的用法 一．定语从句的概念 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。 关系词有三个作用：1、引导定语从句;2、代替先行词；3、在定语从句中担当一个成分。二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who，whom和whose，关系副词包括where，when，why等。
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语） The coat （that）I put on the desk is blue.（that作宾语） The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. （作主语） The film （which）we saw last night was wonderful. （作宾语） 3. who指人在从句中做主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 翻译： 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常用who代替，可省略。例如：Mr. Ling is just the man whom I want to see. 翻译： 5..whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow 2. 关系词只能用that的情况： a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时;例如： He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。 b. 被修饰的先行词为all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one等不定代词时；例如： Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop 你在商店里有什么要买的东西吗
如何判断关系代词和关系副词 方法一 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。判断改错： （错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对）This is the mountain village （which）I visited last year. （对）I'll never forget the days （which）I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where，when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age？ A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法 1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如： The person who broke the window must pay for it. The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever. 2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如： Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate? Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come. 3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如： The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today. I know the boy whose father is a professor. 4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如： A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday. 5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如： I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news. Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there? 6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如： I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left. 7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如： This is the house where we lived last year. The factory where his father works is in the east of the city. 四. 关系代词whom，which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如： That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years. 五. 具体使用时还要注意下列问题： 1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况： (1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如：
1、关系代词（that, who, whom, whose, which）所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。 例1. Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who / that在从句中作主语，指人） 例2. He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom / that在从句中作宾语，指人） 例3. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.（whose在句中作定语，指人） 例4. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.（whose在句中作定语，指物。若指物，它还可以同of which互换）例5. The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作carry的宾语，指物） 2、关系副词（when, where, why, that）可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。 例6. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 例7. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 例8. His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.例9. He can’t find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 二、判断用关系代词和关系副词 方法1：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。请改错： 1. This is the mountain village where I visited last year. 2. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。句1和句2的where, when都应改为which.。 方法2：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，根据第一点(区别)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例10.This museum is ___ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 例11. This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one （答案：例 1 D，例 2 A） 在例10中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而例11中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词( where 地点状语，when 时
关系代词和关系副词的 区别 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
一、关系代词和关系副词的区别 1、关系代词（that, who, whom, whose, which）所代替的 先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、 定语等成分。 例1. Is he the man who/that wants to see you（who / that在从句中作主语，指人） 例2. He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. （whom / that在从句中作宾语，指人） 例3. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.（whose在句中作定语，指人） 例4. Please pass me the book whose cover is green. （whose在句中作定语，指物。） 2、关系副词（when, where, why,）可代替的先行词是时 间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和 "介词+ which"结构交替使用。 例6. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer
例7. His father died the year (when / in which) he was born. 例8.He can’t find the place (where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 二、判断用关系代词和关系副词 三、用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。缺少宾语， 就必须要求用关系代词；不缺成分（作状语）用关系副词。 （判断对错） 1. This is the mountain village where I visited last year. 2. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. 例9. This is the museum ____ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 当堂练习： 1. I still remember the day____we studied together. I still remember the day____we spent together. I still remember the day____was his birthday 2.This is the factory___he used to work. This is the factory___we visited yesterday. This is the factory___makes this kind of car.
关系代词和关系副词 引导定语从句的关系词分：关系代词和关系副词，用法如下： 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3)which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语) 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which" 结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that 常被省略，例如：
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。 4. (2004年益阳市中考试题) I hate people _______ talk much but do little. A. whose B. whom C. which D. who 【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。 【满分演练】 一. 单项填空 1. ---Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher? ---Oh! It’s Mr. Baker, our maths teacher. A. he B. that C. whom D. which 2. I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble. A. who B. which C. they D. where 3. The foreigner _________ visited our school is from Canada. A. which B. when C. who D. whom 4. George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing. A. who B. whom C. he D. which 5. This is the place _____I have ever visited. A. there B. when C. where D. which 6. Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn’t come to the meeting. A. that B. which C. why D. when 7. The moon is a world ______ there is no life. A. that B. which C. where D. why 8. He has forgotten the day _______ he arrived. A. when B. where C. that D. which 9. He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family. A. when B. where C. that D. on which 10. Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman. A. who B. that C. whose D. which
法语中关系代词qui que où dont 的用法小结 关系代词qui 1．Qui在从句中作主语，先行词可以是人也可以是物，相当于英语中的who, which, that. Les jeunes gens qui travaillet à l'usine ont acheté d'abord un téléviseur, ensuite une voiture. 2．Qui在从句中与介词一起使用，可作间接宾语或状语。但只能指人：à qui, de qui, avec qui, etc. 相当于英语中的whom。 Nous connaissons un étudiant étranger avec qui nous parlons souvent en anglais. 3．关系从句分限定性和解释性2种，相当于英语中的限定性和非限定性： Le directeur général, qui a parlé le premier, était assis à c?té de moi. Le livre qui est sur le bureau n'est pas intéressant. 拆解为： Un livre est sur le bureau./il n'est pas intéressant. Un livre是主语，由qui代替 La fille qui habite ici est en vacances ce moment. (qui=la fille) 住在这里的女孩，目前正在度假。 关系代词où 限定或解释先行词的关系从句，代替地点、时间，相当于英语中的where和when 。 Le village où je passe mes vacances se trouve au bord de la mer. En automne, ils vont à la campagne où ils restent quinze jours. Le quartier où vous habitez est très calm.(où=le quartier) 你们住的区，很安 De 和où的结合使用： J'ai un balon d'où j'ai une très belle vue.(d'où=de ce balon)我有个阳台，从那里望去风景很美。On va fermer le magasin d'où ils sortent..他们刚出来的那家店，就要关门了。 【小编注：où的先行词可以是地点，也可以是时间，如：Le jour où je t’ai rencontré était le 8 septembre 2005.】 关系代词que
关系代词和关系副词的区分 1. A. Is this the factory _____you visited last year? B. Is this factory ____you visited last year? a. that b. where c. in which d. the one 2. A. Mr Smith is one of those foreigners who____ working in China. B. Mr Smith is the only one of those foreigners who ____working in China. a. is b. has c. have d. are 3. A.This is the place ____we visited last year. B. This the place ____we worked last year. a. which
b. where c. in that d. there 4. The last place ___ was the Science Museum. A. we visited B. where we visited C. which we visited D. we went 5. I’ll never forget the days ___ we spent together five year ago. A. which B. when C. where D. how 6. July 1, 1921 was the day ___ the Communist Party of China was founded. A. that B. on which
定语从句关系代词和关系副词的选择 ----by 成都树德中学兰银清 一）定语从句的概念：句中修饰限定或者补充说明名词或者代词的是一个句子，这个句子就 是定语从句 We can’t ignore the difficulties that/which lie ahead. All that I want is your happiness. What is the name of the man who just came in. I like those who smile a lot. There are a lot of students here whose parents work outside. This is the school where I used work. 定语从句的先行词: 被定语从句饰限定或者补充说明名词或者代词 引导定语从句的关系代词：who, whom , which, that, whose，as 引导定语从句的关系副词：when, where, why，as 二）如何选用关系代词？ 1.判成分如果定语从句需要主语或者宾语，就要选用关系代词who, whom（作宾语），that, which. 2.确定先行词 1)先行词如果指人选用who, whom(作宾语)或者that，在实际运用中多使用who; 先行词如果指物选用that或者 which，在实际运用中多使用that 先行词（ｎ／ｐｒｏｎ）＋ｗｈｏ／ｗｈｏｍ／ｔｈａｔ 1，Do you know the people_________ live next door ? 2，This is the man _________I met on the train last week. 3，It is a book_________ will interest children of all ages. 4，I have found the car keys __________you were looking for. 注意：(1）、在限定性定语从句中，作宾语的关系单词可以省略 This is the man (who/that/whom) I met on the train last week. (2）限定性定语从句需要表语，用that I am not the man that I was ten years ago. Wenzhou is not the place that it was 20 years ago. 2) Whose 引导的定语从句 当定语从句需要所有格（也可以理解为定语），则需要用whose。只要定语从句需要所有格，先行词指人，指物，指地点都要whose。 先行词（ｎ／ｐｒｏｎ）＋ｗｈｏｓｅ 6.We stopped to help some people ________ car broke down. 7.I live in the house ________ door is red. 8.You don’t need to look up every word ________ meaning is not clear. 9.The school shop, __________customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.（高考） 注意：whose指物时， whose +n= the n of which/of which the n 10.You don’t need to look up every word ________ meaning is not clear. = You don’t need to look up every word the meaning of ______ is not clear. 11.We are introducing a new system, _________ aim is to cut costs. =We are introducing a new system of _______ the aim is to cut costs. 12. Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.