山东理工大学
毕业设计
（外文翻译材料）
学院：电气与电子工程学院专业：09电气双学位
学生姓名：张晓丽
指导老师：孙凯
NC switching power supply
Abstract
This system based on 51 SCM control unit, used for LM2576-wild numerical control a switching power supply of fuzzy digital control technology, adjust load R1, R2 proportion to change occupies empties compared to make the output stability, and can be through the buttons, digital display to realize output voltage numerical control. In addition, the system to input pressure, flow, input output flow, switch tube overheat as well as the protection circuit, ensure that the system is stable and reliable.
Key words: the numerical control switch power supply，LM2576-wild，microcontroller
CONTENTS
The first chapter design task
1. Basic requirements
2. Play a part
The second chapter overall scheme comparison and compared In the third chapter of the system hardware design
(a) The design of the whole system
1. The system design thought
2. The block diagram of the whole system
(b) Unit circuit function and the analysis of the operation
1. Minimum AT89S52 SCM system
2. Rectifier circuit
3. The power circuit
4. LM2576-A DJ voltage circuit
5. The whole wave output rectifier circuit parameters are calculated
6. Over-voltage protection
The fourth chapter system software design
1. The flow chart of the whole system
Chapter 5 system commissioning
1. The software debugging
2. Hardware debugging
3. The machine commissioning
Chapter 6 system tests
1. The test project circuit
2. Testing instruments
3. Test results
The first chapter tasks and requirements
(a) The task
Design and construction of a switching power supply, its structure diagram shown as shown in figure 1
(b) Requirements
1, basic requirements
(1) Basic specifications: input voltage: + 10 V/DC (fluctuating range 8 to 12 V) Output voltage: + 2.5 V/DC ~ + 6.5 V/DC
(2)The basic technical index:
The output of subsection power shift, and 8 from + 2.5 V to 6.5 V +, and every 0.5 V increase. Namely (2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6)
Efficiency: 70% (p < + 2.5 V/DC, 1 A testing accurate)
Maximum output current: 2 A; Voltage adjustment rate: 2% or less; Current adjust rate: 2% or less
(3) Can be arbitrary tuned to the requirements of the output voltage, and with a certain way of the display.
(4) can be arbitrary through the keyboard control open/close the output voltage.
2. Play a part
(1)Have over-voltage protection, input voltage protection movement, there are 15 V over current protection, more than 3 A output current protection movement
(2) Improve efficiency: 80% (p < circuit to + 2.5 V/DC, 2 A testing accurate)
(3)The ripple: 1% or less (+ 2.5 V/DC, 2 A 20 MHz oscilloscope testing accurate)
(4) Press from low to high or from high to low order automatically change the output voltage, each file 2 ~ 3 seconds, between time and space in the test.
The second chapter scheme comparison and selection
Plan 1:the division components, such as Self-excitation switching power supply, the circuit principle diagram is as follows:
The input voltage for AC220v, 50 Hz ac alternating current, after filtering, again by rectifier bridge after rectifying into a dc, through the control circuit switch tube conduction and globe make high frequency transformer of a low voltage measurement produce high-frequency voltage, small power by high-frequency transformer coupling to second test, then through rectifier filter, get dc voltage output. In order to make the output voltage stability, with the TL431 sampling error, the optical coupling amplifier, through the PWM to control switch tube conduction and deadline (i.e. occupies empties compared), makes the output voltage remain stable.
From the foregoing, this scheme circuit is more complex, difficult, so don't debugging feasible.
Plan2：DC-DC transform the BUCK type with A/D converter, and constantly testing power output voltage, depending on the power supply output voltage and of the difference of the set value, use of PWM module PWM waves in output, direct control of the power supply. ARM extended buttons, digital display to realize the numerical control output voltage.
This scheme is simple, but all the circuit by division components, interference; And PWM module single-chip microcomputer control program is complicated, consider 52 and A/D program between factors, will cause the output of the PWM delay, distortion, so that the output voltage is not quite stable, and so on.
Plan 3: the special chip power LM2576-such as wild, its typical circuit are as follows:
LM2576 series of stabilizer which are monolithic integrated circuit, can provide the buck switching voltage regulators (buck) all sorts of functions, can drive 3 A load, have excellent linear and load adjustment ability, and LM2576 stabilizer interior contains frequency compensation device and A fixed frequency as its, the number of the external components can be minimized, and easy to use.
This scheme, 220 V / 50 Hz ac voltage after rectifying circuit and DC/DC voltage chip LM2576 wild transformation for stable-DC voltage, and then through the adjustment of the relationship of scale and R2 R1 to adjust LM2576 chip of the input output voltage stability than empty. An external circuit components number less, and the program is simple, and the output voltage stability is good.
Through various program, feasibility, complexity, system index comparative advantages and disadvantages of each scheme, comprehensive, we use the third plan.
In the third chapter of the system hardware design
(a)The design of the whole system
1. The design thought
System to monolithic integrated circuit AT89S52, LM2576-for the core part, and the wild through the monolithic integrated circuit to output voltage gather, comparison, operations, and the output voltage control, automatic regulation system structure diagram shown as shown in figure 1.
220 V / 50 Hz ac voltage after rectifying circuit and DC/DC voltage chip LM2576 wild transformation for stable-5 ~ 12 V DC voltage output, the output voltage through sampling circuit by sampling, A/D conversion chip ADC0804 after converting to 52 after processing, control simulation electron switch to choose 4051 respectively the nine potentiometer R2, change R1 and R2 ratio values, which change LM2576-of the wild chip PWM pulse of empty, MOS tubes work than to switch state in, the input of 15 V DC voltage "chopped" for the and of the same frequency PWM waves pulse wave, pulse wave through the rectifier filter circuit output for 5 ~ 12 V DC voltage. Because of this the topic request have nine output stepping demand, so can tune in advance each voltage resistance, through the corresponding key choice output voltage, directly to the analog switch 4067 choose resistance, they can get to output voltage. At the same time, to detect the voltage, current value through the display LCD1062 real-time display. If working current is too big, the flow detection circuit will be sent to the testing results of single-chip microcomputer, SCM control relay through the ac branch realize over-current protection system in fault, after the operation is set by the reset button to may cause the system to resume normal work.
2. The block diagram of the whole system
(b) Unit circuit function and the analysis of the operation
1. Minimum AT89S52 SCM system
Minimum system including crystal oscillator circuit and reset switch and power supply parts. Figure 2 for the minimum AT89S52 SCM system.
2. Rectifier circuit.
The wave rectifier circuit is made up of two half wave of rectifier circuit. Because in the next two, add on miens input voltage of the opposite polarity, therefore, to a dynamic balance, in every signal cycle, the C1 and C2 experience 2 times charger, discharge process, current will appear two current pulse with polarity. So in addition to the V o saw tooth wave on the wavy frequency, improve the ability of double filtering, thus reduce ripple voltage.
3.Power supply circuit
The dc power by power supply, filtering, protection, such as voltage, four basic modules.
(1)The power transformer USES a step-down transformer, the power grid voltage 220 V transform into need ac voltage. The ac voltage
After rectifying, may obtain electronic equipment need dc voltage.
(2) Use rectifier circuit bridge rectifier circuit single-phase, 50 Hz ac alternating current transformation for direction invariable but still has the pulse size straight Flow electricity. Its advantage is high voltage ripple voltage, small, the utilization rate of transformer high. This design by A bridge pile of bridge rectifier, RS808 do maximum current can reach 8 A, cooperate with the design of the large filter capacitance, so the power of the instantaneous large current power supply characteristics, low noise, good reaction speed, output ripple small.
（3）Filter circuit using capacitance filter circuit, will the pulsation of the rectifier circuit output filter, get most of the components is smooth dc the electricity. This circuit adopts 4700 u F / 50 V large capacitance C3, C4 to make the output voltage more smooth, the power supply characteristics moment, suitable for take the perceptual load, such as motor start-up. C3, C4 every parallel connection a 0.1 u F / 63 V CBB capacitance, filter to high frequency interference, make input to integrated circuits L11, L12 of dc as far as possible the smooth and pure.
（4）By LM317 output voltage circuit is power, LM337 output negative supply. LM317 and LM337 are used internal heat Load, contains over current protection, hot off and safety working area for perfect protection circuit, that power can save the fuse, and so easy loss device. Regulating circuit: to meet the needs of the different
application situation and the voltage is set to can be adjusted. The calculation of the output voltage Vo = 1.25 x (1 + Rf/R), adjustable resistance in use precision can be resistor and guarantee the precise output voltage can be adjusted. If this article chooses for 5 k of Rf Ω, R for 270 Ω combination, can respectively on 1.25 V ~ 24 V 1.25 V ~ 24 V achieve continuous adjustable between.
（5）Protection circuit for linear power supply heat, so the power larger add enough radiator. Due to the high performance integrated circuit, which can simplify the circuit structure, highlighting the important part in the power transformation. Through the commissioning and testing, good performance. The whole circuit The power not only can be used alone, also can be in other electronic equipment used in voltage or current stabilization source use.
4. LM2576-voltage circuit wild
Working principle:
Assume that the switch transistors, diodes are ideal components, inductance and capacitance is ideal components, the output voltage ripple voltage output voltage and the ratio of the small to allow oversight.
According to the current cycle to begin in IL inductance is starting from scratch, can be divided into current continuous working mode and inductance inductive current is discontinuous work patterns. Due to the continuous work mode inductance current converter, have very good control characteristic; Inductive current is discontinuous work mode, put the electric, inductance and capacitance easy to produce the oscillation, thus affecting the output voltage ripple; And the same occupies empties compared, output voltage in discrete model under the mode of work than the big, high efficiency. To sum up, the most ideal situation is in critical condition, stabilizer which work so we use two kinds of methods:
(1)The increase of the inductance inductive energy storage, increase, and extend the discharge of time
(2)Improve the work and reduce the frequency switch time
Make transistor in current continuous state.
5. The whole wave output rectifier circuit parameter analysis
Output filter by free-wheeling diode rectifier circuit, inductance and capacitance composition. Consider free-wheeling diode in tube by PMOS transistor conduction, when energy consumption, and work in the state, so we used the low power consumption, high current, high-speed Scotty diodes IN5817, the characteristics as follows:
Maximum peak reverse voltage: 40 V The biggest reverse RMS voltage: 28 V The biggest dc voltage: 40 V block
The biggest positive average rectifier current: 1 A The biggest positive pressure drop: 0.6 V (1 A)
BUCK converter principle by analysis shows that in order to make work in inductive current circuit continuous mode, and the ripple voltage
2
221()88o o o s s V V D V t t T T L C
L C
=
-=
So as far as possible, should be made great inductance we choose for 8 mH inductance
Capacitors mainly is the "absorb" ripple with a smooth, the role of the voltage waveform. Capacitance and inductance is equivalent to a low pass filtering filter, the
cut-off frequency defined as
fc =
Considering the capacitance equivalent series resistance losses, we choose the capacitance for 1000 uF.
562c f Hz =
=
≈ ()(2~4)gs th V V =--
At this time the cut-off frequency of about 562 Hz ac, visible to dozens of kHz PWM waves have very good filtering effect.
6. Input over-voltage protection
When the input voltage in the normal range, the input sampling voltage comparator, less than the benchmark voltage output low level; When the input pressure, input voltage is greater than the benchmark sampling comparison output voltage, high level, ARM produce external interruption, warning, blockade, make PMOS transistor tube PWM signal, in order to protect the circuit damage.
7. Over-current protection
Usually with hall current sensor detection of current directly PMOS transistor, and then with setting the Id threshold value, compared with comparison to control the output of the driver signal shut off; Or by indirect method, the flow test voltage when the voltage drop the Vsd PMOS transistor, because the pressure drop contains
short-circuit current information flow, when the Vsd increasing, and basically for linear relationship between the flow of testing, when the Vsd and with setting the threshold value is used in the comparison, the comparator output control power circuit of the shutoff.
8. LCD display circuit
Chapter 5 system commissioning
1. The software debugging
The design of the software is more simple, only the keys and LCD display two modules. Through the key control output voltage and the change of the commissioning, a began to discover that step is sometimes 0.5 v, sometimes become 1 v, then add the delay, eliminate buttons dither program can.
2. Hardware debugging
First of all, points module debugging. First, then debugging power module
LM2576-and 4067 wild voltage analog switch module, first with high and low level directly elected 4067, using a millimeters to measure the output voltage is correct, after right in with 4067 single-chip microcomputer control, observation output voltage, with a screwdriver fine-tuning nine R2 resistance, change and a number of R2 R1 to
adjust output voltage. Through these preliminary commissioning, the output voltage tend to be normal.
3. The machine commissioning
1) the output voltage can only to 5.62 v, highest can't carry it up again.
Reason: analog switch of the 4067 working voltage and choose too small.
The solution: the microcontroller output and 4067 a transistor, indirect transistor is in state, when transistor switch when closed, 4067 the voltage by large voltage choose, so that, once the single-chip microcomputer choose the 4067, the working voltage increase.
2) Keys pressed, found the step voltage is sometimes 0.5 v, sometimes is 1 v. Reason: usually we keys pressed, there will be delay jitter effect.
Solution: in the program and button in case time delay jitter program.
3) when the SCM P1 mouth directly elected in 4067 the output, measured using a multimedia P1 mouth output level, found that total for the low level, will single-chip microcomputer and 4067 connections disconnected, using a multimedia after in the mouth output level, found the P1 normal.
Reason: 52 chip is with a erase program after board of the smallest system directly into the general effect, choose 4067 output level will be down.
The solution: the press the reset button 52 single chip can.
Chapter 6 system tests
1. The test project circuit
2. Testing instruments
Three and a half digital multimedia (MASTECH my61)
Dc power supply (MOTECH LPS-305)
Digital oscilloscopes (Tektronix TDS 1002)
3. Test results
1) in the input voltage for 15 V, respectively for 200 ohm load, 150 ohm, 100 ohm, output voltage accuracy of the test
2) in the input voltage for 15 V, load resistance for nominal resistance (i.e. current for 500 mA), output ripple voltage and efficiency test
3) the input voltage change circumstances, output voltage ripple and efficiency, precision testing
From the table three can see, calibration constant input voltage, the higher the voltage, the ripple voltage, the greater the input current is smaller, the lower the efficiency.
【reference 】
[1]Gao JiXiang. Analog electronic circuit design [M]. Beijing electronic industry press, 2007
[2] ZhouZhiGuang. Microcontroller technology and application [M]. Hunan zhongnan
university press, 2005
[3] YanShi. Digital electronic technology base 【M 】higher education press. Beijing. 2004
[4] PengJieHua. The "curriculum design of electronic technology [M]. Beijing guidance of
higher education press, 1999
[5] HuangYouQuan. LiGuiPing. Based on the design of many Chinese characters AT89S52
display 【J 】. Electronic design engineering, 2008
数控开关稳压电源
摘要
本系统基于51单片机为控制单元，采用LM2576-ADJ数控开关稳压电源中的模糊数字控制技术，调整负载R1,R2比例来改变占空比使输出稳定，并且可通过按键、数码显示实现输出电压数控。此外，系统加以输入过压、输入过流、输出过流、开关管过热等保护电路，保证系统稳定可靠地工作。
关键字：数控开关电源LM2576-ADJ 单片机
目录
第一章设计任务
（一）基本要求
（二）发挥部分
第二章总体方案论证与比较
第三章系统硬件设计
（一）系统的总体设计
1．系统设计思想
2．系统总体框图
（二）单元电路功能以及工作原理的分析
1.AT89S52单片机最小系统
2.整流电路
3.电源电路
4.LM2576-A DJ稳压电路
5.输出整波整流电路参数计算
6.过压保护
7.过流保护
8.LCD显示电路
第四章系统软件设计
1.系统总体流程图
第五章系统的调试
1.软件调试
2.硬件调试
3.整机调试
第六章系统的测试
1.电路的测试方案
2.测试仪器
3.测试结果
第一章任务与要求
（一）任务
设计并制作一个开关电源，其结构框图如图1所示
图1 电路框图
（二）要求
1、基本要求
(1) 基本规格：输入电压：+10V/DC (波动范围8~12V)
输出电压：+2.5V/DC ~ +6.5V/DC
(2) 基本技术指标：
输出电压分8档，从+2.5V到+6.5V，每0.5V递增。即(2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5,
5， 5.5, 6)
效率：≥70% (以+2.5V/DC,1A测试为准)
最大输出电流：2A；电压调整率：≤2%；电流调整率：≤2%
(3) 可任意调到要求的一档输出电压，并用一定的方式显示出来。
(4) 可任意通过键盘控制打开/关闭输出电压。
2、发挥部分
(1) 有过压保护，输入电压15V保护动作，有过流保护，输出电流大于3A 保护动作
(2) 提高电路效率：≥80% (以+2.5V/DC, 2A测试为准)
(3) 纹波：≤1% (以+2.5V/DC, 2A，20MHz示波器测试为准)
(4) 按从低到高或从高到低顺序自动改变输出电压，每档间隔2~3秒，测试时空载。
第二章方案比较与选择
方案1：采用分立元件，例如自激式开关稳压电源，电路原理图如下：
输入电压为AC220v，50Hz 的交流电，经过滤波，再由整流桥整流后变为直流，通过控制电路中开关管的导通和截止使高频变压器的一次测产生低压高频电压，经由小功率高频变压器藕合到二次测，再经整流滤波，得到直流电压输出。为了使输出电压稳定，用了TL431 取样，将误差经光耦合放大，通过PWM 来控制开关管的导通与截止时间（即占空比），使得输出电压保持稳定。
由上可见，这种方案电路比较复杂，调试难度大，所以不可行。
方案2：
DC-DC变换采用BUCK型变换器，用A/D不断检测电源的输出电压，根据电源输出电压与设定值之差，利用片内PWM模块输出PWM波，直接控制电源的工作。ARM
扩展按键、数码显示功能实现数控输出电压。
此方案电路虽简单，但均由分立元件组成，受干扰大；并且PWM模块中单片机52控制程序复杂，考虑与A/D程序切换等因素，会造成输出的PWM波形延迟、失真，这样致使输出电压不够稳定等等。
方案3：采用电源专用芯片如LM2576-ADJ，其典型电路如下：
LM2576系列的稳压器是单片集成电路，能提供降压开关稳压器（buck）的各种功能，能驱动3A的负载，有优异的线性和负载调整能力，并且LM2576稳压器内部含有频率补偿器和一个固定频率正当其，能将外部元件的数目减到最少，使用简便。
本方案中，220V/50Hz交流电压经过整流电路和DC/DC稳压芯片LM2576-ADJ
变换为稳定的直流电压，然后通过调整R1和R2的比例关系来调整LM2576芯片的输入占空比来稳定输出电压。外部电路元件数量较少，程序也比较简单，并且输出电压稳定性也比较好。
通过对各种方案可行性、复杂程度、系统指标等方面的比较，综合各方案的优缺点，我们采用第三种方案。
Counter bored hole 沉孔 Chamfer 倒斜角 Fillet 倒圆角 padding block垫块 stepping bar垫条 upper die base上模座 lower die base下模座 upper supporting blank上承板 upper padding plate blank上垫板 spare dies模具备品 spring 弹簧 bolt螺栓 document folder活页夹 file folder资料夹 to put file in order整理资料 spare tools location手工备品仓 first count初盘人 first check初盘复棹人 second count 复盘人 second check复盘复核人 equipment设备 waste materials废料 work in progress product在制品 casing = containerization装箱 quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量 Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量 the first page第一联 filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查 end-user/using unit(department)使用单位 Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表 bill name单据名称 This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department) 本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部) Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表 blank and waste sheet NO. 空白与作废单号
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种
一、材质中英文对照表 1.摇粒绒：Polar Fleece 2.珊瑚绒：coral fleece / soft terry 3.羊羔绒：Berber fleece / polyester faux sherpa 4.短毛绒：short plush 5.长毛绒：long plush 6.毛绒：fur 7.天鹅绒：velvet 8.拖把绒：cord velour 9.PV绒：PV plush 10.毛巾布：terry 11.灯芯绒：corduroy 12.双色毛绒：two-tone faux fur 13.毛线针织：knitting 14.麂皮绒：microfiber/microsuede 15.格利特：glitter 16.亮片：sequin 17.佳积布：nylex 18.尼龙布：nylon 19.汗衫布：jersey 20.沙丁布：satin 21.网布：mesh 22.帆布：canvas 23.斜纹棉布: cotton twill 24.PU 25.镜面PU：patent PU 26.平纹PU：smooth PU 27.EV A 28.点塑底：fabric with dot / skid free dot/non skid dot 29.TPR 30.PVC注塑：PVC injected 二、鞋子装饰物（ornament） 1.松紧带：elastic gore 2.魔术贴：velcro 3.电绣：embroidery 4.蝴蝶结：bow 5.爱心：heart 6.鞋带：lace 7.鞋眼：eyelet 8.人造钻石：rhinestone 9.搭带：strap 10.拉环：loop 11.毛球：POM 12.织唛标：Woven label 13.烫印：heat seal 14.贴片：patch 15.拉链：zipper 三、颜色 1. 豹纹：leopard/ cheetah 2. 斑马纹：zebra 3. 虎纹：tiger 4. 米黄色：beige 5. 桃红色：fuschia 6. 淡紫色：lilac 7. 海军蓝：Navy 8. 咖啡色：Brown 9. 迷彩：camo 10. 湖水蓝：blue atoll/ turq / lake blue 11. 格子：plaid / gingham 12. 紫色：purple 13. 灰色：grey/gray 14. 条纹：strip 15. 银光粉：neon pink 16. 金属色：metallic 17. 栗色：chestnut AI Artwork 设计稿
陶瓷 ceramics 合成纤维 synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis 悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector 变速器 speed changer 板料冲压 sheet metal parts 孔加工 spot facing machining 车间 workshop 工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock 数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking
技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams
冲压模具词汇 Counter bored hole 沉孔 Chamfer 倒斜角 Fillet 倒圆角 padding block垫块 stepping bar垫条 upper die base上模座 lower die base下模座 upper supporting blank上承板 upper padding plate blank上垫板 spare dies模具备品 spring 弹簧 bolt螺栓 document folder活页夹 file folder资料夹 to put file in order整理资料 spare tools location手工备品仓 first count初盘人 first check初盘复棹人 second count 复盘人 second check复盘复核人 equipment设备 waste materials废料 work in progress product在制品 casing = containerization装箱 quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量 Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量 the first page第一联 filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查 end-user/using unit(department)使用单位 Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表 bill name单据名称 This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department) 本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部) Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11-and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表 中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表.txt我们用一只眼睛看见现实的灰墙，却用另一只眼睛勇敢飞翔，接近梦想。男人喜欢听话的女人，但男人若是喜欢一个女人，就会不知不觉听她的话。在互联网上混的都时兴起个英文名字，一是方便注册用户名，二是有个好英文名容易显得自己比较Cool。但是起英文名时，中文姓氏还是要保留的，并且姓氏一般都有专门的英文翻译，比如“刘德华”的英文名是Andy，刘姓对应的英文翻译是Lau，所以全称便是“Andy Lau”。当然了，我们一般人直接用汉语拼音作为姓氏的英文翻译也可以，但在比较正式的场合下，最好还是用相应的英文翻译。 姓氏的英文翻译跟汉语拼音是有一些细微差别的，这主要由中西方人发音的不同特点来决定的。比如，从声母上来看，D开头的姓，英文翻译对应的是T，G对应的是K，X对应的是HS，Z、J 一般对应的是C，韵母也会有一些细微差别。详细的，请参考如下中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表，正在起英文名的朋友可以看看。 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha
常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei
机械专业英语词汇 陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker 凸轮cams 共轭曲线conjugate curve 范成法generation method 定义域definitional domain 值域range 导数\\微分differential coefficient 求导derivation 定积分definite integral 不定积分indefinite integral 曲率curvature 偏微分partial differential 毛坯rough 游标卡尺slide caliper 千分尺micrometer calipers 攻丝tap 二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix 线性方程组linear equations 概率probability 随机变量random variable 排列组合permutation and combination 气体状态方程equation of state of gas 动能kinetic energy 势能potential energy 机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum 桁架truss 轴线axes 余子式cofactor 逻辑电路logic circuit 触发器flip-flop 脉冲波形pulse shape 数模digital analogy 液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism 机械零件mechanical parts 淬火冷却quench 淬火hardening 回火tempering 调质hardening and tempering 磨粒abrasive grain 结合剂bonding agent 砂轮grinding wheel 后角clearance angle 龙门刨削planing 主轴spindle
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 冲压模具设计 对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。板料成形（也称为冲压或压力成形）经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。 如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如：弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。 而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。 图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯
拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。板料成形的原理如图2所示。 拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。 图2 板料成形原理 弯曲时当板料经过冲模，即冲头半径加工成形时所观察到的变形原理，因此在定向的方向上受到改变，这种变形式一个平面张力拉长与收缩的典型实例。 在一个压力机冲程中用于在一块板料上冲出一个或多个孔的一个完整的冲压模具可以归类即制造商标准化为一个单工序冲孔模具，如图3所示。
启动轴starting axle 启动齿轮starting gear 启动棘轮starting ratchet wheel 复位弹簧restoring, pull back spring 弹簧座spring seating 摩擦簧friction spring 推力垫圈thrust washer 轴挡圈axle bumper ring 下料filling 切断cut 滚齿机gear-hobbing machine 剪料机material-shearing machine 车床lathe 拉床broaching machine 垂直度verticality, vertical extent 平行度 parallelism同心度 homocentricity 位置度position 拉伤pulling damage 碰伤bumping damage 缺陷deficiency 严重缺陷severe deficiency 摩擦力friction 扭距twist 滑动glide 滚动roll 打滑skid 脱不开can’t seperate 不复位can’t restore 直径diameter M值= 跨棒距test rod span 公法线common normal line 弹性elasticity 频率特性frequency characteristic 误差error 响应response 定位allocation 机床夹具jig 动力学dynamic 运动学kinematic 静力学static 分析力学analyse mechanics 拉伸pulling 压缩hitting 机床machine tool 刀具cutter 摩擦friction 联结link 传动drive/transmission 轴shaft 剪切shear 扭转twist 弯曲应力bending stress 三相交流电three-phase AC 磁路magnetic circles 变压器transformer 异步电动机asynchronous motor 几何形状geometrical 精度precision 正弦形的sinusoid 交流电路AC circuit 机械加工余量machining allowance 变形力deforming force 变形deformation 电路circuit 半导体元件semiconductor element 拉孔broaching 装配assembling 加工machining 液压hydraulic pressure 切线tangent 机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 稳定性stability 介质medium 液压驱动泵fluid clutch 液压泵hydraulic pump 阀门valve 失效invalidation 强度intensity 载荷load 应力stress 安全系数safty factor 可靠性reliability 螺纹thread 螺旋helix 键spline 销pin 滚动轴承rolling bearing 滑动轴承sliding bearing 弹簧spring 制动器arrester brake 十字结联轴节crosshead 联轴器coupling 链chain 皮带strap 精加工finish machining 粗加工rough machining 变速箱体gearbox casing 腐蚀rust 氧化oxidation 磨损wear 耐用度durability 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求 technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker 凸轮cams 反馈feedback 发生器generator 直流电源DC electrical source 门电路gate circuit 外圆磨削external grinding 内圆磨削internal grinding 平面磨削plane grinding 变速箱gearbox 离合器clutch 绞孔fraising 绞刀reamer
1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Trading Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract th This Contract is entered into this 5 day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿ This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿ 19＿, BETWEEN ＿(hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the
英文翻译 机械设计 一台完整机器的设计是一个复杂的过程。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。 Machine Design The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. 任何产品在设计时第一步就是选择产品每个部分的构成材料。许多的材料被今天的设计师所使用。对产品的功能，它的外观、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的选择是十分重要的。对材料的特性必须事先作出仔细的评估。 One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. 仔细精确的计算是必要的，以确保设计的有效性。在任何失败的情况下，最好知道在最初设计中有有缺陷的部件。计算（图纸尺寸）检查是非常重要的。一个小数点的位置放错，就可以导致一个本可以完成的项目失败。设计工作的各个方面都应该检查和复查。 Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. 计算机是一种工具，它能够帮助机械设计师减轻繁琐的计算，并对现有数据提供进一步的分析。互动系统基于计算机的能力，已经使计算机辅助设计（CAD）和计算机辅助制造（CAM）成为了可能。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作
High-speed milling High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs. 1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved. 1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market. 1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.