Distribution of moon jelly?sh Aurelia aurita in relation to summer hypoxia in Hiroshima Bay,Seto Inland Sea
Jun Shoji a ,*,Takaya Kudoh b ,Hideyuki Takatsuji b ,Osamu Kawaguchi b ,Akihide Kasai c
a
Takehara Fisheries Research Station,Hiroshima University,Takehara,Hiroshima 725-0024,Japan
b
Fisheries and Marine Technology Center,Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute,Ondo,Kure,Hiroshima 737-1207,Japan c
Laboratory of Fisheries and Environmental Oceanography,Graduate School of Agriculture,Kyoto University,Sakyo,Kyoto 606-0068,Japan
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 14January 2009Accepted 1March 2009
Available online 10March 2009Keywords:
moon jelly?sh Japanese anchovy dissolved oxygen Hiroshima Bay Seto Inland Sea
a b s t r a c t
Biological and physical surveys were conducted in order to investigate the relationship between envi-ronmental conditions and the distribution of moon jelly?sh Aurelia aurita in Hiroshima Bay,western Seto Inland Sea,Japan.Moon jelly?sh and ichthyoplankton were collected at 13stations in Hiroshima Bay during monthly surveys from July to September in 2006and 2007.Surface temperature in 2006was signi?cantly lower during the August and September cruises and surface salinity was lower during all cruises than in 2007.Moon jelly?sh was the most dominant gelatinous plankton collected,accounting for 89.7%in wet weight.Mean moon jelly?sh abundance in 2006was higher than that in 2007from July through September,with signi?cant inter-year differences for July and September.Variability in precipitation and nutritional input from the Ohta River,northernmost part of Hiroshima Bay,were suggested as possible factors affecting the inter-annual variability in moon jelly?sh abundance in the coastal areas of northern Hiroshima Bay.Moon jelly?sh were more abundant in the coastal areas of northern Hiroshima Bay,where the dissolved oxygen (DO)concentration was lower,while low in the central part of the bay.Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus eggs were most dominant (58.1%in number)among the ichthyoplankton and were abundant in the central area of Hiroshima Bay.Explanatory analysis was conducted to detect possible effects of environmental conditions on the abundance of moon jelly?sh and Japanese anchovy eggs during the summer months in Hiroshima Bay.Of the environmental conditions tested (temperature,salinity and DO of surface and bottom layers at each sampling station),bottom DO had the most signi?cant effect on the moon jelly?sh abundance:there was a negative correlation between the bottom DO and the moon jelly?sh abundance in Hiroshima Bay during summer.
ó2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.
1.Introduction
The moon jelly?sh Aurelia aurita is widely distributed throughout the coastal waters of the world and has been consid-ered as an important predator of zooplankton because of its high
consumption rates (Mo
¨ller,1984;Costello and Colin,1994).Increase in abundance of the moon jelly?sh,the same as other large gelat-inous zooplankton such as cnidarians and ctenophores,has occurred in estuarine and ocean ecosystems all over the world (Purcell and Arai,2001;Brodeur et al.,2002),potentially causing a signi?cant impact on smaller zooplankton and their predators in pelagic ecosystems (Uye and Ueta,2004;Haslob et al.,2007).In Japan,the moon jelly?sh is the most common jelly?sh species in coastal waters and its biomass has increased over recent decades
in Tokyo Bay (Toyokawa et al.,2000;Ishii,2001)and the Seto Inland Sea (Uye and Ueta,2004).Uye et al.(2003)observed moon jelly?sh aggregations of up to 250individuals m à2,which were estimated to consume nearly 100%of the mesozooplankton biomass during summer months in the coastal waters of the western part of the Seto Inland Sea.Clari?cation of the mechanism of moon jelly?sh blooms and effects of environmental conditions on moon jelly?sh abundance are indispensable for forecasting and regulation of moon jelly?sh blooms.However,much of the information available in the literature is of qualitative evaluations of moon jelly?sh distribution and its dynamics in nature.
The Seto Inland Sea is a semi-enclosed basin,which is sur-rounded by heavily urbanized areas with extensive industrial and agricultural development,and receives signi?cant freshwater from the surrounding watersheds (Ochi et al.,1978;Okaichi et al.,1996).Eutrophication of coastal waters has been common in Hiroshima Bay,the innermost part of the Seto Inland Sea (Okaichi et al.,1996).Nutritional input through the Ohta River,the northernmost part of
*Corresponding author.
E-mail address:jshoji@hiroshima-u.ac.jp (J.
Shoji).
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Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science 86(2010)485–490
Hiroshima Bay,and estuarine circulation enhance both primary and secondary production in Hiroshima Bay(Hashimoto et al.,2006). Chlorophyll-a levels and therefore primary production of Hir-oshima Bay are among the highest of the nine bay areas of the Seto Inland Sea(from east to west:Kii Channel,Osaka Bay,Sea of Har-ima,Bisan Archipelago,Sea of Hiuchi,Bingo-Geiyo Archipelago,Sea of Aki including Hiroshima Bay,Sea of Iyo,Sea of Suo:Okaichi et al., 1996).During summer hypoxia prevails in the northern coastal areas of Hiroshima Bay,with dissolved oxygen(DO)concentrations of<2mg Là1(Okaichi et al.,1996,present study).Moderate decreases in DO to near hypoxic conditions(<3mg Là1),although not lethal during short-term exposure,can reduce the ability of larval?sh to escape and avoid predation and to capture prey (Breitburg et al.,1994).Recent laboratory experiments reported that bell contraction rate and predation rate on?sh larvae by moon jelly?sh under oxygen concentrations<2mg Là1were similar to those under higher oxygen concentrations(4–6mg Là1),indicating that moon jelly?sh are highly tolerant to low oxygen concentra-tions,as are several other jelly?sh species(Breitburg et al.,1994; Keister et al.,2000;Shoji et al.,2005;Thuesen et al.,2005).It has been suggested that a shift from size-selective to non-size-selective predation prevails in the predator–prey interaction and that rela-tive importance of trophic?ow from ichthyoplankton to moon jelly?sh increases during summer hypoxia in coastal waters(Shoji, 2008).Investigation of the abundance and distribution of moon jelly?sh in relation to environmental conditions is therefore important for understanding the effects of hypoxia on trophic?ow in plankton communities.
In the present study,biological and physical surveys were con-
ducted in the Hiroshima Bay in order to examine the effects of environmental conditions(temperature,salinity,and DO)on moon jelly?sh distribution.Pattern of the horizontal distribution and effects of the environmental conditions on moon jelly?sh were compared with the most dominant ichthyoplankton species,Japa-nese anchovy Engraulis japonicus in summer2006and2007.
2.Materials and methods
2.1.Field survey
Biological and physical surveys were conducted during monthly research cruises from July to September in2006and2007on the RV Aki,Fisheries and Marine Technology Center,Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute(HPTRI),in Hiroshima Bay(Fig.1). Moon jelly?sh were collected with a plankton net(0.45m in diameter,0.33mm in mesh aperture)with a?ow-meter at13 stations in Hiroshima Bay.A vertical haul with the plankton net from1m above the sea bottom to the surface was made at each station.Moon jelly?sh were sorted from the sample,identi?ed and measured for bell diameter(mm)and wet weight(g)on the boat. Ichthyoplankton samples were preserved in10%formalin.Vertical pro?les of temperature( C),salinity and dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration(mg Là1)were measured during each sampling event.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e23570550.html,boratory procedure
Jelly?sh and ichthyoplankton were enumerated as kg mà2and number mà2according to the?ow-meter counts.Of the total jelly?sh catch for the six cruises,the moon jelly?sh Aurelia aurita was most dominant,accounting for89.7%of the total wet weight (see the Results).Other jelly?sh species was excluded from the further analysis due to the small sample size.Ichthyoplankton were sorted and identi?ed to the lowest taxa possible.Eggs of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus,the most dominant ichthyoplankton collected during the six cruises(58.1%in number of the total ich-thyoplankton,see the Results)were processed for analysis of seasonal change in abundance and horizontal distribution in Hir-oshima Bay.Other ichthyoplankton were excluded from the further analysis due to the small sample size.
Exploratory analysis was conducted in order to detect possible effects of the environmental factors on variability in the moon jelly?sh and Japanese anchovy egg abundance.Temperature, salinity and DO of surface and bottom layers at each sampling station were used as explanatory variables and abundance of moon jelly?sh and Japanese anchovy eggs as dependent variables.The environmental conditions(temperature,salinity and DO)and moon jelly?sh and Japanese anchovy egg abundance were compared between the two years by the use of Wilcoxon test.
3.Results
3.1.Environmental conditions
Mean sea surface temperature ranged between24.0 C(July) and26.8 C(August)in2006and between23.0 C(July)and28.9 C (August)in2007(Fig.2).There was a signi?cant inter-annual difference in the surface temperature in all months(Wilcoxon test, d.f.?1,July:P?0.004;August:P?0.0006;September: P<0.0001).The surface temperature was lower in northern Hir-oshima Bay during all cruises(Figs.3and4).
Mean surface salinity increased from20.8in July to28.1in September in2006and from27.8in July to31.8in September in 2007(Fig.2).In all months,surface salinity in2007was signi?-cantly higher than that in2006(Wilcoxon test,d.f.?1,July and September:P<0.0001;August:P?0.005).The surface salinity was lower in the northern part of Hiroshima Bay.
The mean bottom DO for all13stations ranged between 3.3mg Là1(September)and 5.0mg Là1(August)in2006and 3.3mg Là1(August)and4.7mg Là1(July)in2007(Fig.2).In
August, Fig.1.Map showing the13sampling stations in Hiroshima Bay,Seto Inland Sea, southwestern Japan.Monthly physical and biological surveys were conducted from July to September in2006and2007.
J.Shoji et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science86(2010)485–490 486
there was a signi?cant inter-annual difference in the DO (Wilcoxon test,d.f.?1,P ?0.003).The bottom DO was lower in the northern and/or eastern parts of Hiroshima Bay throughout the cruises.In September 2006and August and September 2007,some stations indicated a bottom DO of <2.0mg L à1(Figs.3and 4).3.2.Occurrence and distribution of moon jelly?sh
Of the total jelly?sh collected throughout the cruises,moon jelly?sh was most abundant,accounting for 89.7%in wet weight.Bolinopsis mikado and unidenti?ed jelly?sh species composed only 10.3%.The mean moon jelly?sh abundance was highest in July in both 2006(4.68kg m à2)and 2007(1.24kg m à2:Fig.2).The inter-year difference in the moon jelly?sh abundance was signi?cant in July (P ?0.014)and September (P ?0.013).There was no signi?cant difference in the bell diameter of moon jelly?sh between the two years (2006:177.6?32.2mm;2007:174.0?19.6mm).
Moon jelly?sh were more abundant in the northern part of Hiroshima Bay (Figs.3and 4).The areas of high abundance corre-sponded with those of low bottom DO.In July 2006and 2007,the highest moon jelly?sh abundance was observed in the eastern part of the bay,where bottom DO was lower than 2.0mg L à1.Moon jelly?sh were sparsely distributed in the central area of the bay throughout the cruises.
3.3.Occurrence and distribution of Japanese anchovy egg
A total of 654?sh eggs and 88larvae were collected during the six cruises.Japanese anchovy eggs were the most dominant,accounting for 65.9%in number of the total ?sh eggs.Japanese anchovy egg abundance was highest in August in 2006(276.3m à2)and in July in 2007(39.4m à2:Fig.2).There was a signi?cant difference in the Japanese anchovy egg abundance in August (P ?0.022)between the two years.
Japanese anchovy eggs were more abundant in the central or southernparts of Hiroshima Bay from July through September in 2006and in July in 2007while sparsely distributed in the coastal areas of the northern part of the bay throughout the six cruises (Figs.3and 4).3.4.Effect of environmental conditions on moon jelly?sh distribution
Of the environmental conditions tested,only bottom DO had a signi?cant effect on the moon jelly?sh abundance (F ?4.4758,P ?0.0379:all data combined).Moon jelly?sh were more abundant in the areas with lower levels of bottom DO (<3.0mg L à1).An exponential model was ?tted to the plots of moon jelly?sh abun-dance to bottom DO in July and September 2006(Fig.5).4.Discussion
4.1.Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on moon jelly?sh Correspondence of high abundance of moon jelly?sh with the areas of moderate bottom-layer hypoxia (<3mg L à1)was observed in Hiroshima Bay during summer 2006and 2007.Previous laboratory experiments showed a high tolerance to low DO conditions (<2.0mg L à1)in moon jelly?sh:bell contract rate (an index of feeding activity)of the moon jelly?sh was constant over the DO levels tested (1.0–
5.8mg L à1:Shoji et al.,2005).Strong tolerance to low DO levels has also been observed in Aurelia labiata and sea nettle scyphomedusa Chrysaora quinque-cirrha under laboratory conditions (Breitburg et al.,1994;Thuesen et al.,2005)and high densities of the
ctenophore
Fig.2.Seasonal changes in physical and biological conditions in Hiroshima Bay from July to September in 2006(open circles)and 2007(closed circles).Mean sea surface temperature (WT),salinity (SA),bottom dissolved oxygen concentration (DO),abun-dance of moon jelly?sh (MJ)and Japanese anchovy egg (AE)are shown with vertical bars as standard deviation.Asterisks indicate signi?cant difference between the years (Wilcoxon test,*P <0.05;**P <0.01;***P <0.001;****P <0.0001).
J.Shoji et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science 86(2010)485–490487
Fig.3.Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (WT),bottom dissolved oxygen concentration (DO),and abundance of moon jelly?sh (MJ)and Japanese anchovy eggs (AE)from July to September in 2006in Hiroshima
Bay.
Fig.4.Horizontal distribution of sea surface temperature (WT),bottom dissolved oxygen concentration (DO),and abundance of moon jelly?sh (MJ)and Japanese anchovy eggs (AE)from July to September in 2007in Hiroshima Bay.
J.Shoji et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science 86(2010)485–490
488
Mnemiopsis leidyi in low DO concentrations in Chesapeake Bay (Keister et al.,2000).
Contrastingly,ichthyoplankton were less abundant in the northern part of Hiroshima Bay during the summer months.Swimming and/or feeding performance of major ?sh predators have been observed to signi?cantly decrease at DO lev-els <2.0mg L à1in coastal waters (juvenile striped bass Morone saxatilis ,adult naked goby Gobiosoma bosc and juvenile Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius :Breitburg et al.,1994;Shoji et al.,2005).Therefore,competition for prey and space between moon jelly?sh and ?sh weakens as DO decreases in coastal habitats.As a result,the relative importance of trophic ?ow from plankton to jelly?sh is considered to increase in coastal waters where summer hypoxia prevails (Breitburg et al.,1994;Shoji et al.,2005).We suggest that low DO conditions in the coastal waters of Hiroshima Bay during summer were favorable for moon jelly?sh feeding,growth and survival and resulted in the high abundance in the northern area.
4.2.Distribution of moon jelly?sh in Hiroshima Bay
In addition to the strong tolerance to low DO level,supply of young stages of moon jelly?sh and retention of them within the coastal areas of northern Hiroshima Bay should be included in the possible factors that explain the high moon jelly?sh abundance in this area.Hiroshima Bay is located at the most inner part and is the most enclosed area in the Seto Inland Sea (Okaichi et al.,1996).Moon jelly?sh polyps use arti?cial substrate such as concrete blocks,plastic ?oats and oyster beds (Yasuda,2003).In Hiroshima Bay,the natural shoreline has decreased to less than 40%of its original existence (Okaichi et al.,1996),with much of it replaced by concrete seawalls which are favorable for jelly?sh polyps.Intensive oyster culture in Hiroshima Bay (ca.50%of the total landings of oyster cultured in Japan)can provide suitable substrate for the moon jelly?sh polyps.We conclude that a combination of environ-mental factors such as available substrate for the polyps and high retention within the northern bay,in addition to their biological features (strong tolerance to low DO conditions),enhances the moon jelly?sh population in the northern part of Hiroshima Bay.
During most of the cruises,on the contrary,highest abun-dances of Japanese anchovy eggs were observed in the central part of Hiroshima Bay,where bottom DO was higher.The spatial difference in the Japanese anchovy abundance between the northern and central parts of the bay indicates that:(1)Japanese anchovy spawning was less intensive in and around the northern part of Hiroshima Bay,and/or (2)egg mortality was higher in northern part of Hiroshima Bay.It is likely that Japanese anchovy eggs were more vulnerable to predation by moon jelly?sh in
the
Fig.5.Plots of moon jelly?sh abundance to bottom dissolved oxygen concentration (DO)in each month.The effect of DO on moon jelly?sh abundance was signi?cant in July and September in 2006.
J.Shoji et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science 86(2010)485–490489
northern part of Hiroshima Bay where moon jelly?sh were abundant during summer2006and2007.Survival rates of bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli eggs have been reported to markedly decrease at DO<3.0mg Là1(Chesney and Houde,1989)although there is no information on how low DO affects survival of Japa-nese anchovy eggs.In Chesapeake Bay,distribution of bay anchovy spawners was con?ned to the southern(near bay mouth) region when summer hypoxia prevailed in the northern(inner bay)region(Jung and Houde,2004).We conclude that the northern part of Hiroshima Bay was less favorable for Japanese anchovy spawning and/or egg survival due to low DO during summer2006and2007.
4.3.Inter-annual difference in moon jelly?sh abundance
Global warming and increase in temperature of shallow waters have been suggested to potentially enhance moon jelly-?sh blooms in coastal waters of Japan(Uye and Ueta,2004).In the present study,however,moon jelly?sh abundance was higher in2006,when the temperature was lower during late summer in Hiroshima Bay.Therefore,the inter-annual difference in moon jelly?sh abundance cannot be explained by tempera-ture condition alone,and other composite factors may better explain the higher moon jelly?sh abundance in2006in Hir-oshima Bay.
Among the environmental factors tested,difference in salinity was most signi?cant between the two years from July through September.The lower salinity in2006re?ects higher precipita-tion during summer,which might be favorable for growth and survival of moon jelly?sh.The total precipitation in Hiroshima City from January through July(1120.0mm)and from July through September(689.0mm)in2006was double the values in 2007(January through July:550.0mm;July through September: 345.5mm,Japan Meteorological Agency:http://www.jma.go.jp/ jma/).Higher freshwater?ow through the Ohta River,the northernmost part of Hiroshima Bay,increases primary and secondary production within the bay by enhancing the nutri-tional input and estuarine circulation(Hashimoto et al.,2006).In 2006,chlorophyll-a levels in the northern part of Hiroshima Bay were signi?cantly higher than in2007(Kawaguchi et al., unpublished data).Previous stomach contents analysis(Uye et al.,2003)and recent stable isotope analysis(Shoji et al., submitted for publication)showed copepods are the major prey source of moon jelly?sh in the Seto Inland Sea.Increase in freshwater?ow through the Ohta River should enhance growth and survival of moon jelly?sh in the northern part of Hiroshima Bay by increasing copepod production.We still lack ecological information on younger pelagic(ephyra)and benthic stages (polyp and strobila)of moon jelly?sh in nature.Further inves-tigation on the effect of variability in freshwater?ow through the Ohta River on primary and secondary production in Hir-oshima Bay in relation with growth and survival of moon jelly-?sh ephyra,polyp and strobila stages would help to clarify the mechanism of moon jelly?sh bloom,distribution and inter-year ?uctuation in Hiroshima Bay.Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the crews of RV Aki,HPTRI,for their help during the?eld sampling.
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水母蜇伤的防治 作者：姜志高， 刘卫兵 作者单位：解放军第404医院,山东威海,264200 刊名： 中国麻风皮肤病杂志 英文刊名：CHINA JOURNAL OF LEPROSY AND SKIN DISEASES 年，卷(期)：2009,25(8) 参考文献(4条) 1.张黎明;万德源;樊军文水母蜇伤的急救、治疗与预防[期刊论文]-中国急救医学 2005(05) 2.陈琴;罗素兰;长孙东亭水母毒素研究进展[期刊论文]-生物技术 2007(06) 3.邵月竹;王进荣;高淑香海蜇毒液中毒对心脏的损害[期刊论文]-内科急危重症杂志 2001(03) 4.曹香丽;邵月竹中西医结合治疗海月水母蜇伤的临床研究[期刊论文]-山东中医药杂志 2001(10) 本文读者也读过(10条) 1.于华华.李鹏程.冯金华.李荣峰水母毒素对几种害虫的室内毒力测定[会议论文]-2009 2.于华华.刘希光.刘松.邢荣娥.郭占勇.王丕波.李鹏程水母毒素对几种害虫的室内毒力测定[会议论文]-2004 3.杨明君.钱永华48例水母皮炎的临床分析[期刊论文]-南京军医学院学报2003,25(4) 4.王熙章揭秘地球上最毒的动物——蓝水母[期刊论文]-科学之友2009(31) 5.阮光发带状疱疹269例临床分析[期刊论文]-中国社区医师（医学专业）2009,12(1) 6.王倩倩发形霞水母触手提取物细胞毒性[学位论文]2010 7.吴英.王毅.王养正.康军.王红英沙棘总黄酮对大鼠心肌再灌注损伤的影响[期刊论文]-沙棘2007,21(1) 8.苏秀榕.杨春.HUANG Xiao-Chun.黄晓春.李太武两种海蜇毒素的分子标记研究[期刊论文]-海洋与湖沼 2006,37(3) 9.王倩倩.肖良.贺茜.张黎明水母毒素心血管活性研究进展[期刊论文]-中国海洋药物2008,27(5) 10.杨永芳.黄芳芳.丁国芳.YANG Yong-fang.HUANG Fang-fang.DING Guo-fang水母的化学组成及生物活性的研究进展[期刊论文]-浙江海洋学院学报（自然科学版）2009,28(1) 本文链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/e23570550.html,/Periodical_zgmfpfbzz200908018.aspx
皮肤病种类大全 病毒性皮肤病 单纯疱疹、带状疱疹、寻常疣、跖疣、扁平疣、疣状表皮发育不良、传染性 软、水痘、水痘样疹、风疹、巨细胞病毒感染、麻疹、传染肚红斑、幼儿急诊、传 染件单椽细胞增多症、病毒性肝炎(小儿丘疹性肢体端皮炎、乙型肝炎抗原血症)、 手足口病; 细菌性皮肤病 脓疱疮、深脓疱疮、葡萄球菌性烫伤样皮肤综合症、毛囊炎、疖与疖病、痈、 蜂窝织炎、丹毒、化脓性汗腺炎、甲沟炎、急性淋巴结炎、下疳型脓皮病、面部 脓皮病、麻风、皮肤结核、皮肤炭疽、类丹毒、急性女阴溃疡、猩红热; 真菌性皮肤病 花斑擗、头癣、须廯、体癣、股癣、手足癣、甲癣与甲真菌病、叠瓦癣、掌黑癣、马拉色菌毛囊炎、念珠菌病、癣菌疹、孢子丝菌病、着色真菌病、红癣; 寄生虫及动物引起的皮肤病 虫咬皮炎、虱病、隐翅虫皮炎、桑毛虫皮炎、松毛虫皮炎、螨虫皮炎、疥疮、 匍行疹、尾蚴皮炎、丝虫病、蛔虫病、蛲虫病、滴虫病、弓形虫病、皮肤黑热病、 皮肤阿米巴病、水蛭咬伤、毒蜘蛛咬伤、毒蛇咬伤、蜂蜇伤、蜱虫皮炎、水母皮炎; 性传播疾病 梅毒、淋病、非淋菌性尿道炎、尖锐湿疣、生殖器疱疹、软下疳、性病性淋巴 肉芽肿、腹股沟肉芽肿艾滋病、生殖器念珠菌病、细菌性阴道病、阴道毛滴虫痫; 过敏性或变应性皮肤病
接触性皮炎、湿疹、特应性皮炎、自身敏感性湿疹、郁积性皮炎、尿布皮炎、传染性湿疹样皮炎、口周皮炎、汗疱疹、颜而再发性皮炎、荨麻疹、丘疹性荨麻疹、药物性皮炎、激素依赖皮炎; 职业性皮肤病 工业职业性皮炎、稻田皮炎、油彩皮炎、职业性痤疮; 物理性皮肤病 日光性皮炎、多形性日光疹、慢性光化性皮炎、植物日光性皮炎、放射性皮炎、烧伤、热激红斑、痱子、夏季皮炎、冻疮、皲裂、摩擦红斑、摩擦性苔藓样疹、鸡眼、肼胍、足跟瘀斑、压疮; 神经精神性皮肤病 瘙痒症、神经性皮炎、痒疹、结节性痒疹、色素性痒疹、神经官能性表皮剥蚀、拔毛癖、断发癣;咬甲癖、人工性皮炎; 红斑、丘疹鳞屑性皮肤病 多形性红斑、环状红斑、银屑病、副银屑病、单纯糠疹、玫瑰糠疹、连圈状糠秕疹、石棉状糠疹、扁平苔藓、光泽苔藓、念珠状红苔藓、硬化萎缩性苔藓、线状苔藓、剥脱性皮炎;结缔组织疾病 红斑狼疮、硬皮病、皮肌炎、混合性结缔组织病、重叠结缔组织病、嗜酸性筋膜炎、干燥综合征; 疱疹性皮肤病 大癌疮、类大疱疮、妊娠疱疹、线状IgA大疱性皮扶病、获得性大疱性表皮松解症、角层下脓疱病; 营养及代谢障碍陛皮肤病 维生素A缺乏症、维生素A过多症、维生素B1缺乏症、维生素B2缺乏症、维生素B12缺乏症、叶酸缺乏症、烟酸缺乏症、维生素C缺乏症、维生素D缺乏症、
史上最全的皮肤病图谱来了（修订版）！ 1.毛细血管扩张 2.腋下黑棘皮病 3.面部白癜风 4.播散性黄瘤 5.玫瑰痤疮 6.女性斑秃 7.寻常型痤疮 8.斑块状银屑病 9.毛细血管扩张(面部) 10.面部单纯疱疹 11.唇部单纯疱疹 12.面部复发性单纯疱疹 13.背部带状疱疹 14.背部带状疱疹（放大部份） 15.腹部带状疱疹 16.面、颈、肩部带状疱疹 17.水痘 18.水痘（放大部分） 19.上肢传染性软疣 20.腹部传染性软疣 21.左耳廓寻常疣
22.眼睑部寻常疣 23.鼻部寻常疣 24.手掌部多发疣 25.掌指疣 26.甲缘疣 27.跖疣 28.跖疣 29.面部扁平疣 30.面部泛发性扁平疣 31.面、颈、胸部泛发性扁平疣 32.手部疣状表皮发育不良 33.手指部疣状表皮发育不良(放大图像) 34.面部麻疹 35.腹部麻疹 36.下肢麻疹疫苗接种反应 37.手、足、口病，手部皮疹 38.病，足部皮疹 39.手、足、口病，臀部皮疹 40.颌面部脓疱疮 41.面部脓疱疮 42.面、手部深脓疱疮 43.小腿丹毒
44.下肢疖 45.面部毛囊炎 46.颈部毛囊炎 47.口周须疮 48.颌面部须疮 49.下肢蜂窝织炎 50.头部穿掘性毛囊周围炎 51.头顶部穿掘性毛囊周围炎 52.耳、面部寻常狼疮 53.面部寻常狼疮 54.颈部寻常狼疮 55.额头部疣状皮肤结核 56.颜面部粟粒性狼疮 57.颜面部粟粒性狼疮 58.小腿硬红斑 59.面部麻风（瘤型-脱发） 60 .面部麻风（瘤型-兔眼） 61.面部麻风（瘤型-狮面） 62 .面部麻风（瘤型-鞍鼻） 63.瘤型-左侧颈部耳大神经粗大 64. 瘤型-右侧颈部耳大神经粗大 65.头、面部麻风-瘤型
病毒性皮肤病 单纯疱疹、带状疱疹、寻常疣、跖疣、扁平疣、疣状表皮发育不良、传染性软、水痘、水痘样疹、风疹、巨细胞病毒感染、麻疹、传染肚红斑、幼儿急诊、传染件单椽细胞增多症、病毒性肝炎（小儿丘疹性肢体端皮炎、乙型肝炎抗原血症）、手足口病； 细菌性皮肤病 脓疱疮、深脓疱疮、葡萄球菌性烫伤样皮肤综合症、毛囊炎、疖与疖病、痈、蜂窝织炎、丹毒、化脓性汗腺炎、甲沟炎、急性淋巴结炎、下疳型脓皮病、面部脓皮病、麻风、皮肤结核、皮肤炭疽、类丹毒、急性女阴溃疡、猩红热； 真菌性皮肤病 花斑擗、头癣、须廯、体癣、股癣、手足癣、甲癣与甲真菌病、叠瓦癣、掌黑癣、马拉色菌毛囊炎、念珠菌病、癣菌疹、孢子丝菌病、着色真菌病、红癣； 寄生虫及动物引起的皮肤病 虫咬皮炎、虱病、隐翅虫皮炎、桑毛虫皮炎、松毛虫皮炎、螨虫皮炎、疥疮、匍行疹、尾蚴皮炎、丝虫病、蛔虫病、蛲虫病、滴虫病、弓形虫病、皮肤黑热病、皮肤阿米巴病、水蛭咬伤、毒蜘蛛咬伤、毒蛇咬伤、蜂蜇伤、蜱虫皮炎、水母皮炎； 性传播疾病 梅毒、淋病、非淋菌性尿道炎、尖锐湿疣、生殖器疱疹、软下疳、性病性淋巴肉芽肿、腹股沟肉芽肿艾滋病、生殖器念珠菌病、细菌性阴道病、阴道毛滴虫痫； 过敏性或变应性皮肤病 接触性皮炎、湿疹、特应性皮炎、自身敏感性湿疹、郁积性皮炎、尿布皮炎、传染性湿疹样皮炎、口周皮炎、汗疱疹、颜而再发性皮炎、荨麻疹、丘疹性荨麻疹、药物性皮炎、激素依赖皮炎； 职业性皮肤病 工业职业性皮炎、稻田皮炎、油彩皮炎、职业性痤疮；
物理性皮肤病 日光性皮炎、多形性日光疹、慢性光化性皮炎、植物日光性皮炎、放射性皮炎、烧伤、热激红斑、痱子、夏季皮炎、冻疮、皲裂、摩擦红斑、摩擦性苔藓样疹、鸡眼、肼胍、足跟瘀斑、压疮； 神经精神性皮肤病 瘙痒症、神经性皮炎、痒疹、结节性痒疹、色素性痒疹、神经官能性表皮剥蚀、拔毛癖、断发癣；咬甲癖、人工性皮炎； 红斑、丘疹鳞屑性皮肤病 多形性红斑、环状红斑、银屑病、副银屑病、单纯糠疹、玫瑰糠疹、连圈状糠秕疹、石棉状糠疹、扁平苔藓、光泽苔藓、念珠状红苔藓、硬化萎缩性苔藓、线状苔藓、剥脱性皮炎；结缔组织疾病 红斑狼疮、硬皮病、皮肌炎、混合性结缔组织病、重叠结缔组织病、嗜酸性筋膜炎、干燥综合征； 疱疹性皮肤病 大癌疮、类大疱疮、妊娠疱疹、线状IgA大疱性皮扶病、获得性大疱性表皮松解症、角层下脓疱病； 营养及代谢障碍陛皮肤病 维生素A缺乏症、维生素A过多症、维生素B1缺乏症、维生素B2缺乏症、维生素B12缺乏症、叶酸缺乏症、烟酸缺乏症、维生素C缺乏症、维生素D缺乏症、黄瘤病、皮肤淀粉样变性、叶啉症、蔬菜日光皮炎、黏液性水肿、胶样粟丘疹、痛风； 皮下脂肪组织疾病 结节性脂膜炎、类固醇激素后脂膜炎、冷性脂膜炎、播散性脂肪肉芽肿病、皮下脂质肉芽肿病、刨伤性脂肪坏死、亚急性结节性游走性脂膜炎； 渐进性坏死性疾病 环状肉芽肿、类脂质渐进性坏死、多形性肉芽肿、结节病； 色素障碍性皮肤病 雀斑、黄褐斑、瑞尔黑变病、文身、雀斑样痣、蒙古斑、太田痣、无色素痣、老年性黑子、