B a s i c B a n k i n g K n o w l e d g e
A-IT SOFTWARE SERVICES (SHANGHAI) PTE LTD
I. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This is a short-term course that introduces the businesses and processes of bank. It aims to equip participants with the basic knowledge they need to learn about the banking area.
1.2 Objectives
At the end of the course, the participant should be able to:
?Know the sources of bank funds
?Know the uses of bank funds
?Know the process of deposits
?Know the process of loans
1.3 Outline
I. Introduction
II. Overview
2.1 Definition of Bank
2.2 Types of Bank
2.3 Functions of Bank
III. Bank Businesses
3.1 Sources of Funds
3.2 Uses of Funds
3.3 Financial Services
IV. Interest for Profit
V. Deposits
5.1 Account Ownership
5.2 Personal Accounts
5.3 Commercial Accounts
5.4 Opening Accounts
5.5 Processing Accounts
VI. Loans
6.1 Types of Loans
6.2 Process of Loans
VII. General Ledger
II. Overview
2.1 Definition of Bank
?An organization, usually a corporation, chartered by a state or federal government, which does most or all of the following: receives demand
deposits and time deposits, honors instruments drawn on them, and pays
interest on them; discounts notes, makes loans, and invests in securities;
collects checks, drafts, and notes; certifies depositor's checks; and issues
drafts and cashier's checks.
2.2 Types of Bank
?There are four major types of bank:
o Commercial Banks
o Saving Banks
o Saving Associations
o Credit Unions
?Commercial Banks
o Accept deposits payable on demand (checking accounts) and make business loans.
o Have the authority to be full-service provider of deposit, payment, and credit services to all types of customers.
?Saving Banks
o Specialize in saving accounts and real estate loans.
o Allowed to offer additional products now.
?Saving Associations
o Accept various types of deposits and use them primarily as a source of funds for real estate loans.
o Allowed to offer commercial and installment loans.
?Credit Unions
o No-Profit, member-owned financial institutions
o Accept deposits, extend loans, and provide other financial services.
2.3 Functions of Bank
?Financial Intermediary (manage the flow of money)
o Accept money from depositors
o Use the funds to make loans and investments
?Provide a valuable service by linking sources of funds with uses of funds to generate a profit
?Provide loans, checking accounts, and other products to business and consumers.
?Handle the distribution of currency to the public.
?Contribute to the local and national economies.
III. Bank Businesses
3.1 Source of Funds
?Deposits and Borrowings are the source of Funds for a bank. They are called liabilities.
?Deposits represent the major source of Funds for a bank.
?There are three major types of deposit:
o Checking
o Savings
o Time Deposits
?Checking Accounts include:
o Demand Deposit Accounts (DDAs)
?Noninterest-bearing accounts that are payable on demand
without advance notice
o Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (NOW) Accounts
?Intertest-bearing accounts
?Saving Accounts include:
o Regular Saving Accounts
?Usually allow a low balance and earn interest at a low rate o Money Market Deposit Accounts (MMDA)
?Only allow 3rd party checks or six electronic transfer per month
without charge
?Usually require a higher minimum balance and pay a higher
interest rate
?Time Deposit Accounts
o Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
?long term Time Deposit Accounts
?Both the commercial and personal accounts can be one of the several types of ownership:
o Individual Accounts
o Joint Accounts
o Sole Proprietorship Accounts
o Partnership Accounts
o Corporate Accounts
o Fiduciary Accounts
o Public Fund Accounts
o Informal Accounts
?The general processes for accounts:
o Open the Account
o Deposits
o Withdrawals
o Account Status
o Interest Accrual
o Service Charge
o Statements and Notices
o CDs Maturity
o Bank Reports
?Borrowings are the second of the major sources of funds.
?There are two major types of borrowings:
o Federal Funds Purchased (FFP)
?Short-term borrowings from one bank to another
?Collateral is not required
o Repurchase Agreement (Repos)
?Enable a bank to borrow short-term by pledging bank-owned
securities to the investor as collateral
o Federal Reserve Borrowings
?Borrow from one of the district Federal Reserve Banks
?Must be secured by collateral
?Deposits and Borrowings differ on interest rates, maturity, reserve requirements and insurance.
?Interest Rates:
o Deposits – Lower
o Borrowings – market-driven and higher
?Maturity:
o Deposits – Longer, from 7 days to 5 years
o Borrowings – Shorter, between 1 day and 90 days
?Reserve Requirements
o Deposits – The rate is set by the Federal Reserve Bank on
transaction accounts
o Borrowings – No requirement
?Insurance
o Deposits – Generally, there is $100,000 insurance on each customer per account type
o Borrowings – No requirement
3.2 Uses of Funds
?Usually there are two ways to use the funds: Loans and Investments. They are called assets.
?Loans are the major use of funds.
?There are four types of loans:
o Commercial Loans
?Relatively short-term loans for business purpose
o Installment Loans
?Usually 1 to 5 year loans to the individual consumer for
personal use
?It also called Consumer Lending
?For relatively low amounts and generally paid off with regular, periodic payments, usually monthly or quarterly.
o Real Estate Loans
?Usually long-term (15 to 30 years) loans for purchasing real estate.
o Federal Funds Sold
?Unsecured short-term loans to other bank
?Credit risk refers to the possible loss on loans due to the borrower’s inability to pay. A bank is required to maintain a Reserve for Loan Loss account to cover potential credit risk losses.
?High risk loans typically have higher interest rates; low risk loans usually have lower interest rates.
?The credit policy is established by the board of directors of the financial organization. This policy governs loans practices and procedures.
?The following are the generally lending processes applying all the consumer loans:
o Originating the Loan
o Closing the Loan
o Serving the Loan
o Collecting the Loan
o Selling Groups of the Loans
?Investments are the second major use of funds.
?There are three types of investments:
o Government Securities
?Funds loaned to the federal government
o Federal Agency Securities
?Funds loaned to agencies of the federal government or
federally sponsored agencies.
o Municipals
?Funds loaned to the city, country, or state government for
construction use
?Loans and Investments differ on interest rates and collateral.
?Interest Rates:
o Loans – Higher
o Investments – Lower
?Collateral:
o Loans – Required
o Investments – Not required
?Although banks prefer loans over investments, they are sometimes required to invest for the following reasons:
o Loan demand is low
o Additional loans can not be made
o Securities are needed for pledging
3.3 Financial Services
?Provide various financial services to community, and get the services fees.
?These services include:
o Trust Account-estates
o Living Trust
o Lift Insurance Trust
o Credit or Debit Card
o Safe-deposit Box
o Cashier’s Checks
o Money Order
o Stock Brokerage
o Mutual Funds
o Foreign Exchange
?Service Fees also contribute the profit of banks.
IV. Interest for Profit
?All source of funds from deposits and borrowings are placed in a pool of funds for making loans and investments
?The bank pays out interest on most of its deposits and borrowings. This is Interest Expense.
?The deposit or borrowing on which the bank pays interest is called an interest-bearing liability.
?Typically, a bank has different interest rates on different types of accounts. A bank will refer to the total amount it pays out for all its deposits and
borrowings as its Total Interest Expense.
?The bank makes money by earning interest on its loans and investments.
This is called Interest Income.
? A bank refers to the total amount of interest income it receives as its Total Interest Income.
? A bank’s goal, of course, is to make a profit by ensuring that its Total Interest Income is greater than its Total Interest Expense.
?The difference between assets and liabilities is called gap. Bank
management monitors this gap to predict profitability based on the current
rate forecast.
V. Deposits
5.1 Account Ownership
?In general, deposit accounts can be divided into two categories:
o Personal
o Commercial
?Personal accounts are owned by individuals while commercial accounts are owned by business or corporations.
?Both personal and commercial accounts can have one of several types of ownership:
?It is important for you to understand account ownership because:
o Dictates the type of account a bank customer can hold
o Affects how the bank handles deposits and withdrawals (transactions are handled differently based on the account ownership)
o Affects insurance and bank liability
?For deposit accounts, ownership is typically one of the following types: o Individual Accounts
? A type of personal account
?Held by one individual
o Joint Accounts
?Held by two or more parties
?Held by individuals
o Sole Proprietorship Accounts
? A business owned by one individual
?Held by business or the owner (proprietor)
o Partnership Accounts
?Two or more individuals enter into a business together
?Any one partner may represent the other partners when
dealing with a bank
o Corporate Accounts
? A corporation is a legal entity or an artificial person licensed by
the state or federal government. It is owned by two or more
stockholders.
?The corporation is the owner of the account
?Bank must treat corporate accounts differently from other
business accounts.
o Fiduciary Accounts
?Opened by a representative for the benefit of another
?Cover a variety of relationship including
?Guardianships
?Trust Accounts
?Estate Accounts
o Public Fund Accounts
?Held by component of the Federal, State, or local government
?Used to receive and disburse funds
o Informal Accounts
?Owned by social, fraternal, or non-profit group and societies
?Holders include Churches, Leagues, Clubs, Disasters relief
funds and Teams
?Individual Accounts and Joint Accounts can only be Personal Accounts
?Partnership Accounts, Corporate Accounts, Public Fund Accounts, and Informal Accounts can only be Commercial Accounts
?Sole Proprietorship Accounts and Fiduciary Accounts can be both Personal Accounts and Commercial Accounts.
5.2 Personal Accounts
?There are six types of personal deposit accounts:
o Checking
?Demand Deposit Account
?The consumer can withdraw all the funds on demand, without
giving the bank any notices
?No-interest-bearing accounts
?There are three main types of checking accounts
?Regular
?Special
?Negotiable Order of Withdrawal (NOW)
o Savings
?Banks have the right to require up to seven days notice to
withdraw funds from these accounts
?Allow a low balance without assessing extra fees but also earn
interest at a low rate
?Most customer transactions are reported on a periodic
statement or in a passbook
o Clubs
?Used to save specific amounts of money on a regular basis
and for specific purpose
?Mature on a specific date
?Earn low and sometimes no interest
o Money Markets
?Money Market Deposit Accounts (MMDA)
?Allow only three 3rd party checks or six electronic funds
transfers per month without charge
o Time Deposits
?Long-term investment and require customers to maintain a
minimum balance for a specified period of time
? A penalty is normally assessed if funds are withdrawn before
the stated account maturity date
?There are two types of time deposits
?Certificates of Deposit (CD)
o Contracts between the bank and the customer
Time Deposit Open Accounts (TDOA)
o Deposited for specified lengths of time
o Consist of multiple deposits, all tracked
separately. Each deposit can earn a different rate
and have a different maturity date
o Retirement Plans
?Allow individuals to make deposits to accounts that will be used
for retirement.
5.3 Commercial Accounts
?There are four types of commercial deposit accounts:
o Checking
?Demand Deposit Account
?The consumer can withdraw all the funds on demand, without
giving the bank any notices
?Must be no-interest-bearing accounts
?More frequent statements
?Deposit and Withdrawal Restrictions
o Money Markets
o Savings
o Certificate of Deposit
?Three types of special services banks offer commercial customers are: o Target Balance
? A group of bank accounts maintained for the same customer
and controlled by a master parent or concentration account.
Subsidiary accounts are also set up for each branch of the
company near their respective locations with the same bank.
The bank provides the service of moving balances between
subsidiary accounts and the parent account to maintain a
specific target balance in each of the subsidiary accounts.
o Sweep
? A relationship in which all funds in an non-interest checking
account, over and above a specified figures, are automatically
transferred into interest-bearing investment securities overnight
or for short periods of time.
o Cash Management
? A family of bank services for corporate customers, designed to
generate new deposits, speed up collection of receivables,
controls payments, provides information, and efficiently
manage funds. These services often include lock boxes,
depository transfer checks, payments, item reconciliation, and
controlled disbursements.
5.4 Opening Accounts
?Each bank must establish and follow new account opening procedures listed below:
o Verifying a New Customer
? A valid form of identification
?Proofs for organization
o New Account Documents
?Sing a signature card
?Determine the rules for how your account will be handled o Service Charges and Fees
?Monthly service charges
?Ordering new checks
?Making an ATM transaction
?Making more withdrawals than allowed during a give period of
time
?Falling below a minimum balance level
o Relationship Pricing
?Look through whether you already have an account or not o Transfer between accounts
?Link the deposit account to another account, credit card etc.
?Set automatically transfer rules
o Account insurance
o Backup withholding
?Provide the Tax Identification Number (TIN) during opening
accounts
?Otherwise, bank will withhold 31% of any interest the account
earns
5.5 Processing Accounts
?You can handle your accounts for any activities listed in the following ways: o Deposits
o Withdrawals
o Changing Account Status
o Interest Accrual
o Service Charges
o Customer Statements
o Customer Notices
o Maturity Processing
o Account Reporting
?Depositing money into an account can take many forms including:
o Going to the bank in person
o Using an ATM
o Electronic funds transfers (for example ACH transfer)
?ACH (Automated Clearing House) is a nationwide electronic payment and collection network that provides financial institutions with an automated, low
cost substitute for issuing and processing checks. It is used to transfer funds
from one bank to another.
?Sometimes, If you deposited a check into your checking account, all the funds might not be available for you to withdrawals for a few days. The
length of time a bank may delay availability is dictated by bank policy and controlled by banking regulations.
?When a deposit is made to an account, it is entered into the bank’s computer system and the amount is added to the account’s balance. There are several balances in account including:
o Available Balance
?The amount which is available to you at this point in time
?Subtract funds for holds and unavailable deposits
?Add funds for lines of credit
o Ledger Balance
?Actual amount in this account
o Closing Balance
?The amount that you would receive today
?Include accrued interest and have penalties and charges
subtracted from it
o Aggregate Balance
?Used to calculate an average
?Add together the balance amount for each day during a certain period of time
? A withdrawal is the removal of funds from a deposit account. It can be take on several forms including:
o Making a Withdrawal in Person
o Writing a Check
o ATM Withdrawal
o In-Bank Transfer
o ACH Transfer
o Wire Transfer
o Debit Card
?Many banks limit the number of withdrawals you can make from an account.
?If you have overdraft protection and write a check for more than the amount that is in your account, the bank pays the check and either draws the funds from another account or lends you the money to cover it. It is referred as OverDraft.
?If you do not have overdraft protection, the bank will refuses to pay an item which the account balance will not cover. It is referred as Insufficient Funds ?All banks track the status of their accounts. In general, all accounts fall into one of the following categories:
o Active
?Currently in use
o Dormant
?Has not been in use and has had no customer contact for a
given period of time
o Closed
?The account has been closed at a customer request or by bank o Frozen
?Not allow any customer-generated activities
?Can be frozen for withdrawals only
? A stop payment s an order not to pay an item or items. Stops are placed at the customer’s request.
? A hold is the restriction of all or part of an account. For example: funds in the account are being held as collateral for a loan
?Frozen accounts are accounts with a hold placed on all the funds.
?In general, interest is earned at a certain annual rate based on the amount you have in your account. It is paid to you periodically in one of the following three ways:
o Deposited into your account
o Added to the balance of another account
o Paid directly to you
?Interest is calculated daily. However, it is not paid daily but periodically.
Between the time it is earned and when it is paid to you, it is held in accrual. ?Based on the type of account and the bank procedures, interest may be earned using any of the following as the principal:
o The actual daily balance
o Collected balance
o The monthly average balance
o The minimum balance
?There are two basic formulas used to calculate interest on deposit accounts: o Simple Interest
?Only on the account principal balance
?Interest = Principal * Interest Rate * Time
where Time = Days in the interest period / Days in the year o Compound Interest
?Earn interest on an amount of interest which has already been earned or paid.
?There are actual time and standard time. The actual time is the actual number of days. Like 30 or 31 days in a month. While the standard time
calculates all months as 30 days and all year as 360 days.
?The interest rate on a deposit account can be either fixed or variable
?Service Charges are a source of revenue for banks or help the bank offset expense.
?Service Charges can be divided into two category: Charges based on account activity and Charges for customer requested services
?One important aspect of processing of personal accounts is the printing f account statements and customer notices.
?Statements are generated by the bank’s computer system and are mailed to customers on a periodic basis
?Many banks choose to send customer combined statements rather than individual statement for each account. A combined statement combines all of
a customer’s accounts on one document
?Notices are an additional form of customer communication that provide details about specific account conditions.
VI. Loans
6.1 Types of Loans
?There are three major types of loans:
o Commercial Loans
?Relatively short-term loans for business purpose
o Consumer Loans
?Usually one to five year loans to individuals for personal uses
?Relatively low dollar amounts when compared to commercial
and real estate loans
o Real Estate Loans
?Usually long-term (15 to 30 years) loans for the purchase of a
home or land
6.2 Process of Loans
?The lending process applies generally to all types of loans:
o Originating the Loan
o Closing the Loan
o Serving the Loan
o Collecting the Loan
o Selling Groups of Loans
?To originate a loan, the customer should fill out a loan application form. The loan application is used to collect information about the applicant. It includes
identification, employment, creditors, and assets etc.
?The information collected on the loan application is used to decide whether to approve or decline the loan request. Before a decision can be made, the
bank performs two more steps
o First, the lender verifies information from the loan application including employment, income, outstanding debt, credit references etc. If any of
the information is found to be false, the loan can be denied.
o Second, the lender performs a credit analysis.
?There are two methods of credit analysis to evaluate a loan application o Subjective
?Based on the applicant’s capacity to reply the loan
?Based on the collateral value
?Based on credit history of the applicant
o Objective
?Determine whether a loan applicant is a good or bad credit risk.
?Use a credit scoring system
?Based on the subjective and objective credit analysis, the loan is either Approved or Declined. If the loan is approved, the bank informs the applicant
and sets a date to close the loan. If a loan is declined, a letter explaining the
reason for declining the loan request is sent to the customer.
?Once a loan request is approved, the next step is to set a closing date. For closing, specific documents need to be prepared. Information from the loan application is transferred to the Note, Truth in Lending Art (Regulation Z), security agreement (for collateral) and optional insurance documents.
?Then closing is primarily a meeting where the applicant signs the various documents.
?Also during closing, the applicant would be required to show proof of ownership and proof of insurance for the collateral
?After the documents are signed, the proceeds from the loan are disbursed to the borrower often through a check or automatic credit to a deposit account. ?After the loan is closed, the terms and conditions of the loan are entered into
a loan servicing system. At the same time, a compliance review is
conducted. It checks the completeness, compliance with federal regulations, and adheres to the bank’s credit policy.
?After an applicant purchases with the assistance of the loan, he or she must begin payments on the loan. The payment processing is called Servicing the Loan.
?Once the payment is received, the bank applies it to the loan.
?As part of loan servicing, the bank tracks several documents connected to the collateral.
? A number of reports are also generated during servicing period. The reports are for the bank’s management staff, loan operations staff, and regulatory agencies as well as statements to customers.
?Generally, customers pay off their loans according to the schedule agreed to at closing. If the customer pays the loan off early, he or she may be entitled to a rebate. The customer can apply for extensions to postpone the maturity date of the loan. The customer can also apply for renewals to require re-
negotiating terms of the loan and processing a new note.
?If a customer is, for example, 30 to 60 days late in making his or her loan payment and does not contact the lender to negotiate an alternative
repayment schedule, the loan may be transferred to the lender’s collections department for servicing.
?If the customer fails to resume payments, the bank initiates action to take possession of the collateral. The borrower should be responsible for the
deficiency between the amount owed to the bank and the amount received from the sale of collateral.
?If the bank is unable to collect on the loan, the loan amount is debuted from the organization’s assets and earnings. This is referred to as a charge off.
The sale of collateral or the general assets of the borrower is the recovered funds, which are added to the bank’s earning.
?If sometimes the borrower declares bankruptcy, the bank that made the loan would participate in the court proceedings to try to recoup lost funds or
collateral.
?The final part of the process is the selling of groups of loans by the bank to investors. This is another way in which bank can generate funds.
?Selling groups of loans is referred to as securitization, or the selling of loans to a secondary market.
?Loans with similar characteristics are grouped together and placed in a pool for sale to investors.
?The borrower is generally not aware of the sale, because the bank usually continues to service the loan.
VII. General Ledger
?General Ledger (GL) is a collection of accounts including the record of debits, credits, and balances in these accounts.
?There are several different types of account including Asset, Liability, Capital, Income, and Expense etc.
?Each transaction should be posted to respective GL accounts, accumulated into transaction history file. The transaction history also is referred to
Debit/Credit History.
?In each transaction, the balance should be ensured. That is mean, the debit should be equal to credit
?Based on the history, the daily, monthly, and yearly accounting reports can be generated.
?The major two basic financial reports are Balance Sheet and Income Statement. They convey essential financial information about a bank’s
financial condition. All transactions that affect the bank are reflected in these
two reports.
?The Balance Sheet’s equation is Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Total Capital (Equity), where Assets are owned by or owed to the bank, Liabilities
are funds entrusted to the bank by other parties or owed by the bank, and
Capital (Equity) is the net worth of the bank. The Balance Sheet lists items in
order of liquidity.
?The Income Statement reports the income and expenses generated by the bank through a specified period of time.
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最大频率：16条16mhz，相关峰 最多40个外部中断源 复位和供应管理： 低功率，超安全欠压复位5可编程阈值 超低功率POR /PDR(通电复位/Protection（保护）、Detection（检测）、Response（响应）) 可编程电压检测器（Programmable voltage detector (PVD)） 时钟管理 32kHz和1-16MHz晶体振荡器 工厂校准的内部16MHz RC和 38kHz的低功耗RC 时钟安全系统
低功耗RTC BCD日历，闹钟中断， 数字校准+ / - 0.5ppm的准确度 先进的防篡改检测 DMA 4个通道。 ADC，DAC的，SPIS，我 2C，USART接口，定时器，1路。存储器到存储器的 LCD：8x40或4x44瓦特/升压转换器 12位ADC1 Msps/28渠道 温度。传感器和内部参考。电压 记忆
STM8L051低功耗模式测试文档 STM8L051的五种低功耗模式wait ，low power run mode，low power wait mode，Ative-Halt mode，Halt mode。 1、WAIT mode 在等待模式，CPU的时钟是停止的，被选择的外设继续运行。W AIT mode 分为两种方式：WFE，WFI。WFE是等待事件发生，才从等待模式中唤醒。WFI是等待中断发生，才从等待模式中唤醒。 2、low power run mode 在低功耗运行模式下，CPU和被选择的外设在工作，程序执行在LSI或者LSE下，从RAM 中执行程序，Flash和EEPROM都要停止运行。电压被配置成Ultra Low Power模式。进入此模式可以通过软件配置，退出此模式可以软件配置或者是复位。 3、low power wait mode 这种模式进入是在low power run mode下，执行wfe。在此模式下CPU时钟会被停止，其他的外设运行情况和low power run mode类似。在此模式下可以被内部或外部事件、中断和复位唤醒。当被事件唤醒后，系统恢复到low power run mode。 4、Active-Halt mode 在此模式下，除了RTC外，CPU和其他外设的时钟被停止。系统唤醒是通过RTC中断、外部中断或是复位。 5、Halt mode 在此模式下，CPU和外设的时钟都被停止。系统唤醒是通过外部中断或复位。关闭内部的参考电压可以进一步降低功耗。通过配置ULP位和FWU位，也可以6us的快速唤醒，不用等待内部的参考电压启动。 一、各个低功耗模式的代码实现 1、WAIT mode 等待模式分为两种：WFI和WFE。 1.1 WFI mode 当执行“wfi”语句时，系统就进入WFI模式，当中断发生时，CPU被从WFI模式唤醒，执行中断服务程序和继续向下执行程序。 通过置位CFG_GCR的AL位，使主程序服务完中断服务程序后，重新返回到WFI 模式。 程序如下： void Mcuwfi() { PWR_UltraLowPowerCmd(ENABLE); //开启电源的低功耗模式 CLK_HSEConfig(CLK_HSE_OFF); //关闭HSE时钟（16MHz） #ifdef USE_LSE CLK_SYSCLKSourceConfig(CLK_SYSCLKSource_LSE);
简介 欧阳光明（2021.03.07） 本参考手册的目标应用程序开发人员。它提供了完整的信息如何使用stm8l05xx，stm8l15xx和stm8l16xx微控制器的存储器和外围设备。 该stm8l05xx / stm8l15xx / stm8l16xx是一个家庭的不同存储密度的微控制器和外围设备。 这些产品是专为超低功耗应用。可用的外设的完整列表，请参阅产品数据表。 订购信息，引脚说明，机械和电气设备的特点，请参阅产品数据表。 关于STM8 SWIM通信协议信息和调试模块，请参阅用户手册（um0470）。 在STM8的核心信息，请参阅STM8的CPU编程手册（pm0044）。关于编程，擦除和保护的内部快闪记忆体，请参阅STM8L闪存编程手册（pm0054）。 表一、 类型零件号 控制器价值线低密度stm8l05xx设备：stm8l051x3 8KB Flash微控制器 价值线中密度stm8l05xx设备：stm8l052x6微控制器与32闪光 价值线高密度stm8l05xx设备：stm8l052x8 64-KB闪存微控制器 低密度stm8l15x设备：stm8l151c2 / K2 / G2／F2， stm8l151c3 / K3 / G3 / F3微控制器与4KB或8KB Flash 中密度stm8l15xx设备：stm8l151c4 / K4 / G4， 微控制器stm8l151c6 / K6 / G6，stm8l152c4 / K4和stm8l152c6 / K6 微控制器与16-KB或32闪光 培养基+密度stm8l15xx设备：stm8l151r6和 stm8l152r6微控制器与闪存（32比中密度器件广泛的外设范围） 高密度stm8l15xx设备：stm8l151x8和stm8l152x8 随着64-KB闪存微控制器（相同的外周设置为中等+） 高密度stm8l16xx设备：stm8l162x8微控制器与闪存（相同的外周设置为 64-KB高密度stm8l152设备加AES硬件加速器 目录 1中央处理单元（CPU）。30。 1.1引言30 1.2 CPU的寄存器。30。 1.2.1描述CPU寄存器。..。30 1.2.2STM8 CPU寄存器图。..。34 1.3全球配置寄存器（cfg_gcr）。34。 1.3.1激活水平。..。34
STM8L中文参考手册（4）- 20 16位通用定时器(TIM2、TIM3、tim5) 20.1简介 本章介绍TIM2、TIM3和tim5是相同的定时器 每个定时器包括一个由可编程分频器驱动的16位上下自动重载计数器它可以用于多种目的，包括:●定时产生●测量输入信号的脉冲长度(输入捕获) ●产生输出波形(输出比较、脉宽调制和脉冲模式)●各种中断能力事件(捕获、比较、溢出) ●与其他定时器或外部信号(外部时钟、复位、触发使能)同步 定时器时钟可以来自内部时钟，也可以来自配置寄存器或外部源本章仅介绍通用定时器的主要特性。它参考了与19:16高级控制定时器(TIM1)相对应的部分中的每个功能的更详细的信息页28320.2 TIMx 主要功能 通用TIMx TIM2/TIM3功能包括: ●16位向上、向下、向上/向下自动刷新计数器●3位可编程分频器允许将计数器的时钟频率分成1至128的任意2次方两个独立的低电平通道:输入捕获输出比较 脉冲宽度调制产生(边沿对齐)-一个脉冲输出模式 低电平中断输入，用于复位定时器输出信号，或处于已知状态●输入捕捉2可通过来自comp2比较器 :
更新的中断和DMA请求产生以下事件:当计数器溢出时，计数器初始化(软件)输入捕捉输出比较中断输入 触发事件(开始、停止、内部/外部触发初始化或计数) 20.3.1时间单元 定时器时基单元包括:●16位可逆计数器 时钟源是内部时钟(fsysclk)它由预分频器计数器的时钟ck_cnt驱动，预分频器计数器直接连接到ck_psc时钟馈送 分频器 分频器的实现如下:7位计数器(在timx_pscr寄存器中)由基于 低预分频器的3位寄存器控制它可以控制飞行中寄存器缓冲区的变化。它可以将计数器的时钟频率转换为1、2、4、8、16、32、64或128计数器的时钟频率计算如下: fCk _ CNT = fck _ PSC/2(PSCR[2:0)计数器操作 请参考第19.3.4页:上部288，模式部分19.3.5:在第290页向下计数，模式19.3.6:中心对齐(向上/向下计数)29220.3.2时钟/触发控制器 参见第296页第19.4节:TIM1时钟/触发控制器20.3.3采集/比较通道输入级 参见第310页第19.5节:TIM1采集/比较通道 有两个输入通道，如图122:输入级框图通道2内部连接到比较器
手动开关 手动开关没有自动切换为直接的但它提供给用户的切换事件时间的精确控制。参照图20中的流程图。 1。写使用系统时钟开关选择目标时钟源的8位值寄存器（clk_swr）。然后swbsy位是由硬件，和目标源振荡器开始。古老的时钟源继续驱动CPU和外设。 2。该软件具有等到目标时钟源准备（稳定的）。这是在clk_swcr寄存器和快捷旗由中断如果swien位设置显示。 3。最终软件的作用是设置，在所选择的时间，在clk_swcr的赛文点寄存器来执行开关。在手动和自动切换模式，旧的系统时钟源不会自动关闭的情况下是由其他模块（LSI混凝土可用于例如独立的看门狗驱动）。时钟源可以关机使用在内部时钟寄存器的位（clk_ickcr）和外部时钟寄存器（clk_eckcr）。如果时钟开关不因任何原因的工作，软件可以通过清除swbsy 标志复位电流开关操作。这将恢复clk_swr注册到其以前的内容（旧的系统时钟）。注意：在清理swbsy标志具有复位时钟主开关的程序，应用程序必须等到后产生新的主时钟切换请求之前有一段至少两个时钟周期。
9.7周门控时钟（PCG） 外周时钟门控（PCG）模式选择性地启用或禁用系统时钟（SYSCLK）连接到外围设备在运行或慢速模式的任何时间来优化功耗。 设备复位后，所有的外设时钟被禁用。唯一的一点是在复位状态是默认启用pcken27因为它用于启动。软件已被正确地写入关掉ROM Bootloader执行后的时钟。 您可以启用时钟的任何外围设置在clk_pckenrx周围门控时钟寄存器的相应pcken点。 ●使周围，首先使在clk_pckenr相应的pcken点 寄存器然后设置使点周围的外围控制寄存器。 ●禁用适当的外围，先禁用在周边的适当位 控制寄存器，然后停止相应的时钟。
This is information on a product in full production. March 2014 DocID023465 Rev 21/93 STM8L051F3 Value Line, 8-bit ultralow power MCU, 8-KB Flash, 256-byte data EEPROM, RTC, timers, USART, I2C, SPI, ADC Datasheet production data Features ?Operating conditions –Operating power supply: 1.8 V to 3.6 V Temperature range: ?40 °C to 85 °C ?Low power features – 5 low power modes: Wait, Low power run (5.1 μA), Low power wait (3 μA), Active-halt with RTC (1.3 μA), Halt (350 nA)–Ultra-low leakage per I/0: 50 nA –Fast wakeup from Halt: 5 μs ?Advanced STM8 core –Harvard architecture and 3-stage pipeline –Max freq: 16 MHz, 16 CISC MIPS peak –Up to 40 external interrupt sources ?Reset and supply management –Low power, ultra-safe BOR reset with 5 selectable thresholds –Ultra low power POR/PDR –Programmable voltage detector (PVD)?Clock management –32 kHz and 1 to 16 MHz crystal oscillators –Internal 16 MHz factory-trimmed RC –Internal 38 kHz low consumption RC –Clock security system ?Low power RTC –BCD calendar with alarm interrupt –Digital calibration with +/- 0.5 ppm accuracy –LSE security system –Auto-wakeup from Halt w/ periodic interrupt ?Memories –8 Kbytes of Flash program memory and 256 bytes of data EEPROM with ECC –Flexible write and read protection modes – 1 Kbyte of RAM ?DMA – 4 channels supporting ADC, SPI, I2C, USART, timers – 1 channel for memory-to-memory ?12-bit ADC up to 1 Msps/28 channels –Internal reference voltage ?Timers –Two 16-bit timers with 2 channels (used as IC, OC, PWM), quadrature encoder –One 8-bit timer with 7-bit prescaler – 2 watchdogs: 1 Window, 1 Independent –Beeper timer with 1, 2 or 4 kHz frequencies ?Communication interfaces –Synchronous serial interface (SPI)–Fast I 2C 400 kHz SMBus and PMBus –USART ?Up to 18 I/Os, all mappable on interrupt vectors ?Development support –Fast on-chip programming and non-intrusive debugging with SWIM –Bootloader using USART https://www.doczj.com/doc/ec4811222.html,
STM8L单片机入门手册 注：本教程以STM8L052R8和IAR开发环境为例1、IAR环境安装与注意事项： 安装时按照一般软件安装即可，提示需要输入License时请使用IAR kegen PartC软件进行破解，注意Product选择STM8项，如下图示： 另外：机器上本身安装过MSP430平台的IAR环境，安装STM8平台的IAR是可以兼容的
2、IAR环境创建STM8工程： 2.1、创建工程 如下图示，打开IAR环境for STM8 选择project->Create New Project，选择C语言开发，点击“OK” 选择保存路径后输入工程名点击“保存”即可。
按上图示，添加文件分组，并命名“SRC”和“Lib”，类似方法在分组中添加文件。 2.2工程重要设置： 右击工程名，选择“Options…” 在General Options项中，Target选项卡中按照下图设置： 在C/C++ Compiler项中，Preprocessor选项卡中添加头文件路径，如下图示：
红色圈内容直接输入（不能选？？？） $PROJ_DIR$\..\Lib\inc 解释：$PROJ_DIR$->表示当前工程目录（.eww文件所在目录）； ..->表示上层目录； 在Debugger项中，设置仿真调试器与入口函数，如下图示：
main 上图中，Run to：写main 这里是设置入口函数2.3设置生成HEX文件： 右击工程名，选择“Options…”
该设置不会影响调试器在线仿真功能，可以一直勾选上，这点和MSP430不同。 3、IAR环境常见问题及解决方法 3.1、Couldn’t go to ‘M52Li’ 进入调试模式是会有下图警告，并且不能调试 找不到入口函数，入口函数应该是main 3.2、“The debugging session could not be started.” 由于脱机烧录或者其他原因写了保护，造成连接不上目标板。 解决方法： 打开STVP软件，点击读取按钮，会出现以下报错： 此时，进入到OPTION BYTE页面，将ROP写为OFF模式，如下图示
1、工程新建 首先新建文件夹，在文件夹下建立四个文件（这个看个人喜好），我喜欢建立一个工程文件夹Project用于存放工程文件，Library文件用于存放库文件，App用于存放用户程序，Doc 用于存放说明文档，如图1所示。 图1 二：将官方的库文件Libraries文件下STM8S_StdPeriph_Driver这个文件下的内容复制到自己新建的Library文件下，把官方Project文件下Template文件夹下main.c stm8s_conf.h stm8s_it.c 和stm8s_it.h复制到App文件夹下。如图2，图3。 图2 图3 三：打开IAR 选择Project-> Create New Project –>ok,将文件保存到Project下，
这时工程已经建好，右击工程选择Add Group,然后依次添加文件App,Libraries,Doc,BSP_CFG 配置好如图所示 四：给工程下APP添加App文件下的文件如图
给Libraries添加Library文件下src文件下的所有文件、 五配置Options,包括如下，1选择型号这里选STM8S903K3 2C++选项卡配置路经，和型号的宏定义。
六编译工程，这事会提醒对工程的保存，进行保存即可，这时会发现很多错误，这是因为这个库包含了所有的型号，有些这个单片机没有，将它移除即可。再次编译就会发现没有错误了。 7HEX文件输出
2、系统时钟 四种不同的时钟源可以用来驱动系统时钟： ●16 MHz 高速内部（HSI）工厂调整RC 时钟 ●1 到16 MHz 高速外（HSE）振荡器时钟 ●32.768 千赫低速外（LSE）振荡器时钟 ●38 千赫低速内部（LSI）低功耗时钟 每个时钟源可以开启或关闭独立不使用时的功耗，优化。 这四个时钟可以用一个可编程分频器（因素1 至128）驱动 系统时钟（系统时钟）。该系统时钟用于时钟的核心，内存和外设。复位后，该设备重新启动与HSI 时钟除以8 的违约。该分频器分频比时钟源可以改变应用程序尽快执行代码起点。
October 2010Doc ID 15275 Rev 111/81 STM8L101xx 8-bit ultralow power microcontroller with up to 8 Kbytes Flash, multifunction timers, comparators, USART , SPI, I2C Features ■ Main microcontroller features –Supply voltage range 1.65 V to 3.6 V –Low power consumption (Halt: 0.3μA, Active-halt: 0.8μA, Dynamic Run: 150μA/MHz) –STM8 Core with up to 16 CISC MIPS throughput –Temp. range: -40 to 85°C and 125 °C ■ Memories –Up to 8 Kbytes of Flash program including up to 2 Kbytes of data EEPROM –Error correction code (ECC) –Flexible write and read protection modes –In-application and in-circuit programming –Data EEPROM capability – 1.5 Kbytes of static RAM ■ Clock management –Internal 16 MHz RC with fast wakeup time (typ. 4μs) –Internal low consumption 38kHz RC driving both the IWDG and the AWU ■ Reset and supply management –Ultralow power, ultrasafe power-on-reset /power down reset –Three low power modes: Wait, Active-halt, Halt ■ Interrupt management –Nested interrupt controller with software priority control –Up to 29 external interrupt sources ■ I/Os –Up to 30 I/Os, all mappable on external interrupt vectors –I/Os with prog. input pull-ups, high sink/source capability and one LED driver infrared output ■ Peripherals –Two 16-bit general purpose timers (TIM2 and TIM3) with up and down counter and 2 channels (used as IC, OC, PWM) –One 8-bit timer (TIM4) with 7-bit prescaler –Infrared remote control (IR)–Independent watchdog –Auto-wakeup unit –Beeper timer with 1, 2 or 4 kHz frequencies –SPI synchronous serial interface –Fast I2C Multimaster/slave 400 kHz –USART with fractional baud rate generator – 2 comparators with 4 inputs each ■Development support –Hardware single wire interface module (SWIM) for fast on-chip programming and non intrusive debugging –In-circuit emulation (ICE)■ 96-bit unique ID Table 1. Device summary Reference Part number STM8L101xx STM8L101F1, STM8L101F2, STM8L101F3, STM8L101G2, STM8L101G3STM8L101K3 https://www.doczj.com/doc/ec4811222.html,