Ischemic stroke as a primary symptom of neurosyphilis among HIV-negative emergency patients
Li-Li Liu a ,b ,1,Wei-Hong Zheng c ,1,Man-Li Tong a ,1,Gui-Li Liu a ,Hui-Lin Zhang a ,Zuo-Gen Fu a ,Li-Rong Lin a ,?,Tian-Ci Yang a ,b ,?
a Center of Clinical Laboratory,Zhongshan Hospital,Medical College of Xiamen University,Xiamen 361004,China
b Xiamen Zhongshan Hospital,Fujian Medical University,Xiamen 361004,China
c
Department of Neurology,Zhongshan Hospital,Medical College of Xiamen University,Xiamen 361004,China
a b s t r a c t
a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:
Received 12December 2011
Received in revised form 8March 2012Accepted 12March 2012Available online 4April 2012Keywords:Syphilis
Neurosyphilis Ischemic stroke Primary symptom
Background:Neurosyphilis is known as “the great imitator ”or “the great impostor ”because of its wide range of clinical symptoms.A high misdiagnosis rate of ischemic stroke was observed among neurosyphilis patients in clinical practice,which prevents patients from receiving the most appropriate treatment,and often results in more severe neurologic damage.
Methods:A total of 149neurosyphilis patients were retrospectively reviewed.The control group comprised 1570non-neurosyphilitic ischemic stroke patients.The proportion of patients with ischemic stroke as the primary symptom of the different types of neurosyphilis and the misdiagnosis rate of neurosyphilitic ische-mic stroke were analyzed,including the risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Results:Among the 149neurosyphilis patients,21(14.09%)developed ischemic stroke as a primary symp-tom,including three cases of syphilitic meningitis and 18cases of meningovascular neurosyphilis.Only four of the neurosyphilis patients had histories of ischemic stroke and recurrence.The other 17cases were treated for the ?rst time in the emergency department;however,none of the patients were initially sus-pected of neurosyphilitic ischemic stroke.All of the patients were only diagnosed with neurosyphilis during their follow-up treatment.The misdiagnosis rate of neurosyphilitic ischemic stroke was as high as 80.95%(17/21).Furthermore,except for hypertension,no signi ?cant differences in cardiovascular risk factors were observed between the groups (P >0.05).
Conclusions:In clinical practice,particularly during emergencies,any ischemic stroke patient should be screened for neurosyphilis.
?2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.
1.Introduction
Neurosyphilis,the syphilitic infection of the nervous system (NS),has been widely studied for more than a century [1,2].It is caused by the dissemination of Treponema pallidum into the cerebrospinal ?uid (CSF)and meninges [3].The disease is commonly known as “the great imitator ”or “the great impostor ”because of its wide range of clinical symptoms [4].The availability of antibiotics has led to a precipitous de-cline in the incidence of neurosyphilis [5–7].However,some scholars have hypothesized that the widespread use of antibiotics for a variety of infections unrelated to syphilis would result in the incomplete or par-tial treatment of patients with undiagnosed underlying syphilis,which
could potentially cause changes in the clinical manifestations of neuro-syphilis [7,8].Several case series have described these symptoms as atypical or “formes frustes ”[9–11].Although the incidence of syphilis has decreased signi ?cantly in the post-penicillin era,a worldwide re-surgence of neurosyphilis has occurred since the advent of the human immunode ?ciency virus (HIV)epidemic [12–14].In addition,the pre-cise incidence of neurosyphilis remains unknown because of the simi-larities in the clinical manifestations of neurosyphilis and other neurological diseases.Invasion of the CNS by T.pallidum can occur at any stage of syphilitic infections.Therefore,early diagnosis and treat-ment are important because neurosyphilis is easily treated with the ap-propriate antibiotics.However,establishing the diagnosis is often dif ?cult because most patients are asymptomatic or present with non-speci ?c symptoms [15].Thus,the rate of misdiagnosis neurosyphilis is quite high,preventing the patient from receiving the most appropriate treatment,which further results in more severe neurologic damage.
Neurosyphilis is caused by the invasion of T.pallidum into the me-ninges,arteries,and the surrounding arteries;its main pathologic changes are extensive meningeal and perivascular space expansion,
Journal of the Neurological Sciences 317(2012)35–39
?Corresponding authors at:Center of Clinical Laboratory,Zhongshan Hospital,Medical College of Xiamen University,Xiamen 361004,China.Tel.:+865922993042;fax:+865922993043.
E-mail addresses:linlirong@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef5893586.html, (L.-R.Lin),yangtianci@https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef5893586.html, (T.-C.Yang).1
Li-Li Liu,Wei-Hong Zheng,and Man-Li Tong contributed equally to this
work.0022-510X/$–see front matter ?2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:
10.1016/j.jns.2012.03.003
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lymphocyte in?ltration,and possible intimal?brosis and hyperplasia, which leads to stenosis and further results in vascular occlusion and secondary ischemic stroke[16].The rate of misdiagnosis neurosyphi-litic ischemic stroke is high because it has clinical symptoms similar to other diseases and exhibits no differences in CT and MRI results. The current research retrospectively reviewed149cases of neurosy-philis in the Zhongshan Hospital,Medical College of Xiamen from June2005to June2011and analyzed the clinical misdiagnosis rate of ischemic stroke among neurosyphilis patients,as well as the risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases.
2.Methods
2.1.Study design and patients
All of the data used in the present research were obtained from the patient record database of Zhongshan Hospital,Medical College of Xiamen University(except for return-visit patients).A total of 149hospitalized patients(114males and35females)from June 2005to June2011,with an average age of52.7years,were clinically diagnosed with neurosyphilis based on clinical,laboratory,and na-tional guidelines[17].At the same time,1570ischemic stroke pa-tients caused by hypertensive arteriosclerotic cerebrovascular disease(1023males and547females),with an average age of 63.8years,were randomly selected as the control group.In the pre-sent study,the possibility of HIV infection was excluded among the1719cases,which were previously screened via ELISA using HIV 1+2antigens/antibodies(Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enter-prise Co.,Ltd.,China).All of the subjects were in-patients without family histories of diabetes mellitus.This study was approved by the ethics committees at the Medical College of Xiamen University.In-formed consent was obtained from all of the subjects.
2.2.Diagnostic criteria
Initially,the patients in this research were screened for syphilis. Then,the syphilis patients were further examined for neurosyphilis. The diagnostic evidence for syphilis complies with the national guide-lines[17].Depending on the stage of infection,the diagnosis of syph-ilis was established through the documented detection of reactive serum non-treponemal tests[rapid plasma reagin(RPR)or venereal disease research laboratory(VDRL)tests]and treponemal tests [T.pallidum particle agglutination(TPPA)or?uorescent treponemal antibody absorption(FTA-ABS)],with or without the characteristic symptoms of syphilis[18–20].
The diagnostic criteria for neurosyphilis complied with the guide-lines of the Center for Disease Control(CDC)in the US,with estab-lished surveillance de?nitions used epidemiologically[17].The two categories include“con?rmed”and“presumptive”neurosyphilis. The former is de?ned as(1)any stage of syphilis with(2)reactive CSF VDRL.The latter is de?ned as(1)any stage of syphilis with (2)a nonreactive CSF VDRL,(3)CSF pleocytosis(>10×106cells/L) or elevated protein(>500mg/L),and(4)clinical signs or symptoms consistent with syphilis without an alternate diagnosis to account for these manifestations.Based on our clinical experience and the related literature[21],positive CSF TPPA and/or CSF FTA-ABS can also be used for diagnosing neurosyphilis.
The criteria used for excluding neurosyphilis were as follows: 1)patients seronegative for RPR and TPPA;or2)patients seropositive for RPR or TPPA,but negative for CSF VDRL,CSF TPPA,CSF FTA-ABS, CSF pleocytosis,and CSF protein without any characteristic symptoms or signs of neurosyphilis.
The diagnostic criteria for ischemic stroke were in accordance with the guidelines of the International Classi?cation of Disease-10(ICD-10).2.3.Syphilitic serologic tests
The syphilitic serologic tests for each sample were performed using RPR and TPPA tests(Fujirebio,Tokyo,Japan)according to the manufacturer's instructions.All sera samples used in RPR test were diluted in physiologic saline(0.9%NaCl)with a ratio of1:1to1:32 (V/V)to avoid producing prozone effects and false negative results (FNRs).The readings were taken immediately with naked eyes,and then compared with the negative and positive controls.The RPR-reactive serum samples were quanti?ed in twofold serial dilutions until the end was determined.Low titers of seropositive results were randomly and blindly checked by quali?ed technicians for qual-ity control.Three standard serum samples with low,medium,and high titers from the National Centers for Clinical Laboratory were used as the controls for the RPR and TPPA reaction.The initial dilution of the serum samples in the TPPA reactions was1:80.The serum sam-ples that produced con?icting or inconclusive results for a particular technique were tested in duplicate and the new result was considered the true result.
2.4.Biochemical examination
Approximately2mL of blood was collected in plain sterile tubes from patients who fasted for at least8h prior to treatment.The blood was centrifuged within90min and analyzed within4h using a Roche–Hitachi Modular P800analyzer(Roche Diagnostics, F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.,Basel,Switzerland)to measure the glu-cose,homocysteine(HCY),and blood lipids.Then,2mL of the CSF samples were collected in plain sterile tubes and analyzed within 1h to determine the proteins using a Roche–Hitachi Modular P800 analyzer and CSF WBC using an automatic blood cell XE5000analyzer (Sysmex International Reagents Co.,Ltd.,Japan).
2.5.Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version17.0soft-ware.Some measurement data were presented as mean±standard de-viation.One-way ANOVA was used to determine the signi?cant differences between two different groups.Chi-square tests were used to determine the signi?cant differences across groups.A two-tailed alpha value of0.05or less was considered statistically signi?cant.
3.Results
3.1.Proportion of patients with different types of neurosyphilis
A total of149neurosyphilis-na?ve in-patients from the Zhongshan Hospital,Medical College of Xiamen University from June2005to June2011were included in the current study.The study included 40(26.85%)asymptomatic neurosyphilis cases;57cases(38.25%)of parenchymal syphilis,including general paresis and tabes dorsalis; 28cases(18.79%)of meningovascular neurosyphilis;23cases (15.44%)of meningeal syphilis;and one case(0.67%)of gummatous neurosyphilis(Table1).
3.2.Proportion of patients with ischemic stroke as a primary symptom of different types of neurosyphilis
Among the149neurosyphilis patients,21(14.09%)suffered ische-mic stroke as a primary symptom,including three(3/23,13.04%) cases of syphilitic meningitis and18(18/28,64.29%)cases of menin-govascular neurosyphilis.The statistical analysis indicated that the proportion of patients with a primary symptom of ischemic stroke among meningovascular neurosyphilis patients was signi?cantly higher than those with syphilitic meningitis(χ2=13.689,P b0.05; Fig.1).
36L.-L.Liu et al./Journal of the Neurological Sciences317(2012)35–39
3.3.Misdiagnosis rate for neurosyphilis patients with ischemic stroke as
a primary symptom
Based on the analysis of the clinical misdiagnosis rate,among the 21neurosyphilis patients with ischemic stroke as primary symptom, four patients with neurosyphilis had a history of ischemic stroke and recurrence of the disease,the remaining17cases were treated for the?rst time in the hospital emergency department,and none of them were initially suspected of neurosyphilitic ischemic stroke. They were all only diagnosed during their follow-up treatment.The misdiagnosis rate was as high as80.95%(17/21)(Table2).
3.4.Analysis of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease among ischemic stroke patients
Ischemic stroke patients often have a history of hypertension,dia-betes,or atherosclerosis,and the disease is associated with elevated blood lipids and obesity.In the current study,risk factors for cardio-vascular disease,such as gender,age,hypertension,diabetes,blood lipids,HCY,and body mass index(BMI),were compared among the 21ischemic stroke patients with neurosyphilis(Group1)and the 1570ischemic stroke patients without neurosyphilis in the same peri-od(Group2).The average age in Group1was58.2years±11.2years, which is lower than the average age of the Group2patients (63.8years±14.4years).However,no signi?cant difference was ob-served between these two groups(F=3.086,P=0.079).In addition, no statistically signi?cant difference in gender was found between the two groups(χ2=2.283,P=0.097).Groups1and2had11 (52.38%)and1187(75.60%)patients with hypertension,respectively, and the incidence of hypertension in Group2was signi?cantly higher than that in Group1(χ2=6.009,P=0.018).Moreover,Groups1and 2had seven(33.33%)and415(26.40%)patients with diabetes melli-tus,respectively,without any signi?cant difference between these two groups(χ2=0.506,P=0.311)(Fig.2).Furthermore,analysis of blood lipids,HCY,and BMI showed no signi?cant differences between the two groups(Table3).
4.Discussion
Based on the different stages of T.pallidum invasion,neurosyphilis is divided into?ve major categories,namely,asymptomatic,menin-geal,meningovascular,parenchymatous,and gummatous.However, this classi?cation is a continuum and the categories frequently over-lap[22].Among these types,syphilitic meningitis and meningovascu-lar neurosyphilis are commonly associated with the occurrence of ischemic stroke caused by T.pallidum,which invades the meninges, arteries,and surrounding arteries.The meningovascular neurosyphi-lis mainly affects arteries and can be further divided into Heubner ar-teritis and Nissl–Alzheimer arteritis.Heubner arteritis,the most common form of neurosyphilitic arteritis,affects large and medium-size arteries and is characterized by?broblastic proliferation of the intima,thinning of the media,and adventitial?brous and in?amma-tory changes.Nissl–Alzheimer arteritis typically affects small vessels and is manifested as endothelial and adventitial thickening.Both types of arteritis produce narrowing and focal dilatation of the vessel lumen,correlating with the segmental“beading”seen angiographic-ally.Vascular occlusion easily results in ischemia and subsequent in-farction[16].In the present study,21cases of ischemic stroke were diagnosed among syphilitic meningitis and meningovascular neuro-syphilis patients,out of149neurosyphilis-na?ve inpatients from the Zhongshan Hospital,Medical College of Xiamen University,from June2005to June2011,caused by cerebrovascular and meningeal in-volvement,which accounted for14.09%.
Syphilitic CNS involvement may occur in all stages of infection. Syphilitic meningitis in the primo-secondary stage presents with headache,nausea,vomiting,and nuchal rigidity,and is occasionally combined with cranial nerve alterations(predominantly nerves II, VII,and VIII)[23].The CNS manifestations of tertiary syphilis include meningovascular neurosyphilis,general paresis,and tabes dorsalis. Meningovascular neurosyphilis usually occurs within10years of syphilitic infection[24],commonly within four years to seven
years
Fig.1.Proportion of patients with ischemic stroke as a primary symptom of different
types of neurosyphilis.*The proportion of patients who had ischemic stroke as the pri-
mary symptom in meningovascular neurosyphilis patients is signi?cantly higher than
that in syphilitic meningitis patients(χ2=13.689,P b0.05).
Table2
Misdiagnosis rate for neurosyphilis patients with ischemic stroke as a primary
symptom.
Clinical phases of syphilis No.of
patients
No.of neurosyphilis
patients with a
history of ischaemic
stroke
Missed
diagnosis rate
Cases%
Syphilitic meningitis31266.67
Meningovascular neurosyphilis1831583.33
Total21417
80.95
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef5893586.html,parison of the rate of ischemic stroke among patients with hypertension
and diabetes mellitus with different causes.*The incidence of hypertension among is-
chemic stroke patients without neurosyphilis was signi?cantly higher than that among
ischemic stroke patients with neurosyphilis(χ2=6.009,P=0.018);no signi?cant dif-
ference in the incidence rate of diabetes mellitus was observed between the two
groups(χ2=0.506,P=0.311).
Table1
Typical classi?cation of149neurosyphilis cases from June2005to June2011.
Clinical phases
of syphilis
Cases
(%)
Male
(cases)
Female
(cases)
Average age
(range in years)
Median age
(years)
Asymptomatic
neurosyphilis
40(26.85)291153.4(29–85)50
Syphilitic
meningitis
23(15.44)14948.9(34–72)52
Meningovascular
neurosyphilis
28(18.79)21757.0(37–79)55
Gummatous
neurosyphilis
1(0.67)1051(51–51)51
General paresis51(34.22)43853.3(35–75)50
Tabes dosalis6(4.03)6038(33–53)35
Total149(100)1143552.7(29–85)51
37
L.-L.Liu et al./Journal of the Neurological Sciences317(2012)35–39
[25].The in?ammatory process occurs subacutely in meningeal and vascular tissues of the CNS,with mainly cerebral cases and main-ly spinal cases.The symptoms of meningovascular neurosyphilis are extraordinarily variable.Early symptoms include visual impairment, vertigo,monopareses or hemipareses(with stroke-like onset),head-ache,hearing loss,gait disturbances,and behavioral deviations[23]. Although the average latency of meningovascular neurosyphilis is ap-proximately seven years,it may occur within a few months of infec-tion among HIV patients[26].Out of149neurosyphilis patients, 23had syphilitic meningitis and3cases developed ischemic stroke; 28cases had meningovascular neurosyphilis,and18cases presented with ischemic stroke.The results show that neurosyphilis with ische-mic stroke occurs mainly in meningovascular neurosyphilis,account-ing for85.71%(18/21),whereas syphilitic meningitis occurred only in 14.29%(3/21).Based on the clinical misdiagnosis rate analysis,except for four patients with neurosyphilis had histories of ischemic stroke, 17of the21neurosyphilis patients with ischemic stroke as their pri-mary symptom were?rst-treatment cases in the hospital emergency department,and none of the cases were suspected of neurosyphilis during the initial diagnosis,all were only diagnosed with neurosyphi-lis during the follow-up treatment.The misdiagnosis rate was as high as80.95%(17/21).
The incidence of hypertensive arteriosclerotic intracerebral ische-mic stroke is relevant to hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,obe-sity,age,and other factors.In the current study,the gender,age, hypertension,diabetes,blood lipids,HCY,and BMI were compared between ischemic stroke patients with and without neurosyphilis. The results show that the gender,age,and BMI had no signi?cant dif-ference between the two groups.The two groups all had high compli-cation rates of hypertension and diabetes,as well as high levels of blood lipids,HCY,and BMI.In addition to hypertension,no signi?cant difference was observed between the two groups in the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among the ischemic stroke patients.How-ever,hypertension is a signi?cant symptom in most ischemic stroke patients.Thus,the difference in hypertension between the two pa-tients groups is unlikely to be clinically meaningful.A previous study revealed that neurosyphilitic ischemic stroke affects younger people[27].However,our data do not show any signi?cant difference in age between the two groups,in which neurosyphilis occurs in the elderly,who was a high-risk group for hypertensive arteriosclerotic cerebrovascular disease.Meanwhile,the incidence of ischemic stroke is increasing among younger patients[28–30].
Although nearly six years have elapsed in determining that 21cases of neurosyphilis patients were associated with ischemic stroke,which only comprise1.22%(21/1719)of the total ischaemic stroke patients over the same period.However,the high missed diag-nosis rate of80.95%indicates a signi?cant impact on the treatment of neurosyphilis.Our data showed that no signi?cant difference was ob-served among the cardiovascular risk factors except for hypertension, which suggests that the clinical manifestations were similar.Thus,the serologic tests for neurosyphilis for ischemic stroke patients are es-sential.Once a stroke patient is diagnosed with syphilis,a multidisci-plinary team that includes neurologists,rehabilitation specialists,and infectious disease experts,should be consulted.Counseling for the psychological consequences of the diagnosis,particularly if concomi-tant HIV infection was found,should be provided[31].
The neurologic manifestations observed among patients with syphilis have changed;the meningeal and vascular forms of syphilis are more commonly observed[8,32,33].In clinical practice,particu-larly in emergency cases,ischemic stroke patients should undergo blood serum screening for syphilis.When serology proves positive, all patients should undergo CSF examination.Neurosyphilis must be considered among patients with stroke.
Con?ict of interest
We con?rm that all authors satis?ed all conditions required for authorship.We also con?rm that there is no potential con?ict of in-terest as described in the instruction for authors.All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
Ethical approval
This study was approved by the ethics committees at the Medical College of Xiamen University.
Acknowledgments
The current study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation's Major Research Planning(Grant No.91029729),the National Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.81171625and 81101324),and the Technology Foundation's Major Project of Social Development in Fujian Province(Grant No.2011Y4009). References
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Table3
Comparison of blood lipids,homocysteine,and body-mass index in patients with different causes of ischaemic stroke.
Clinical phases of syphilis No.of
patients
Patients with
blood lipids
Homocysteine
(HCY)
BMI a
(kg/m2)
No.of ischaemic
stroke patients
with neurosyphilis
2113(61.90%)10(47.62%)23.72±6.64
No.of ischaemic
stroke patients
without neurosyphilis
1570868(55.29%)848(54.01%)25±6.48
Statistical results X2=0.367,
P=0.554X2=0.341,
P=0.659
F=0.861,
P=0.354
a Body-mass index(BMI,which is the weight in kilograms divided by the square of
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英美文学专业开题报告 引导语：各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事,但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品,而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统。以下 是的为大家找到的英美文学专业开题报告。希望能够帮助到大家! 论文题目theApplicationandInnovation 一、选题的意义和研究现状 1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义长时期以来,人们视艾米莉?勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜,许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究,得出了不同的结论,因而往往是旧谜刚解,新谜又出,解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉,指出艾米莉?勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统,同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力,将现实 与超现实融为一体,给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜 活力,达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一,使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”,又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”,从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事,但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品,而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统
(Gothictradition)。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20世纪二三十年代,到70年代以后,由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响,该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。 根据在国际互联网上的搜索,到2000年9月为止,英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外,还至少出版专著达184部,其中1970年以后为126部,仅90年代就达59部,几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加,更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展,并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。 二、研究方案 1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲)研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉,指出艾米莉?勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统,同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力,将现实与超现实融为一体,给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力,达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一,使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”,又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”,从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果(大纲): 1.ASurveyofGothic1.1DefinitionofGothic 1.2theOriginofGothicNovels
教育资料 《短歌行》 《短歌行》赏析(林庚) 曹操这一首《短歌行》是建安时代杰出的名作，它代表着人生的两面，一方面是人生的忧患，一方面是人生的欢乐。而所谓两面也就是人生的全面。整个的人生中自然含有一个生活的态度，这就具体地表现在成为《楚辞》与《诗经》传统的产儿。它一方面不失为《楚辞》中永恒的追求，一方面不失为一个平实的生活表现，因而也就为建安诗坛铺平了道路。 这首诗从“对酒当歌，人生几何”到“但为君故，沉吟至今”，充分表现着《楚辞》里的哀怨。一方面是人生的无常，一方面是永恒的渴望。而“呦呦鹿鸣”以下四句却是尽情的欢乐。你不晓得何以由哀怨这一端忽然会走到欢乐那一端去，转折得天衣无缝，仿佛本来就该是这么一回事似的。这才是真正的人生的感受。这一段如是，下一段也如是。“明明如月，何时可掇?忧从中来，不可断绝。越陌度阡，枉用相存。契阔谈宴，心念旧恩。月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。绕树三匝，何枝可依。”缠绵的情调，把你又带回更深的哀怨中去。但“山不厌高，海不厌深”，终于走入“周公吐哺，天下归心”的结论。上下两段是一个章法，但是你并不觉得重复，你只觉得卷在悲哀与欢乐的旋涡中，不知道什么时候悲哀没有了，变成欢乐，也不知道什么时候欢乐没有了，又变成悲哀，这岂不是一个整个的人生吗?把整个的人生表现在一个刹那的感觉上，又都归于一个最实在的生活上。“我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙”，不正是当时的情景吗?“周公吐哺，天下归心”，不正是当时的信心吗? “青青子衿”到“鼓瑟吹笙”两段连贯之妙，古今无二。《诗经》中现成的句法一变而有了《楚辞》的精神，全在“沉吟至今”的点窜，那是“青青子衿”的更深的解释，《诗经》与《楚辞》因此才有了更深的默契，从《楚辞》又回到《诗经》，这样与《鹿鸣》之诗乃打成一片，这是一个完满的行程，也便是人生旅程的意义。“月明星稀”何以会变成“山不厌高，海不厌深”?几乎更不可解。莫非由于“明月出天山”，“海上生明月”吗?古辞说：“枯桑知天风，海水知天寒”，枯桑何以知天风，因为它高；海水何以知天寒，因为它深。唐人诗“一叶落知天下秋”，我们对于宇宙万有正应该有一个“知”字。然则既然是山，岂可不高?既然是海，岂可不深呢?“并刀如水，吴盐胜雪”，既是刀，就应该雪亮；既是盐，就应该雪白，那么就不必问山与海了。 山海之情，成为漫漫旅程的归宿，这不但是乌鹊南飞，且成为人生的思慕。山既尽其高，海既尽其深。人在其中乃有一颗赤子的心。孟子主尽性，因此养成他浩然之气。天下所以归心，我们乃不觉得是一个夸张。 .
2014 Final Exam Study Guide for American Literature Class Plan of Final Exam 1.Best Choice Question 10% 2.True or False Question 10% 3.Definition 10% 4.Give Brief Answers to Questions 30% 5.Critical Comments 40% American Literature Review Poe’s Poetic Ideas; Major Ideas in Emerson’s “Nature”; Whitman’s Style; Formal Features of Dickinson’s Poetry; Analysis of “Miniver Cheevy” by Edwin Arlington Robinson; Comment on “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost; Naturalistic reading of Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser; The Theme and Techniques in Eliot’s “The Waste Land”; Theme and Technique in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald; Comment on Hemingway’s style and theme in A Farewell to Arms; Analysis of “Dry September” by William Faulkner; Literary terms: Transcendentalism American Naturalism The Lost Generation The Jazz Age Free Verse The Iceberg Analogy
曹操《短歌行【对酒当歌】》原文、翻译、赏析译文 原文 面对美酒应该高歌，人生短促日月如梭。对酒当歌，人生几何？ 好比晨露转瞬即逝，失去的时日实在太多！譬如朝露，去日苦多。 席上歌声激昂慷慨，忧郁长久填满心窝。慨当以慷，忧思难忘。 靠什么来排解忧闷？唯有狂饮方可解脱。何以解忧？唯有杜康。 那穿着青领（周代学士的服装）的学子哟，你们令我朝夕思慕。青青子衿，悠悠我心。 正是因为你们的缘故，我一直低唱着《子衿》歌。但为君故，沉吟至今。 阳光下鹿群呦呦欢鸣，悠然自得啃食在绿坡。呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。 一旦四方贤才光临舍下，我将奏瑟吹笙宴请宾客。我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。 当空悬挂的皓月哟，你运转着，永不停止；明明如月，何时可掇？ 我久蓄于怀的忧愤哟，突然喷涌而出汇成长河。忧从中来，不可断绝。 远方宾客踏着田间小路，一个个屈驾前来探望我。越陌度阡，枉用相存。 彼此久别重逢谈心宴饮，争着将往日的情谊诉说。契阔谈讌，心念旧恩。 明月升起，星星闪烁，一群寻巢乌鹊向南飞去。月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。 绕树飞了三周却没敛绕树三匝，何枝
翅，哪里才有它们栖身之 所？ 可依？ 高山不辞土石才见巍 峨，大海不弃涓流才见壮阔。（比喻用人要“唯才是举”，多多益善。）山不厌高，水不厌深。 只有像周公那样礼待贤 才（周公见到贤才，吐出口 中正在咀嚼的食物，马上接 待。《史记》载周公自谓： “一沐三握发，一饭三吐哺， 犹恐失天下之贤。”），才 能使天下人心都归向我。 周公吐哺，天 赏析 曹操是汉末杰出的政治家、军事家和文学家，他雅好诗章，好作乐府歌辞，今存诗22首，全是乐府诗。曹操的乐府诗多描写他本人的政治主张和统一天下的雄心壮志。如他的《短歌行》，充分表达了诗人求贤若渴以及统一天下的壮志。 《短歌行》是政治性很强的诗作，主要是为曹操当时所实行的政治路线和政策策略服务的，但是作者将政治内容和意义完全熔铸在浓郁的抒情意境之中，全诗充分发挥了诗歌创作的特长，准确而巧妙地运用了比兴手法，寓理于情，以情感人。诗歌无论在思想内容还是在艺术上都取得了极高的成就，语言质朴，立意深远，气势充沛。这首带有建安时代"志深比长""梗概多气"的时代特色的《短歌行》，读后不觉思接千载，荡气回肠，受到强烈的感染。 对酒当歌，人生几何？ 譬如朝露，去日苦多。 慨当以慷，幽思难忘。 何以解忧，唯有杜康。 青青子衿，悠悠我心。 但为君故，沈吟至今。 呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。 我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。 明明如月，何时可掇？ 忧从中来，不可断绝。 越陌度阡，枉用相存。 契阔谈，心念旧恩。 月明星稀，乌鹊南飞， 绕树三匝，何枝可依？ 山不厌高，海不厌深， 周公吐哺，天下归心。 《短歌行》是汉乐府的旧题，属于《相和歌?平调曲》。这就是说它本来是一个乐曲的名称，这种乐曲怎么唱法，现在当然是不知道了。但乐府《相和歌?平调曲》中除了《短歌行》还有《长歌行》，唐代吴兢《乐府古题要解》引证古诗“长歌正激烈”，魏文帝曹丕《燕歌行》“短歌微吟不能长”和晋代傅玄《艳歌行》“咄来长歌续短歌”等句，认为“长歌”、“短
Chapter III WEE QUESTION OF FORTUNE--FOUR-FIFTY A WEEK Once across the river and into the wholesale district, she glanced about her for some likely door at which to apply. As she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of being gazed upon and understood for what she was--a wage-seeker. She had never done this thing before, and lacked courage. To avoid a certain indefinable shame she felt at being caught spying about for a position, she quickened her steps and assumed an air of indifference supposedly common to one upon an errand. In this way she passed many manufacturing and wholesale houses without once glancing in. At last, after several blocks of walking, she felt that this would not do, and began to look about again, though without relaxing her pace. A little way on she saw a great door which, for some reason, attracted her attention. It was ornamented by a small brass sign, and seemed to be the entrance to a vast hive of six or seven floors. "Perhaps," she thought, "They may want some one," and crossed over to enter. When she came within a score of feet of the desired goal, she saw through the window a young man in a grey checked suit. That he had anything to do with the concern, she could not tell, but because he happened to be looking in her direction her weakening heart misgave her and she hurried by, too overcome with shame to enter. Over the way stood a great six- story structure, labelled Storm and King, which she viewed with rising hope. It was a wholesale dry goods concern and employed women. She could see them moving about now and then upon the upper floors. This place she decided to enter, no matter what. She crossed over and walked directly toward the entrance. As she did so, two men came out and paused in the door. A telegraph messenger in blue dashed past her and up the few steps that led to the entrance and disappeared. Several pedestrians out of the hurrying throng which filled the sidewalks passed about her as she paused, hesitating. She looked helplessly around, and then, seeing herself observed, retreated. It was too difficult a task. She could not go past them. So severe a defeat told sadly upon her nerves. Her feet carried her mechanically forward, every foot of her progress being a satisfactory portion of a flight which she gladly made. Block after block passed by. Upon streetlamps at the various corners she read names such as Madison, Monroe, La Salle, Clark, Dearborn, State, and still she went, her feet beginning to tire upon the broad stone flagging. She was pleased in part that the streets were bright and clean. The morning sun, shining down with steadily increasing warmth, made the shady side of the streets pleasantly cool. She looked at the blue sky overhead with more realisation of its charm than had ever come to her before. Her cowardice began to trouble her in a way. She turned back, resolving to hunt up Storm and King and enter. On the way, she encountered a great wholesale shoe company, through the broad plate windows of which she saw an enclosed executive
曹操《短歌行》其二翻译及赏析 引导语：曹操(155—220)，字孟德，小名阿瞒，《短歌行 二首》 是曹操以乐府古题创作的两首诗， 第一首诗表达了作者求贤若渴的心 态，第二首诗主要是曹操向内外臣僚及天下表明心迹。 短歌行 其二 曹操 周西伯昌，怀此圣德。 三分天下，而有其二。 修奉贡献，臣节不隆。 崇侯谗之，是以拘系。 后见赦原，赐之斧钺，得使征伐。 为仲尼所称，达及德行， 犹奉事殷，论叙其美。 齐桓之功，为霸之首。 九合诸侯，一匡天下。 一匡天下，不以兵车。 正而不谲，其德传称。 孔子所叹，并称夷吾，民受其恩。 赐与庙胙，命无下拜。 小白不敢尔，天威在颜咫尺。 晋文亦霸，躬奉天王。 受赐圭瓒，钜鬯彤弓， 卢弓矢千，虎贲三百人。 威服诸侯，师之所尊。 八方闻之，名亚齐桓。 翻译 姬昌受封为西伯，具有神智和美德。殷朝土地为三份，他有其中两分。 整治贡品来进奉，不失臣子的职责。只因为崇侯进谗言，而受冤拘禁。 后因为送礼而赦免， 受赐斧钺征伐的权利。 他被孔丘称赞， 品德高尚地位显。 始终臣服殷朝帝王，美名后世流传遍。齐桓公拥周建立功业，存亡继绝为霸 首。
聚合诸侯捍卫中原，匡正天下功业千秋。号令诸侯以匡周室，主要靠的不是 武力。 行为磊落不欺诈，美德流传于身后。孔子赞美齐桓公，也称赞管仲。 百姓深受恩惠，天子赐肉与桓公，命其无拜来接受。桓公称小白不敢，天子 威严就在咫尺前。 晋文公继承来称霸，亲身尊奉周天王。周天子赏赐丰厚，仪式隆重。 接受玉器和美酒，弓矢武士三百名。晋文公声望镇诸侯，从其风者受尊重。 威名八方全传遍，名声仅次于齐桓公。佯称周王巡狩，招其天子到河阳，因 此大众议论纷纷。 赏析 《短歌行》 (“周西伯昌”)主要是曹操向内外臣僚及天下表明心 迹，当他翦灭群凶之际，功高震主之时，正所谓“君子终日乾乾，夕惕若 厉”者，但东吴孙权却瞅准时机竟上表大说天命而称臣，意在促曹操代汉 而使其失去“挟天子以令诸侯”之号召， 故曹操机敏地认识到“ 是儿欲据吾著炉上郁!”故曹操运筹谋略而赋此《短歌行 ·周西伯 昌》。 西伯姬昌在纣朝三分天下有其二的大好形势下， 犹能奉事殷纣， 故孔子盛称 “周之德， 其可谓至德也已矣。 ”但纣王亲信崇侯虎仍不免在纣王前 还要谗毁文王，并拘系于羑里。曹操举此史实，意在表明自己正在克心效法先圣 西伯姬昌，并肯定他的所作所为，谨慎惕惧，向来无愧于献帝之所赏。 并大谈西伯姬昌、齐桓公、晋文公皆曾受命“专使征伐”。而当 今天下时势与当年的西伯、齐桓、晋文之际颇相类似，天子如命他“专使 征伐”以讨不臣，乃英明之举。但他亦效西伯之德，重齐桓之功，戒晋文 之诈。然故作谦恭之辞耳，又谁知岂无更讨封赏之意乎 ?不然建安十八年(公元 213 年)五月献帝下诏曰《册魏公九锡文》，其文曰“朕闻先王并建明德， 胙之以土，分之以民，崇其宠章，备其礼物，所以藩卫王室、左右厥世也。其在 周成，管、蔡不静，惩难念功，乃使邵康公赐齐太公履，东至于海，西至于河， 南至于穆陵，北至于无棣，五侯九伯，实得征之。 世祚太师，以表东海。爰及襄王，亦有楚人不供王职，又命晋文登为侯伯， 锡以二辂、虎贲、斧钺、禾巨 鬯、弓矢，大启南阳，世作盟主。故周室之不坏， 系二国是赖。”又“今以冀州之河东、河内、魏郡、赵国、中山、常 山，巨鹿、安平、甘陵、平原凡十郡，封君为魏公。锡君玄土，苴以白茅，爰契 尔龟。”又“加君九锡，其敬听朕命。” 观汉献帝下诏《册魏公九锡文》全篇，尽叙其功，以为其功高于伊、周，而 其奖却低于齐、晋，故赐爵赐土，又加九锡，奖励空前。但曹操被奖愈高，心内 愈忧。故曹操在曾早在五十六岁写的《让县自明本志令》中谓“或者人见 孤强盛， 又性不信天命之事， 恐私心相评， 言有不逊之志， 妄相忖度， 每用耿耿。
目的。笔者曾进行了这方面的一个实验；对乐理、视唱程度相当的Ａ、Ｂ两个班，在讲小调式时，Ａ班此时视唱只唱小调式作品，边唱边分析；Ｂ班只在乐理课上选一些典型作品作简单分析，而视唱课对小调作品概不介绍，结果发现Ａ班大部分同学对小调式的特点掌握清晰、分析作品透彻，而Ｂ班多数同学对小调式作品的分析仍感糊涂。 （二）乐理和视唱由同一老师任教，选用乐理与视唱进度相当、联系密切的教材。 两门课由同一老师任教，这样就使老师对两门课的进度有更好的把握，从而做到在教学内容上的衔接，使乐理教学与视唱教学融为一体。现在有些院校已开始了这方面的尝试，如河南的黄河科技学院，商丘师院等。据笔者了解，由同一个老师任教班级学生的乐理视唱学习效果明显好于非同一教师任教的班级。 教材的选择对教学影响极大，原来的视唱教材极少有乐理内容，而乐理教材中的谱例也不多。目前新的教材已改变了这种状况，现在视唱教材中有了很好的理论知识讲授，如许敬行、孙虹编著，高教出版社出版的《视唱练习》。乐理教材有了更多的谱例，如贾方爵编著、 西南师大出版社出版的《基本乐理》。选用此种联系密切的教材， 教师在教学的过程中更易做到理论联系实际，学生在自学时也更易理解。 （三）加强乐理、视唱教学与其他科目的横向联系 音乐中的许多课程，如欣赏、民族民间音乐、合唱、音乐史等的学习对学生综合专业素质的提高有很大帮助，对它们的学习与对乐理和视唱的学习又能达到互相促进的目的。在乐理学教学中，学生最易迷惑的就是调式调性的判断，而进行调式判断时首先要靠听觉分辨作品的五声性和西方性。但如何能够分辨其是五声性作品还是西方调式体系作品，靠的是学生对音乐的基本鉴赏力。这就要求学生平时在欣赏课上要认真去听、去辨别，而欣赏老师也应该对不同体裁的音乐作品进行详细的讲解，并引导学生去辨别。经过这样长期的训练，学生对于不同地域、不同风格的音乐作品都有了了解和掌握，辨别调式的问题自然迎刃而解。同样，民族民间课程的学习对于学生了解和掌握各民族的音乐风格、特点起重要作用。经过同学们对民歌、戏曲等曲型片断的实际训练，在视唱这些有特点的作品时，其音乐风格的把握就会更好一些，因律制原因产生的音准问题也会大大减少，学生对民族风格的视唱会唱得更有味，把握得更准确。在这方面，如果乐理和视唱课需要，可会同其他科目的教师对教学进度、教学内容作一些适当的调整，使之与乐理、视唱教学相适应。如有必要，也可请这方面的专家，就某一问题进行一次讲座，以加深同学们对某些问题的理解。教师亦可有目的地向学生介绍一些此方面的书籍，让学生去阅读；介绍一些音响资料，让学生有目的地听，从而拓宽学生的知识面，进而更好地学习和掌握乐理和视唱。 总之，视唱与乐理相结合并密切联系相关科目的教学方法，不仅可以使学生增加对音乐理论的感性认识，加强视唱时的理论指导，更增加了视唱课的趣味性，使乐理不再枯燥，视唱课不再单调。 当然，加强乐理、视唱与其他科目教学的联系并不是说这些课程什么地方都可以互融。有些乐理知识如音律很难让学生唱出来。但这并不能否认加强视唱、乐理与其他学科教学联系的必要性。 作者简介：刘建坤，商丘师范学院音乐系教师。 一、美国自然主义的产生 内战之后，美国处于一段相对和平的时期，资本主义经济蓬勃发展。然而，在经济发展的背后，人们却普遍产生了一种悲观情绪，传统的理想主义被抛弃，宇宙的在规律性和机械性中蕴涵的漠然性使其变成了人类的敌人，至少已经不是人类慈祥的朋友。斯蒂芬?克莱恩（Ｓｔｅｐｈｅｎ Ｃｒａｎｅ（１８７１－１９００））的一首小诗Ｇｏｄ ｉｓ ｃｏｌｄ［１］ 便生动地反映了这种状况： 一个人对宇宙说：／“阁下，我存在的！”／“不过，”传来宇宙的回答，／“你的存在虽是事实，却／并没有使我产生义务感。” 对这一思潮起决定性作用的是达尔文的进化论（Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ｏｆ Ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ）。达尔文认为：影响生物进化的因素有三种，即：自然选择、性的选择及个体有生之期获得特性的遗传。进化论的诞生，是对传统神学及理想主义神学的全盘否定，它取消了上帝设计师和创造者的地位，进而强调人类产生过程的机械性，以及人类进化过程的因果循环性。受其影响，悲观、忧郁的新自然哲学应运而生。新自然哲学指出，自然是一座对人类遭遇无动于衷的庞大机器，人类在自然中必然要为生存而相互竞争，而且，部分人的毁灭是人类进步中不可避免的现象。 悲观的新自然哲学在文学中的反映就是产生悲观宿命的自然主义文学。英国哲学家赫伯特?斯宾塞（ＨｅｒｂｅｒｔＳｐｅｎｃｅｒ）的“社会达尔文主义” （Ｓｏｃｉａｌ Ｄａｒｗｉｎｉｓｍ）以及美国内战后的社会状况，对自然主义在美国的产生和发展起了极大的作用。当时的主要作家往往把人置于庞大的自然和社会背景中，从而显示其渺小、脆弱以及无可奈何。 ＂生存＂是人类活动的最高目标，道德规范对于实际生活已经毫无意义。 在美国自然主义文学中，最为突出的代表是西奥多?德莱塞。 二、德莱塞在美国文学史上的地位 西奥多?德莱塞 ［Ｔｈｅｏｄｏｒｅ Ｄｒｅｉｓｅｒ （１８７１－１９４５）］是美国现代小说的先驱和代表作家，被认为是同海明威、福《嘉莉妹妹》是美国自然主义文学大师西奥多?德莱塞的处女作和成名作。自然主义在书中 主要表现为作者对失败者的深刻同情。 《嘉莉妹妹》中 自然主义赏析 文／姚晓鸣 编辑：冯彬彬 69 美与时代 ２００３．１１下
短歌行赏析介绍 说道曹操， 大家一定就联想到三国那些烽火狼烟岁月吧。 但是曹操其实也是 一位文学 大家，今天就来分享《短歌行 》赏析。 《短歌行》短歌行》是汉乐府旧题，属于《相和歌辞·平调曲》。这就是说 它本来是一个乐曲名称。最初古辞已经失传。乐府里收集同名诗有 24 首，最早 是曹操这首。 这种乐曲怎么唱法， 现在当然是不知道。 但乐府 《相和歌·平调曲》 中除《短歌行》还有《长歌行》，唐代吴兢《乐府古题要解》引证古诗 “长歌正激烈”， 魏文帝曹丕 《燕歌行》 “短歌微吟不能长”和晋代傅玄 《艳 歌行》 “咄来长歌续短歌”等句， 认为“长歌”、 “短歌”是指“歌声有长短”。 我们现在也就只能根据这一点点材料来理解《短歌行》音乐特点。《短歌行》这 个乐曲，原来当然也有相应歌辞，就是“乐府古辞”，但这古辞已经失传。现在 所能见到最早《短歌行》就是曹操所作拟乐府《短歌行》。所谓“拟乐府”就是 运用乐府旧曲来补作新词，曹操传世《短歌行》共有两首，这里要介绍是其中第 一首。 这首《短歌行》主题非常明确，就是作者希望有大量人才来为自己所用。曹 操在其政治活动中，为扩大他在庶族地主中统治基础，打击反动世袭豪强势力， 曾大力强调“唯才是举”，为此而先后发布“求贤令”、“举士令”、“求逸才 令”等;而《短歌行》实际上就是一曲“求贤歌”、又正因为运用诗歌 形式，含有丰富抒情成分，所以就能起到独特感染作用，有力地宣传他所坚 持主张，配合他所颁发政令。 《短歌行》原来有“六解”(即六个乐段)，按照诗意分为四节来读。 “对酒当歌，人生几何?譬如朝露，去日苦多。慨当以慷，忧思难忘。何以 解忧，唯有杜康。” 在这八句中，作者强调他非常发愁，愁得不得。那么愁是什么呢?原来他是 苦于得不到众多“贤才”来同他合作， 一道抓紧时间建功立业。 试想连曹操这样 位高权重人居然在那里为“求贤”而发愁， 那该有多大宣传作用。 假如庶族地主 中真有“贤才”话， 看这些话就不能不大受感动和鼓舞。 他们正苦于找不到出路
短歌行赏析 《短歌行》 对酒当歌，人生几何？譬如朝露，去日苦多。 概当以慷，忧思难忘。何以解忧？唯有杜康。 青青子衿，悠悠我心。但为君故，沈吟至今。 呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。 明明如月，何时可掇？忧从中来，不可断绝。 越陌度阡，枉用相存。契阔谈咽，心念旧恩。 月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。绕树三匝，何枝可依。 山不厌高，海不厌深，周公吐哺，天下归心。 “短歌行”是汉乐府一个曲调的名称，是用于宴会场合的歌辞。曹操集子里现存《短歌行》两首，课文选的是第一首。作为一位政治家兼军事家的诗人曹操，十分重视人才，这首诗抒发了他渴望招纳贤才、建功立业的宏图大愿。 全诗三十二句，分四节，每八句一节。 第一节抒写诗人人生苦短的忧叹。“对酒当歌，人生几何？譬如朝露，去日苦多。”“当”，对着。“去日”，指逝去的岁月。这四句意思是：在边喝着酒，边唱着歌时，忽然感叹道：人生能有多久呢？人生啊，就好比早晨的露水，一会儿就干了，又苦于过去的日子太多了。“慨当以慷，忧思难忘。何以解忧？唯有杜康。”“慨当以慷”是“慷慨”的间隔用法，“当以”，没有实在意义，即指宴会上歌声慷慨激昂。“杜康”相传是发明酿酒的人，这里作酒的代称。这四句意思是：即使宴会上歌声慷慨激昂，诗人内心的忧愁还是难以消除。用什么来消除胸中的忧愁呢？只有借酒浇愁。我们如何理解诗人这种人生苦短的忧叹呢？诗人生逢乱世，
目睹百姓颠沛流离，肝肠寸断，渴望建功立业而不得，因而发出人生苦短的忧叹。这个点我们可从他的另一首诗《蒿里行》中得到佐证：“白骨露于野，千里无鸡鸣。生民百遗一，念之断人肠。” 第二节抒写诗人对贤才的渴求。“青青子衿，悠悠我心”，是引用《诗经?郑风?子衿》中的成句。“青衿”，周代读书人的服装，这里指代有学问的人。“悠悠”，长久的样子，形容思念之情。这两句意思是：你的衣领青青啊，总是让我如此挂念。原诗后两句是：“纵我不往，子宁不嗣音？”意思是：虽然我不能去找你，你为什么不主动给我音信？曹操因为事实上不可能一个一个地去找那些贤才，所以他使用这种含蓄的话来提醒他们，希望贤才主动来归。“但为君故，沉吟至今。”“沉吟”，低声叨念，表示渴念。这两句意思是：只因为你的缘故，让我渴念到如今。“青青子衿，悠悠我心。但为君故，沉吟至今。”四句以女子对心爱的男子的思念比喻自己对贤才的渴求。“呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。”这四句引自《诗经?小雅?鹿鸣》，《鹿鸣》是一首描写贵族盛宴热情款待尊贵客人的的诗歌。前两句起兴，意思是：野鹿呦呦呦呦地叫，欢快地吃着野地里的艾蒿。以下各句描写宾客欢宴的场面，这里引用的两句意思是：我有很多尊贵的客人，席间弹起琴瑟，吹起笙乐。诗人引用这几句诗，表示自己对贤才的热情。 第三节抒写诗人对贤才难得的忧思和既得贤才的欣喜。“明明如月，何时可掇？”“明月”，比喻人才。“掇”，拾取，摘取。意思是：贤才有如天上的明月，我什么时候才能摘取呢？“忧从中来，不可断绝。”因为求才不得，内心不禁产生忧愁，这种忧愁无法排解。“越陌度阡，枉用相存。契阔谈讌，心念旧 恩。”“陌”、“阡”，都是指田间小路，东西向叫“陌”，南北向叫“阡”。“枉”，枉驾，屈驾。“用”，以。“存”，探问，问候。“契阔”，久别重逢。
s i s t e r c a r r i e赏析自动保 存的 The latest revision on November 22, 2020
《Sister Carrie》 The author of the book is Theodore Dreiser, a famous realistic writer in Amaican literature history .Realism follows the rule of nature “survival of fittest”.《Sister Carrie》 is a representative of realism which describes a poor countryside girl′s life c hange after her arrival to ,cruel reality makes Carrie feel lonely and she cohabited with Drouet,a young playboy ,Drouet offered her a easier life .Later,she married with Hrustwood ,who had didn′t have a better life in New York. after they spent the money Hurstwood stole from his ex-wife .At the end of the book, Hrustwood died in a shabby little hotel,and Carrie became a famous star and be in high social classes. Lost the job in shoe-making factory is just the turning point in Carrie′s life ,the turning point of her final success and survie she had to rely on someone .On the surface, writer is describing Carrie′s miserable suffering telling readers that is always very hard for woman .However ,to explore the deep meaning .Carrie is just a representative of the people from working-class who are oppressed by the capitalist .Dreiser shows sympathy to them and reveals the social ′s success is driven by dream and wants to change her destiny she is eager to climb into the high social matter how pimping you are ,dream is important and essential to future success because dream or ambution has the power to drive you forward.
《曹操短歌行赏析》 曹操短歌行赏析（一）： 自古以来叹时光易逝、人生易老者，大有人在。有的是因岁月蹉跎、不知老之将至而嗟叹；有的是因富贵荣华未及尽享而叹惋；也有的是因贪生畏死而惆怅。曹操的《短歌行》开头也发出了时光短促、人生几何的慨叹。但我们读过全传，就会感到，作者发此感慨，是正因他感到年事渐高(时年五十四岁)，时日见浅，而眼下大业未成，匡扶济世之才又极为难得，是紧迫感、焦灼感使然。正是正因有这种思想，对于已经越陌度阡屈尊任用的，契阔谈宴，热诚相待；对那些尚在绕树三匝、徘徊不定的贤士，发出山不厌高，海不厌深的呼唤，坦露自己求贤若渴的心迹。这首诗使我们从另一个侧面看到曹操作为一代政治家的英雄本色：他有爱才、礼贤的政治家的胸襟；他有统一天下的宏大志愿；他有开创新局面的进取精神。 曹操的这首诗气魄宏伟，感情充沛。读着青青子衿，悠悠我心。但为君故，沉吟至今。明明如月，何时可掇。忧从中来，不可断绝。这样的诗句，你会强烈地感受到作者渴求贤才的殷切情绪；读着山不厌高，海不厌深。周公吐哺，天下归心。你会感到诗人博大坦荡的胸怀。而这种诗句，也只有像曹操这样一位有雄才大略、感情豪放的人才能吟得出来。 曹操短歌行赏析（二）： 《短歌行》原来有六解（即六个乐段），我们此刻按照诗意分为四节来读。 对酒当歌，人生几何？譬如朝露，去日苦多。慨当以慷，忧思难忘。何以解忧，唯有杜康。 在这八句中，作者强调他十分发愁，愁得不得了。那么愁的是什么呢？原来他是苦于得不到众多的贤才来同他合作，一道抓紧时刻建功立业。试想连曹操这样位高权重的人居然在那里为求贤而发愁，那该有多大的宣传作用。假如庶族地主中真有贤才的话，看了这些话就不能不大受感动和鼓舞。他们正苦于找不到出路呢，没有想到曹操却在那里渴求人才，于是那真正有才或自以为有才的许许多多人，就很有可能跃跃欲试，向他归心了。对酒当歌八句，猛一看很象是《古诗十九首》中的消极调子，而其实大不相同。那里讲人生几何，不是叫人及时行乐，而是要及时地建功立业。又从表面上看，曹操是在抒个人之情，发愁时刻过得太快，恐怕来不及有所作为。实际上却是在巧妙地感染广大贤才，提醒他们人生就象朝露那样易于消失，岁月流逝已经很多，就应赶紧拿定主意，到我那里来施展抱负。因此一经分析便不难看出，诗中浓郁的抒情气氛包含了相当强烈的政治目的。这样用心的目的而故意要用低沉的调子来发端，这固然证明曹操真有他的愁思，因此才说得真切；但另一方面也正正因透过这样的调子更能打开处于下层、多历艰难、又急于寻找出路的人士的心扉。因此说用意和遣词既是真切的，也是巧妙的。在
《Sister Carrie》 The author of the book is Theodore Dreiser, a famous realistic writer in Amaican literature history .Realism follows the rule of nature “survival of fittest”.《Sister Carrie》is a representative of realism which describes a poor countryside girl′s life change after her arrival to Chicago.However ,cruel reality makes Carrie feel lonely and unhappy.Then she cohabited with Drouet,a young playboy ,Drouet offered her a easier life .Later,she married with Hrustwood ,who had married.They didn′t have a better life in New York. after they spent the money Hurstwood stole from his ex-wife .At the end of the book, Hrustwood died in a shabby little hotel,and Carrie became a famous star and be in high social classes. Lost the job in shoe-making factory is just the turning point in Carrie′s life ,the turning point of her final success and tragedy.To survie she had to rely on someone .On the surface, writer is describing Carrie′s miserable suffering telling readers that is always very hard for woman .However ,to explore the deep meaning .Carrie is just a representative of the people from working-class who are oppressed by the capitalist .Dreiser shows sympathy to them and reveals the social contradictions.Carrie′s success is driven by dream and money.She wants to change her destiny she is eager to climb into the high social class.No matter how pimping you are ,dream is important and essential to future success because dream or ambution has the power to drive you forward. It is right to pursue for material life , but not everything,In fact it is never wrong to pursue for high standard and high class life.
《短歌行》原文、翻译及赏析 原文： 短歌行
两汉·曹操 对酒当歌，人生几何!譬如朝露，去日苦多。 慨当以慷，忧思难忘。何以解忧?唯有杜康。 青青子衿，悠悠我心。但为君故，沉吟至今。 呦呦鹿鸣，食野之苹。我有嘉宾，鼓瑟吹笙。 明明如月，何时可掇?忧从中来，不可断绝。 越陌度阡，枉用相存。契阔谈讌，心念旧恩。(谈讌 一作：谈宴) 月明星稀，乌鹊南飞。绕树三匝，何枝可依? 山不厌高，海不厌深。周公吐哺，天下归心。(海 一作：水) 注释： 1.对酒当歌：一边喝着酒，一边唱着歌。当，是对着的意思。 2.几何：多少。 3.去日苦多：跟(朝露)相比一样痛苦却漫长。有慨叹人生短暂之意。 4.慨当以慷：指宴会上的歌声激昂慷慨。当以，这里应当用的意思。全句意 思是，应当用激昂慷慨(的方式来唱歌)。 5.杜康：相传是最早造酒的人，这里代指酒。 6.青青子衿(jīn)，悠悠我心：出自《诗经 ·郑风·子衿》。原写姑娘思念情人，这里用来比喻渴望得到有才学的人。 子，对对方的尊称。衿，古式的衣领。青衿，是周代读书人的服装，这里指代有 学识的人。悠悠，长久的样子，形容思虑连绵不断。 7.沉吟：原指小声叨念和思索，这里指对贤人的思念和倾慕。 8.呦(yōu)呦鹿鸣， 食野之苹。 我有嘉宾， 鼓瑟吹笙(shēng)： 出自 《诗经·小 雅·鹿鸣》。呦呦：鹿叫的声音。苹：艾蒿。 9.鼓：弹。 10.何时可掇(duō)： 什么时候可以摘取呢?掇， 拾取， 摘取。 另解： 掇读 chuò， 为通假字，掇，通辍 ，即停止的意思。何时可掇，意思就是什么时候可以停止
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呢? 11.越陌度阡：穿过纵横交错的小路。陌，东西向田间小路。阡，南北向的 小路。 12.枉用相存： 屈驾来访。 枉， 这里是枉驾的意思;用， 以。 存，问候， 思念。 13.讌(yàn)：通宴(原文中讌为?)。 14.三匝(zā)：三周。匝，周，圈。 15.海不厌深：一本作水不厌深。这里是借用《管子·形解》中的话，原文 是： 海不辞水， 故能成其大;山不辞土， 故能成其高;明主不厌人， 故能成其众...... 意思是表示希望尽可能多地接纳人才。 翻译： 一边喝酒一边高歌，人生短促日月如梭。好比晨露转瞬即逝，失去的时日实 在太多! 席上歌声激昂慷慨，忧郁长久填满心窝。靠什么来排解忧闷?唯有狂饮方可 解脱。 那穿着青领(周代学士的服装)的学子哟， 你们令我朝夕思慕。 只是因为您的 缘故，让我沉痛吟诵至今。 阳光下鹿群呦呦欢鸣，悠然自得啃食在绿坡。一旦四方贤才光临舍下，我将 奏瑟吹笙宴请嘉宾。 当空悬挂的皓月哟，什么时候才可以拾到;我久蓄于怀的忧愤哟，突然喷涌 而出汇成长河。 远方宾客踏着田间小路，一个个屈驾前来探望我。彼此久别重逢谈心宴饮， 争着将往日的情谊诉说。 月光明亮星光稀疏，一群寻巢乌鹊向南飞去。绕树飞了三周却没敛翅，哪里 才有它们栖身之所? 高山不辞土石才见巍峨， 大海不弃涓流才见壮阔。 我愿如周公一般礼贤下士， 愿天下的英杰真心归顺与我。 赏析： 《短歌行》是汉乐府的旧题，属于《相和歌辞·平调曲》。这就是说它本来 是一个乐曲的名称。最初的古辞已经失传。乐府里收集的同名有 24 首，最早的 是曹操的这首。这种乐曲怎么唱法，现在当然是不知道了。但乐府《相和歌·平 调曲》中除了《短歌行》还有《长歌行》，唐代吴兢《乐府古题要解》引证古诗 长歌正激烈，魏文帝曹丕《燕歌行》短歌微吟不能长和晋代傅玄《艳歌行》 咄来长歌续短歌等句，认为长歌、短歌是指歌声有长短。现在也就只能根据这一 点点材料来理解《短歌行》的音乐特点。《短歌行》这个乐曲，原来当然也有相 应的歌辞，就是乐府古辞，但这古辞已经失传了。现在所能见到的最早的《短歌
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