考核类别：□音乐、舞蹈、口语和语音类
□（手工）作品类
□√课程期末作业或小论文
题目:选取与英国或美国文化有关的主题
1.历史：历史发展、历史片段、历史人物、历史事件等；
2.政治：政治体制、政治与历史、政治与地缘、政治特征、政治事件等；
3.经济：经济体制、经济发展历史、经济特色、经济与政治、经济与地缘等；
4.社会：社会问题；
5.民俗：传统节日与宗教、礼仪、服饰等;
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7.体育：体育与发展、传统体育等。
要求：自拟题目，从以上几方面对英、美文化进行研究或比较研究。所选题目应当与所学内容紧密相关，涉及英美两国历史、政治、教育、文化、语言等方面的有关内容及中英对比，严禁照搬照抄网络论文。
1. 语言：英文撰写。
2. 字数为1500-2000，包括论文题目，摘要，关键词及参考文献在内。
3. 论文用A3纸单面打印，装订（页面设置为：左2.8，右2.5，上2.5，下2.5，行距固定值1.5倍）。
4. 可参考相关资料，但不能原文抄袭；同学间选择题目可相似，但题目和内容不能雷同；如抄袭或雷同视为考试成绩不合格。
5．英文摘要80字左右，关键词3－5个。
6．参考文献资料5篇或以上。
7．参考文献：引用国外作者的文章按作者姓名英文字母先后排序，引用国内作者的文章按拼音顺序编码在后,包括文献编号、作者姓名、书名、或文集名、期刊名、出版单位、出版年月、页码等。
References （Times New Roman四号）
包括: 作者姓名、出版年月、文献题目/书名/文集名、期刊名、出版单位、文献编号等。
1. Brown, P. & S. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. （英文书名用Times New Roman斜体5号）
2. Goffman, E. 1967. International Ritual [M]. New York: Pantheon.
3. Li, Charles N. & Sandra A. Thompson 197
4. An Explanation on Word Order Change[J], Foundations of Language 12. （英文刊物用Times New Roman斜体5号）
4.蔡金亭，2002，英语过度语中的动词屈折变化——对情状体优先假设的检验[J]，《外语教学与研究》第2期。（中文刊物用宋体五号）
5.吕叔湘、朱德熙，1952，《语法修辞讲话》[M]。北京：中国青年出版社。（汉语书名用宋体五号）
6. 页码从正文第一页开始按阿拉伯数字连续编排，位于页面底端居中。
A brief analysis of Spring Festival and
Christmas Day
Abstract:
Everybody know that different nations have different culture, of course, the culture including so many things. However,the traditional festival is very important part in the culture.The traditional festival involve wider range,such as customs,beliefs,values,histories and behaviors.
This paper will compare Spring Festival with Christmas Day . There is no doubt that we will find out some similarities and differences in origin, celebration,customs and background etc. After you reading this paper , you will understanding better for Chinese and western traditional festival,moreover, it will help you learn how to think with different culture.
Key words:festival,custom,background,influence,religion
1.Introduction:
Every countries have own traditional festivals, but one of them is major traditional festival. For example,the Spring Festival is major traditional festival in China and the Christmas Day is major traditional festival in America. They are so important that we can know much by noticing its details, they are different culture, so they have a lot of difference and meaning.
Both of them are major traditional festival, so they also have some similarities in a way. In this paper I will compare them carefully about details, maybe including to background, custom,influence and so on. I think this is a classic example to understand different traditional festival.
2.Spring Festival:
Spring Festival is refers to the cultural circle of Chinese characters on the traditional lunar new year, commonly known as the "Festival". The traditional names for the new year, but verbal also known as of old, celebrate the new year, Chinese new year, is the Chinese
nation most grand traditional Festival.
During the Spring Festival, China's Han nationality and some ethnic minorities have to hold various celebration activities. These activities are to ancestor worship God, pay homage to their ancestors, get rid of the old to make way for the new, welcome happiness, pray for good harvest as the main content. Rich and colorful form, with rich ethnic characteristics.
Generally speaking, people always prepare a series of foods and decorate own home before the Spring Festival come. when the New Year is coming, People stick spring couplets or pictures on the wall, all of people as far as possible to return home and family reunion with eating very abundant meal, expressing the hope for the next year and the new year of life's good wishes. In many place ,people are used to stay up all night in New Year’s Eve to welcome new year is coming .on New Year day, people eat dumpling or Tang yuan firstly, then parents usually give some money to their children, afterwards people join in amusements, such as play cards or watching New Year’s evening part with family together and so on. In addition,people will visit their relatives or friends and say happy new year to them, the Spring Festival lasts more than half of month.
The Spring Festival is not only a festival, but also the Chinese people's emotional release, psychological demands to meet the important carrier, is the Chinese nation's annual carnival and eternal spiritual pillar.
3.Christmas Day:
Christmas is also known as Christmas, translated as "Christ mass", western traditional festival, every year in December 25th. Mass is a kind of church service. Christmas is a religious festival, because regard it as to celebrate the birth of Jesus, named "Christmas". The customs of Christmas
Preparation of the Christmas cake :This was an English tradition which started centuries ago. On Christmas Eve, plum porridge was served to the people. As years passed, various other things like dry fruits, honey and spices were used. Soon this porridge got replaced with the Christmas cake. Christmas cakes are made using eggs, butter, confections,
fruits, etc. Today a Christmas cake is an integral part of a Christmas menu .In Europe,typically family and friends gather together on Christmas Eve,for a big turkey dinner .Decorating the Christmas tree :This refers to the tradition of decorating a pine tree using lights, tinsels, garlands, ornaments, candy canes, etc. Today, a Christmas tree is an indispensable part of Christmas celebration.
Lighting up the Christmas candle :This refers to the tradition of placing a lighted candle outside houses during the Christmas season. A candle signifies hope as it brings light even to the darkest room. In the earlier times, when Christians were persecuted, they were not allowed to practice prayers. Hence, a single candle used to be placed outside the house as a sign that Christian prayers were being conducted inside. Sending gifts to loved ones :This tradition comes from the story of the three wise men who got gifts for baby Jesus on Christmas. Every Christmas, gifts are exchanged among loved ones, especially children. The story of Santa Claus also comes from this tradition.
Singing Christmas carols : It refers to the age-old custom of enchanting a number of traditional Christmas songs during the Christmas season. It adds to the joy and fun to the atmosphere. Different Christmas hymns or carols like The First Noel, Jingle Bells, Joy to the world, etc are sung every Christmas as a part of the Christmas celebration.
Making of Cribs :This is yet another age-old tradition of Christmas. A crib refers to the Nativity Scene that is prepared using small statues. The first crib ever was made outside a church of St. Francis of Assisi for children to show them how the Nativity scene was like. Since then, this tradition became very popular.
Distributing Christmas candies :This is one of the most wonderful traditions of all. Christmas candies are distributed to neighbors during the Yuletide season. On the day of Christmas, all misunderstandings and grudges are forgotten and the community comes together to celebrate the birth of Christ.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/e57288016.html,parison of Spring Festival and Christmas Day
4.1Similarities
Firstly, the Spring Festival and Christmas Day is major festival in China and America. Both of them think reunion is very important part, so they have big dinner in Spring
Festival Eve or Christmas Eve.Secondly, they have same custom that exchange their gifts with relatives and friends to express good wishes. Thirdly,two festivals choose red represent lucky colour and have some favorite symbol, such as spring couplets and Christmas tree. In addition, people need to spend much time to prepare them, no matter Spring Festival or Christmas Day.What is more, two festivals have colourful celebrations and have some various celebrations in region. Finally,both of them last more than one day and buy so many things will promote development of business.By the way, the children like best of them,because children will give some presents.
4.2Differences
Comparison of their background, you will find that the Christmas Day has obvious religious background,but the Spring Festival’s background doesn’t involve to religion. In addition,they have different ways to express people wishes, if someone take the Spring Festival he will send message or call relatives or friends to express his wishes, however,if someone take the Christmas Day he will send cards to relatives or friends.
The origin of the Spring Festival is about agriculture and ancestor, you know, in ancient ,the agriculture is very important in China, and the spring usually represent hope or life ,so during the Spring Festival people always hope give good harvest in new year. As we all know, China is classic example for respect someone, there is no doubt that the ancestors are respected is grate necessary for Chinese,so mourn ancestors is essential part during the Spring Festival.But the origin of Christmas Day is celebration of the birth of Jesus,in western, people think the Jesus is god,he is so good that can help people everything.The birth of Jesus stand for god is coming,so they must hold a grand celebration.
If you compare carefully, maybe you will find that the theme of Spring Festival care much for eat delicious food or drink something, when people call others or meet someone during the Spring Festival , they often ask some questions about foods. And yet, the theme of Christmas Day care much for entertainments, such as ,how to decorate the Christmas tree beautifully, what thing will to be my presents etc. Moreover,China is a country which has long history, so the Spring Festival was established earlier than Christmas Day. Last point, they have different influence to people,with the Christmas Day development,more and
more people think the god is exist and are willing to do everything for god. Of course the long historical Spring Festival also influence spirit of people,especially for respect ancestor.
5.Conclusion
Traditional festival is exist in every country,maybe it has long history, maybe it is very young,such as the Spring Festival has long history. When you compare two traditional festivals carefully, you must find so many similarities and differences, of course, it involve to spacious range, including history ,background,custom,religion and so on. Why can we find so many similarities in different festival? I think the culture conversation is important reason, so with the openness development,more and more similarities will to be.
Different culture have different meaning, when we learn foreign culture, we should think carefully with own culture.Learning how to analyse culture’s details, you will find a lot of surprise. Traditional festival is indispensable part in countries culture, if you want to know much about countries culture, please spend more time on traditional festival. I hope that this paper will help you understand better for different culture.
6.References
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2.Wang Zhenzhu, Wei Hua, 2005 April first printing, A Guide To Western Festival Activities, [M].Shanghai:Shanghai science and Technology Press,2005.4
3.Huang Jianbin ,Wanna Know America,Just Read It,[M].Zhejiang University Press.
4.Richard M.Swiderski.V oices:an anthropologist’s dialogue with an talian America n festival,1996.
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