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英语语法基础入门

第一章 句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语句子主要成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、状语、补足语和定语。
1、主语
主语是一个句子的主体,是句子所要说明的人或事情,表示句子描述的是“谁”“什么”。主语一般位于陈述句句首,但在there be结构中主语位于谓语后面。
能作主语的有名词类(含代词、数词);非谓语(含不定式、ing 分词)、从句。
1)名词类
Professor Smith is a famous scientist.史密斯教授是著名的科学家。
We often speak English in class.我们经常在课堂上说英语。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.这个班1/3的学生是女生。
2) 非谓语
To master a foreign language is necessary.掌握一门外语是必要的。
Smoking does harm to the health.吸烟有害健康。
3)从句
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.
我们什么时候进行英语测验还没有决定。
Whether he’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance.
他是否参加我们的讨论是很重要的。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。只有动词在句中才能作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
1)简单谓语
由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:
He practices running every morning.他每天早晨练习跑步。
Yesterday afternoon he reached China.昨天下午他到达桂林。
2)复合谓语
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成
You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两周。
You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.
你最好不要把这本杂志拿出阅览室。
He has caught a bad cold.He has to go to see a doctor.
他患了重感冒,必须去看医生。
3、表语
表语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。
能作表语的有名词类(含代词、数词);形容词;非谓语动词(含分词、不定式、动名词;介词短语、副词及从句。
1)名词
He is an astronaut.他是一位宇航员。
2)形容词
The weather has turned cold.天气变冷了。
3) 非谓语动词
My job is to teach English. 我的工作是教英语。
The speech is exciting.这演讲激动人心。
His hobby is playing football.他的爱好是踢足球。
The teacher was pleased with my spoken English.老师对我的英语口语很满意。
4)介词短语
The machine must be out of order.这机器一定出毛病了。
He is against our plan.他反对我们的计划。
5)副词
Time is up.The class is over.时间到了,下课。
My father isn’t in.He is out.我父亲不在家,他出去了。
6)从句
The truth is that he has never been abroad.实际情况是他从未出过国。


What I want to know is when we’ll have the sports meet.
我想知道的是我们什么时候开运动会。
4、宾语
宾语表示及物动作的对象或承受者,用于回答谓语“谁”和“什么”,一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。
可充当宾语的内容和主语一样。
1)名词类
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.他们昨天去看了展览。
We should learn from him.我们应该向他学习。
2)非谓语类(不定式、ing 分词)
He pretended not to see me.他假装没有看见我。
She didn’t know what to do next.她不知道下一步做什么。
I enjoy listening to popular music.我喜欢听流行音乐。
3)从句
I think(that)he is fit for his office.我认为他称职。
He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.
他问我班上谁的发音最好。
5、补语
补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。补语通常由形容词、名词或其他相当的结构担任。补语可分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。
1)宾语补足语:
The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.
政府任命她为出席那个会议的代表团团长。(名词)
He doesn’t believe the story true.
他不相信这故事是真的。 (形容词)
The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.
医生建议她卧床休息一周。 (不定式)
They saw her walking into the bookstore.
他们看见她进书店了。 (分词短语)
The children saw the kite up and up.
孩子们看到风筝越飞越高。 (副词)
You should put your books in order.
你应该把书摆整齐。 (介词短语)
2)主语补足语:含宾语补足语的句子改成被动语态时,原宾语和宾语补足语便分别成为主语和主语补足语。
We found him working in the office.(在此主动句子中working是宾补)
我们发现他正在办公室工作。
He was found working in the office.(在此被动句子中working是主补)
他被发现在办公室工作。
6、定语
用来修饰、说明、限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
可充当定语的有形容词;非谓语类(含不定式,ing 分词和ed 分词);名词类(含代词、数词、名词所有格);介词短语、副词和从句。
单个词作定语通常位于所修饰的词之前,但短语、从句作定语时通常位于所修饰的词之后。
1)形容词
Guilin is a beautiful city.桂林是一座美丽的城市。
A bright future shines before us.光明的未来展现在我们眼前。
2) 非谓语类
The building to be built next year will be our school.
明年要建的那幢楼将是我们的学校。
China is a developing country;America is a developed country.
中国是一个发展中国家,美国是一个发达国家。
3)名词类
There are thirty women teachers in our schoo1.我们学校有30名女教

师。
More than thirty students in our class have read the book.
我们班三十多个学生读过这本书。
Mary’s parents have gone abroad.玛丽的父母出国了。
4) 介词短语
He is reading an article about how to learn English.
他正在读一篇有关如何学习英语的文章。
Who is the girl in red? 穿红衣服的那个姑娘是谁?
5)副词(多位于被修饰词之后)
A noise outside made him turn around.外面的喧闹声使他转过身来。
The man in the room below is friendly.楼下房间的那人很友好。
6)从句
There is nothing that worries him.没有什么事使他烦恼。
I will remember the day when I first met her.
我将记住第一次遇见她的那一天。
7、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。
可充当状语的主要有副词、介词短语、非谓语类和从句。
1)副词
Light travels most quickly.光传播得最快。
Factories and buildings are seen here and there.
到处都能见到工厂和建筑物。
2)介词短语
He has lived in the city for ten years.他在那座城市住了10年了。
In spite of the difficulties,we went on with our work.
尽管有困难,但是我们仍继续工作。
3)非谓语类
The box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太重,我抬不起。
He is in the room making a model plane.他在房间里做一架飞机模型。
Not knowing what to do,he decided to ask the teacher for advice.
他不知道怎么办好,就去问老师。
Encouraged by the teacher,I made up my mind to learn English well.
在老师的鼓励下,我决心把英语学好。
4)从句
Once you begin,you must continue.一旦开始,你就得继续下去。
I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others.
为了赶上其他人,我必须更努力学习。
状语的种类
1)时间状语
How about meeting again at six? 6:00再见面怎样?
2)原因状语
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
由于下雨,她昨晚没有去参加舞会。
3)条件状语
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.如果不下雨,我将到那里去。
As(So)long as you work hard,you can make rapid progress in English.
只要你努力,你就可以在英语方面取得很快的进步。
4)地点状语
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.史密斯先生住在3楼。
Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方,就有生命。
5)方式状语
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
她小心地把鸡蛋放在篮子里。
He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means.
他用这种方式极大地改善了他的英语口语。
6)伴随状语
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.她进来时手里拿着一本字典。
The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.
老师

走了进来,后面跟着一群学生。
7)目的状语
In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.
为了赶上其他人,我必须更努力学习。
I went there to see a friend of mine.我去那里看我的一个朋友。
8)结果状语
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.他累极了,立刻就睡着了。
We arrived there only to find an empty room.
我们到了那儿只发现了一个空房间。
9)让步状语
She works very hard though she is old.
虽然她年纪大了,但她仍然十分努力工作。
No matter when you come,you are warmly welcomed.
不管你什么时候来,都欢迎。
10)程度状语
They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story.
听了英语的故事,他们深受感动。
I quite agree with you.我完全同意你的意见。
11)比较状语
I am taller than he is.我比他高。
The more I speak English,the better I’ll be.我越多讲英语,就讲得越好。
句子成分练习






句子
第一节 简单句
简单句的五种基本句型
英语句子的主要特征是:是句子就必须含有主、谓。英语简单句有以下五种基本句型。
1.主语+系动词+表语(简称,主系表)
系动词+表语构成名词性合成谓语;可作表语的有名词、名词所有格、代词主格或宾格、名词性物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、动词不定式和从句等。
She is a student.(名词)她是个学生。
He seems a clever boy.他似乎是个聪明的男孩。
She looks like her mother.(介词短语)她样子象她母亲。
The film is moving.(现在分词)这影片令人感动。
This shirt is not yours,but hers.(名词性物主代词)
这件衬衫不是你的,是她的。
2.主语+不及物动词(简称,主谓)
The sun rises.太阳升起来了。
He has just come.他刚来。
3.主语+及物动词+宾语(简称,主谓宾)
We love our motherland.我们热爱祖国。
she reads newspapers after supper.她晚饭后读报。
I like swimming.我喜欢游泳。
Li Ping wants to be a doctor.李平想当医生。
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(简称,主谓双宾)
直接宾语和间接宾语又叫双宾语。直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人。二者没有逻辑的主谓关系。要求跟双宾语的动词可分为两类:
(1)give,show,send,pass,hand,lend,post,serve,read,take,write,tell,teach.return,wish,allow,offer,promise,throw等。(sth. to sb.)
I lent her a novel.= I lent a novel to her. 我借给她一本小说。
Please show her your photos.= Please show your photos to her.
请把你的照片给她看看。
(2)buy,do, make,find,build, choose,cut,draw, earn,gather,paint,pick, prepare get,order,sing,

spare等。(sth. for sb.)
Her mother bought her a red skirt.
= Her mother bought a red skirt for her.
她母亲给她买了一条红裙子。
Please do me a favor.= Please do a favor for me. 请帮个忙。
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(简称,主谓复合宾)
有些动词带一个宾语意思不完整,还需要一个宾语补足语进一步说明,意思才完整。宾语+宾语补足语构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑的主谓关系。双宾语之间则没有逻辑的主谓关系。
可作宾语补足语的词类有:名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词和介词短语。
常见的要求带宾补的动词有:make,elect,choose,call,name,leave,find, keep, think, set, let,see,show,ask,tell,invite,want,wish,advise,get,force,oblige,allow,permit,like,encourage,order,expect,prefer,hate,persuade等。
Her parents named her Mary.(名词)父母给她取名玛丽。
Do you find life hard here?(形容词)你感觉这儿的生活艰苦吗?
I’m so glad I found you in.(副词)我很高兴你在家。
I strongly advised him not to do so.(不定式)我竭力劝他不要这样做。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere grow tense.
(不带to 的不定式)我突然感到气氛紧张起来。
I noticed him leaving the house.(-ing形式)我注意到他离开房子。
I was glad to see them so well treated.
(-ed形式)看到他们受到这样好的待遇,我很高兴。
另外,有些动词要求用it作形式宾语,名词或形容词作宾补,如:make,find,feel,think.
I feel it necessary to speak about my opinion.
(形容词)我觉得有必要谈谈我的意见。



第五节 定语从句
一、 定义:定语从句是一种形容词性从句。相当于形容词,修饰名词、代词或者句子。
1.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句须放在先行词之后。
2.引导定语从句的词叫关系词,关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词和关系副词,不但起连接主从复合句的作用,而且在句子中必须担任句子成份。
关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which等。
关系副词有:when,where,why等。
A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.
句中person是先行词,划线部分是定语从句,who是关系代词 引导定语从句,在从句中做主语。
3.定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词在人称上和数上一致。
1) This is the girl who usually is the first to come to school. (is 和girl 保持一致。)
These are the girls who usually are the first to come to school.
(are 和girls 保持一致。)
2)one of +复数名词+定语从句+复数谓语
He is one of the boys who have been to Beijing.
但the only one of +复数名词+定语从句+单数谓语
He is the only one of the bo

ys who has been to Beijing.
二、关系代词的用法:
关系词
代替功能

在从句中
的作用 例句
who 代替人 主语 The girl who plays the piano very well is his daughter.那位钢琴弹得很好的小姑娘是他的女儿。
表语 He is no longer the man who he used to be.他不再是以前那样的人了。
whom 代替人 动词宾语 Where is the student whom Professor Su praised at the meeting? 苏教授在会上表扬的那个学牛在哪里?
介词宾语 The man with whom she was traveling is her
boyfriend.跟她一道旅行的那个男人是他的男朋友。
Whose(=of whom\which) 代替人 从句中作名词的定语 She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London.她在照看其父母去了伦敦的那个小孩。
代替物 He lives in the room whose windows face south.他住在窗户朝南的那个房间。
that



代替人


主语 The man that is speaking at the meeting is a famous scientist.
在会上讲话的那个人是一位著名的科学家。
宾语 Is this the teacher that you talked about yesterday.
这就是你们昨天淡到的那位老师吗?
表语 She is no longer the girl that she was in her childhood.她不再是她童年时代的那个女孩了。
代替物代替 代替物 主语 The train that has just left is for Shanghai.刚刚离开的那列火车是开往上海的。
宾语 Is this the photo that you took last summer? 这是你去年夏天照的相片吗?
表语 My home town is not a polluted place that you think it to be.我的家乡不是像你认为的一个污染的地方。
which 代替物 主语 The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
宾语 The computer which I wanted to buy was sold out.我想买的那种计算机卖完了。
表语 She was fond of dancing,which her brother never was.她喜爱跳舞,她弟弟从不喜爱。
1.用who代替whom在从句中作宾语,主要用于口语。
2.在口语中 who, whom, that, which在从句中作动词宾语时常常省去。如:
The boy (whom)I mentioned is his son.我刚才提到的那个男孩是他的儿子。
3.两种不能用that 引导定语从句的情况:
一是当关系代词作介词宾语,且介词在关系代词前面时,不可用that,只能用who, whom或which。
This is the house in which we lived last year.
This is the house that we lived in last year.
二是非限定性定语从句不能用that 引导,只能用whom或which。
The book here, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by Mary.
4.几种只能用that引导定语从句的情况:
1)先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,everything,nothing,anything,none等。如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
2)先行词被序数词或形容词

最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。如:
This is the best movie that I’ve ever seen.这是我看到过的最好一部电影。
3) 先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰时。如:
I have read all the books(that)you gave me.我读了你给我的所有的书。
4)先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时。如:
He is the only person that I want to talk to.他就是我要谈话的那个人。
5)当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时。 如:
They are talking about things and persons that they remembered.
他们在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人和事。
6)在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时,为避免重复。如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
Which of the books that were borrowed from the library is yours?
从图书馆借的哪一本是你的?
7) 如果有两个定语从句,其中一个关系词已用which,则另一个用that。如:
The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before. 这个国家建了一个生产以前未曾见到过的东西的工厂。
8)主句以there be开头。如:
There is a seat in the corner that is still free.在那个角落还有个座位空着。
三、关系副词的用法:
引导定语从句的关系副词代替与其相应的先行词,并且在从句中分别起时间、地点和原因状语作用。关系副词在意义上常常相当于一个“介词+which”结构。如下表:

关系词
代替功能
在从句中
的作用 例 句

when (= at,on,in,during which) 时间名词
时间状语
I shall never forget the day when(on which)we moved into our new house.
我将永远不会忘记我们搬进新居的那一天。
where (=in, at which)
地点名词
地点状语
This is the place where(at which)Jack parks his car.
这是杰克放车的地方。

why(for which)

指代原因

原因状语
He didn't know the reason why(for which)he was dismissed.
他不知道他为什么被解职。
1.虽然先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词,但关系词在从句中不是充当状语,而是充当主语、宾语时,就不能用when,where和why。也就是说选择关系词与先行词在主句中的语法地位无关,主要看代替先行词的关系词在从句中担任什么成分;其次再看先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。如:
I still remember the days when I stayed in Beijing.
我仍然记得在北京待的那些日子
I still remember the days which we spent together.
我仍然记得我们在一起度过的那些日子。

He showed me the place where he lived.他带我看了他住的地方。
This is the place which we visited last year.这是我们去年参观过的地方。

This is the reason why we must go earlier

now.
这就是我们必须早点去的原因。
The reason which you gave us was unacceptable.
你提出的理由是不能接受的。

2.在口语和非正式场合,when,where和why或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”结构。如:
Do you know anywhere where (=at which) I can get a drink?
你知道在那儿我能喝杯酒?
The last day when (= on which)I saw her was a fine morning in July.
我见到她的最后那天是七月份的一个阳光明媚的早晨。
Spring is the best season when (during which) we can go outing.
This is the reason why (=for which)he was absent yesterday.
这就是他昨天缺席的理由。
This is the dictionary with which I can translate the book.
总结以上例句,“介词+which”中的介词的的选定主要跟据如下三中情况而定:1)先行词2)定语从句中的动词3)全句的意思。
再欣赏下面两个句子:
They reached a big mountain,at the foot of which there was a farmhouse.
他们到了一座大山,山脚下有一家农舍。
The beautiful building,in front of which there is a flower bed,is our teaching
building.
那座漂亮的大楼是我们的教学楼,前面有个花坛。
此类结构还有:at the foot of,at the hack of,in front of,on the top of等。
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:
限制性定语从句与主句的关系密切,省去定语从句意思不完整,主句和定语从句之间不能用逗号隔开,常译为先行词的定语。
非限制性定语从句和主句关系不密切,只是对先行词作附带说明,省去定语从句,主句的意思还很完整,定语从句和主句之问用逗号隔开,常译为另一个句子。
The project,which lasted four years,cost$1 billion.
这个工程耗资十亿,它用了四年时间。
Bob’s father,who worked on the project,spent four years in Egypt.
鲍勃的爸爸在埃及度过了四年的时间,他就为这个工程工作。
试比较下列句子:
All the magazines here,which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by Tom.
这儿所有的杂志都是Tom写的,里面都有图画。
(附带说明,这儿所有的杂志里面都有图画。)
All the magazines here which have beautiful pictures in them were written by Tom.
这儿里面有图画的所有杂志都是Tom写的。
(其含义是里面没有图画的杂志不是他写的)

His young sister,who is eighteen years old, is a college student.
他妹妹是个大学生,今年十八岁。(含义是他只有一个妹妹)
His young sister who is eighteen years old is a college student.
他那个十八岁的妹妹是个大学生。(含义是他可能有不只一个妹妹)
五、注意事项:
许多同学在翻译定语从句时容易犯如下两种错误,
1、少主语
There are ten girls come from the south in our class. (定语从句中少了come 的主

语)
我们班有十个来自南方的女生。
2、多宾语
This is the book I bought it yesterday. (定语从句中bought多了个宾语it)
这是我昨天买的书。
六、“as”引导的定语从句(此部分只做了解即可)
as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句,并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或状语,构成the same … as,such…as,so…as等结构。如:
Here are such questions as are often asked by the students.
这是些学生们常常问的那类问题。(as作主语)
This is the same computer as I have bought.
这台计算机和我买的那台一样。(as作宾语)
I have never seen such kind of girl as she is.
我从未见过像她这样的女孩。(as作表语)
I’ll do the experiment the same way as he does
我将采用和他同样的方法做这个实验。(as作方式状语)
I came the same day as she left.
我在她离开的同一天来的。 (as作时间状语)
He studies in the same college as I do.
他和我在同一所大学学习。(as作地点状语)
He didn’t believe such reason as she did so.
他不相信她那样做的理由。 (as作原因状语)
Here is so easy a question/such an easy question as everybody can answer.
这个问题很容易,谁都能答得上来。(as作结果状语)
引导定语从句的so/such…as 与表示结果的so/such…that结构的区别:
当从句中不缺成分时用so/such…that引导的是结果状语从句,
当从句中缺少成分时用so/such…as引导的是定语从句。如:
As a teacher, I seldom give students so difficult a problem as they can’t work out.
As a teacher, I seldom give students so difficult a problem that they can’t work it out.

They are such beautiful pictures as drew(吸引)many people’s attention.
They are such beautiful pictures that they drew many people’s attention.

as引出非限定性定语从句时,代替整个主句,对其进行说明。但一般用于像as we all know,as is known to all,as it is,as is said above,as is often the case等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,且引出的从句位置比较灵活,可位于句首或句末,也可插入主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句分开。as有“正如……”,“就像……”之意。
He forgot to bring his pen with him,as was often the case.
他忘了带笔,这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)
He is absorbed in work, as he often was.
他正在全神贯注地工作,他过去经常这样。(as在从句中作表语)
As we all know,the earth is round.
众所周知,地球是圆的。 (as在从句中作宾语)
七、小结:
1、
关系词 作用 先行词
that,who,whom 主语、表语、宾语 人
that, which 主语、表语、宾语 人,物,时间,地点
whose 定语 人、物
when 状语 时间
where 状语

地点
why 状语 原因
2、做定语从句题时应按如下两个步骤分析:
第一,分析定语从句中缺少什么成分。如果少主、宾、表、定语,就去选择关系代词;如果少状语,就去选关系副词。
第二,分析先行词是表示什么的词语。如果先行词是表示人的就去选who, whom, that, 或者whose;如果先行词是表示物的就去选 that, which, whose,;如果先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的词就分别去选when, where, why。其中对地点的理解应拓展到空间,如position, book 等均可以理解为表示空间的词语,请注意下面的典型例句(2)。
注意:这两个步骤不能颠倒。有许多同学在做定语从句题时的分析步骤和上述是相反的,所以常出错误。
典型例句:
(1) This is the house where we lived last year.
(定语从句中live 少状语,故用where 引导定从。)
This is the house that we visited last year.
(定语从句中visit 少宾语,故用that 引导定从。)
(2) This is the book where you can find the answer to the question.
(book不是表示地点的名词,但定从中少地点状语,故用where)
3、定语从句与表语、宾语从句的转换(一种意思多种表达方式)
(1) I don’t know the things that he wants. = I don’t know what he wants.
定语从句 宾语从句
(2)I don’t know the place where he lives. = I don’t know where he lives.
定语从句 宾语从句
(3)This is the place where he lived last year.= This is where he lived last year.
定语从句 表语从句
八、同位语从句
在有些名词如idea,thought,news,fact,report,promise,hope,plan,belief,doubt, feeling, dream, wish等后面,可以用that等连接词语引导一个从句,来解释、说明前面这个名词的内容,叫同位语从句。同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于:定语从句是用来修饰、限定先行词(名词或代词),相当于一个形容词;而同位语从句和先行词的关系是等同的。
引导同位语从句的连词有,that,whether, how,when,where,why等。
that只起连接作用,不作句子成分,但不能省略,这也是和that 引导定语从句的区别。
The news that we’11 hold the sports meet next week is known to a11.
我们下周开运动会的消息大家都知道。
I expressed the hope that he would come to visit our school again.
我表示希望他再来参观我们学校。
The fact that he didn’t attend the meeting surprised me.
他没有参加会议的事实使我很惊奇。
I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道她什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。


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