1994年真题超精读Passage One
organize vt.组织
private a.私人的，个人的
market-oriented a.以市场为导向的
largely ad. 主要地，在很大程度上marketplace n.市场
strive to do 努力做
profit n.利润
in competition with sb 在与sb的竞争中motive n.动机
operate v.起作用；运行；操作
competitive a.竞争的；竞争性的；竞争激烈的individual a./n.个体的；个体
consumer n.消费者
desire n./v.愿望；欲望
maximize vt.最大化
resources n.资源
mechanism n.构造，结构；体制，机制
in response to sth 作为对sth的反应/回应relative a.相对的；比较，相当
demand n./v.需求；要求
supply n./v.供应；提供
in short supply 供应不足
relative to A 与A相比较/相对应；与A有关bid v./n.竞标，投标
be bid up （指价格等）被抬升
eliminate v.去除，消除；淘汰
commodity =goods n.商品
in turn 反过来
permit sb to do 允许sb做
regulate v.调整
own = possess vt.拥有
productive resources 生产资料
property n.财产
hire = employ vt.雇；雇佣
gain control over A 获得对A的控制
natural resources 自然资源
concept n.概念
embrace vt.包括；拥抱contract n.合同v.收缩
be satisfied with A 对A满意
overstate v.夸大；多报
understate v.轻描淡写；少报
purchase v./n.购买
purchasing power 购买力
mechanized a.机械化的
A is characterized by B. A的特点是B。
The Chinese people are characterized by modesty. 中国人的特点是谦虚。
A concerned = A involved 所涉及到的A those involved 所涉及到的那些人，相关人士manpower n.人力
work vi.起作用，发挥作用
Passage Two
at least 最少，至少 at most 最多，至多issue v.发放；发出n.问题
credit n./v.信用；信誉；信贷；相信；表扬，赞扬；面子，荣誉；学分credit card 信用卡
at home 在家；在国内
across the country 在全国
as well = too 也
withdraw v.抽回；收回；提取 withdrawal n. deposit v./n.存放；沉淀
scatter v.分散
location n.方位；地方
locate v.定位；找到
branch n.分行，分支机构，分公司
on the horizon 即将出现
while conj.当...的时候；尽管，虽然；而，然而convenience n. 方便，便利convenient a. electronic a.电子的
cash register 现金出纳机，现金记录仪
a wide range of 许多
keep track of 跟踪，随时了解
list n.名单，清单
item n.项目；物品
order v./n.订购；订单
efficient a.有效率的，高效的
personnel n.人员；人事部门
staff n.人员，职员v.定员；是...的职员assignment n.分配，分派，安排assign v. accordingly ad.因此，据此
identify v.识别，辨认
preferred customer 首选的顾客
promotion(al) campaign 促销活动
rely on 依赖
manufacturer n.生产商manufacture n./v.生产analyze v.分析analysis
computer-analyzed a.经过计算机分析的marketing n.营销
emphasize v.强调；重视 emphasis n. develop products 开发产品
stock n.供应；库存；股票
in stock 库存中的
raw a.生的；未加工的
raw material 原材料
process n.过程v.加工，处理
numerous a.众多的
commercial a.商业的n.商业广告
utilities n.公用事业企业
processor n.加工者，处理者
obtain v.获得
cash v.把...兑换成现金
pay in cash 用现金支付
make an order of sth = order 订购
automation n.自动化
allow sb to do 允许sb做；使sb有可能做/能够做This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving.
这些信息，通过表现哪些货物正被出售以及它们的出售速度，从而使商人们能够随时了解货物清单。At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.
同时，这些电脑记录哪几个小时最忙，以及哪些员工效率最高，据此能使企业做出相应的人事安排。
enjoy great trust from sb 得到sb的信任
It is now more convenient to do ... than before. 现在做...比以前更加方便。
With cell phones, it is now more convenient to communicate than before.
有了手机，现在通讯比以前更加方便。
approaches to sth 或approaches to doing sth 做sth的方法
approaches to learning English 学英语的方法
Sth can do much more than do ...
sth的作用不仅仅是...
The Internet can do much more than providing us with information.
互联网的作用不仅仅是给我们提供信息。
Passage Three
exceptional children 智障儿童
in some significant way 在某个重要的方面
be adapted to A 适应A
adapt A to B 让A适应B
focus on 聚焦于，集中于
environment n.环境
leading actor 主演
capture v./n.抓住；捕获
capture one’s attention吸引某人的注意力
be aware of 意识到
supporting player 配角
scenery n.风景；舞台背景
be the key to sth 是sth的关键
pass on 传承
prejudice n./v.偏见
central values 核心价值观
democratic a.民主的democracy n. phrase n.短语，表达
founder n.建立者，创建者found vt.
denote = mean v.意味着，意思是
the right of sb to do sb做...的权利
the right of sb to sth sb得到sth的权利
confirm vt.确认；证实
appropriate a.合适的
modify v.修饰；修改，改变
program n./v.计划，项目；节目，节目单；程序；课程instruction n.教导，教学；指令；说明instruct v. cite vt.引用citation n.
normal a.正常的norm n.标准；规范receive much concern 得到很多关注
necessity n.必要，必要性
state vt.陈述，表明statement n.
exert vt.施加，运用
The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
在过去三十年，在公共教育方面所表现出的、对智障儿童的巨大兴趣，表明了我们社会中的一种强烈情感，即所有公民，不管他们的特殊状况是什么，都应该得到充分发展他们能力的机会。
A weighs much heavier than B. A比B重要的多。Health weighs much heavier than wealth. 健康比
财富重要的多。
fully develop one’s potentials
充分发展/发挥一个人的潜能/潜力
A good job is one which can fully develop our potentials.
一个好的工作是能够充分发挥我们的潜能的工作。
deserve special consideration
应该得到特殊关照/照顾
Those in disadvantaged circumstances should deserve special consideration.
弱势群体应该得到特殊关照。A exerts great influence over B. A对B有巨大的影响。
College life exerts great influence over everyone’s values.
大学生生活对每个人的价值观都有巨大的影响。
A has much to do with B. A与B有很大关系。Global warming has much to do with human activities. 全球变暖与人类的活动有很大关系。
Passage Four
by the end of 到(某一时间段)结束时
in detail 详细地
arise v.(arose, arisen)出现，产生
micro a.微小的
microbiologist n.微生物学家
expert on sth sth方面的专家
caution vt.警告n.小心，谨慎
once conj. 一旦；一次
cure n.治疗方法，治疗v.治愈
infection n.感染；传染infectious a. infect v. survive v.生存；保留；在...之后还活着/存在survival n. institute n.机构；学院
estimate v./n.估计
figure n.数字，数目
statistics n.数据
discouraging a.令人沮丧的
as many as 多达
variety n.变体；多样
in existence （作名词后置定语）现存的
make great progress 取得巨大的进步
cosmic = universal a.宇宙cosmos = universe n.宇宙radiation n.辐射radiate v.
activate vt.激活
cell n.细胞
mysterious a.神秘的mystery n.迷likelihood = possibility n.可能性 likely a.可能的initiate vt.使进入；使开始，着手 initiation n. evolutionary a. 进化的；进化论的
evolution n. evolve v.
point out 指出
prospect n.前景
determine v.确定；决定
counteract v.对抗；抵消
disclose v.揭示；揭露
indicate v.表明
imply v.暗示implication n.
in operation 起作用；在运行
so long as = as long as 只要
turn off 关；关闭
ever-present 永远存在的
suffer from a disease 患病，得病
those suffering from swine flu 得了猪流感的人
There is still a long way to go before ...
在...之前还有很长的路要走。
There is still a long way to go before everyone becomes aware of the problem.
在人们意识到这个问题之前，还有很长的路要走。
Passage Five
discovery n.发现discover v.
blind vt.使失明；使晕眩；使未能意识到dramatic a.戏剧化的；戏剧的
Sir n.爵士
legend n.传奇；传说
Legend has it that ... 据传说
mold n./v.霉菌；铸模；铸造；塑造
penicillin n.青霉素
experiment with A 用A做实验
antibacterial a.抗菌的
substance n.物质
innovation n.创新 innovate v. innovative a. laborious a.充满艰辛的
trial n.尝试；审理try v.
soccer n.足球
shot n.射门；投篮；弹丸
have sth done sth被（别人）做
have one’s hair cut理发have their shots blocked 射门被阻挡
score v.得分
prime a.主要的
work on sth 忙于，从事
consciously ad.有意识的conscious a. ordinary people, the average person,
common people 普通人
fanciful a.不切实际的；时尚的，前卫的abstraction n.抽象；抽象的事物
solid possibilities 有根据并可能实现的事
virtue n.美德；优点
authority n.权威；权威人士；当局；政府seemingly ad.表面上
plastic garbage bags 塑料垃圾袋
how come = why 为什么
think of 想到
proposition n.观点，理论
set out 出发；开始
search for = look for 寻找
alternate a.另外的；非常规的
in the long run = in the long term 长远来说
be bound to do 肯定，必定
challenging a.有挑战的
challenge v./n.挑战；质疑
dead end 死胡同
ignorant of A 对A一无所知
come up with 想出，拿出
by accident 偶然，不经意间
distinguish/tell A from B 区分A和B
possess vt.拥有
present v.给；介绍；描述
quote v.引用quotation n.
assertion n.断言，坚持声称assert v. assertive a. diligent a.勤奋的 diligence n.
be reluctant to do 不情愿做
be devoted to A 致力于A
be concerned about A 关心A；担心A
Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,
原句省略的词汇用划线表示：Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things in the way in which they have always been done,
创造性思维可能仅仅意味着一种意识，即，采用事情一向被做时所用的方式去做事情，并没有特别的好处。
创造性思维可能仅仅意味着一种意识，即，用人们常用的做事方式做事情，并没有特别的好处。
Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.
有高度创造力的人的确是伴随着一个不同的鼓手敲出的节奏前行的。
1995年真题超精读
Passage One
know of/about 了解
serve to do = help to do 有助于
assist v.协助assistance n.
assistant a.协助的n.助手
distribution n.销售；分配，分发
thereby = therefore 因此
establish v.建立，确立；证实
home market 国内市场
provide for 为...做准备
draw one’s attention to A让某人注意A
draw attention to A 让人们注意A
enormously ad.非常，极其
enormous a.巨大的
ensure v.保证
lower vt.降低
tube = underway n.地铁
guarantee n./v.保证
apart from 除了
act n.法令，法案
parliament n.(英国、澳大利亚的)国会govern v.统治，管理，控制
term n.术语，用语；关系；条件，条款；时期regular a.规则的；规律的；经常的；固定的promote a product 推销产品
fail to do 未能；无法
live up to sth 达到sth(期望，承诺等) mislead = misguide v.误导
mercifully ad.幸亏，好在，幸运的是
merciful a.仁慈的，宽大的
inferior a.次的，劣的，低的
article n.物品；文章；条目，条款；冠词consistently ad.一贯地；始终如一地，一致地；
向来历来consistent a. represent vt.代表
force n.因素；力量
touch on = mention 提到，提及
personality n.名人；个性
declare v.宣布declaration n. persuade v.说服persuasion n. persuasive a.有说服作用的；有说服力的inform sb of sth 让sb知道sth；向sb告知sth draw distinction 做区分
excessively ad.过分的，过度的excessive a. fine a.细微的
seek to do = try to do 试图做
message n.信息
merely = only ad.仅仅，只
confine vt.限制，局限
subtly ad.细微，微妙
boring = dull a.乏味
money consuming 花钱的
secure vt.获得
fame n.名声
precise a.精确地
pass one’s judgment on A某人表达对A的判断nothing but 正是，就是
partial a.片面的；部分的
win sb over 争取sb
If its message were confined merely to information —and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive —advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.
如果广告的内容仅仅限于信息—这件事如果不是不可能做到，也是很难做到的，因为即便像一件衬衫颜色的选择这样一个细节也有微妙的说服作用—广告将变得如此乏味，以至于没有人会注意它们。
Passage Two
view A as B 把A看做B
measure v.衡量；测量
grade n.分数；等级；年级
measurable a.可衡量的；可测量的
by contrast 相反，与此形成对照的是
by definition 按照定义，根据定义
specific a.特定的；具体的
signpost n. 路标
landmark n.路标，里程碑
encounter v./n.遭遇；邂逅
obstacle n.障碍
willingness n.情愿，愿意willing a.
take risks = take chances = run risks 冒险
being n.存在；存在物；存在状态
perceive v.感觉，感知；察觉；理解perception n. be open to sth 对sth保持开放的心态
indecisive a.犹豫不决的
decisive a.果断的；决定性的
timidity n.胆怯，懦弱timid a.
hesitate v.犹豫hesitation n. hesitant a. cope with 处理，应对
passive a.被动的；消极的
insecurity n.不安全；无保障
self-doubt n.自我怀疑
be to do 想要；应该；将要
overcome vt.克服
cease v.停止
trap v./n.陷入；陷阱shell n.贝壳；壳
give up = quit vt.放弃
make great efforts 做出巨大的努力
be keen on doing 热衷于做
succeed in doing 成功的做成了
take up challenges 接受挑战
aim vi./n.瞄准；定目标
refer to A 指；提到，涉及；参考
advocate vt.提倡n.倡导者
curious a.好奇的curiosity n. promptness n.迅捷，迅速prompt a.迅捷的，迅速的vt.催促，促使
open-mindedness to new experiences
对新事物的开放心态
avoidance n.避免avoid v.
Passage Three
complex a.复杂的complexity n.
formerly ad.从前former a.
solutions to sth sth的解决办法/方案complicated a.复杂的
complicate vt.使复杂
colleague n.同事
extend v.延伸，扩展
extended family 大家庭(多代同堂)
resolve v.解决；决心resolution n.
expert a.专业的n.专家
in addition to A = besides A 除了A
mobility n.移动，流动；移动性，流动性mobile a. stable a.稳定的 stability n.
informal a.非正式的formal a.正式的
cut off 切断
trustworthy a.值得信赖的
reliable a.可靠的 rely vi.(on)
unconscious a.无意识的；神志不清的subconscious a.下意识的，潜意识的
casual a.随意的；休闲的
enormous a.巨大的
stockpile n.积聚；贮存
A relevant to
B 与B有关的A
overwhelming a.压倒性的，极强的
quantity n.数量quantitative a.数量的；大量的enable sb to do 使sb能做sth
enable sth = make sth possible 使sth成为可能store vt.储存storage n.
file n.档案
locate v.定位；查找
shortly ad.很快
bombard vt.轰炸
communications n.通讯；交流
occurrence n.发生
occur = happen = take place vi. expertise n.专业知识，专业信息
teleconference n.远程会议
problems in dispute 有争议的问题
settle v.解决；安定，定居settlement n. participant n.参加者participate in = take part in site n.地点，地址；工地
distant a.遥远的distance n.遥远；距离facilitate vt.使便利
accurate a.准确的；精确的
up-to-date a.最新的
critical a.关键的，重要的；批评的，批判的access to A 对A的接近/获得/使用
the lack of A A的缺乏
channel n.渠道；频道；海峡
readily ad.容易地
carry out 进行，执行
infer v.推导，推断inference n.
dominant a.主导的，支配的，控制的 dominate v. transmit v.传导，传送
keep secrets 保密
information era 信息时代
on spot 当场，现场
make the best use of sth 充分利用sth accumulate v.积累 accumulation n.
As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.
随着家庭离开他们稳定的社区，他们多年的老友，以及他们的大家庭关系，非正式的信息流通被切断了，随之，人们的信心也失去了，即需要信息的时候，信息就能被获得，并且获得的信息是值得信赖并可靠的。
Passage Four
inherent a.内在的；固有的inherence n. offspring n.后代
profound a.深远的，深的，深刻的
major a.重大的；重要的；主要的
soak up = absorb vt.吸收
characteristic n.特点
nature n.本质
institution = institute n.机构
adopt vt.采用，采纳；收养 adoption n. adoptive a. at the cost of A 以A为代价
do sth at all costs 不惜一切代价做sth
moral a.道德的；符合道德水准的
current a.目前的；流行的
passion n.激情；喜欢，喜爱
layer n.层
be keen to do 热衷于做
marathon n.马拉松
rejoice vi.高兴
conquer v.征服conquest n. disproportionate a.不成比例的
proportionate a.成比例的；按比例的
proportion n.比例；部分；程度
emphasis n.强调；重点emphasize v.
rare a.罕见的
concentrate on A 把注意力集中于A
merit n.优点；功绩，业绩
somewhat = a little 有一点
questionable a.可疑的
in the knowledge of 知道
positively ad.的确；积极地
youngster n.年轻人
fit A to B 使A适合B
preoccupy vt.使专心于；
先占，先取 preoccupation n.
be preoccupied with A 老是想着A
the preoccupation of sb with A
sb老是想着A，对A的念念不忘academic a.学术的，学习的
lessen vt.减轻，缓解
sure values 可靠的、确定的价值观
selection n.选择；挑选select v. selective a. profession n.职业
professional a.职业的n.职业人士，专业人士stock n.库存；股票；血统
impatient a.不耐心的
patient a.耐心的n.病人
considerate a.体贴的，体谅的
agreeable a.宜人的；可口的；随和的
doubtful a.可疑的
currently = now ad.现在
be based on A 基于A
candidate n.候选人
shaping n.形成
multiple a.多的，多次的，多重的
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.
如果学校对学习成绩的重视减少一点，人们或许可以花更多的时间教孩子们更可靠的价值观。（如果这样，）很可能对护理职业，尤其是医药行业，的选择，就会更少的看化学课的高分，而更多的看像敏感性和同情心这样一些因素。
Passage Five
subsequent a.随后的，其后的subsequence n.
A is evidence of B. A证明了B。/A是B的证据。A called/named/termed
B 被(人们)称作B的A popularly ad.一般的；普遍的
popular a.普遍的；大众的，民众的；
流行的，受欢迎的popularity n.
A has an effect on B. A对B有影响。
such ... as to do 如此...以至于
performance n.表演；表现perform v. recitation n.背诵recite v.
so-called a.所谓的
primary a.主要的
typically ad.典型地；通常
maintain v.保持；保存；维持maintenance n. learned material 学过的材料，学过的东西emotionally ad.情感地
gradual a.逐渐的
natural selection 自然选择
fade v.变暗，变淡，变弱，变小；消失
aid v./n.帮助；有助于
orientation n.定位，定向；适应orientate = orient v. duration n.持续时间，时间的长短
flexibility n.灵活，灵活性 flexible a. adjustment n.调整；适应adjust v.
gross a.总的；明显的
contemporary a.当代的；同时代的n.同时代的人all of a sudden = suddenly 突然
A is an indication of B. = A indicates B. A表明B。exactly ad.确切地；非常，完全
balanced a.平衡的
compensation n.补偿；赔偿compensate v.
A is a compensation for B. A是对B的补偿。
1996年真题超精读
Passage One
lip n.嘴唇
tight-lipped a.出言谨慎的
elders n.老人们
mental a.智力的；精神的；精神病的
blueprint n.计划；（建筑）蓝图
routine n.常规
intend to do 想要做
have sb to dinner = invite sb to dinner 请sb吃饭serve v.提供，上(饭，菜)
serve dishes 上菜
likewise ad.同样地
a sheet of paper 一张纸
account n.记述，描述，表述，叙述；帐户；账目sketch n./v.简要描述；素描
reference n.介绍信；参考；提及
refer to A 参考A；提及A，提到A；指A
fill out application blanks/forms 填申请表
could-be a.将来的，未来的
qualification n.资格，资历；条件
tangible a.确实的，实质的
tangible assets 有形资产
as to A 关于A，至于A，对于A
inquiry n.询问；调查
regarding = about prep.关于，至于，对于illustration n.例子；插图illustrate v. guideline n.指导方针，指针
uation n.评价，评估 uate v.
please vt.使高兴，取悦于
imaginary a.虚构的；想象的
Passage Two
corporation n.公司；法人
news coverage 新闻报道
viewers n.观
tune in to sth 收听，收看
radio station 广播电台
comedy n.喜剧comic a.
current affairs 时事
religion n.宗教religious a.
annual a.一年的n.年刊
household n.家庭
per prep.每，每一个
stretch v.延伸；拉，扯
in doubt 不确定的
fund vt.资助n.基金
broadcast v./n.广播
for the time being 目前，暂时size n.规模，大小，尺寸
subject n.主题，主旨
debate n./v.辩论
nation-wide a./ad.全国，全国范围
launch vt.发起
royal a.皇家的；皇室的
charter n.特许证；宪章；包租
run out 用完，耗尽
defend v.辩护；保卫，捍卫
be fond of 喜欢
slogan n.口号；标语
ain’t: (美国口语)be not; have/has not
broke a. (美国口语)没钱
broken a.破碎的；毁损的
distinct a.不同的；明显的
bother v.打扰，麻烦
bother to do 费力去做，费心去做
cut costs 削减成本
cut jobs 裁员
arrival n.到来arrive vi.
subscription n.订购费，订阅费；订阅，订购；
捐赠 subscribe v.
shrinkage n.萎缩；皱缩；畏缩；缩水shrink v. key a.关键的，重要的n.钥匙；按键
foremost a.最重要的
readjust v.重新调整
no other than 正是，就是
emergence n.出现emerge vi.
enforcement n. 强制执行，强制实施enforce v. urgent a.紧急的，急迫的urgency n.
Passage Three
in the last half of the nineteenth century
在19世纪下半叶
in the first half of the nineteenth century
在19世纪上半叶
capital n.资本；首都，首府 a.主要的
labor n./v.劳工；劳动；劳动力
enlarge vt.扩大
perfect vt.完善a.完美的
rival a.敌对的n.敌手，对手
many an firm = many firms 很多公司
limited liability company 有限责任公司bureaucracy n.管理层；官僚
salaried a.拿薪水的
engage v.吸引；约会；雇佣；订婚；
预订；交战 engagement n.
spoil v.毁掉，破坏；宠坏
fortune n.好运；运气；财富
energetic a.精力充沛的
founder n.创始人，创立者found v.创立moreover ad.而且，此外
individual a./n.个人的；个体的；个体
initiative n.主动；主动性；主动权；倡议；计划；措施collectivism n.集体主义；集体所有制
municipal a.市政的；市政府的
municipality n.自治市；直辖市
state-owned a.国有的
business n.商业，经济，财经；企业；行业；事务shareholder n.股东
unlike prep.不像
lighting n.照明
tram n.有轨电车
consequence n.影响；结果
impersonal a.非个人的；不掺杂个人情感的，
客观的；没人情味的，冷漠的manipulation n.操作，操纵manipulate v. industry n.工业；行业；企业；勤奋
detach vt.相分离，分开
A detached from
B 与B相分离的A
all through the nineteenth century 在整个19世纪enrich vt.使富裕；丰富
industrialization n.工业化industrialize vt. spring vi.(sprang, sprung) 跳跃
spring up 出现
house vt.给...提供住所
have relation to A 与A有关
dividend n.红利，股息
draw dividend 提取红利
occasionally ad.偶尔，偶然occasional a. dictate vt.口述，口授；命令
dictation n.口授，口述；听写
leisure n.休闲
leisure time 闲暇时间，空余时间
Victorian n.(英女王)维多利亚时代的人
a. 维多利亚时代的
civilization n.文明
civilize vt.使文明，使开化；教育，使有教养have no knowledge of A 对A不了解
paid a.被付过钱的；被雇佣的
act for 代理，代表
patriarchal a.父系的；家长的；家长制的matriarchal a.母系的
pass away 逝去；去世
render vt.使，让
trade union 行业联合会；工会
trade n./v.行业；贸易
on equal terms 以平等的关系
cruel a.残忍的，残酷的cruelty n.
discipline n./v.惩罚；纪律；课程；训练，磨练，锻炼strike n.罢工
lockout n.(资本家为逼迫工人让步)关闭工厂party n.方；党派；聚会
fair a.公平的
negotiation n.协商，谈判negotiate v. taxpayer n.纳税人
the separation of A from B A和B的分离unaware of 没有意识到；不了解
run vi.运行vt.管理，操作
positive a.积极的；正向的；阳性的
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
对资本和行业的这种大规模、非个人的操作，大大增加了股东们作为一个阶级的数量和重要性，
他们成为国民生活中的一个因素，这个因素代表了与土地及土地所有者的义务相分离的不负责任的财富；这种财富还几乎以同样的程度与对企业的负责任的管理相分离。
Passage Four
outburst = outbreak n. 爆发；冲出
burst out = break out vi.爆发；冲出breakthrough n.突破
steam n./v.蒸汽
weave v.编织
shape v./n.形成；塑造；形状
single out = pick out vt.挑出
elementary school = primary school 小学
labor force 劳动力，劳力
practice n.做法；惯例
premium n.奖金；保险费用
above all 最重要的是
genius n.天赋；天才
the genius for sth 对sth的天赋
nonverbal a.非语言的
verbal a.语言的
spatial a.空间的
technological a.技术的
thanks to = because of 因为
mechanic n.技师
Atlantic a./n.大西洋
literate a.有文化的，能读能写的
at home in sth = skilled in sth 精通sth arithmetic n.算数
geometry n.几何
trigonometry n.三角学
acute a.敏锐的；严重的
relate A to B = connect/associate A with B
把A和B联系起来
advantage n.优点，优势
commission n.委员会；委托
thorough a.彻底的；详尽的；细致的
skilled a.熟练的
a further 另一个stimulus n.刺激；刺激物
stimulate v.刺激stimulation n. precede vt.在...前面
parallel a./n./v.平行；相似
run parallel with A 与A平行；与A共存
medal n.奖章
incentive n.(物质)奖励
award vt./n.奖金，奖品
country fair 乡村集市
industrial fair 工业博览会
flock vi.群集
admire v.欣赏；钦佩；赞美
renew vt.更新；重建；恢复
faith n.信心；信念
beneficence n.优点；善行；捐赠
given prep.考虑到
optimistic a.乐观的optimism n.
take to A 喜欢A
readily ad.容易地，轻易
mechanical a.机械的；呆板的
technologist n.技师
object n.物体
reduce A to B 把A转化为B
A can be reduced to B. A可以被转化为B。
A’s reduction to B = the reduction of A to B
A向B的转化
ambiguous a.模棱两可的，有歧义的ambiguity n. unambiguous a.清楚的，无歧义的
deal with 处理，应对
visual a.想象的；视觉的
process n.过程v.处理，加工
design v./n.设计
designer n.设计者
assemble v./n.装配；集合
device n.装置
devise v.设计
mechanic n.技师
lever n.杠杆
screw n.螺丝
exhibition n.展示，展览exhibit v.
transmit v.传导，传递
interact with 相互作用，互动
mainland n.大陆
emulation n.模仿emulate v.
imitation n.模仿imitate
in earlier times 以前，早先
striving n.努力
fame n.名声famous a.
in a large part = to a large extent 在很大程度上enthusiastic a.热情的enthusiasm n. shed light on sth 有助于人们理解sth privileged a.享有特权的；优越的
A owes a lot to B.
A在很大程度上是因为Ｂ。／A欠B很多。
A can be compared to B. A可被比作B。compare A to
B = liken A to B 把A比作B various a.各种各样的
instrument n.工具
mind n.思维；头脑；智力
outpouring n.倾泻；发泄
pour out vi. 倾泻；发泄
Passage Five
Rumor has it that ... 据谣传
on = over = about prep. 关于
creationism n.创世论
creationist n.创世论者
in the pipelines 在准备中
unenlightened a.未开化的，无知识的，愚昧的a citizenry 全体公民
valid a.有效的validity n.
origin n.起源
universe = cosmos n.宇宙universal a. cosmology n.宇宙学
geology n.地质学
biology n.生物学
consistent a.一贯的，一致的
unified a.统一的
constantly ad.不断地，一直
virtually ad.实际上the majority of = most 大多数
fundamentalist a./n.原教旨主义的；原教旨主义者non (否定前缀)非，不，没有
chapter n.章，节
an introduction to A 对A的介绍
appropriate a.合适的
introduce vt.介绍，引进
take off 脱掉
glove n.手套
give sb a good beating
狠狠打sb一顿；狠狠批评sb
tactic n.策略；战术
deception n.欺骗deceive v. deceptive a.欺骗性的；欺骗的
distortion n.扭曲distort v.
motivation n.动机，动力
motivate v.激发，激励，驱使
philosopher n.哲学家，哲人
philosophy n.哲学
in part 在一些方面，部分地
clarity n.清晰，清楚clear a. argument n.论点；论据
specialist = expert n.专家
notion n.概念，观点，观念
obtain/have a notion of A
对A有个大致了解/理解
dust jacket 封面，封皮，护封
stand for 代表
A in its true sense 真正意义上的A
Sth is intended/meant to do ... = Sth is
intended/meant for ...
sth是用来做...的。/sth的目的是... recommend v.推荐；建议 recommendation n. expose v.暴露，曝光
curse at 诅咒
bitterly ad.恶狠狠地；恶毒地；激烈的
launch a surprise attack on A 对A发起突然袭击the attack on A 对A的攻击/批评
review n./v.评论；审查，检查；复习，回顾
a paper 一份论文/报纸/试卷
feature n.专题文章；特点
editorial n./a.社论
“This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
= “This book stands for reason itself.” And so the book stands for reason itself —and all would be well if reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
“这本书本身就代表理性。”的确如此—如果在创世论对进化论的辩论中，理性是唯一的裁判，那么一切都会很好。
1997年真题超精读
Passage One
take vote vi.投票
territory n.领土；领域
Northern Territory 北部领土，澳北省(澳大利亚的一个省级行政单位)
incurably ad.不可治愈
patient n.病人
measure n.法案；措施
convincing a.有说服力的
convince v. conviction n.
word n.消息
executive a./n.主管，执行，行政
director n.主管，主任，经理，导演
society n.协会，联合会；社会
via = through prep.通过
post vt.粘贴
bulletin n.布告板，公告板
import = importance n.重要性，重要
import v./n.进口
sink in 被理解
leave vt.使；离开；留下
implication n.结果，影响；含义
sigh n./v.叹气
relief n.缓解，减轻relieve v. breathe sighs of relief 长舒一口气，如释重负haste n.匆忙
passage n.通过；通道
pass v.被通过；通过
aging a.老龄化的
euthanasia n.安乐死
the dominoes 多米诺骨牌；连锁反应
request v./n.请求；要求
injection n.注射；注入inject v.
pill n.药片
put an end to sth 使sth结束
diagnose v.诊断diagnosis n. terminally ill = incurably ill 晚期的，病入膏肓的sign v.签名，签署
certificate n.证书
Darwin n.(地名，Northern Territory的首府)；人名get on with A 继续做；与A友好相处
haunt v.萦绕心头；常出没于
haunting fear 挥之不去的恐惧
terrifying = terrible a.可怕的
terrify vt.使害怕
from a spiritual point of view 从精神的角度fight v.挣扎；打斗；战斗；斗争
oxygen n.氧气
claw v.抓n.爪子
mask n.面罩
surgical mask 口罩
objection n.反对
the objection to A 对A的反对
object to A 反对A
share v.都具有，都拥有；分享；分担
chiefly = mainly ad.主要
hasty a.匆忙的
take a wait-and-see attitude towards A
对A采取观望态度
bill n.法案；纸币；账单
effect-taking a.生效的
take effect vi.生效
come to a stop = stop vi.停止
calm a./n.平静
intense a.剧烈的；激烈的；猛烈的；强烈的undergo = experience vt.经历
opposition n.反对oppose vt.
suspicion n.怀疑suspicious a. suspect v. approval n.赞同；批准approve v.
But the tide is unlikely to turn back.
但是潮流不可能逆转。
It takes time to do... 做...需要时间。
It takes time to have a good command of English. 学好英语需要时间。
Passage Two
courteous a.有礼貌的courtesy n.
to be fair 公平的说
observation n.评论；观察；遵守；庆祝 observe v. make observations of A 做一些关于A的评论small-minded a.小心眼的
official n.官员 a.官方的；正式的
comment n./v.评论
one another 相互
diversion n.娱乐
the harsh reality 残酷的现实
hospitality n.好客hospitable a.
injure v.受伤injury n.
turn to A = resort to A 诉诸A，求助于A
cabin n.木屋；船舱，机舱
settlement n.定居点；定居，安定；解决charitable a.慈善的，仁慈的charity n. impulse n.冲动
on the part of = of prep. ...的
reflect v.反映reflection/reflexion n. harshness n.严酷，残酷；刺耳harsh a. take care of sb = look after sb 照顾，照料sb someday ad.有一天
specialize in sth 专门从事sth；擅长sth
weary a.疲惫的
wear v./n.穿，戴；使用；磨损
tourist trail 旅游路线
superficial a.肤浅的artificial a.虚假的，虚伪的；人造的，人为的，人工的as is true of A 就像A一样
signal n./v.信号
assumption n.假设，假定assume v. convention n.惯例，习俗，传统；
公约；大会conventional a. underlie v.位于...之下；是...的基础；
是...的原因，引起
brief a.短暂的；简洁的
value vt.看重，重视
be ready to do 乐意做；准备做
exert/exercise an influence over A
对A施加影响，对A有影响interrelate v.相互关联
a set of 一套，一组，一系列
used to do 过去常常做
entertain vt.招待，款待；娱乐
in view of = given prep.考虑到
out of 出于，因为
flavor n.风味
add some flavor to one’s own daily life
让某人的日常生活更加丰富多彩
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an other-wise dull existence.
在很长一段时间内，在美国的很多地方，一个旅行者是生活中一个受人欢迎的改变，否则生活会很枯燥。
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. 就像任何发达国家一样，在美国，一整套复杂的文化信号、假设和惯例是所有社会相互关系的基础。
For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural impli cations of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture.
例如，当一个美国人使用“朋友”这个词的时候，该词的文化含义，可能与这个词在来美国玩的那个游客自己的语言和文化中所具有的含义，大不相同。
It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest.
要区分礼貌的(社会)惯例和个人的兴趣，需要的不仅仅是公车上的一次短暂邂逅。
And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.
记住，某一天，你可能会遇到同样的情形。
Passage Three
technically ad.从理论上讲，从技术的角度看；技术地other than 除了；不同于
mistakenly ad.错误地
addict n.成瘾者，瘾君子vt.成瘾，上瘾 addiction n. drug addicts = drug takers 吸毒者
alcohol n.酒精alcoholic a.
tobacco n.烟草
neutral a.中性的；中立的
physician n.医生，内科医生
psychologist n.心理学家
psychology n.心理学psychological a. abuse n./v.滥用；辱骂；虐待
misuse vt./n.滥用；错用
medicinal a.药用的
pervasive a.普遍的；pervade v.
nerve n.神经
apparently ad.表面地，明显地apparent a. constructive a.建设性的；建造的
in excess 过量
negative a.负面的，消极的；负极的；阴性的poison v./n.中毒；毒药
poisonous a.有毒的
perceptual a.感觉的，感知的
perception n. perceive v.
mark v.标志着withdrawal n.抽回；收回；提取withdraw v. symptom n.症状
withdrawal symptom 断药症状
discontinue = stop v.停止，不继续
the central nervous system 中枢神经系统
mood n.情绪
group = categorize v.分组，分类
grouping = category n.类别，一类
group n.组；集团
be used in groups 按组/按类使用
initially ad.最初地，开始initial a. initiate v. speed up v.加速
activate vt.激活，使活跃
whereas conj.而，然而
slow down v.使慢下来
a variety of 各种各样的，许多
radically ad.大大，非常
consciousness n.意识；清醒conscious a. in that 在于，因为
fatal a.致命的；严重的fatality n. piercing a.穿透的；尖锐的；敏锐的
physical a.生理的；身体的；物理的；物体的，物质的consumption n.消费，消耗；使用consume v. exclusive a.排他的，排斥性的；专用的，豪华的in oneself 就其本身
A is preferable to B. A比B更可取。
When it comes to physical exercises, swimming is preferable to jogging.
当谈到体育锻炼，游泳比慢跑更可取。
Passage Four
contribute to sth 有助于；导致
decline n./v.衰退，衰落；下降
accomplish vt.完成，做到，实现accomplishment n. career n.事业；职业
senator n.参议员
Time Warner 时代华纳(美国的一个传媒企业) corrupt v./a.腐蚀；腐败
as well = too ad.也
simply ad.仅仅，只
latest a.最新的，最近的
manifestation n.表现，表明manifest v. corporate a.公司的；共同的
core n.核心；核
late a.(只位于人名前)已故的
front n.方面；前面
stock price 股票价格
mountainous a.象山一样的；多的；多山的cable n.有线电视；电缆
deal n.交易，买卖
sell off vt.卖掉
restructure v./n.改组，重组
investor n.投资者
invest v.投资investment n.
flap n. = agitation 风波
rap n.说唱音乐
on the grounds of A 以A为理由
under fire 受到批评；受到火力攻击
release v./n.发布，发行；释放
violent a.暴力的violence n.
cop n.(美国口语)警察
lawful = legal a.合法的
outlet n.发泄途径；出口；电源插座
test n./v.检验，考验；测试
Wall Street Journal 华尔街日报
column n.专栏；柱子
lie in = consist in 在于
latitude n.范围，空间；纬度
disputable a.有争议的
irritating = annoying a.令人恼火的
retreat v./n.撤退，后退
threat n.威胁threaten vt.
comment on A 就A进行评论
sign n.迹象；符号；标记
There were signs that ... 有迹象表明...
back off v.退避；放弃
hard-line stand = strong stand 强硬的立场
to some extent 在某种程度上
at least 至少rock n.摇滚音乐；摇滚；石头
verse n.诗；诗节
singing verse = lyric 歌词
stockholder = shareholder n.股东
assert v.宣称，坚持声称；坚持
assertion n. assertive a.
society’s ills = social ills = social evils 社会弊端Bronx (地名) 布朗克斯（纽约市最北端的区）balanced a.平衡的，均衡的
announce v.宣布announcement n. launch a drive 发起一场运动
develop standards 制定标准
labeling n.贴标签；贴商标
potentially ad.可能；潜在地potential a./n. objectionable a.引起反对的，不可取的；令人不快的be supportive of = support 支持
strategy n.策略；战略strategic a.
insider n.内部人士
amendment n.修正，修改amend v.
the First Amendment (宪法)第一修正案
case n.事实
It is perhaps the case that ... 事实很可能是... board n.董事会；委员会；伙食；板，板子spokesman n.发言人
be liable to do ... (天生)倾向于，容易compromise v./n.妥协；损害
soften v.软化，缓和
tone n.语调，曲调
policy n.政策；方针，对策
yield to A 向A让步/屈服
“The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.
他在华尔街日报的一个专栏中写道，“对任何民主国家的检验，并不在于这个国家能多么好的控制人们的表达，而在于它是否给人们的思想和言论
自由以尽可能大的空间，不管由此产生的结果有时会多么的富有争议或令人不快。”
Passage Five
monetary a.货币的；金钱的
steer v.驾驶，操控
landing n. 着陆land v.
precise a.精确的precision n. interest rate 利息率，利率
inflation n.通货膨胀
lag n./v.滞后；落后
hence conj.因此；因此就产生了
analogy n.类比，比喻；类推analogous a. liken A to B = compare A to B 把A比作B blacken vt.弄黑；使黑
windscreen n.挡风玻璃
crack v./n.破，打破
rear a./n.后面的，后部
rear-view mirror 后视镜
faulty a.有故障的；有缺点的；有缺陷的steering wheel 方向盘
boast about = boast of 吹嘘
of late = lately = recently ad.最近
a long way = much 很，大大
digit n.数字；数码digital a. forecaster n.预测forecast n./v.
panel n.小组；仪表盘
poll v./n.调查；民意调查
average vi./n.平均是，平均达到；平均数particularly ad.尤其是，特别
favorable a.有利的
measure n.衡量标准
slack n./a.不景气，萧条；松弛；懒散
capacity utilization 产能利用
take off 开始；起飞
mild a.温和的
thrilling a.令人兴奋的；刺激的
defective a.有缺陷的defect n.
up-end v.推翻；颠覆
A is comparable to B. A可被比作B。/A可以和B相比。
immediate a.立刻的；直接的
at present = now 现在
be critical of A 对A持批评态度，批评A
be critical to A 对A很重要
puzzle vt.使困惑
be amazed at A 对A感到惊讶
be disappointed at A 对A感到失望
Nothing could be further from the truth.
再没有比这更荒唐的了。
This is no flash in the pan. 这绝不是昙花一现。
A is a flash in the pan. A是昙花一现。
1998年真题超精读
Passage One
dam n.水坝
at the mercy of A 任由A的支配，任由A处置flood n.洪水
drought n.干旱
bid v./n.投标，竞标；竞争；祝愿；命令
bidding n.命令；祝愿
do one’s bidding做某人命令做的事；服从某人的命令
fascinating a.令人着迷的
fascinate vt.使着迷fascination n.
blind a.失明的，瞎的；盲目的 vt.使失明；使盲目giant a.巨大的
threaten to do 可能；威胁
help v.影响
symbol n.象征
assert oneself 坚持自己的观点，坚持自己的权利，表现自己
leadership n.领导地位；领导权；领导能力；领导层cement vt.加强n.水泥
deprive sb of sth 剥夺sb的sth
fertile a.肥沃的；多产的
silt n.淤泥
in return for 为了换取；作为...的回报
reservoir n.水库；储备
generate v.产生
myth n.神话mythic(al) a.神话的；虚构的stop short of 差一点，几乎
troop n.部队
contention n.争执，争论contend v. complex n.综合建筑
usual a.常见的，通常的
go-ahead n.许可，支持
give the go-ahead to A 许可A，支持A
wrong-headed a.固执己见的，执迷不悟的；错误的advisor n.顾问
hardship n.困难，艰难
destruction n.毁灭，破坏destroy v.
far from 一点都不；远离
proper = appropriate a.合适的；恰当的
impact n.影响；冲击
resolve v.解决resolution n.解决；决心
conflict n./v.冲突
hydroelectric a.水电的
irrigation n.灌溉irrigate v.
shut v.关闭
the sighted 视力正常的
the blind 失明者
eyesight = vision n.视力
concerning = regarding = about prep.关于strengthen vt.加强
tie n.联系，关系；领带，领结
spill v.(spilt, spilt)泼，洒
Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of floods and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. 很可能正是人类长期以来任由洪水和干旱支配的苦难，使得强迫各种水体服从我们的命令这一理想变得如此有吸引力。
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like A.
现代科技的产物中，A最令人神往/A最引人注目。Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like nuclear plants.
现代科技的产物中，核电厂最引人注目。
But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. 但是着迷有时候会意味着变得盲目。
The lesson from A is that ...
A带给我们的教训是...
The lesson from global warming is that man cannot be concerned only with himself.
全球变暖带给我们的教训是，人类不能只关心自己。
A short of
B 缺乏B的A
people short of ambition 缺乏抱负的人
areas short of talent 缺乏人才的地方
Passage Two
revival n.复苏，复兴，复活revive v.
tale n.故事
establish v.证实，证明
productivity n.生产力；生产率
preside over 主持；管理，主导，支配
for real = real a.真的，非虚构的
official a.官方的；正式的n.官员
discouraging a.令人沮丧的
lump together 堆起来，加起来
on average ad.平均
previous a.先前的，之前的
acceleration n.加速accelerate v.
rebound n./v.反弹
bound n./v.跳跃
cycle n.周期，循环
conclusive a.结论性的
underlying a.潜在的；在下面的；基本的
trend n.趋势
treasury n.金库
treasure n.金银，宝贝，宝藏
treasury secretary (美国)财政部长
the mass of 大部分，大多数
a mass of 大量的
anecdote n.逸闻趣事，传闻
point to 表明
leap n./v.跳跃，飞跃
picture n.情况
reengineering n.再设计，重组
downsize v.裁员
overall a.总的，整体的
drive v.推动，驱使
joint a./n.联合的，共同的；结合，结合处switch v./n.转变，转换，调换；开关
matter vi.重要
speculative a.猜测的；投机的 speculate v. ineptly ad.无能地inept a.
suppose v.假设；认为 supposition n. chain n.连锁；连锁店；锁链
bakery n.面包房
café n.快餐店
crude a.粗糙的
in many cases 在很多情况下
revenue n.收入；税收
apply v.应用；申请application n. mechanistic a.机械的
fashion n.方式，方法；时尚，流行
chop v.劈，砍；削减
give thought to A 考虑A
sufficient a.足够的，充分的sufficiency n.
long-term a.长期的
profitability n. 盈利率(性)，盈利(收益)能力blunt a.直率的；钝的
dismiss A as B 把A看做B
consultant n.顾问
ambulance chasing 趁人之危
at a turning point 在转折点上
exclude v.排除；排斥
fall short of one’s expectations未达到某人的期望meet one’s expectations达到某人的期望anticipation = expectation n.预期期望 anticipate v. state n.状态，情况
raise a question 提出一个问题
wonder v.想知道misleading a.误导的mislead v.
statement n.陈述
state v.陈述
radical a.根本的，基本的；彻底的；激进的
a sure way = an effective way 一种有效的方式
a bunch of 一帮；一簇，一束
good-for-nothing 废物
There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
正如财政部长罗伯特.鲁宾所说，在表明生产力飞跃的大多数商业传闻，和这些数据所反映的情况之间，出现了脱节。
Passage Three
uneasy a.不安的，令人不安的
easy a.容易的；自在的；安逸的
aspect n.方面
trial n.审判；实验，尝试
rebelling a.叛逆的；反叛的rebel n./v.
the Catholic Church 天主教
poet n.诗人
harsh a.尖刻的；严酷的；严厉的
remark n./v.评论，言辞
worldview n.世界观
schism n.分裂
humanities n.人文学科
humanity n.人类；人性
the scientific community 科学界
afford v.买得起
can afford to do ... 能负担起做...的后果，能做... funding n.资助fund v.
anti-science n.反科学
notably = especially ad.尤其是
superstition n.迷信superstitious a. mathematician n.数学家
voice v.表达
flight n.逃离，逃跑；飞行；航班
assemble v.召集，聚集，集合assembly n. find fault with A 挑A的毛病
sociologist n.社会学家
philosopher n.哲学家
objectivity n.客观objective a.
be concerned with 关心；担心
believe in 信仰；相信
ghost n.鬼
phenomena n.(复数)现象
phenomenon n.(单数)现象
contradict v.与...抵触，不相一致
survey n./v.调查
reveal v.表明；透露
tag n. = label 标签v.贴标签
attach v. 附上，结，系，缚，拴，扎牢；贴authorities n.权威人士；当局；政府
advocate v.倡导
elimination n.消灭；消除；淘汰eliminate v. stock n.库存，储备
smallpox n.天花
virus n.病毒
Republicans n.共和党人
apply to A 适用于A
dispute v.质疑；对...有争议
term n.措辞，术语，说法
manifesto n.声明，宣言
scorn v./n.讽刺
long for 渴望
pre-technological a.技术时代之前的
utopia n.乌托邦
environmentalist n.环境保护论者，环保主义者inevitably ad.不可避免地inevitable a.
critic n.批评者；评论者
argue v.争辩，争论；认为
pioneer n.先驱，先行者，先锋
studies n.研究
global a.全球的；整体的
depletion n.消耗，耗尽
ozone layer n.臭氧层
epithet n.说法，称号in danger of 处在...的危险中，有可能meaningless a.无意义的
note v.指出
have sth in common 有某个共同点
annoy = irritate vt.激怒
enlightened a.开明的，得到启迪的confrontation n.对立，对抗
contempt n./v.轻视，轻蔑
sympathy n.同情
exemplify v.举例说明，说明
blame v./n.谴责，责备
essay n.文章
politician n.政治人物；政客
be subject to 容易，倾向于
tag/label A as B
把A看做B，给A扣一顶B的帽子justifiable = justified = reasonable a.合理的impartial a.不偏不倚的，客观的
subjective a.主观的 subjectivity n.
bias n./v.偏见
The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.
本世纪，科学和人文学科之间的分裂，如果说发生过什么事的话，那么发生的事就是这种分裂变深了。
But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News &World Report last May seemed to suggest.
但是当然，这并不意味着，那些担心无节制的工业增长的环保论者，如去年五月的《美国新闻与世界报道》的一篇文章似乎暗示的那样，是反科学。（文章说环保论者是反科学，作者对此并不认同。）
Few would dispute that... 毫无疑问，无可争议Few would dispute that global warming has taken place. 毫无疑问，全球变暖已经发生。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—医学 Passage 18(Doctor-assisted Suicide：Is It Ever an Option?) Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient，the doctor，and nature in these situations. Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain，those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies，for example，nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces. What role should the doctor have? Doctors，when taking the Hippocratic oath，swear to preserve life at all costs，and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick，and in the cases when healing is not possible，then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime，and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also，by virtue of their humanness，capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say，for instance，that a cancer patient was terminal，and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs. The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another’s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws，but to break divine 1aws as well. These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance，patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain clouds judgment，and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment，so they shouldn’t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible，and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life，they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide. I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service.If someone is dying of
1. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批 来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我 们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。【析句】句子的主干是The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences to tell us that...and that...。主系表容易辨认，to tell us作目的状语，两个并列的that引导tell的宾语从句。令整个 句子略显复杂的是插入语enlisted by the White House，割裂了这句话的整体性。 2. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。【析句】首先，句子的主干science does provide us...future and it is critical...。and连接两个并列的句子，前句是个简单句，容易理解；后句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句，因为从句很长，若放在句首，句子则显得头重脚轻。that主语从句中，our nation and the world 是主语，base是谓语，important policies是宾语，on the best judgments 是宾语补足语，而judgments后有that引导的定语从句。注意，concerning the futrue...actions中的concerning此处是介词，意
考研英语阅读历年真题常见短语汇总 1. abide by（=be faithful to；obey）忠于；遵守 2. be absent from…缺席，不在 3. absence or mind（=being absent-minded）心不在焉 4. absorb（=take up the attention of）吸引…的注意力（被动语态）：be absorbed in全神贯注于…近：be engrossed in；be lost in；be rapt in；be concentrated on；be focused on；be centered on 5.（be）abundant in（be rich in；be well supplied with）富于，富有 6. access（to）（不可数名词）能接近，进入，了解 7. by accident（=by chance，accidentally）偶然地，意外Without accident（=safely）安全地 8. of one's own accord（=without being asked；willingly；freely）自愿地，主动地 9. in accord with与…一致out of one's accord with同…不一致 10. with one accord（=with everybody agreeing）一致地 11. in accordance with（=in agreement with）依照，根据 12. on one's own account 1）为了某人的缘故，为了某人自己的利益2）（=at one's own risk）自行负责3）（=by oneself）依靠自己on account赊账；on account of因为；on no account不论什么原因也不；of…account有………重要性 13. take…into account（=consider）把……考虑进去 14. give sb. an account of说明，解释（理由） 15. account for（=give an explanation or reason for）解释，说明 16. on account of（=because of）由于，因为 17. on no account（=in no case，for no reason）绝不要，无论如何不要（放句首时句子要倒装） 18. accuse…of…（=charge…with；blame sb. for sth.；blame sth. on sb.；complain about）指控，控告 19. be accustomed to（=be in the habit of，be used to）习惯于 20. be acquainted with（=to have knowledge of）了解；（=to have met socially）熟悉 21. act on奉行，按照…行动；act as扮演；act for代理 22. adapt oneself to（=adjust oneself to）使自己适应于 23. adapt…（for）（=make sth. Suitable for a new need）改编，改写（以适应新的需要） 24. in addition（=besides）此外，又，加之 25. in addition to（=as well as，besides，other than）除…外 26. adhere to（=abide by，conform to，comply with，cling to，insist on，persist in，observe，opinion，belief）粘附；坚持，遵循 27. adjacent（=next to，close to）毗邻的，临近的 28. adjust……（to）（=change slightly）调节；适应； 29. admit of（=be capable of，leave room for）…的可能，留有…的余地
考研英语阅读理解必备短语 1.abide by(=be faithful to ; obey)忠于；遵守。 2. be absent from…. 缺席，不在 3. absence or mind(=being absent-minded) 心不在焉 4. absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被动语态):be absorbed in 全神贯注于…近:be engrossed in ; be lost in ; be rapt in ;be concentrated on ;& nbsp;be focused on ; be centered on 5. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于,富有 6. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近,进入,了解 7. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外. Without accident(=safely) 安全地, 8. of one's own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地,主动地 9. in accord with 与…一致. out of one's&n bsp;accord with 同….不一致 10. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地 11. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照, 根据 12. on one's own account 1) 为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益 2) (=at one's own risk) 自行负责 3) (=by oneself)依靠自己 on account 赊账; on account of 因为; on ;no account不论什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性. 13. take…into account(=consider)把...考虑进去 14. give sb. an account of 说明, 解释(理由) 15. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释, 说明. 16. on account of (=because of) 由于,因为. 17. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装) 18. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控,控告 19. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于. 20. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解;&nbs p;(=to have met socially) 熟悉 21. act on 奉行,按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理 22. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) ; 使自己适应于 23. adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new need) 改编, 改写(以适应新的需要) 24. in addition (=besides) 此外, 又, 加之 25. in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外 26. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply wit h, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe,& nbsp;opinion, belief 粘附; 坚持, 遵循 27. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗邻的, 临近的 28. adjust..(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应; 29. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for)&nb sp; …的可能，留有…的余地. 30. in advance (before in time) 预告, 事先. 31. to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地. 32. have an advantage over 胜过. have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件 have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇之经济类
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇之经济类 unit1 unit1 Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Ministers on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007. Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the country reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, "help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience". Resilienc e has not historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by
UNIT SIX TEXT ONE Maintaining internal E-mail systems has long been the bane of the university information-technology director. Servers are unwieldy and unreliable, and in the past several years, the number of student complaints has grown exponentially as forward-moving providers like YahooMail, Hotmail, and Gmail have increased expectations of what E-mail should offer. The solution for a number of colleges has been to wave the white flag and outsource E-mail hosting to the experts. Microsoft, which owns Hotmail, and Google (Gmail) are the biggest players in the educational E-mail hosting market. Along with the neat-o peripheral gizmos like messaging, calendars, and collaboration tools, the outsourced systems are more stable, have better spam filters, and provide much more storage space than the typical university's in-house system. At the University of Pennsylvania, its old E-mail service gave students 60 megabytes of storage, just 3 percent of the 2 gigabytes Windows Live now provides. In return, Google and Microsoft get almost nothing, at least monetarily and in the short term. Microsoft's Windows Live @ edu and the Google Apps Education Edition are free of charge for schools. Eliminating another source of revenue, the two tech giants stripped their respective services of advertising in an effort to accommodate educators' concerns. Microsoft breaks even on the venture (it does run ads on non-E-mail services like instant messaging), while Google, which makes almost all its money through advertising, runs at a loss. But what money they don't make at the moment will—the companies hope—pay great dividends in the form of lifelong users in the future, says Google's Jeff Kelter. As quickly as they shuffle out of commencement, graduates see their E-mail transition to the traditional ad-based formats of Gmail and Hotmail. And unlike before, when universities couldn't afford to host thousands of alumni, Google and Microsoft can maintain every account indefinitely, retaining customers as long as customers still want them. Not all schools are ready to outsource their tech dirty work, with privacy and security topping the list of concerns. Critics worry that by handing over the responsibility of E-mail hosting, colleges also relinquish the freedom to keep the information safe in the best way they see fit. Even in the corporate world, there is great skepticism of consumer technologies like Google Apps. Yet most university IT managers agree that outsiders would do a better job protecting individual E-mail from viruses and spam than their own small operations, and strong word-of-mouth praise has done wonders to supplement the almost nonexistent marketing budgets for these Microsoft and Google
面对英语阅读中出现的纷乱的短语和词组，有没有在为不识短语而感到苦恼呢？考研英语考试中出现频率较高的100个短语，赶快背一下吧，作文也能用到哦~ 1、abide by 忠于;遵守。 2、be absent from缺席，不在 3、absence or mind 心不在焉 4、absorb 吸引的注意力: be absorbed in全神贯注于近: be engrossed in; be lost in; be rapt in; be concentrated on; be focused on; be centered on 5、 abundant in 富于,富有 6、access to 能接近,进入,了解 7、by accident 偶然地,意外 Without accident 安全地, 8、of one's own accord 自愿地,主动地
9、in accord with与一致、 out of one's accord with同?不一致 10、with one accord 一致地 11、in accordance with 依照,根据 12、on one's own account 1）为了某人的缘故,为了某人自己的利益；2）自行负责；3）依靠自己；on account 赊账; on account of 因为; on no account不论什么原因也不; of account 有?重要性 13、takeinto account 把?考虑进去 14、give sb an account of说明,解释 15、account for 解释,说明 16、on account of 由于,因为 17、on no account 绝不要,无论如何不要
1990年 1. be determined by 由…所决定 2. have something to do with 与…有关 3. be central to sth. 是…的核心 4. in contrast/by contrast与此相反 5. be due to 由于（常做表语） 6. be deprived of 被剥夺 7. respond to 对…作出反应 8. as the basis of 依据/根据 9. be born with 天生具有 10. In contrast 相比之下 1991年 11. shut off 关上，停止，切断 12. in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何； in no case 决不 13. or so 大概，大约 14. at the rate of 以…的速率 15. take time 花费时间 16. be likely to 可能；倾向于
17. result in 导致 18. not nearly 远不能；远非 19. head into走向；陷入（危机） 20. in the matter of 关于；就…而言 21. make…possible 使…成为可能 22. combine…with 把……和…结合起来；加上 23. in the fashion of 以…方式 24. such…as 像…一样 1992年 25. refer to…提到；谈到 26. agreement on 一致意见 27. be comparable to 和…相当；犹如 28. in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面 29. on the whole 总体来说；大体上看 30. draw a conclusion 得出结论 31. have the attitude towards 对…的态度 32. only if 只要 33. the same…as 与…一样 34. by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏
TEXT 2 He emerged, all of a sudden, in 1957: the most explosive new poetic talent of the English post-war era. Poetry specialised, at that moment, in the wry chronicling of the everyday. The poetry of Yorkshire-born Ted Hughes, first published in a book called “The Hawk in the Rain” when he was 27, was unlike anything written by his immediate predecessors. Driven by an almost Jacobean rhetoric, it had a visionary fervour. Its most eye-catching characteristic was Hughes's ability to get beneath the skins of animals: foxes, otters, pigs. These animals were the real thing all right, but they were also armorial devices—symbols of the countryside and lifeblood of the earth in which they were rooted. It gave his work a raw, primal stink. It was not only England that thought so either. Hughes's book was also published in America, where it won the Galbraith prize, a major literary award. But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide. Hughes was vilified for long after that, especially by feminists in America. In 1998, the year he died, Hughes broke his own self-imposed public silence about their relationship in a book of loose-weave poe ms called “Birthday Letters”.In this new and exhilarating collection of real letters, Hughes returns to the issue of his first wife's death, which he calls his “big and unmanageable event”. He felt his talent muffled by the perpetual eavesdropping upon his every move. Not until he decided to publish his own account of their relationship did the burden begin to lighten. The analysis is raw, pained and ruthlessly self-aware. For all the moral torment, the writing itself has the same rush and vigour that possessed Hughes's early poetry.
超精读——全面提升英语阅读能力 作者：丁晓钟来源：点点英语 经常有同学问我：有没有什么捷径能够顺利地通过四六级、考研或者其它英语考试? 我的回答总是：没有。但是，帮助同学们找到一套科学的学习方法，不仅可以提高英语能力，而且对考试也有切实的帮助，是我一直所追求的。在国内这样的非母语学习环境里，如何在英语学习上少走弯路，最为行之有效和直接的提高英语水平的办法就是大量阅读，并作精细阅读，这样才能带动“听说写译”等其它能力的突破。结合我个人的学习体会，并经过长时间的思考和教学中的摸索，我总结出了一套以阅读为突破口，提高英语综合能力和突破四六级和考研等等英语考试的“超精读”方法，希望能对同学们有所帮助。 对大部分中国学生来说，欠缺的不是泛读，而是精读。总的来说，同学们在超精读文章的时候要对文章和考点、干扰项等进行详细的分析、总结。这时要仔细体会文章中精彩的语言，注意词语的内涵、使用、扩展和搭配，代词和名词的指代，对精彩句型的模仿，以及对重要语法现象、长句、难句、文章结构的分析。另外，还要注意分析句子和句子之间的关系，是因果、递近、转折还是什么？尤其要注意文章的第一句和最后一句，以及每段的第一句和最后一句与其它句子的关系，体会每句话在文章中的作用。在阅读过程中，要培养自己对文章主要讨论对象、关键词，作者和专家的观点，以及语气的把握。特别注意作者和专家的观点，专家和专家之间的观点是否相同或相反或互补，以及作者和专家的语气是赞成还是反对，是关注还是乐观等等。如果是真题，还要仔细分析考点和正确、干扰选项的规律、特征。在此过程中，可把文章尽可能的多读几遍，甚至翻译一下，提高对文章中单词、短语、句型等的反应速度，阅读速度自然也就提高了。 如果能做到上面几点，那么你才能说真正地理解了文章，阅读理解能力以及综合英语能力都会得到很大的提高，其结果是对考试中的每个题型的把握都会更上一层楼。先从听力说起，据研究，一个人的阅读理解能力和听力水平是成正比关系的。试想，有的同学连听力原文都看不懂，怎么可能听懂呢。另外，在超精读的过程中，所积累的词汇能力，对词汇题也有很大帮助，我曾做过统计，如果对10套左右的四六级、考研阅读真题中的词汇进行过深入学习，大纲中的重点词汇就已经囊括大半。最好的词汇记忆方法是通过阅读来学习，可以记得又牢又准确。对翻译、完形、改错、简短回答问题等小题型，你就会觉得得心应手，因为你对这些题型的解题能力和你的阅读、词汇能力最相关。关于作文，许多同学喜欢背模版，其实模版作文千篇一律，很难拿到高分。如果在读英语报刊和真题的过程中，我们有意识地摘抄积累一些精彩地道的词汇和句型，考试时信手拈来，无疑会使评卷老师眼睛为之一亮。实际上，我们所阅读的英语文章就是一篇篇精彩的作文范文。如果我们能在早晨、傍晚朗读或背诵英语报刊文章或真题阅读文章，经常进行翻译练习，耳濡目染接触到的都是地道的英语，坚持下去，我们的听说读写译能力很自然地就会得到提高。 第一步：准备好阅读材料，训练阅读速度，捕捉文章大意。不要查字典、看译文。 在阅读英语报刊（推荐阅读Time, Newsweek, the Economist等）或者真题的时候，第一遍都必须首先注意提高阅读速度。对报刊上的文章，第一遍读的时候不要查字典，记下起止时间，计算单位时间的阅读量。对真题，更加要控制在规定的时间内完成，阅读时就要随时对可能的考点作出标记，最后结合解题技巧来解题。这时的重点放在训练速度，掌握文章大意、结构，以及作者和专家等的观点。 第二步：总结文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气，复合词的使用，总结各类重要搭配，对各类重要词汇进行扩展，正确识别代词与抽象名词的指代，并记忆和运用可以在作文中使用的词汇。 1.从文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气角度，复合词的使用进行总结。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P18—工学 类 Passage 18 Tennis hopeful Jamie Hunt, 16, felt he could not become a world-class junior player while attending a regular school. The international circuit has players on the road 50% of the time--and it's hard to focus on your backhand when you're worrying about being on time for homeroom. So last year Hunt, who hones his ground strokes at Elite TNT Tennis Academy in April Sound, Texas, enrolled for academics in the $9,750-a-year University of Miami Online High School (UMOHS), a virtual school that caters to athletes. "The online school gives me the flexibility I need," says Hunt. "The workload is the same, but I can do it anywhere. It's nicer to ask a question face-to-face with a teacher, but in some ways it prepares me better for college because I have to be more independent." A year ago, Hunt's world junior ranking was 886; now it's 108. Virtual high schools, which allow students to take classes via PC, have emerged as an increasingly popular education alternative, particularly for on-the-go athletes. UMOHS has more than 400 students enrolled, 65% of whom are athletes. Accredited by the 100-year-old Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, UMOHS offers honors and advanced-placement classes. All course material is online, along with assignments and due dates. For help, says principal Howard Liebman, "a student may e-mail, instant message or call the teacher." Dallas mom Lori Bannon turned to another online school, Laurel Springs in Ojai, Calif. Bannon, who has a medical degree from Harvard, didn't want to compromise the education of her daughter Lindsay, 13, an élite gymnast who spends eight hours a day in the gym. "Regular school was not an option," says Bannon, "but I wanted to make sure she could go back at grade level if she quit gymnastics." Laurel Springs' enrollment has increased 35% a year for the past four years, to 1,800 students. At least 25% are either athletes or child entertainers. Educators are split on the merits of such schools. Paul Orehovec, an enrollment officer for the University of Miami, admits, "I was somewhat of a skeptic. But when I looked into their programs and accreditation, I was excited. UMOHS is the first online school to be granted membership in the National Honor Society." Kevin Roy, Elite's director of education, sees pitfalls and potential in virtual schools. "You will never have that wonderful teacher who inspires you for life," says Roy. "But the virtual school offers endless possibilities. I don't know where education's imagination will take this." 注(1)：本文选自Time;11/29/2004, p149-149, 1/2p, 1c; 注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 4第1、2题(1、2)，text 1 第2 题(3)，text 3第5 题(5)和2000年真题text 4第4题(4); 1. What does Jamie Hunt get from the virtual school? [A] the ability to perfect his tennis skills [B] the time to do his school work