专业四级英语考试辅导–语法
时态
55. The student said there were a few points in the essay he _______ impossible to
comprehend.
A. has found
B. was finding
C. had found
D. would find
(2007年试题)
间接引语中时态的一致
59. The student said there were a few points in the essay he _______ impossible to
comprehend.
A. had found
B. finds
C. has found
D. would find
(2005年试题)
55. Linda was ______ the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the
last minute.
A. to start
B. to have started
C. to be starting
D. to have been starting
57. I went there in 1984, and that was the only occasion when I ____ the journey in
exactly two days.
A. must make
B. must have made
C. was able to make
D. could make
52. Jack ____ from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about
his safety.
A. has been missing
B. has been missed
C. had been missing
D. was missed
54. James has just arrived, but I didn't know he ____ until yesterday.
A. will come
B. was coming
C. had been coming
D. came
55. ______ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.
A. I was and always will be
B. I have to be and always will be
C. I had been and always will be
D. I have been and always will be
58. The Minister of Finance is believed ______ of imposing new taxes to raise extra
revenue.
A. that he is thinking
B. to be thinking
C. that he is to think
D. to think
58. The committee has anticipated the problems that ______ in the road construction
project.
A. arise
B. will arise
C. arose
D. have arisen
43. For some time now, world leaders _______ out the necessity for agreement on arms
reduction.
A. had been pointing
B. have been pointing
C. were pointing
D. pointed
48. You ______ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.
A. needn’t have told
B. needn’t tell
C. mustn’t have told
D. mustn’t tell
52. You ____ Mark anything. It was none of his business.
afternoon.
A. are to leave
B. are leaving
C. is leaving
D. leave
42. _______ of the twins was arrested, because I saw both at a party last night.
A. None
B. Both
C. Neither
D. All
48. He ___ unwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful.
A. may have acted
B. must have acted
C. should act
D. would act
51. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he _______ able to advise you much
better than I can.
A. would be
B. will have been
C. was
D. were
54. ______ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand?
A. Would you be surprised
B. Were you surprised
C. Had you been surprised
D. Would you have been surprised
52. Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she ____ much better results now.
A. would be getting
B. could have got
C. must get
D. would get
60. He would have finished his college education, but he ______ to quit and find a job
to support his family.
A. had had
B. has
C. had
D. would have
54. ______ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand?
A. Would you be surprised
B. Were you surprised
C. Had you been surprised
D. Would you have been surprised
49. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there___ quite such a crowd
of people there.
A. weren’t
B. hasn’t been
C. hadn’t been
D. wouldn’t be
条件句中的倒装
50. _______ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.
A. Had it not been
B. Hadn’t it been
C. Was it not
D. Were it not
63. ______ you ______ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for
advice.
A. If, had
B. Have, had
C. Should, have
D. In case, had
43. If your car ____any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized
dealer.
52. ______ I'll marry him all the same.
A. Was he rich or poor
B. Whether rich or poor
51. ― What courses are you going to do next semester?‖
― I don’t know. But its about time______ on something.‖
A. I’d decide
B. I decided
C. I decide
D. I’m deciding
49. If you have really been studying English for so long. It’s about time you ___
able to write letters in English.
financial interests.
A. discover
B. uncover
C. tell
D. disclose
56. It is imperative that students ______ their term papers on time.
A. hand in
B. would hand in
grumbles all the time.
A. being treated
B.treated
C. be treated
D. having been treated
42. This is an illness that can result in total blindness ___ left untreated.
A. after
B. if
C. since
D.unless
45. There___ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an e nd half an hour
earlier.
A. to be
B. to have been
C. being
D. be
45. ____, he can now only watch it on TV at home.
[A] Obtaining not a ticket for the match
[B] Not obtaining a ticket for the match
[C] Not having obtained a ticket for the match
[D ] Not obtained a ticket for the match
51. ____ enough time and money, the researcher would have been able to discover
more in this field.
51. ___ is not a serious disadvantage in life.
A. To be not tall
B. Not to be tall
C. Being not tall
D. Not being tall
63. It is not uncommon for there ______ problems of communication between the old
and the young.
A. being
B. would be
C. be
D. to be
58. The Minister of Finance is believed ______ of imposing new taxes to raise extra
A. that he is thinking
B. to be thinking
C. that he is to think
D. to think
46. AIDS is said _________ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past
few years in that region.
A. being
B. to be
C. to have been
D. having been
43. Professor Johnson is said ___some significant advance in his resea rch in the
past year.
A. having made
B. making
C. to have made
D.to make
42. The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the
neighbouring country, ___ by the police each time.
A. had been captured
B. being always captured
A. All his lectures were boring.
44. Have you ever been in a situation ______ you know the other person is right yet
you cannot agree with him?
A. by which
B. that
C. in where
D. where
50. He’s ___ as a ―bellyacher‖ —he’s always complaining about something.
of the victims in the flood-stricken area.
A. however
B. whichever
C. whatever
D. wherever
62. Quality is ____ counts most.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. where
47. She managed to save ______ she could out of her wages to help her brother.
A. how little money
B. so little money
C. such little money
D. what little money
41. After ___ seemed an endless wait,it was her turn to enter the per sonnel
manager’s office.
A. Was he rich or poor
B. Whether rich or poor
C. Were he rich or poor
D. Be he rich or poor
78. He is not under arrest, ______ any restriction on him.
A. or the police have placed
B. or have the police placed
C. nor the police have placed
D. nor have the police placed
60. ______ both sides accept the agreement ______ a lasting peace be established in
this region.
A. Only if, will
B. If only, would
C. Should, will
D. Unless, would
54. Who ____ was coming to see me in my office this afternoon?
A. you said
B. did you say
C. did you say that
D. you did say
58. When you have finished with that book, don't forget to put it back on my
desk, _____?
A. do you
B. don't you
C. will you
D. won't you
opportunities for thedisabled, will publish ____ proposals in the near future.
A. their
B. our
C. his
D. its
56. Your ideas, ____, seem unusual to me.
A. like her
B. like hers
C. similar to her
D. similar to herself
______ to the truck.
A. the greater stress is
B. greater is the stress
C. the stress is greater
D. the greater the stress
47. Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner__ to the professor.
[A] as far as [B] the same as [C] as much as [D] as long as
62. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably
______ a threat to the human race than environmental destruction.
A. no more
B. not more
C. even more
D. much more
59. Do you know Tim's brother? He is ______ than Tim.
A. much more sportsman
B. more of a sportsman
C. more of sportsman
D. more a sportsman
She is more wise than diligent.
64. It was ______ we had hoped.
A. more a success than
B. a success more than
C. as much of a success as
D. a success as much as
48. He was___to tell the truth even to his closest friend.
A. too much of a coward
B. too much the coward
C. a coward enough
D. enough of a coward
57. It is not _____ much the language as the background that makes the book difficult
to understand.
A. that
B. as
C. so
D. very
51. That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness _____
by his lack of talent.
A. so much as
B. rather than
C. as
D. than
41. John is _____ hardworking than his sister, but he failed in the exam.
[A] no less [B] no more [C] not less [D] no so
59. ____ I like economics, I like sociology much better.
A. As much as
B. So much
C. How much
D. Much as
55. ____ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to
finish his assignment.
A. Much though
B. Much as
C. As much
D. Though much
52. Much as ___, I couldn’t lend him the money because I simply didn ’t have that
much spare cash.
A. I would have liked to
B. I would like to have
49. The experiment requires more money than _____.
A. have been put in
B. being put in
C. has been put in
D. to be put in
46. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing
than ___ in the public mind today.
A. exists
B. exist
C. existing
D. to exist
44. The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxurious than_____.
[A] is necessary [B] being necessary [C] to be necessary [D] it is necessary
48. Fool ____ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing.
A. who
B. as
C. that
D. like
41. She did her work ______her manager had instructed.
A. as
B. until
C. when
D. though
50. His strong sense of humor was ___ make everyone in the room burst out laughing.
61. The following are all correct responses to "Who told the news to the teacher?" EXCEPT
A. Jim did this.
B. Jim did so.
C. Jim did that.
D. Jim did.
66. — Why are you staring?
— I've never seen ______ tree before.
A. kind of
B. that kind of
C. such kind
D. such
53. Nine is to three _____ three is to one.
A. when
B. that
C. which
D. what
45. Intellect is to the mind ___sight is to the body.
A. what
B. as
C. that
D. like
54. Men differ from animals ____ they can think and speak.
A. for which
B. for that
C. in that
D. in which
49. Barry had an advantage over his mother ___he could speak French.
A. since that
B. in that
C. at that
D. so that
15.1.5 表示数量、金钱、时间、度量等的词语(Expressions stating amount, money, measurement, etc)
a. 下列形式的词组作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
1）“数词+表示时间、重量、长度、价值等单位的复数名词”作主语。例如：
--Ten years is a moment in history.
--Twenty miles seems like a long walk to me.
--Sixty dollars is too much to pay.
如果主语表示具体的、个别的单位，谓语动词用复数。例如：
--Their last four years have been full of surprises.
--There are two silver dollars in each of the stockings.
2) “a＋basket, body, box, list, selection, series, succession等＋of＋复数名词”作主语。例如：
--A succession of misfortunes has fallen to her.
--A box of oranges was given to the students.
--A basket of peaches was sold out.
--A list of titles is given on the inside covers of this book.
--A series of debates between the lectures is scheduled for the next weekend.
3) “the ＋number, amount, variety, series, percentage等＋of＋复数名词”作主语。例如：
--The percentage of unskilled workers is small.
--The variety of questions was surprising.
--The number of students in the class is forty.
b. 下列形式的词组作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。
1)“a＋number, majority, variety, host, brigade, batch等＋of＋复数名词”作主语。例如：
--A number of students were late.
--A host of special instruments are used in solar work.
--A majority of people seem to prefer TV to radio.
--A variety of improvements are suggested.
2)“amounts, forms, kinds, lengths, quantities, sorts, types等＋of＋不可数名词/单数名词/复数名
词”作主语。例如：
--Vast amounts of energy are consumed to operate all the different kinds of machines.
--Various types of reactors have been designed for different purposes.
--Quantities of food were on the table.
3)“the majority ＋of ＋复数名词”作主语。例如：
--The majority of students like tennis.
--The vast majority of doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.
注意：若主语仅是majority一个词，则动词可用单数也可用复数。例：
--The majority was/were in favour of the proposal.
c. 下列形式的词组作主语，谓语动词可分别使用单数或复数。例如：
1) half, the rest, proportion, quarter等＋of＋不可数名词/可数单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；
half, the rest, proportion, quarter等＋of＋复数名词时，谓语动词用复数。例如：
--Half of our work is to design programs.
--Half of the students in the class are from English-speaking countries.
--The rest of the lecture is dull.
--The rest of the bicycles are on sale today.
--A quarter of a dollar is 25 cents.
--A quarter of a thousand people were waiting to welcome him.
2) 某些表示“大量、许多”意思的词，如：lots, heaps, loads, scads等＋of＋不可数名词/可数单数名
词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；如：lots, heaps, loads, scads等＋of＋复数名词时，谓语动词用复数。例如：
--Lots of snow has fallen.
--Lots of people were frightened.
--There is heaps of time for me to prepare it.
--There are heaps of books on this subject.
--Loads of milk was given to them.
--Loads of big red apples were on the ground.
3) “this/a pair ＋of ＋复数名词（表示成对的东西）”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“the pair
of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：
--This pair of gloves is wearing out.
--There is a pair of shoes on the shelf.
--The pair of boys are lazy.
15.1.6 主语-动词一致的其它问题(Other problems in the subject-verb agreement)
a. 形容词从句中的主谓一致
1)关系代词作主语时，它的谓语动词的数必须与其先行词一致。例如：
--The students who have finished the work have left.
--The dog which was lost has been found.
--This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.
2)在正式文体中，“one of those＋复数名词”后的形容词从句中的谓语动词用复数。例如：
--George is one of those people who have trouble making up their minds.
--That is one of those remarks that are intended to start arguments.
但是，当one前面有the only等修辞时，形容词从句中的谓语动词用单数。例如：
--He is the only one of the foreign visitors who is able to speak Chinese.
b. 某些以-s结尾的名词作主语时的主谓一致
有些名词以-s结尾，但表示的是单数意义，作主语时其谓语动词一般用单数形式。
1)以-ics结尾的学科名词，如：economics, physics, mathematics, electronics, mechanics,
acoustics (声学)，linguistics, optics (光学)，thermodynamics (热力学)等。例如：
--Electronics is the basis of all telecommunications systems.
--Mathematics is a subject studied in nearly every school.
注意：有些以-ics结尾的名词，如ethics(伦理学)，politics, statistics等用来表示“学科领域”时，谓语
动词用单数；用来表示具体“行为”、“观点”、“数字”时，谓语动词用复数。例如：
--Statistics was the only course she failed in.
--The statistics suggest that the population of this country will be doubled in ten years? time.
2)以-s结尾的游戏名词，如：billiards (台球)，bowls (保龄球)，darts (掷镖游戏)，dominos (多米诺
骨牌戏)，draughts (国际跳棋)等。例如：
--Billiards is not exclusively a men?s game.
--Bowls is Mr. Black?s f avorite recreation.
3)以-s结尾的国名、机构名称、事件、书及其它作品的名称，如：the United Nations, the United
States, the New York Times, General Motors等。例如：
--The New York Times is published daily.
--The United States has to look out for the right of its citizens.
--“Arabian Nights” is full of interesting stories.
4) 以-s结尾的疾病名词，如：measles(麻疹)，mumps(流行性腮腺炎)，diabetes(糖尿病)，arthritis(关
节炎)等。例如：
--Diabetes is a common disease.
--Generally measles occurs in children.
c. “the ＋形容词/动词-ed形式”作主语如果表示一类，谓语动词用复数。例如：
--The black are limited to enter that school.
--The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
--The injured were taken to hospital.
但如果表示一个人或表示抽象概念，则动词用单数。例如：
--The accused is angry because he wants a new trial.
--The impossible has often proved possible.
d. 数词词组作主语时，可看成一个整体，谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：
--Eighteen plus three is twenty-one.
--Six times eight is forty-eight.
--Twelve divided by there makes four.
--Eight minus two is six.
“分数/百分数+of+名词”作主语时，如果of后面的名词是单数，谓语动词用单数；如果of后面的名词
是复数，则动词也用复数。例如：
--Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
--Three-fourths of the people present are for the plan.
--Forty percent of it is gone.
--It is said that thirty-five percent of the doctors are women.
e. 由“more than one + 单数名词”作主语，尽管表达的是复数意义，但谓语动词仍采取单数形式。例
如：
--More than one person is going to lose his job.
--More than one factor was involved in the decision.
但在there be 结构中，be 用单复数形式均可。例如：
--There is/are more than one foreign student in our school.
f. Chinese, English, French, Japanese等词指语言时，用单数；指人民时，用复数。例如：
--Chinese is taught in many Japanese schools today.
--The Chinese were a highly civilized people long before the Europeans were.
g. 在there, here引起的结构中，如果主语有好几个，则谓语动词可与最邻近的主语取得一致。例如：
--There were also two apple trees and a pear tree.
--There is some paper, a dictionary and two books on the desk.
--Here are a few envelopes, a pen and some paper in the drawer.
h. 不定式，动词-ing形式（短语）及名词从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：
--To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
--Writing many letters makes her happy.
--When we shall have our sports meet is still a question.
What引导的名词性从句作主语时一般用单数形式的谓语，如果what引导的名词性从句本身表示复数概念时，谓语动词要用复数形式。例如：
--What that country needs is jobs and lower taxes.
--In some countries, what are called “public schools” are not owned by the state.
15.2 代词与先行词的一致(Agreement of the pronoun and the antecedent) | 15.1 | top |
英语句子中的代词必须与其所指代的先行词在人称、数、性上保持一致。例如:
--The city is proud of its parks.
--The boy hasn?t done his homework.
--Tom?s sister could not find her books.
--If you need the details of the problem, you may look them up in the encyclopedia.
--These cameras take very good pictures in spite of their small size.
--She bought herself a raincoat.
如果名词的性无法确定，可用阳性或阴性代词。例如：
--A reader likes to choose his/her books himself/herself.
15.2.1 须用代词单数形式指代的词
下列词用作主语或主语的限定词时，代词一般用单数：
anybody everybody everyone nobody
anyone everything each one no one
anything every kind nothing
each neither either one
somebody something someone type
sort
--Each car must pass a strict examination before it leaves the factory.
--Each tree and bush was shedding its leaves.
--After every student had turned in his/her paper, the teacher dismissed the class.
--Neither of the boys learned his lessons.
--That type of student is usually successful in his work.
但是，everyone, every, anyone, no one 和someone后面常接复数代词，除非在很正式的文体中和
演讲中才用单数，不过它们作主语时总是跟单数谓语动词。例如：
--Has everyone finished their drinks?
--Has everyone finished his or her drink? (正式文体中)
--Anyone can do it if they try/if he or she tries(正式文体中).
15.2.2 or/nor连接的并列的名词作先行词
or或nor连接两个单数名词时，代词用单数；连接两个复数名词时，代词用复数；连接的名词一个为
单数，一个为复数，或者一个是阳性，一个是阴性时，代词与邻近的名词一致。例如：
--Either the boy or his twin sister must have eaten her dinner here.
--We found that neither the package nor the letters had reached their destination.
--Did John or Tom lose his self-confidence?
--Did John or Mary lose her self-confidence?
15.2.3集体名词作先行词
指代集体名词的第三人称代词根据该名词所表达的单、复数意义确定代词的数。例如：
--The class will have its final examination Friday.
--The class should put on their raincoats before going out?
--My family is large. It is composed of eight members.
--My family are loving and supportive. They are always ready to help me.
15.2.4 指示代词those+of+人称代词作先行词
指代由“指示代词those+of+人称代词”构成的短语时，所用代词应与短语中的人称代词保持一致关系。例如：
--Those of us who have a family history of heart disease should make yearly appointments with our doctors.
--Those of you who have forgotten to bring your homework please raise your hands.
--Those of us who work in that chemical plant should have our lungs x-rayed.
15.2.5 代词一致的其他问题
a. 如果并列名词表示的是同一个人，代词用第三人称单数。例如：
--Her lord and master was eating his lunch.
--The respected scientist and author departed from his prepared speech.
b. 由“表示…部分?的名词+ of+ 复数名词”构成的短语一般用第三人称复数代词指代。例如：
--The rest of the men will receive their pay check when the new funds arrive.
c. none 作先行词时,可用单数或复数第三人称代词指代，取决于none本身的含义。例如：
--None on the committee could refuse to sign his name on such a proposal.
--None of the men raised their voices/his voice.
d. 当数词+表示时间、金钱、距离等概念的复数名词作先行词时，通常用it来指代。例如：
--Three hundred thousand dollars was found because the thief dropped it while escaping.
e. 单复数同形的名词作先行词时, 用第三人称代词根据该名词所表达的单、复数意义选择相应的代词形式。例如：
--Although fish have no vocal organs, they are still able to make noises.
--They caught a fish at sea and it weighted over 500 pounds.
小学五年级英语必须掌握的一些英语语法知识 一、时态 1、一般现在时： 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 时间状语：often （经常）,usually （通常）,always （总是）, sometimes （有时），every week （day, year, month ...）, on Sundays,… 基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词 否定形式：①am / is / are + not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为 动词，则在其前加don't，如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问， 如主语为第三人称单数，则用does,同时，还原行为动词。 2、现在进行时： 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语：now, look, listen, … 基本结构：am/is/are ＋doing 否定形式：am/is/are ＋not＋doing 一般疑问句：把be 动词放在句首
第三人称单数 一般现在时的肯定句中，主语为第三人称单数的动词变化主 要体现在词尾的变化上，其规律大体有三点： 1. 一般情况下，直接在动词词尾+s，例如：get —gets; take — takes 2. 以s, sh, ch, x, o结尾的动词，在词尾+ es,例如：teach —teaches; wash —washes; go —goes 3. 以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，变y为i，再+ es, 如: study —studies; try —tries 除上述规律外,还应注意下面三点： 1. 动词have，遇到主语是第三人称单数时，要用has;动 词be 的第三人称单数形式是is。 2. 含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子变否定句时,要用 doesn't + 动词原形,如： He goes to school at six in the morning. （变否定句）—He doesn't go to school at six in the morning. 3. 对含有动词第三人称单数形式的句子提问时, 要用助动词does,如： She goes home at five every day. （对划线部分提问）—When /
第一章名词（Noun） 名词的概念 在生活中，我们会接触到各种各样的人和事物，用来表示这些人或事物名称的词就是名词。 一、名词的数 名词的数指名词的单数和复数形式。可数名词表示“一个”时用单数，“两个以上”时用复数；不可数名词表示量时，通常用“数词+单位+of+物质名词”的形式，如 a piece of bread (一片面包)，变为复数时，只须将单位名词变为复数，如：two pieces of bread(两片面包)。 *名词复数的构成法则 1. 一般情况下在词尾加s. 词尾读音 shop --- shops (商店) 在清辅音后读 [ s ] bag --- bags (书包) 在浊辅音后读 [ z ] window --- windows (窗户) 在元音后读 [ z ] 2. 以 s, x, sh, ch 结尾的单词在词尾加es。 class --- classes (班级) 词尾读音[ iz ] box --- boxes (盒子) match --- matches (比赛) brush --- brushes (刷子) 3. 以“辅音字母+y” 结尾的词，变y为 i 加es.
story --- stories (故事) 词尾读音[ iz ] 4. 以“元音字母+y” 结尾的词，在词尾直接加 s key --- keys 词尾读音[ z ] monkey --- monkeys 5.以“o” 结尾的名词，复数一般在词尾加“s”, 但个别加“es” tomato --- tomatoes (西红柿) 词尾读音[ z ] potato --- potatoes (土豆) zoo --- zoos (动物园) photo --- photos (照片) *（以“o”结尾，复数加“es”）口诀： 黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)，左手拿着西红柿(tomato)，右手拿着破土豆(potato)， 头顶一个大芒果（mango）。 6. 以 f或 fe 结尾的词，多数变f或 fe 为 ves. leaf --- leaves (树叶) 词尾读音[ vz ] knife --- knives ( 小刀) *（以f或fe结尾的单词，需把f或fe 变ves的单词）口诀：妻子（wife）持刀（knife）去宰狼（wolf），小偷（thief）吓得发了慌，躲在架下（shelf）保己命，半(half)片树叶（leaf）遮目光。 *（以f或fe结尾的单词，直接加“s”的单词）口诀：
小学四年级英语知识点总结英语语法总结 一、名词复数规则 1. 一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats 2. 以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches(手表) 3. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 但boy-boys 4. 以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives leaf-leaves 5. 以o结尾有生命的加es 无生命的加s，如：potato-potatoes tomatoes photo-photos piano-pianos 不规则名词的复数：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, goose-geese 不可数名词没有复数形式：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea 在具体句子中我们应该把不可数名词当成单数看待 二、一般现在时 一般现在时的功能 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 一般现在时的标志词：often, usually, sometimes, every等 一般现在时的构成 主语+动词原形。 如：We study English. 我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it，my father等)时 主语(三单)+动词的三单形式（要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"） 如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 一般现在时的变化 否定句：主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。如：I don't like bread. He doesn't like bread, too. 一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。如：Do you go to school by bike? Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如：Does she go to school by bike? Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句。如：How dou you go to school? How does your father go to work? 动词的第三人称单数的变化规则
1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与Which...? 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
小学英语语法及习题 一、名词复数规则 1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5．不规则名词复数： man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen,mouse-micechild-children,foot-feet,. tooth-teethfish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 写出下列各词的复数 I _________him _________this ___________her ______ watch _______child _______photo ________diary ______ day________ foot________ book_______ dress ________ tooth_______ sheep ______box_______ strawberry _____ thief _______yo-yo ______ peach______ sandwich ______ man______ woman_______ paper_______ juice___________ water________ milk________ rice__________ tea__________ 二、一般现在时 一般现在时基本用法介绍 【No. 1】一般现在时的功能 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 一般现在时的构成 1. be动词：主语+be(am,is,are)+其它。如： I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 2.行为动词：主语+行为动词(+其它)。如： We study English.我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 一般现在时的变化 1. be动词的变化。 否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。 如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。 一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它。 如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句。如：Where is my bike? 2.行为动词的变化。 否定句：主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。如： I don't like bread. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't构成否定句。如： He doesn't often play. 一般疑问句：Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它。如： - Do you often play football? - Yes, I do. / No, I don't. 当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does构成一般疑问句。如： - Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.
教学目标： 1.让学生掌握英语学习中的五种基本句型； 2.学会分辨句子属于哪种句型； 3.懂得使用不同的句型造句； 教学重点与难点： 1.五种句型的分析与理解； 2.句型4（主+动+宾+补）与句型5（主+动+宾+宾）的掌握与比较； 教学方法： 1.ppt演示； 课堂练习： 一、下列的句子属于哪种类型 1. The sun rises 2. She is walking along the lake. 3. I like this book very much. 4. That man seems kind 5. He bought his sister a piano. 6. She kept us waiting for over three hours. 7. Let me give you a hand. 8. We tried to make her happy. 二、请说出五个句子，并说出属于哪种句型 家庭作业： 1.每个句型各举出3个句子 2.翻译句子
导入主题：我们现在能用英语写简单的作文，也可以用英语进行简单的交流与沟通，可是大家知道英语中有多少种基本句型吗？那这些句型分别是什么？ （让学生自由思考、讨论，引出今天的课题，英语学习中的五种基本句型）1.Subject (主语) ＋Verb (谓语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语等作状语。如: He laughed. John has read widely. He lives in London. 2. Subject(主语) ＋Verb (谓语) ＋Object (宾语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是及物动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语。如: Our team beat all the others. 3. Subject (主语) ＋Link. V(系动词) ＋Predicate(表语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词是连系动词,不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。常见的系动词有:be(是),become(成为),get(变得),turn(变得),grow(变得),look(看起来),feel(感到),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来),seem(似乎),keep(保持),stay(保持)等。如: The rose smells sweet. 4. Subject(主语)＋Verb (动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词虽然跟有一个宾语,但意思还不完整,必须加上另外一个成分(宾语补足语)对宾语进行补充说明。可以用作宾语补足语的有:名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等。如: We must keep our school clean. They made him their monitor. 5. Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语)＋Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语) 此句型的特点是:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。可跟双宾语的动词 有:answer,bring,buy,find,get,give,lend,make,pass,pay,send,show,sing,take,teach,tell, write等。如: Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua？ 【注】S=Subject(主语). V=Verb(谓语动词). P=Predicative(表语). O=Object(宾语).
小学四年级英语语法知识汇总 第一章名词（Noun） 名词的概念 在生活中，我们会接触到各种各样的人和事物，用来表示这些人或事物名称的词就是名词。一、名词的数 名词的数指名词的单数和复数形式。可数名词表示“一个”时用单数，“两个以上”时用复数；不可数名词表示量时，通常用“数词+单位+of+物质名词”的形式，如 a piece of bread (一片面包)，变为复数时，只须将单位名词变为复数，如：two pieces of bread(两片面包)。 *名词复数的构成法则 1. 一般情况下在词尾加 s. 词尾读音 shop --- shops (商店) 在清辅音后读[ s ] bag --- bags (书包) 在浊辅音后读[ z ] window --- windows (窗户) 在元音后读[ z ] 2. 以s, x, sh, ch 结尾的单词在词尾加es。 class --- classes (班级) 词尾读音[ iz ] box --- boxes (盒子) match --- matches (比赛) brush --- brushes (刷子) 3. 以“辅音字母+y” 结尾的词，变y为i 加es. story --- stories (故事) 词尾读音[ iz ] 4. 以“元音字母+y” 结尾的词，在词尾直接加s key --- keys 词尾读音[ z ] monkey --- monkeys 5.以“o” 结尾的名词，复数一般在词尾加“s”, 但个别加“es” tomato --- tomatoes (西红柿) 词尾读音[ z ] potato --- potatoes (土豆) zoo --- zoos (动物园)
中考英语语法填空知识点梳理及经典练习(超详细) 一、初三中考语法填空（含答案详细解析） 1．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。Today almost everyone knows computers and the Internet. If I ask you" What is the most important in your life? ", maybe you will say" Computers and the Internet". The________（one）computer was made in 1946. It was very big but it worked________（slow）. Today computers are getting smaller and smaller. But________work faster and faster. What can computers do? A writer has said, "People can't live________computers today." The Internet came a little later than computers. It is about twenty-three years later than computers. But now it can________（find） almost everywhere. We can use it to read books, write letters, do________（shop）, play games or make friends. Many students like the Internet very much. They often surf the Internet as soon as they are free. They make friends on the Internet and maybe they have never seen these friends. They don't know their real________（name）, ages, and even sex（性别）. They are so________（interest） in making the "unreal friends" that they can't put their hearts into study. Many of them can't catch up with others on many subjects________of that. We can use computers and the Internet to learn more about the world. But at________same time, we should remember that not all the things can be done by computers and the Internet.【答案】first；slowly；they；without；be found；shopping；names；interested；because；the 【解析】【分析】文章大意：文章介绍了电脑的发明时间，以及电脑的用途。还有电脑对我们生活的影响。 （1）句意：第一台电脑是在1946年制造的。根据定冠词the，可知应使用序数词first，故答案是first。 （2）句意：它很大，但是工作得很慢。slow修饰动词worked，应使用副词slowly，故答案是slowly。 （3）句意：但是他们工作的越来越快了。空缺处指代前文的computers，因此使用they，故答案是they。 （4）句意：现在没有了电脑人们不能生活。因为电脑在我们日常生活中越来越重要。所以没有电脑就不能生活，没有without，故答案是without。 （5）句意：但是现在到处都可以发它。主语it 和find是被动关系，应使用被动语态，含有情态动词的被动语态是：情态动词+be+过去分词，故答案是be found。 （6）句意：我们可以用电脑读书、写信和购物，购物do shopping，固定搭配，故答案是shopping。 （7）句意：他们不知道他们真正的名字。name名字，可数名词，根据their可知应使用复数形式，故答案是names。 （8）句意：他们对于结交不真实的朋友那么感兴趣，以致于不能把心思用在学习上。be interested in，对……感兴趣，故答案是interested。 （9）句意：因为这个原因，他们中的许多人在许多课程山上跟不上其他学生。because of
巫不民族学校2013-2014学年度第二学期 八年级英语复习资料2014.6.24 1.in front of在....前面注意区别：in the front of e.g. I was afraid to speak in front of my classmates. 2.ask sb. for sth.向...寻求... ask sb to do sth e.g. have you ever asked your teacher for help? 3.do sth by doing sth.通过（做）...（方式）做... e.g. I learning English by studying grammar. 4.too...to do..太...而不能做... e.g. I’m too tired to do well. 5.watch sb. do sth.看...做过了... e.g. I can watch the actors say the words. 6.see sb. doing sth.看见...正在做.... see sb do sth 看见...做过了.... e.g. Today after school I saw my mother cooking in kitchen. 7.get excited变得兴奋、激动 e.g. When we excited about something and then end up runing. 8.end up doing sth结束（做）.... e.g. I spend two days ending up doing work. 9.finish doing sth. 完成（做）... e.g. I spend a lot of time finishing my homework. 10.end up with 以....为结束（告终） e.g. The dream ends up with the voice of alarm. 11.make mistakes in sth.在...（上）犯错 e.g. I often make mistakes in study. 12.be afraid to do sth害怕做.... e.g. The man who is not afraid to fail can be successful. 13.be afraid that +句子害怕... e.g. I’m afraid that he won’t come back tomorrow. 14.challenge sb. to 跟....挑战做.... 15.....one of ....之一 e.g. Studying grammar is one of the best ways to learn English. 16.make up of ...由...构成... e.g. The English words made up of twenty-six letters. 17.impress sb with sth 给...留下印象 e.g. I impressed my teacher with my honesty. 19.deal with 处理、应付 e.g. How do you deal with your problems in life ？ 20.have an influence on/in 对...有影响 e.g. The weather will have a bad influence on the local people. 21.regard...as..把...视、看作... e.g. I usually regard problems as challenges. https://www.doczj.com/doc/ef8761483.html,ed to do过去常常做....(现在不做了) e.g. I used to be afraid of the dog. 23.be use to doing =get used to doing 习惯于做.... e.g. I’m used to reading books. 24.be used to do ...被用于做... 25.be used for doing被用于做.... e.g. A pen is used to write. e.g. A pen is used for writing. 26.sth be used by sb. ....被....使用 e.g. My motorbike is used by my brother. 27.be afraid of 害怕.... e.g. I can’t be afraid of swimming. 28.be sure of 对...有把握 e.g. I’m sure of becoming a English teacher. 29.be sure to do 肯定能做.... e.g. I’m sure to change my life. 30.be sure that+句子确信、肯定.. e.g. I am sure that he will make mistakes in study. 31.be interested in对...感兴趣interesting修饰物品 e.g. He is interested in the history book. 32.be terrified of害怕... e.g. Everyone is terrified of death. 33.be afraid to do =be afraid of doing 害怕做..... e.g. He is afraid to stay at home alone. e.g. He is afraid of staying at home alone. 34.spend time in doing sth花费时间、金钱做.... 35.spend time on sth花费时间、金钱在....上 e.g. I usually spend much time on study, but I still can not study well. e.g. She often spend much time in doing her homework. 36.not...any more..不再... e.g. Jim isn’t mad at me anynore. 37.in the last few years在过去的几年里（常用于现在完成时） e.g. Have you ever been changed in the last few years? 38.worry about =be worried about 担心、忧... e.g. Will you be worried about me? 39.make sb do sth让...做... 40.It’s much more difficult to do ....做....困难得多 e.g. It’s much more difficult to study grammar.
最新人教版四年级英语知识点汇总 原则：词不离句，句不离篇. 一．单词分类记忆（可利用思维导图） 1.教室里的物品: classroom 教室window 窗户blackboard 黑板light 电灯 picture图画 door门 teacher’s desk 讲台计算机 fan 电扇wall 墙壁 floor 地板 TV 电视 2.书包里的东西 schoolbag 书包 maths book 数学书 English book 英语书 Chinese book 语文书 story book 故事书 candy 糖果 notebook 笔记本 toy玩具 key 钥匙 3.形容人的词汇： strong 强壮的 friendly 友好的 quiet 安静的cute 可爱的 hair 头发 shoe鞋 glasses 眼镜 hat (常指带檐的)帽子 4.家里的摆设：bedroom 卧室living room 起居室;客厅study 书房kitchen 厨房 bathroom 浴室 ; 洗手间 bed 床 phone 电话 sofa 长沙发fridge 冰箱table 桌子 5.食物及餐具： beef 牛肉 chicken 鸡肉 noodles 面条 soup 汤 vegetable 蔬菜 chopsticks 筷子 bowl 碗 fork 餐叉 knife 刀 spoon 勺 6.家庭称呼及职业： parents 父母 cousin 同辈表亲，堂兄弟，堂姐妹 uncle 舅父；叔父；姨夫；姑父；伯父 aunt 阿姨；姑母；姨母 baby brother 婴儿小弟弟 doctor 医生 cook厨师 driver 司机 farmer 农民 nurse 护football player 足球运动员 basketball player 篮球运动员 其他词汇： really 真的 near 距离近 clean 打扫 help 帮助 wow 哇，呀 lost 丢失 find 找到 so much 非常地 his 他的 her 女她的 or 或者 right 正确的，对的 them 他（她、它）们 dinner （正午或晚上吃的正餐） breakfast 早餐 lunch 中餐 ready 准备好 help yourself (为自己)取用 pass 给；递 try 试；尝试 (Let me try) people 人们 but但是little 小的 puppy 小狗 job 工作 二，发音规律（元音字母a 、e 、i 、o 、u 与 e 搭配）开音节中e 不发音 字母在单词中就发字母本身的音.(其他的有些可按去年学的字母操的发音读) 1. a –e [ei] cake 蛋糕 face 脸 name 名字 make 做 date 日期 hate 讨厌 （ make face 做鬼脸 make cake 做蛋糕） 2.i –e [ai] like 喜欢 kite 风筝 five 5 nine 9 rice 米饭 fine 好的 nice 好 的 ice 冰的（ I like five kites，我喜欢5个风筝， I like rice 我喜欢米饭） 3 o-e [?u] nose 鼻子 note 笔记 coke 可乐 Mr Jones 琼斯先生 hope 希望rose 玫瑰 home 家（ Mr Jones takes notes，） 4 .u-e [ju:] use 使用 cute 可爱的 excuse 打扰 mule 骡子（ She is cute ）
大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？) 3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法： (1)派生名词：①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如： inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词：①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥ Chinese; Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如：snowy, sunny,
V. Rwad and fill in the blanks (用所给单词的适当形式填空） 1.How many __________(sheep) are there on the farm? 2.These ___________(boy) pencil cases are new. 3.How________(many) bread is there in the basket? 4.What ________Ben ________(like) ? He _______(like) toys . 5.Ben , _________ __________(not climb) the tree. 6.Their cousin __________(have) a pair of sunglasses. 7.I like ________(have) a picnic in the park on Sunday . 8.Those sweets ___________(be) twelve yuan. 9.Count the _________(bookshelf) . There is one . VI. Rewrite the sentences (按要求改句子） 1.There are some bakeries on Pink Road. (单数句） 2.There are a lot of people in the park. (划线提问） 3.There is a supermarket on Rainbow Road. (划线提问） 4.Jim?s home is on Tree Street . (划线提问） 5.There are some toy shops behind the cinema . (一般疑问句/否定回答） 6.Where is your home ? 7.What?s near your home ?
LESSON ONE 句子的三种模式 导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型，注意词性和词序，以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单，但至关重要。掌握好它们，在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。 ▲主+系动词+表 注：*注意该结构中的名词，它们能被定语修饰。 1 这个人是一个老师。The man is a teacher. 主语系表语主语系表语（名词） 2 他（是）很忙。He is busy. 主语系表语主语系表语（形容词） ▲注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。 3 她（是）在教室里。She is in the classroom.
主语系表语主语系表语（介词短语） ▲定语只修饰名词，不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在所修饰的名词之前，而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后，请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。 介词短语 ---英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness is a station -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5 形容词介词短语 man is a teacher 介词短语形容词
6.教室里。 形容词介词短语 The teacher is handsome. My book is 表语（介词短语）定语（介词短语） She is 介词短语即可以做表语也可以做定语，虽然它们词性相同，但由于词序不同，它们所起到的作用也不同，当在is的后面是表语,跟在名词的后面它就起到定语的作用。 课堂练习 1 1是