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医学专业英语4

医学专业英语4
医学专业英语4

Review of Word Elements(3)

A.The following words contain word elements that stand for either part of the b0由or a substance that constitutes the body.Try to use slashes to break the WOi'I~,Ove the mc~ning to those elements and then translate the whole term into Chinese.1.amniocentesis

2.interatrial

3.aortogram

4.coronoid

5.gonadopathy

7.nephroscopy

8.oviduct

> angio/plasty > 血管成型术

anglo>vessels

> amnio/entesm

amnio>amnion

> inter/atri/al

between/atrium/pertaining t0

> aorto/gram

aorta/record

> corono/id

crown(heart)/like

> gonado/pathy

sex gland/disease

> karyo/plasm

nucleus/substance of formation

> nephro/scopy

kidney/visual examination

> ovi/duct

egg/tube

> 羊膜穿刺

> 房间的

> 主动脉造影片

> 冠状的

> 性腺病

> 核质浆

> 肾镜检术

> 输卵管

一165—

9.phlebitis >phleb/itis

vein/innammation

> 静脉炎

10.prostaglandin >prosta/gland/in > 前列腺素

prostate</gland/substance

11.seropositive

> sere/positive

sennn/positive

12.endothelium >

13.thrombosis >

14.umbilectomy >

16.valvuloplasty >

18.venipuncttLre

19.interventricular

20.venulitis

endo/theL/ium

inside/covering tissue/structure

thromb/osis

clot/condition

umbil/eetomy

navel/cut off

utero/scope

womb/viewing instnmaent

valvulo/plasty

valve/surgical repair

> vaso/press/or

vesseL/giving press/agent

> veni/puncture

vein/puncture

> inter/ventricul/ar

between/ventricle/pertaining to

> venul/itis

small vein/inflammation

> 血清反应阳性

> 内皮

> 血栓症

>脐切除手术

> 官腔镜

>瓣膜成形术

>血管加压药

> 静脉穿刺

> 室间的

> 小静脉炎

B.Each of the following words contains a word element that has the meaning of abnormal condition.Break and define the word。elements in the following terms,and then define ihe term itself.

dyspepsia

neCIDSIS

—166一

gingiv/itis inflammation of the gum

gum/inflammation

dys/pepsia

poor or bad/digestion

poor or bad digestion

necr/osis death of tissues

death/abnormal condition 3.dysplasia

4.neuropathy 5.malnutrition 7.pangastritis

9.hemolysis 10.nephrosclerosis

11.1eukopenia 13.angiospasm

dys/plasia

poor or bad/development neuro/pathy

nerve/disease

maL/nutrition

poor or bad/nutrition

~teo/sarc/oma

bone/flesh/tumor

pm~gastr/itis

all/stomach/inflammation

ab/nonnal/ity

away from/normal/status hemo/lysis

blood/break.down or dissolution nephro/sclerosis

kedney/hardening

leuko/penia

white blood cell/deficiency hemo/rrhage

blood/bursting forth of blood

an#o/spasm

blood vessels~sudden contraction poor development or growth disease of nerve

poor nutrition

tumor of bone and flesh inflammation ofthe whole stomach away from normal condition abnormal blood dissolution hardening ofthe kidney

deficiency ofwhite blood cells

excessive bleeding

sudden contraction of blood vessels

C.The following prefixes铷陀often used to indicate either location or diI咧0n.GiveⅡ埒舳.ing to them and卸each of them into one of the following sentences accord~to the

mean~.

agmnst

th神,~l'OSS

before;in front of

in

inside

above

outside

·———167·-——

砒梅p阶-i;聃盼

l 2 3 4 5 6 7

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

inter- between

extra- outside

pro- before

sub—under

post—after;behind

trans—across

1.?Ihe nucleus controls the growth and division of the cell.It also contains the structures that——IItt

(trans一)hereditary traits.

2.Most patients want to know even bad——gnoses(pro-),but how much a physician tells a give.patient should be determined primarily by the patient,not the physician.The physician has the duty to make the patient aware of his/her willingness to discuss the prognosis.

3.The doctor does 80 by trying to attenuate disease,by relieving discomfort,by assisting the patient

with any disability,by preventing——ma伽re(pre)death,and by maximizing contentment.4.The word uvula means little grape.Around the oral cavity are three pairs of salivary glands.These exoerine glands produce a fluid called saliva,which is released,from the parotid gland,submandibular gland and lingual(sub-)gland on each side of the mouth.

5.Many substances could harm the body if they ever entered it.These substances,or__gem (anti一),range from bacteria and pollen to a transplanted organ(viewed by the body as all invad—

er).

6.In 80nle cases,through the process of opsonization,antibodies“butter”the surface of some anti—

gem and make them“tastier”to phagocytes,which——gulf(en一)the antigens.

7.111e——phra鲫(dia-)is a muscular partition that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity and aids in the process of breathing.

8.ne interior of the intestine Can be observed with various——scopes(endo-)named for the spe—cific area in which they are used,such as proctoscope(rectum),sigmoidoscope(sitgnoid colon),or eolonoseope(colon).

9.tredty(Ex一)is often referred as a distal or terminal portion of the body,such as an帅

or a leg,sometimes,specifically hand and foot.

10.——tllel王al(Epi一)tissues covers and protects body structures and lines organs,vessels,and

cavities.

11.Solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the blood are ertted(ex)outside the body.

12.,nle costal(inter-)muscles between the ribs aid in inspimtion by pulling the ribs up and out.

13.The factors that start labor are not completely understood,but it is clear that the hormone oxy—

tocin from the——erior(post)pituitary gland and other hormones called prostaglandins are involved.

·——168-——

Chapter 1

Eyes And Ears

Section A Medical Terminology

Part I

ehoroiditis

choroidal

chorioidectomy

ciliectomy

cilioretinal

eiliospinal

comeitis

corneal

col"neocyte

blepharedema

blepharitis

blepharotomy

dacryoma

dacryorrhea

dacryostenosis

ifitis

ifitic

Intomy

lacfimal

lacrimator

lacrimotomy

mvdriasis

mvdriahc

0(1ular

inflammation oftlle choroids

pertaining to the choroids

surgical removal of the choroid

surgical removal of a portion ofthe ciliary body pertaining to the ciliary body and the refin

pertaining to the ciliary body and the spinal inflammation of山e coiTlea

pertaining tO the cornea

cells having the feature of coiTlea

—edema,watery distension;swelling of the eyelid inflammation of the eyelid

surgical incision of the blephar

oma,new thing produced swelling of a blocked tear duct overabundance of tears

constriction of a tear duct

inflammafion of山e iris

pertaining to the iris

surgical incision of the iris

pertaining to teax~

agent promoting tears

surgical incision of the lacrimal sac

enlarging of the pupil

perlaining to mydriasis

pertaining to the eyes

一17I一

续表

Terminology

OCulist

intraocular

ophthalmology

ophthalmologist

exophthalmos

optlC

optometer

optometry

presbyopia

presbyopic

pupillary

pupillometer

pupilloscope

retinopathy

ti…n…一tl。S

subretinal

scleritis

episelem

uveitis

uveitic

uveal

hemianopia

hyperopia

hetempsia

acoustic

acoustics

audiology

audiometry

audiometer

auditory

audition

aural

aural discharge

aurinasal

COChlear

retrocochlear

toehleitis

labyrinthitis

labrinthectomy

labrinthotomy

otoscopy

physician specialized in the eyes

intra-,inside;inside of the eyes

study of the eyes

scientist studying the eyes

protrusion of the eyeball

pertaining to the eyes

instrument for measuring the refractive power of the eye measurement of the eyes and vision

opia,vision;obstacle of vision of old age

pertaining to presbyopia

pertainingtothe pupil

—meter,instrument;instrument for measuring the size of the pupil —scope.instrument;instnunent for examining the pupil and its con—dition

—pathy,disease;any disease ofthe retina

inflammation ofthe retina

beneath the retina

inflammation ofthe sclera

epi一,outermost layer;outermost layer of the sclera irillammation of the uvea

pertaining to uveitis

pertaining to uvea

an/o,negative;blindness in half the visual field farsightedness or long sight

heter/o,unequal;unequal vision in the two eyes pertaining to sound or hearing

study of sound

study and treatment of hearing disorders

measurement of hearing

instrument for testing the capability of hearing

pertaining to the sellse of e邮

action and capability of hearing

pertainingtothe ear

something discharged from the ear

—nasal,pertaining to the nose;pertaining to the eal7 and nose pertaining to the cochlea

retm/o,behlnd;behind the cochlea

inflammation of the cochlea

inflmmnation of the labyrinth

excision of the laby~nth

incision of the labyrinth

visual examination of the ear

—172—

续表

otorhinology

ottc

s~pedectomy

stapediul

tympanic

tympanostomy

tympanometry

vesbulax

vestibulotomy

vestibulooculal"

anacUsJS

presbycusis

macroua

macrotta

study of the ear and the nOSe

pertaining to the ear

su哂caJ replacement of the stapes

pertaining to the stapes

pertaimng to the eardnlm

—stomy,placement of a tube,placement of tube into the ean~IMm .metry,measurement;measurement of sound transmission through the tympamc membrane and midge eat"

pertaining to the vestibule

incision into the vestibule of the inner ear

pertaining to the vestibule and the eye

an/o,negative;complete hearing loss

The type of nerve deafness occurs with the process of aging unusually large ears

abnormally snlan e啪

Part lI

A.

1.staped/o

2.dacry/o

3.come/o

4.sclera/o

5.cochle/o

6.ophthalm/o

7.vestibuL/o

8.一opia

9..otia

10.一opsia

B.

1.eye

2.chomid

3.retina

4.eyelid

5.1ear

6.external ear

stapes

tear duct

COrnea

sclera

cochlea

eye

vestibule

eye,vision

condition of the ear

vision

oclu/o

chomid/o

mtin/o

blephar/o

lacrim/o

anr/0

stapedectomy

dacryoma

comeitis

episclera

retrocochlear

ophthalmology

vestibulotorny

hypempia

macmtia

hetempia

oculist

chomiditis

retinopathy

blepharotomy

lacrimal

aural

一173—

7.eardrum

8.ear

9.hearing

10.inner ear

tympan/o

ot/o

audi/o

lab俪nth/o

C.

mydr/o 5 pupil/o 6 uve/o 8 presby/o 1

ir/o 2 opt/o 3 acous/o 4 一cuisis 12 chomids/o 13 ophthalm/o 15 blephar/o 1 1 acrim/o 9 D.

1.audiometry

2.1~yrinthitis

3.ocular

4.blepharedema

5.stapedius

6.otoseopy

7.ciliectomy

8.iritis

10.comeitis

11.blepharotomy

12.comeoeyte

13.dacryoma

14.oculist

15.microtia

Section B Readings

Passage One

C.

1.F

7.G

13.R

2.A

8.L

14.M

3.B

9.H

15.N

4.C

10.I

16.0

tympanical

otoscopy

audiology

labmnthitis

5.D

11.J

17.P

cili/o 7

.otia 14

labyrinth/o 10

6.E

12.K

18.Q

D.

1.activated 2.impulse 3.Integrating 4.transparent 5·junction 一174—

6·protruded 7.spherical 8.irritation 9.swelling 10.drainage 11.as such 12.difier in

as such

be composed of

be embedded in

pass through

be responsible for separate?·?from differ in

F.

1.eardnlm 6.from 11.opens 16.airplane

be associated with result from

focus on

be attached to

be classified as

be involved in connect…埘th 2.bones 7.with 12.way 17.riding 3.middle 8.affect 13.inIler 18.remains eonvert………into protect?·。from protrude into take on

be concentrated on in response to

be made up of 4.incus

9.be 14.pressure 19.outside consist of

in addition(to)

be referred to as be filled with

be capable of

at the edge 0f

a series of 5.called 10.from

15.air

20.until

G.

The retina is the sensitive nerve layer of the eye.As light energy,in the form of waves,travels through the eye,it is refracted by the cornea,lens and fluids,SO that it focuses on.sensitive recep—

tor cells of the retina called the rods and cones.There are approximately 6 miUion cones and 120 million rods in the retina.The cones ale mole sensitive in light than the rods.Cones contain at least

three different pigments,one sensitive to yeHow,one to green and one to blue light.Cones are used

for vision in daylight or bright light and for color vision.Color and sharpness of vision thus depend

on the cone cells.Rods containing a special pigment respond to small amounts of light.They fu nc…tion better in dim light and are helpful in night vision.

B.

1.b 2.a 3.d 4.C 5.C 6.a 7.b 8.d

Passage Three

1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.T 9.F 10.T

—175—

译文:

I.概述

众所周知,神经细胞把冲动从感觉器官或感觉接受器区如皮肤、味蕾和嗅觉部位

(鼻嗅觉中心)传到大脑。这些神经细胞称为传人感觉神经元。

眼睛、耳朵与皮肤、味蕾和嗅觉部位一样是感觉器官。因此,它们也是接受器,其

敏感细胞可被内外环境的特殊形式的能量或刺激所激活。眼睛和耳朵的这些敏感细胞可

对刺激产生反应,其方式是对通向大脑的传入感觉神经元发出一系列的神经冲动。

不管对特殊接受器进行什么样的刺激,这种体验到的感觉均由与接受器相连的大脑

各个区域所确定。于是,可以刺激眼睛和耳朵接受器细胞的机械损伤可产生视觉(冒金

星)和声觉(耳鸣)。同样,如果谁能把耳的敏感接受器细胞与大脑视觉相关的神经连接

起来,这个区域就可能感觉或察觉声音。本章将专门讨论眼睛和耳朵这些器官。

Ⅱ.眼睛

眼睛是身体的视觉器官。与其他的感觉器官一样,眼睛用来察觉环境中的刺激并将

其传人大脑。眼睛的感觉接受器对光亮起反应并对黑暗与暗淡程度有反应。每只眼的各

种特殊结构通过反射光的不同暗淡程度在视觉区域一点点地产生各种物体的形象。视觉

形象来源于物体结构与网络神经细胞的相互反应,因为这些网络细胞可以把光能转变成

传人大脑的电冲动。在大脑中,由每只眼睛所形成的许多二维形象被组合起来形成环境

中的许多物体简单的三维形象。

成人的双眼各呈圆球状结构,每个眼球直径为一英寸。两只眼睛都处于脑颅内称为

眼眶的骨窝中。每只眼睛由两个充满眼液的腔状多层特殊组织组成。眼睛的主要结构在

本章图1中显示出来,并在下文得以叙述。

巩膜

眼球的白色外层称为巩膜。巩膜由胶原和其他结缔组织组成,形成了坚韧的外层表面,保护眼睛内部不受伤害。眼睛的前部巩膜形成透明拱形半圆形结构,取名为角膜。

角膜表面呈弧形,对进入眼睛的光线聚焦。此外,角膜还可保护眼睛的前部不受损害。眼色素层

紧贴巩膜之下的是眼睛的脉管层,称为眼色素层。除了为眼内的肌肉和神经提供血液,眼色素层的色素沉着组织也使眼睛呈现出颜色。三种结构组成了眼色素层,即脉络膜、睫状体和虹膜。

脉络膜是一层黑色的色素沉着组织,正位于巩膜之下。脉络膜黑色表面除了容纳许多微小的血管为整个眼组织提供营养物外,还起着吸收眼睛内光线的作用,从而防止眼内的光线使视觉形象模糊不清。

在巩膜和角膜连接处的后面,脉络膜加厚,形成了称为睫状体的结构。正如你将了解到,包埋在睫状体中的平滑肌可调整品状体的形状,使眼睛可聚焦于不同距离的物体。

脉络膜的另一个延伸物是虹膜。它足一个圆形的色素沉着组织,突进眼眶内。虹膜的色素沉着决定了眼睛的颜色。虹膜中央的开口称为瞳孔。通过调整瞳孔的大小,虹膜中细微的肌肉能控制进入眼睛的光线的多少。光线明亮时,虹膜肌肉收缩,瞳孔缩小。光线暗淡时,肌肉舒张,瞳孔扩大。瞳孔的缩小也称为缩瞳,而瞳孑L的扩大也叫做扩瞳。健康的个体,两个瞳孔大小基本相同。

折射介质

进入眼睛的光线穿过几道液体和固体结构,这些结构可轻微地折射(弯曲)光线,使聚焦较明显。这些折射结构包括透明的晶状体和填充眼球内腔的液体。

透明的晶状体游离于瞳孔之后的睫状体外。晶状体是透明的具体弹性的圆盘,它依赖称为悬韧带的细小纤维附在睫状体上。当眼睛聚焦较近物体时,睫状体的肌肉使晶状体略呈圆形。为了聚焦更远的物体,睫状肌轻微拉平晶状体。睫状体调整晶状体的弯曲度,允许它聚焦于较近或较远的物体,这个过程叫做调节。与年老相关的这个过程效率的改变是许多老人看近物需要配戴眼镜的原因。

晶状体和悬韧带把内眼球分成两个室。角膜与晶状体之间的腔室充满了称为眼房水的水状液。晶状体之后的腔室充满了称为玻璃体的胶状液。除了起折射作用,玻璃体维持眼球内压力,阻止眼球内塌陷。

视网膜

眼内对光线敏感的接受器细胞位于视网膜。视网膜是位于脉络膜内层表面的一层很薄的组织。根据它们细微的外观,视网膜细胞被分成视网膜杆和锥体。膜杆多集中在视网膜的周围,可觉察不同层次的暗淡光。锥体主要位于视网膜的中央区,可辨别颜色,但只光线强烈时才有此功能。膜杆和锥体都含有称为光色素的对光线敏感的分子。光色素分子能把光能转变成电冲动,这种冲动传人大脑以待破译。虽然膜杆在数量上比锥体多得多,但锥体一般能更精确地察觉出视觉刺激。于是,最大的视觉清晰度形成于称为视网膜中央凹的锥体密集的中央区。

视觉神经

神经纤维和血管通过视神经乳头区进出于视网膜。因为视神经乳头没有膜杆和锥体,故称为盲点。在视神经乳头之外,来自每只眼睛的纤维组合形成视神经。视神经把冲动从视网膜送到大脑的一些区域,在此对视觉信息进行加工。

辅助结构

虽然不直接涉及到视力,其他的结构可帮助保护眼睛不受伤害,如眼睑。眼睑是折叠的皮肤,可对指向眼睛的突然运动做出反射性的闭眼反应,保护眼球不受到物理性伤害。眼睫毛提供另一种保护,即每个眼睑前缘有向外弯曲的二三排细小的毛发。眼睑的内衬有一层薄薄的一般是透明的叫做结膜的薄膜,结膜可延伸到眼睛的白色区域。灰尘

或烟雾刺激结膜,引起薄膜血管肿胀,产生常称为“眼充血”的毛病。

泪器紧连着结膜,是可产生和排除眼泪的腺性系统。哭泣和眼睛受伤时,主泪腺分泌眼泪。位于结膜内的辅助腺体不断产生少量的泪水,每当眼睛眨动时可润滑结膜和角膜。泪水一旦产生,可在眼睛边缘汇集,在此穿过鼻泪引流管进入鼻腔。

Ⅲ.耳朵

外耳、中耳(鼓膜腔)、内耳(迷路)以及听觉中枢和听觉神经组成听觉器。

外耳由耳廓和外耳道组成。耳廓有几层软骨,覆盖有皮肤。这种皮层可产生一种蜡状黄色物质,叫做耳垢。耳垢起着外耳的过滤层作用,捕捉尘垢及其他外来物质,并防止它们进入耳内。外耳道终止于鼓膜。鼓膜是一层薄而圆的膜,延伸到耳道末端。

鼓膜也叫做耳鼓,将外耳道和鼓室分隔开。鼓室常叫做中耳,是很小而不规则的鼓腔,位于鼓骨岩石样区域。一层很薄的骨壁把中耳和内耳分开。在骨壁上有两个小开口:即前庭窗和蜗窗。从鼓膜到前庭窗的中耳室内有三根小而活动的小骨。根据其形状分别叫做锤骨、钻骨和镫骨。

咽鼓管(听觉管)把中耳室与咽部连在一起,然后通过咽部到达外部。正是咽鼓管平衡了鼓膜两侧气压。

听觉神经终止于内耳或迷路,因此,内耳是听觉器官重要的区域。内耳有骨性迷路,后者由一系列形状奇特的腔室组成。这些腔室由岩石样鼓骨掏空形成,根据其形状分别称为前庭、耳蜗和半圆形耳道。

听觉神经由两套纤维组成。一套被称为耳蜗纤维,另一套称为前庭纤维。这些纤维的功能、始端和终端各异。听觉神经是感觉神经。

从整体复杂性看,人体没有其他器官能与我相提并论。我不到一个乒乓球大,却拥有上千万个电连接体和一百五十个同时发生的信息。我收集一个人一生中吸收的80%的知识。

有人认为我是一部小型的电视摄相机。我想这种想法比较小看了我。我比那种最大的、最昂贵的电视摄相机更为敏感。我是神奇视觉最主要的一个组成部分。

当今的世界对我是个严峻考验。我原本不适应当今世界。对人类史前祖先而言,眼睛的主要工作是察看远处的东西以避免危险,或是察看要杀死的猎物。只是现在,我一直被要求进行持续的案头工作。

看看我的解剖结构,你就会明白我为什么难以适应当今的要求。首先是我的前窗,即清澈的角膜。它比一枚新便士稍小,通过把光线折射成有条理的图案,便开始视觉程序。然后是瞳孔——可调节的光线人口。当阳光强烈时,瞳孔几乎是关闭的,在黑暗的晚上,它是完全敞开的。谈到这一点,可以看到此类事情没有一架便宜的照相机是不能做的。

我的奇迹实际上源于晶状体,一包很小的椭圆形的体液。我的晶状体由一圈微小的、特别强有力的、其勤劳程度难以置信的肌肉所包绕着。当眼肌绷紧,我的晶状体就变充实,适合看近物;当眼肌放松,晶状体就平坦,适合看远物。

这对穴居祖先是件好事。由于他们主要感兴趣于20英尺或稍远一些的东西,眼肌大部分时间松弛。但是今天人们生活在密集的世界里,进行无休止的阅读和案头工作,使睫状肌在大部分时间内紧张而疲倦。

在我的晶状体的前后共有两个体液充塞腔。前面的体液近似水,后面的体液大约与——17R——

蛋清一致。这种水状液使我完全充实。两种体液需绝对清亮方日]透光。当人凝视视光亮时,所看到的斑点是在我形成的过程中,在子宫内的日子里留下的细胞残存物,将会在他的眼液中漫无目标地游动而伴随其终身。

当人观察某种物体时,光线穿过我的晶状体。晶状体又把光线带到我的视网膜上正确的聚焦处。视网膜好似一种洋葱皮墙纸,覆盖着我里面三分之二的区域。除了大脑外,我想人体没有任何其他小块地方紧凑地排列着这么多细胞。在不到一平方英寸的地方,我的视网膜竞含有一亿三千七百万个对光敏感的接受细胞。其中一亿三千一百万个细胞呈杆状,对黑白光敏感,六百万个细胞呈锥状,对有色光敏感。

杆状细胞散布于整个视网膜。假如晚上出现了一只萤火虫,那么复杂的化学变化就进行了。萤火虫的弱光会使我的杆细胞视紫素,即一种微紫红色的色素变白,变白过程产生小股电流,仅有几百万分之一伏特,电压小到不能刺激一只蚊子。这股小电流注入稻草杆状视神经,然后以每小时约三百英里的速度传人人脑。大脑解释这些大量涌人的信号,并作出判断:一只萤火虫。所有这些错综复杂的电化学活动只在大约两千分之一秒内就完成了。

我的膜杆似乎是复杂的,那么我的锥状细胞就更复杂了。他们集中在视网膜中央凹,这是我的视网膜后方一个大头针头大小的淡黄色凹陷,是精确视力的中心,如阅读等任何近距离视力工作,也是辨别颜色的中心。一个主要的理论是这些锥细胞也有多种漂白色素。一种色素对黄色光敏感,一种针对绿色光,一种针对兰色光。就象艺术家在调色板上调色一样,人的大脑也可混合各种色彩组成许多其他的色调。

如果这个复杂的电化学过程发生了什么故障,这个人会成为色盲。每八个人中有一个患有不同程度的色盲。光线暗淡时,我的锥状细胞活动减弱,颜色感觉就会消失,并且一些物体变成灰色。这时,我的杆细胞接替工作。

当人用眼睛观察时,他是在用大脑看东西。对人的大脑的沉重一击足以摧毁大脑的视觉中枢,将会产生永久的失明。如打击较轻,他会眼冒金星,这是混乱的电障碍。当人坠入梦乡时,他就体会到大脑作用的肯定证据。即使我的眼睑在完全黑暗中紧闭着,他也看到了各种画面。如果他们生来双目失明,他只得以其他的感觉刺激来做梦,如触摸、聆听或用嗅觉。

人刚出生时,视力和现在不同。刚出生时,他只能看到光和影。在出生后的头几个月,他是远视眼,就象他的穴居祖先。为了看清响环,他得用手把响环伸得远远地进行观看。

在一开始,人的双眼协调能力差。当一只眼徘徊在一个方向时,另一只眼则在另一方向徘徊。这使小孩的母亲很担心,但却毫无必要。出生几个月后,眼睛便能十分协调转动。当小孩六岁时,他的视力已达良好。但视力的峰巅到八岁时才到来。

年幼时,人习惯于在微弱的光线下阅读。他的母亲会警告,他在损害自己的眼睛。母亲的警告是错误的。儿童在暗淡光线下比成人看得清楚,即使在非常不利的环境下看东西也不损害。

我还有许多其他的异乎寻常的品格。我的肌肉虽然很小,每根只有千分之一克,但是身体中最强有力的。在平常一天之中,我运动约十万次,将物体带到清晰的焦点中,一个人必须步行五十英里给他的腿部肌肉以同量的运动。

我的清洁器也是同样功劳突出。我的泪腺连续不断的分泌出水分,即眼泪清洗微尘和其他外来物。当然,我的眼睑起着挡风玻璃清擦器的作用。人每分钟眨眼三到六次。当我疲倦时眨眼次更多。这可保持角膜润湿、干净。眼泪还将氧气带到角膜,是一种强有力的灭菌剂,是对付感染性细菌的工具。

我尽量休息,努力防止疲劳。当人眨眼时,我有时间休息。我与我的伙伴相继放松:一会儿我会承担90%的工作负荷,而另一只眼懒散地睁着;一会儿它开始工作而我则休息。

老天爷给良好的保护,将我置于突出的颊骨和前额形成的骨眶中,他们充当直接打

击的减震器。如果有潜在的危险入侵者,譬如一颗沙砾,大自然赋予我的极敏感的神经便发出警报。

当然,我也有麻烦。我的聚焦器时常不能完善地发挥作用,眼镜可矫正95%的这类麻烦。眼疾是更为严重的问题,一种潜在的疾患是管道疏浚工程问题:要么是太多的液体进入眼睛,要么是排出的太少,结果是压力不断增大,致使视神经的血液供应减少,这就是青光眼。

在严重的病例中,几天的时间青光眼可引起永久的失明。更常见的是,该病缓慢发展,症状非常轻微,不会引起注意。它的症状为:在明亮的光源周围产生五颜六色的晕轮,余光丧失。暗适应性弱,视觉模糊。年长者,每4|)人中,有一个可能因青光眼损害视力,或实际上完全失明。眼科医生只需将一个眼压针的小巧装置放在我的眼球就能检测青光眼。如何治疗青光眼呢?可用滴眼剂或手术治疗。散光是我的另一个常见毛病,患此病时,我的角膜不是一种球面,它会扭曲视觉,就象一片玻璃上有了泡点。眼镜可矫正这种状态。视网膜脱离更为严重。发生此病时,视网膜壁起水泡或脱皮,通常伴有视物闪光,物体形象扭曲,呈现模糊斑点。外科医生可以把我的视网膜壁缝合到原位,其成功率达80%。

我的角膜和晶状体(正常时完全是透明的组织)均会变成云雾状并导致失明。如果角膜变雾,则需行角膜移植术复明,若是晶状体,便要行白内障手术。随后,需戴度数高的眼镜或隐形眼镜。?

幸运的足,目前人们已幸免于这些疾患。我可以像人体其他器官一样步入老年。这时,晶状体透明度降低,调节肌肉衰弱,硬化血管减少对视网膜血液供应。这些症状会继续存在,但人们不必过分忧虑。只要他们还活着,我就可以找到有利时机为他提供必要的视力。

正常眼压青光眼(Passage Three)

1857年,贵族盖雷夫首次提出了正常眼压青光眼。此后,正常眼压青光眼既迷惑又困扰了眼科学家,因为它向传统的青光眼和与眼压有关的疾病概念提出了挑战,又因为它妨碍我们对青光眼采用正常疗法。

正常眼压青光眼通常的临床特征是视神经乳头杯状凹陷,视野缺失、开角、眼内压力在统计上属正常范围,又没有成为诱因的眼内或全身性疾病。低压青光眼这个术语一直用于这种病症。但这是误称,因为眼内压力通常在正常值内,并不是真正低压。

许多研究表明,正常眼压青光眼的病例比通常所感觉到的要多得多。在许多人群涮一1 Rn—

查中,发现25%--50%有开角型青光眼的个体中,在第一次检查时眼内压力为正常。

例如,巴尔的摩眼睛普查中心在东巴尔的摩调查了10,444人,发现了194例开角型青光眼。194人中有114人(58.8%)在普查中测出值为21mmHg或更低。虽然在普查中发现有些病人在复查中,或在每日的眼压测量中,眼内压力增高,但很清楚的是相当大的一批患者虽有青光眼性受损,而却属于正常眼压青光眼型。根据最保守的估计,苏默得出的结论是20%一30%患有开角型青光眼的病人属于正常眼压群。

自贵族盖雷夫的描述后,激烈争论一直是围绕着正常眼压青光眼是开角型青光眼的变体或亚型,还是另一种单独疾病或一组疾病。单独疾病假说的主张者认为开角型青光眼与正常眼压青光眼的临床特征存在显著的差异。他们发现患正常眼压青光眼时,视域缺损更为密集、急剧,更局部化,更接近定影,更局限于半域范围内。他们还发现正常眼压青光眼的视神经乳头有更多的边缘病灶缺损,更严重的乳头周围萎缩,以及更多的出血。单独疾病假说的主张者还发现患有正常眼压青光眼病人脉管病症也越来越普遍。这些病症包括血液动力学危象、凝固性过高、高血压、低血压、血液粘性升高、胆固醇

增高、颈动脉疾病、偏头痛、血管痉挛、及其血流平均速度降低和眼窝血管平均抵抗指数升高。此处,据报告,患正常眼压青光眼的病人患有越来越普通的免疫类疾病,其中包括斯耶格伦综合症、关节炎、自动免疫性甲状腺炎以及不正常的血清自动抗体。但是,正常眼压青光眼与开角型青光眼间的这些差异一直还没有为研究者证实。况且,即使正常眼压青光眼的某些临床特征或是某些症状在患此类疾病的病人中更广泛存在,也不能说明开角型青光眼和正常眼压青光眼发病机制的基本差别。

在本期刊物中,刊载了两篇文章继续辩论这个问题。约纳斯等人报告了98只病灶

型正常眼压青光眼,17只高度近视正常眼压青光眼和36只与衰老相关的萎缩性开角型

青光眼。在多项检测中上述所有眼睛的眼内压力都不到21mmHg,包括每日的曲线检测。但第三组除外,一次该组的眼内压力高于21mmHg,其余检测都低于19mmHg。在整个小组和各亚群中,不论他们是使用平均日艮内压力,高记录眼内压力,还是使用二到五次高记录眼内压力测量的组合,其结论都是,所测得的眼内压力越高,视神经视网膜边缘区域就越小,即使矫正了边缘区域视神经乳头的大小也是如此。以前所发表的研究已经注意到了眼内压力高低与正常压力青光眼损害的相互联系。例如,卡特赖特和安德森研究了患有不对称眼内压力的正常眼压青光眼,结果发现:眼内压高的眼睛有较严重的视神经乳头损坏。约纳斯等人仔细地观察了他们研究中那些可能的局限因素,其中包括其研究是剖面的而不是纵向的事实。该研究没有证实眼内压力高低与视神经乳头损害的因果关系,也没有证实降低眼内压力对治疗有利。

瓦克斯等人报道了对正常眼压青光眼免疫方面的继续研究。他们报告了10例正常

眼压青光眼的病人,用于酶联免疫吸附剂化验检测,观察到这些病人以前带有抗Ro/ssA类抗体。但他们都没有l晦床症状,或斯耶格伦综合病症状,或任何其他结缔组织疾病。10位受试者有9人对西式渗开的60千道尔顿的细菌热休克蛋白质有上升的血清免

疫反应。瓦克斯等人推断在某些正常眼压青光眼的病人中(和在某些开角型青光曼的要

人中),视神经损害可能波及细菌热休克蛋白质60失常反应所引起的自动免疫机制。作

者认识到在发现与热休克蛋白质60的联系和证实视神经乳头损坏诱因之间存在巨大的

空隙。

一1 RI—

我们可以澄清正常眼压青光眼方面的这些不同观点吗?近些年来,许多研究工作者

把开角型青光眼下定义为视觉神经病,其特征是视神经乳头的杯状陷凹形成和视野缺失,并在诊断中排除了眼内压力。他们假定在某些病例中,眼内压力是视神经损害的主要原因,但也假定在另一些病例中,眼内压力作用不明显或不起作用。如果我们用这种观点来诊断青光眼,正常眼压青光眼和开角型青光眼就不是不同的疾病,但可能代表着有害影响的不同平衡作用。可能在许多患有眼压力升高的病人中,压力是视神经乳头损害的主要机制,脉管和免疫紊乱起着较小的作用。在许多正常眼内压力的病人中,全身脉管疾病和免疫紊乱可能是主要损坏性因素。也可能在某些病人中,脉管疾病、结缔组织的易感性、或免疫紊乱可能使得视神经乳头对压力相关的损害更为敏感,因此,在正常压力水平中也会出现青光眼。反过来,眼内压力增高可能损坏视神经乳头结缔组织、脉管、或支撑组织,并且使他们对其他的有害刺激更为敏感。最后,也可能对视神经不同的破坏性影响可能通过普通的终极通道起作用。这些通道有显示兴奋的氨基酸、氧化一氮或细胞死亡程序。如果上述假设正确,那么阻止这些普通通道的疗法可以防止各种有害刺激。

当我们解答对视神经青光眼损害遗传原因和各种基本原因时,研究人员和临床医生将会理解影响视神经乳头的各种破坏性因素,并能在治疗时不管眼内压力的高低而做出更为合理的决定。

一182—

Chapter 2

Endocrine System

Part I

adenitis

adenoma

adenopathy

endocrinology

hypererine

crinogenic

hormonal

hormonogenesis

honnonology

hypophyseal

neumhypophysis

hypophysectomy

meduUoblast

medullitis

medullectomy

corticosteroid

cortmotropm

co~icoadrenal

adrenitis

adrenolyti~,

adrenopathy

inflarmnation of a gland

tumor ofa gIand

any dand disease

study of the endocrine glands

due to endocrine hyperfunction

stimulating secretion

pertaining to a hormone

the production of homones

study of hormones

pertaining to the pituitary矛and or hypophysis

the posterior lobe ofthe pituitary gland

surgical i-emoval of the pituitary gland

an undifferentiated cell of the embryonic medullary tube inflammation of the medulla

surgical removal of the medulla

any steroid hormone synthesized by the adrenal cortex acting upon the codex

relating to the codex and the adrenal

inflammation of the adrenal glands

inhibiting the response to adrenaline

any disease ofthe adrenal glands

一183—

续表

Meaning

parl(…i~atlc

pancreatin

pancreatogram

parathyroidectomy

hypopamthyroidism

parathyroidonm

marmnoplasty

manunotomy

nmnanography

pituicyte

pituitectomy

hyperpituitarism

pinealism

pinealoma

pinealectomy

thymoma

thymocyte

thymitis

thyrolytic

thyrotoxicosis

thymmegaly

endoderm

endoscope

endoplasm

glucagon

glucogenesis

glucolysis

androgen

andrology

hyperandrogenism

steroid

~emlytic

steroidogenic

calcipenia

hypercalcemia

PalCiI】da

pertaining tO the pancFeas

an extract obtained from the pancreas

the X-ray film produced by pancreatography

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能,对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学;研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用,并牵动骨胳肌,引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一,有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙,里面充填着骨髓,这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动,是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动,如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动,如肘关节;或是绕轴心旋转运动,如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里,大辐度的运动(如肩关节、髋关节)即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来,也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成,然后不断生长、

医学专业英语试题

医学专业英语 I. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points) 1. Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A. -ic B. -al C. -ar D. -our 2. Which of the following combining forms means cell? A. -cyte B. cyt/o C. cel/o D. both a and b 3. Which of the following forms means tissue? A. erythr/o B. immun/o C.hist/o D. vascul/o 4. A- means ______. A. up B. down C. apart D. without 5. The suffix -itis means _______ . A. infammation B.inflammation C.inflammazed D. instrument 6. The combining form of radi/o means _________. A. radar B. x-ray C. radio D. both B and C 7. The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutti ng is_____. A. –scopy B. –tome C. –meter D. –graph 8. Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision of ?” A. –tomy B. -stomy C. –tome D. –ectomy 9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______. A. electroencephogram B. electromyogram C. electrocardiogram D. ele ctroencephalogram 10. Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____. A. stethodynia B. thoracalgia C. thoracodynia D. all of the above 11. Which of the following forms means fungus? A. my/o B. myel/o C. myc/o D. none of the above 12. The combining form meaning “the skin”is _______. A. dem/o B. derm/o C. dermat/o D. both B and C 13. Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ? A. vascul/o B. angi/o C. chromat/o D. Both A and B 14. The term meaning “pertaining to secretion”is _______ . A. crinogenic B. endocrine C. crinologic D. endocardial 15. The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as _______.

医学英语词汇

第一章医学英语词汇 医学领域涉及的科学和专业广泛,不仅包括基础医学和临床医学的诸多学科,还涉及化学和物理两大基础学科领域,甚至社会科学领域中的诸多学科和专业。因此,医学英语词汇数量庞大,其词汇量高达数十万。同时,由于医学专业的历史渊源,医学英语词汇大多含有希腊语和拉丁语成分,一些医学英语单词显得古怪而陌生,单词结构长而复杂。但就其构词法上基本遵循普通英语单词的构词规律,也往往由前缀、词根、后缀组成,虽然具有其自身的特点,也是可以找到规律的。因此,医学英语词汇构词法,理解与掌握单词尤其是组合词构成的基本知识,牢记必要的基本词素,就能找到掌握医学英语词汇的捷径。 第一节医学英语词汇的结构 一、医学词素 一般认为,词是语言中可独立使用表达意思的最小单位。但是,从结构方面来看时,词并不是最小的语言单位,许多单词可以细分为更小的,同时也是具有意义的单位.这些最小的有意义的单位就是词素。 医学词素(morpheme)是医学语词的组成部分,是医学英语中语音和语义的最小结合体。一个医学语词可以由一个词素构成,也可以由两个或两个以上的词素构成。从语义方面来看,医学词素有两种类型。一种医学词素含有明确的词汇意义,表达单词的主要意义,这类词素称为词根。例如,orth(o)-(正常的)、plasma(血浆)、reticul(o)-(网状)等。其中,plasma可以单独使用,这类词根称为自由词根。另外两个不能单独使用,是黏着词根,这类词根必须与其他词素结合使用。还有一类医学词素是词缀。词缀也有两种,一种屈折词缀只有语法意义而没有词汇的意义(如表示名词复数-s);另一咱派生词缀有一定的词汇意义,但只表达单词的次要意义。 二、医学词根 医学词根(root)是医学语词的基本形式,承载着医学语词的核心意义。一般认为,词根是同根词共有的、可以辨认的部分,也就是说,词根可以在不同的单词里出现,但它的基本形式和含义相同。例如,erythroblast(成红细胞)、erythrocatalysis(红细胞溶解)、erythroclasis(红细胞破碎)和erythrocytopenia(红细胞减少)都有一个共同的词根“erythr(o)-”(红的)。这一词根在不同的语词里出现,但形式没有什么变化,含义也相同。

常用骨科医学专业英语词汇

常用骨科医学专业英语词汇 骨科ORTHOPEDICS 1、概论INTRODUCTION *fracture n.骨折 pathological fracture 病理骨折 fatigue fracture 疲劳骨折 *open fracture 开放骨折 close fracture 闭合骨折 *comminuted fracture粉碎性骨折 compressed fracture 压缩骨折 shock n.休克 *deformity n.畸形 tenderness n.压痛 swelling n.肿胀 ecchymosis n.瘀斑 obstacle n.功能障碍 *bonefascial compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征infection n.感染 spinal cord injury 脊髓损伤 surrounding nerve 周围神经 *fat embolism 脂肪栓塞 bedsore n.褥疮

arthroclisis n.关节僵硬 ischemic necrosis 缺血性坏死 ischemic contraction 缺血性挛缩 *traumatic arthritis 创伤性关节炎 hematoma n.血肿 *callus n.骨痂 heal n.愈合 *synovitis n.滑膜炎 *ligament n.韧带 *tendon n.肌腱 * pyogenic osteomyelitis 化脓性骨髓炎 *reduction n.复位 *bone traction 骨牵引 *osteoporosis n.骨质疏松 2、上肢骨折FRACTURE OF UPPER EXTREMITIES clavicle n.锁骨 *humerus n.肱骨 *rotation n.旋转 supracondyle n.髁上 blister n.水疱 pulsate n.搏动 thrombus n.血栓

医学专业英语翻译

医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下: portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机,轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管,滴酸器 portal 门,入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管,滴酸器

porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器,缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分,段,份 portligature 深部结扎器,缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子,阳向离子 position 位置,状态 positioner 定位器(牙),位置控制器

医学专业英语教学内容

cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone;

医学专业英语试题

医学专业英语 I.Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points) 1.Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A. -ic B. -al C. -ar D. -our 2.Which of the following combining forms means cell? A. -cyte B. cyt/o C. cel/o D. both a and b 3.Which of the following forms means tissue? A. erythr/o B. immun/o C.hist/o D. vascul/o 4.A- means _____ . A. up B. down C. apart D. without 5.The suffix -itis means _____ . A. infammation B.inflammation C.inflammazed D. instrument 6.The combining form of radi/o means _________ . A. radar B. x-ray C. radio D. both B and C 7.The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutting is ______ . A. –scopy B. –tome C. –meter D. –graph 8.Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision o f ?” A. –tomy B. -stomy C. –tome D. –ectomy 9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______ . A. electroencephogram B. electromyogram C. electrocardiogram D. electroencephalogram 10.Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____ . A. stethodynia B. thoracalgia C. thoracodynia D. all of the above 11.Which of the following forms means fungus? A. my/o B. myel/o C. myc/o D. none of the above 12.The combining form meaning “the skin” is _______ . A. dem/o B. derm/o C. dermat/o D. both B and C 13.Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ? A. vascul/o B. angi/o C. chromat/o D. Both A and B 14.The term meaning “pertaining to secretion” is _______ . A. crinogenic B. endocrine C. crinologic D. endocardial 15.The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as ________ . A. leukocyte B. leukemia C. leukogenesis D. erythrocyte 16.Inflammation of liver is known in English as ________ . A. bronchitis B. pneumonitis C. gastritis D. hepatitis 17.-plasm means ______ . A. treatment B. knowledge C. diagnosis D. growth 18.Mammo/o refers to ______ . A. mother B. thymus gland C. thyroid gland D. breast 19.Which of the following does not mean “within or in”? A. en- B. endo- C. intra- D. none of the above 20._____ means surgical repair of an organ. A. phag/o B. –plasm C. –plasty D. –pathy

医学英语翻译常用专业词汇

这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说,如果要查询相关词汇,你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”,找到“查找”,然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇: 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆-后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科

医学专业英语 阅读一分册 第二章

Human Diseases The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases. 第一章中,通过对人体的概论,即解剖学与生理学,我们对两种被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了一个大致的印象。然而如果我们不考虑病理学,这门涉及由疾病带来的结构和功能变化的学科,上述的人体概论就不是完整的。实际上,现代对疾病的研究方法强调了病理学与生理学方面的密切关系,强调了我们在治疗任何人体疾病方面需要了解病理学与生理学基础的重要性。 Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses. 那么什么是疾病呢?它可能被定义为正常的功能或是部分功能遭受损害时的一种状态。每一种生物、植物和动物,都会受制于疾病。例如,人类常常被微小的细菌所感染,但是,反过来说,细菌又能够被甚至更加微小的病毒所感染。 Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ. 许多种疾病存在于世。每一种都有其特定的症状、征兆和线索,医生能以此诊断疾病之所在。症状是病人自己就能觉察到的,比如,高烧、流血,或是疼痛。而征兆则是医生能够观察到的,比如,血管扩张或是体内器官肿大。 Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute. 疾病可以划分为不同的种类,例如,流行病是一种在某一社区内侵袭许多人的疾病。当它年复一年地袭击同一社区,就成了一种地方病。急性病发作快,但病程短,举个例子来说,急性心脏病发作常常没有前兆,而且会很快致命。慢性病发作则慢,但病程有时会长达几年之久。风湿热正是由于发病慢、病程长而成为一种慢性失调病(慢性病)。而介于急性与慢性之间的另一种类型,就被称为亚急性。 Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents. For instance, an infectious, or communicable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of

口腔医学专业英语题库四川大学华西口腔医学院

口腔医学专业英语题库四 川大学华西口腔医学院 Modified by JEEP on December 26th, 2020.

专英重点一、 Parapharyngeal 咽旁 Septicemia 败血病 Sialolithiasis 涎石病Periostitis 骨膜炎 Sialoductitis 涎管炎 Fracture 骨折 Comminution 粉碎 Hyperplasia 增生Reparative 修复性 Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜 Radiolucent X光透射 Space 间隙 Infection 感染 Prosthesis义齿 Oblique 倾斜 Scquestrum腐骨死骨 Biopsy 切片检查法 Sialogram 涎管X线造影片 Giant 巨大 Nonmalignant良性的 Pyogenic 化脓性 Mole 胎块 Devoid 缺乏的 Laceration 撕裂 Hyperpyrexia高热 Self-reduce 自行使脱臼复位 句子翻译 1. I f proper preparation of solution, syringes, needles and technic has been carried out, untoward incidents should seldom occur during or after the injection of the local anesthetic. However, one should be in a position to cope with complications in the rare cases when they arise. 若药液注射剂,针头及技术准备妥当,在局麻注射过程中或之后都将很少出现,但是,医生仍应做好应对罕见并发症的准备。 2. P ostoperative pain which the patient experiences after the second and third postoperative day should be carefully examined, since this is not a normal postoperative course. It is caused by dry socket or sharp bone spine. 患者于术后二三日之后的疼痛,可能为非正常情况,需特别仔细检查,其有可能由于干槽症或是尖锐骨刺引起。3. A cute dento-alveolar abscess. This is an acute localized suppuration about a tooth. The infection may start in one of three ways: (a) periapical (b)pericemental (c)pericoronal 急性牙槽脓肿,是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓表现。这种感染可能由下列三种途径引起:根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。 4. S alivary glands may be involved by tumors, cyst , sialadenitis from infection , sialoductitis with subsequent strictures of the ducts. 涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿、感染所致的涎腺导管炎,及其后遗的导管狭窄症。 5. T he lower jaw is more exposed to violence and consequently is more often fractured than any other facial bone. 下颌骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中,因此比所有其它的面部骨都更经常发生骨折。 6. T he common diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint are subluxation dislocation and ankylosis. The infection of this joint is rare. 普通疾病会造成颞下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少见的。 7. N early all of the tumors and cysts which can arise in any part of the body may be found in or around the mouth, except those which are peculiar to certain organs. 几乎全部肿瘤和囊肿会发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围,除非某些特殊的肿瘤才会发生在特定的器官。 8. T he object in undertaking such reparative procedures is the restoration of function or the improvement of appearance or both. Included within the group which may require reconstructive procedures are congenital malformations, traumatic injuries, deformations due to operation for neoplasms , destruction of tissue incident to disease, or the treatment of disease. 被用来使用修复程序的对象是为了恢复功能或是促进美观或是两者兼具。包含了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、去除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗。

中医学英文词汇对应

一、绪论 中医学TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine), 中医学理论体系的形成Origination of TCM, 形成formation, 发展development 中医学理论体系的基本特点 The basic characteristic of Traditional Chinese Medicine theory 整体观the whole concept, 辨证论治syndrome differentiation and treatment 第一章阴阳五行学说 阴阳Yin-yang , 阴阳的特性the property of yin-yang 阴阳之间的相互关系Interaction between yin and yang 阴阳对立制约Opposition of yin and yang 阴阳互根互用Interdependence between yin and yang 阴阳消长平衡Wane and Wax between yin and yang 阴阳相互转化Mutual transformation between yin and yang 阴阳学说在中医学中的应用 The applications of the theory of yin-yang in TCM 说明人体的组织结构Explanation of the histological structure of the human body 解释人体的生理功能Explanation of the physiology function activity of the human body 阐释病理变化Explanation of pathogenesis 阴阳偏盛Relative predominance of yin or yang 阳偏盛Relative predominance of yang 阴偏盛Relative predominance of yin 阴阳偏衰Relative decline of yin or yang 阳偏衰Relative decline of yang 阴偏衰Relative decline of yin 五行the five elements,

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