期末考试样卷及参考答案和参考答案
样卷一（英国文学部分）
I. Each of the following below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that
would best complete the statement. (30%; 1.5 points for each)
1. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the
popular literary form in ___C _.
A. Romanticism
B. Renaissance
C. medieval period
D. Anglo-Saxon period
2. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of___D
A. Piers Plowman
B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
C. Confessio Amantis
D. The Canterbury Tales
3. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its
essence is____D___.
A. science
B. philosophy
C. arts
D. humanism
4. The sentence ―Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day?‖ is the line of one of Shakespeare‘s（）
A. comedies
B. tragedies
C. histories
D. sonnets
5. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare‘s Sonnet 18? C
A. The speaker eulogizes (praise) the power of
B. The speaker satirizes human vanity
C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation
D. The speaker meditates on man‘s salvation
6. ―The Fairy Queen‖ is the masterpiece written by__C__.
A. John Milton
B. Geoffrey Chaucer
C. Edmund Spenser
D. Alexander Pope
7. Which of the following work did Bacon NOT write? D
A. Advancement of Learning
B. Novum Organum
C. De Augmentis
D. Areopagitica
8. The most distinguished literary figure of the 17th century was（B）who was a critic, poet, and
playwright.
A. Oliver Goldsmith
B. John Dryden
C. John Milton
D. S.T. Coleridge
9. Which of the following has / have associations with John Donne‘s poetry? B
A. reason and sentiment
B. conceits and wits
C. the euphuism
D. writing in the rhymed couplet
10. Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as ―___B___‖, for his contribution to the
establishment of the form of the modern novel.
A. Best writer of the English novel
B. The father of English novel
C. The most gifted writer of the English novel
D. conventional writer of English novel
11. John Milton‘s masterpiece—Paradise Lost was written in the poetic style of __ B _.
A. rhymed stanzas
B. blank verse
C. alliteration
D. sonnets
12. The Houyhnhnms depicted by J onathan Swift in Gulliver‘s Travels are ____A_.
A. horses that are endowed with reason
B. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualities
C. giants that are superior in wisdom
D. hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in
appearance but also in some other ways
13. Gothic novels are mostly stories of___C_____, which take place in some haunted or
dilapidated Middle Age castles.
A. love and marriage
B. sea adventures
C. mystery and horror
D. saints and martyrs
14. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following EXCEPT __D_.
A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common people
B. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings
C. the use of humble and rustic life as subject matter
D. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech
15. Charles Dickens‘ works are characterized by a mingling of ___A____ and pathos.
A. humor
B. satire
C. passion
D. metaphor
16. In __B____ ‘s hands, ―dramatic monologue‖ reaches its maturi ty and perfection.
A. Alfred Tennyson
B. Robert Browning
C. William Shakespeare
D. George Eliot
17. The three trilogies of（）‘s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th
century.
A. John Galsworthy
B. Arnold Bennett
C. James Joyce
D. H. G. Wells
18. The bard of imperialism was（B）, who glorified the colonial expansion of Great Britain in his
works.
A. R. L. Stevenson
B. Rudyard Kipling
C. H. G. Wells
D. Daniel Defoe
19. ―art for art‘s sake‖ was put forth by ___A___.
A. aestheticism
B. naturalism
C. realism
D. neo-romanticism
20. Which of the following is taken from John Keats‘ ―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖? D
A. ―I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!‖
B. ―They are both gone up to the church to pray.‖
C. ―Earth has not anything to show more fair.‖
D. ―Beauty is truth, truth beauty.‖
II. Fill in the blanks with correct information. (16%; 1 points for each blank)
1. In 1066, the Normans headed by Duke William, defeated the Anglo-Saxons. This marked
the beginning of feudalism in England and England entered into feudal society.
2. Chaucer‘s The Canterbury Tales is written in the style of rhymed (metrical) stanza
instead of alliteration in the Anglo-Saxon period.
3. The Pilgrims Progress is the masterpiece of John Bunyan (the writer), written in the
old-fashioned, medieval form of dream and allegory, in which the main character is Christian .
4. Dorian Gray was the main character in the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray written
by (Oscar) Wilde .
5. Romanticism extended from 1798 when The Lyrical Ballads was published and in 1832
when (Walter) Scott died.
6. The writer who figured his hometown—the Wessex country in his works is _(Thomas)
Hardy.
7. In ―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud‖, hills, vales, l akes, bays and the daffodils are parts of ,
and ―daffodils‖ symbolize (the beauty of) .
8. “Dubliners” is a collection of short stories written by James Joyce in the writing style
of stream of consciousness.
9. In the“The Idylls of the King”, the poet Alfred Tennyson painted the first English hero,
King Arthur , and gave a new meaning to the legends about the knights of the Round Table. III. Answer the following questions briefly based on your understanding of the texts studied.
(12%; 1 point for each question)
1. Dull sublunary lover‘s love
?(Whose soul is sense) cannot admit
Absence, because it doth remove
Those things which elemented it.
a. Who was the writer? John Donne
b. What is the name/ title of the poem?
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
c. What does it mean by ―Dull sublunary lover‘s love‖? (Explain it.)
secular love/ ordinary (lover’s) love
d. What does ―soul‖ mean? essence
e. What does ―sense‖ here mean?
sense organs/ hands, eyes, lips, etc
f. What does ―it‖ mean in ―because it doth remove‖? absence
g. What does ―Those things‖ mean?
sense organs/ hands, eyes, lips, etc
h. What does ―it‖ refer to in ―Those things which elemented it‖?
dull sublunary lover’s love
2. Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; (1)
Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear! (2)
a. What is the title of the poem? Ode to the West Wind
b. In line (1), why is the west wind called ―Wild Spirit‖?
Because it is the “breath of Autumn’s being” (it has the soul, breath, and inspiration) which (on earth, sky, and sea) destroys in autumn to revives in the spring.
c. In line (2), why is it called ―Destroyer‖?
Because the West Wind destroys the dead leaves/ the old things (or the poet’s old thoughts and the old world)
d. In line (2), what does ―Preserver‖ mean?
Because the West Wind preserves seeds (and revives in spring)/ spreads new things (or preserve the new and give the poet/world a new birth.)
IV. Give your answers to the following items logically and concisely. You have to mention the writer (and the title of the work) first if necessary. (24%)
1. In your opinion, why does Satan in Paradise Lost choose the Garden of Eden for his
battlefield? (7 points)
Answer: 1) Paradise Lost was written by John Milton. (1points)
2) The Garden of Eden is the most perfect of spot ever created by God ; (2 points)
3) There live in innocent bliss God‘s masterpiece, the first man and woman, Adam an d Eve,
who are allowed by God to enjoy /revel in the supreme beauties of Paradise, provided they do not eat the fruit that grows on the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; (3 point)
4) Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and to make them
instrumental in his struggle against God‘s authority. (1 point)
2. What is your opinion on the character Rebecca Sharp? (7 points)
Answer:
1) Rebecca Sharp is the main character in Vanity Fair written by William Makepeace
Thackeray. (1 point)
2) She is the perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair (as her only aspiration in life is
to gain wealth and position by any means: through lies, mean actions and unscrupulous speculating with every sacred ideal) (3 points)
3) She is shrewd and unscrupulous, supplicated beyond her years; determined to worm her
way into society at all cost; she is full-blooded and many-sided. (3 points)
3. Based on your understanding of ―Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey‖,
―She Dwelt Among the Untroden Ways‖, and ―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud‖, discuss ―What are the functions of for the poet expressed in the poems?‖ (10 points)
Answer:
(1) The poems were written by William Wordsworth (in which he described the functions
and benefits that has/brings). (1 point)
(2) (open-end question: 只要回答中包含以下相关内容或三首诗中的例子，陈述比较
清楚，即可得分；表述不清者在原给分基础上可酌情扣1至2分)(9 points)如：could make him love more, make his thoughts purer and loftier and mind and soul more comfort.
(For example, in ―Lines‖, he said because of and by recalling , he could have the sweet sensation and pleasures in lonely rooms and amid the din of towns and cities, could make him have the actions of kindness and love, give him the blessed and sublime mood, lighten the burden of the heavy and weary world, see into the life of things, make him look on with thoughts, hear the still and sad music of humanity. could be the anchor of his purest thought, the nurse, guide, guardian of his heart and soul and life and food for his future years.（5分）In ―I wondered lonely as a cloud‖, the daffodils () in vacant or pensive mood flash upon his inward eye and fill his heart with pleasure and dance with the daffodils.（2分）In ―She dwelt among the untrodden ways‖, could make him look on more carefully and with a special mind.（2分）
V. Write a summery of Pride and Prejudice and make a short comment on the theme. Your marks depends on the elements of the writer (1 point), the main characters and their relations (2 points), the main plot and result (8 points), comment on the theme (4 points), and grammar and structure (3 points). (18%)
Answer:1) the writer (1分)；(Pride and Prejudice was written by Jane Austen, in the romantic period)2) the main characters and their relations (2分)；? (Mr. and Mrs. Bennet; The Bennet‘s 5 daughters: the beautiful Jane, the clever Elizabeth, the bookish Mary, the immature Kitty and the wild Lydia. Elizabeth—Mr. Darcy;(Jane—Mr. Bingley; Lydia—Mr. Wickham))?
3) the main plot（7分；主要情节表述不全或不连贯者酌情扣分）and result(1分)；
(Unfortunately for the Bennets, if Mr. Bennet dies their house will be inherited by a distant cousin whom they have never met, so the family's future happiness and security is dependant on the daughters making good marriages. Life is uneventful until the arrival in the neighborhood of the rich gentleman Mr. Bingley, who rents a large house so he can spend the summer in the country. Mr. Bingley brings with him his sister and the dashing (and richer) but proud Mr. Darcy. Love is soon in the air for one of the Bennet sisters, while another may have jumped to a hasty prejudgment. For the Bennet sisters many trials and tribulations stand between them and their happiness, including class, gossip and scandal.)4) comment on the theme (4分) ?(Theme: exploration of the marriage, property and intrigue between the main and minor characters; delicate probing of the values of gentry/ marriage, class, money) 5) grammar and structure (3分).
英国文学试题
I. Each of the following below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that
would bet complete the statement.
1. The long poem _C_ in Anglo-Saxon period was terme d England‘s national epic.P67
A. The Canterbury Tales
B. Paradise Lost
C. The Song of Beowulf
D. The Fairy Queen
2. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the
popular literary form in ____C__.
A. Romanticism
B. Renaissance
C. medieval period
D. Anglo-Saxon period
3. Among the great Middle English poets，Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of___D_.
A. Piers Plowman
B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
C. Confessio Amantis
D. The Canterbury Tales
4. __A_____ is regarded as the father of English poetry.
A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. Edmund Spenser
C. John Milton
D. W. Wordsworth
5. It is ____A____ alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a
comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.
A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. Martin Luther
C. William Shakespeare
D. John Gower
6. One of Chaucer‘s main contributions to English poetry is _A_____.
A. he introduced the rhymed stanzas from France to English poetry
B. he created striking brilliant panorama of his time and his country
C. he wrote in blank verse
D. he was the first to write sonnet
7. During the Renaissance, __C_____ was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry.
A. Chaucer
B. John Donne
C. Thomas Wyatt
D. Earl of Surrey
8. During the Renaissance, _D______ wrote the first English blank verse.
A. Chaucer
B. Edmund Spencer
C. Thomas Wyatt
D. Earl of Surrey
9. Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the
Renaissance Movement? C
A. The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture
B. The new discoveries in geography and astrology
C. The Glorious revolution
D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion
10. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events. Which one
of the following is NOT such an event? B
A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.
B. England‘s domestic rest
C. New discovery in geography and astrology.
D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion.
11. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ___A___ and ______ centuries.
A. 14th...mid-17th
B. 14th...mid-18th
C. 16th...mid-18th
D. 16th...mid-17th
12. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its
essence is___D____.
A. science
B. philosophy
C. arts
D. humanism
13. ___B____ frequently applied conceits in his poems. P282
A. Edmund Spenser
B. John Donne
C. William Blake
D. Thomas Gray
14. ___C____ is known as ―the poet‘s poet‖.
A. William Shakespeare
B. Christopher Marlowe
C. Edmund Spenser
D. John Donne
15. Romance，which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of__B__ adventures or other
heroic deeds，is a popular literary form in the medieval period.
A. Christian
B. knightly
C. pilgrims
D. primitive
16. ____B____ and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanism.
A. Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe
B. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe
C. John Donne, Edmund Spenser
D. John Milton, Thomas More
17. Among the following plays which is not written by Christopher Marlowe? D
A. Dr. Faustus
B. The Jew of Malta
C. Tamburlaine
D. The School for Scandal
18. Shakespeare‘s greatest tragedies ar e __A__.
A. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth
B. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet
C. Hamlet, Coriolanus, King Lear and Macbeth
D. Hamlet, Julius caesar, Othello and Macbeth
19★. The sentence ―Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day?‖ is the line of one of Shakespeare‘s ________.
A. comedies
B. Tragedies
C. histories
D. sonnets
20. ―So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, /So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.‖
(Shakespeare, Sonnets 18) What does ―this‖ refer to? D
A. Lover
B. Time
C. Summer
D. Poetry
21. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare‘s Sonnet 18? C
A. The speaker eulogizes the power of
B. The speaker satirizes human vanity
C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation
D. The speaker meditates on man‘s salvation
22.★―Bassani Antonio，I am married to a wife Which is as dear to me as life itself；But life itself，
my wife，and all the world，Are not with me esteem‘d above thy life；I would lose all，ay，sacrifice them all，Here to the devil，to deliver you. Portia：Your wife would give you little thanks for that，ff she were by to hear you make the offer.‖ The above is a quotation taken from Shakespeare‘s comedy The Merchant of Venice. The quoted part can be regarded as a good example to illustrate A/D
A. dramatic irony
B. personification
C. allegory
D. symbolism
23. ―The Fairy Queen‖ is the masterpiece written by__C__.
A. John Milton
B. Geoffrey Chaucer
C. Edmund Spenser
D. Alexander Pope
24. Which of the following work did Bacon NOT write? D
A. Advancement of Learning
B. Novum Organum
C. De Augmentis
D. Areopagitica
25. The greatest of pioneers of English drama in Renaissance is ___B____, one of whose drama is
―Doctor Faustus‖.
A. William Shakespeare
B. Christopher Marlowe
C. Oscar Wilde
D. R. Brinsley Sheridan
26. ―Euphues‖ was written by _B_____, the style of the novel was called ―Euphuism‖.
A. John Bunyan
B. John Lyly
C. John Donne
D. John Milton
27. The most famous dramatist in the 18th century is ____C__, who is famous for ―Th e School for
Scandal‖.
A. Oliver Goldsmith
B. Thomas Gray
C. R. Brinsley Sheridan
D. G.eorge Bernard Shaw
28. The most distinguished literary figure of the 17th century was(B ), who was a critic, poet, and
playwright.
A. Oliver Goldsmith
B. John Dryden
C. John Milton
D. T. G. Coleridge
29. The representative of the ―Metaphysical‖ poetry is __A____, whose poems are famous for his
use of fantastic metaphors and extravagant hyperboles.
A. John Donne
B. John Milton
C. William Blake
D. Robert Burns
30. Which of the following has / have associations with John Donne‘s poetry? B(P)
A. reason and sentiment
B. conceits and wits
C. the euphuism
D. writing in the rhymed couplet
31. ___(P152). A__ is the successful religious allegory(讽喻，寓言) in the English language.
A. The Pilgrim‘s Progress
B. The Canterbury Tales
C. Paradise Lost
D. Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded
32. The 18th century England is known as the __C____ in the history.
A. Renaissance
B. Classicism
C. Enlightenment
D. Romanticism
33. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists, who was the first to set out, both in theory and practice,
to write specially a ―comic滑稽的epic史诗in prose‖, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style?
A. Thomas Gray
B. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
C. Johathan Swift
D. Henry Fielding
34. Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as ―B‖, for his to the establishment of the form of
the modern novel.
A. Best writer of the English novel
B. The father of English novel
C. The most gifted writer of the English novel
D. Conventional writer of English novel
35. Among the pioneers先驱of the 18th century novelists were Daniel Defoe, Samuel
Richardson, Henry fielding and ___A___.
A. Laurence Sterne (P169)
B. John Dryden
C. Charles Dickens
D. Alexander Pope
36. John Milton‘s masterpiece—Paradise Lost was written in the poetic style of _B____.
A. rhymed stanzas押韵节
B. blank verse无韵诗
C. alliteration头韵法
D. sonnets十四行诗
37. Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out____, both in theory and
practice，to write specifically a ― ____B_____ in prose,‖ the fir st to give the modern novel its structure and style. (Refer to 19)
A. tragic epic
B. comic epic
C. romance
D. lyric epic
38. Besides Sheridan, another great playwright in the 18th century is ___A___.
A. Oliver Goldsmith 喜剧she stoops to conquer
B. Thomas Gray 诗人
C. T. G. Smollet 小说家
D. Laurence Sterne 小说家
39. She Stoops to Conquer was written by __A___.
A. Oliver Goldsmith
B. R. Brinsley Sheridan
C. John Dryden
D. George Bernard Shaw
40. The middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly rising literary form, that is the
modern English ___B___, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.
A. prose
B. short story
C. novel
D. tragicomedy
41. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver‘s Travels are __A___.
A. horses that are endowed with reason
B. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualities
C. giants that are superior in wisdom
D. hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in
appearance but also in some other ways
42. The unquenchable spirit of Robinson Crusoe struggling to maintain a substantial existence on
a lonely island reflects ____D______.
A. man‘s desire to return to
B. the author‘s criticism of the colonization
C. the ideal of the rising bourgeoisie中产阶级
D. the aristocrats‘ disillusionment of the harsh social reality
43. Gothic novels are mostly stories of__C___, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated
Middle Age castles.
A. love and marriage
B. sea adventures
C. mystery and horror
D. saints and martyrs
44. ―The father of English novel‖ is ___A_______.
A. Henry Fielding
B. Daniel Defoe
C. Jonathan Swift
D. John Donne
45. The greatest Scottish poet in the pre-romanticism is ____D____.
A. William Wordswoth
B. Oliver Goldsmith
C. Thomas Gray
D. Robert Burns
46. ___A___ is written by William Blake, a great poet in the pre-romanticism.
A. The Songs of Innocence
B. Reliques of Ancient English poetry
C. Songs and Sonnets
D. Kubla Khan
47. The Rights of Man, a pamphlet, was written by __D____, in which he advocated that politics
was the business of the whole mass of common people and not only of a government oligarchy.
A. John Milton
B. Jonathan Swift
C. Robert Burns
D. Thomas Paine
48. William Wordsworth，a romantic poet，advocated all the following EXCEPT (D).
A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common people
B. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings
C. the use of humble and rustic life as subject matter
D. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech
49. Which of the following is taken from John Kea ts‘ ―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖? D
A. ―I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!‖
B. ―They are both gone up to the church to pray.‖
C. ―Earth has not anything to show more fair.‖
D. ―Beauty is truth，truth beauty.‖
50. ―If Winter comes，can Spring be far behind.‖ is an epigrammatic line by D
A. John Keats
B. William Blake
C. William Wordsworth
D. P. B. Shelley
51★. ―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖ shows the contrast between the___B___ of art and the____ of human passion.
A. Glory, ugliness
B. permanence, transience
C. transience, sordidness
D. glory, permanence
52. One of the great essay writers of the early 19th century is B
A. Jane Austen
B. Charles Lamb
C. Walter Scott
D. George Eliot
53. Tales form Shakespeare was written by ___D__.
A. Charles Lamb
B. William Hazlitt
C. Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb
D. Wordsworth and Coleridge
54. Charles Dickens‘ works are characterized by a mingling of ____A___ and pathos.
A. humor
B. satire
C. passion
D. metaphor
55★. In Chapter III of Oliver Twist, Oliver is punished for that ―impious and profane offence of asking for more‖. What did Oliver ask for more?
A. More time to play
B. More food to eat
C. More books to read
D. More money to spend
56. In ___B___ ‘s hands, ―dramatic monologue‖ reaches its maturity and perfection.
A. Alfred Tennyson
B. Robert Browning
C. William Shakespeare
D. George Eliot
57. The success of Jane Eyre is not only because of its sharp criticism of the existing society, but
also due to its introduction to the English novel the first __D____ heroine.
A. explorer
B. peasant
C. worker
D. governess 家庭女教师
58. The three trilogies of __A___ ‘s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realism in the early
20th century.
A. John Galswortry
B. Arnold Bennett
C. James Joyce
D. H. G. Wells
59. The Victorian Age was largely an age of___C___ eminently represented by Dickens and
Thackeray.
A. poetry
B. drama
C. novel
D. prose
60★. The title of Alfred Tennyson‘s poem ―Ulysses‖ reminds the reader of the following EXCEPT___C/D______.
A. the Trojan War
B. Homer‘s Odyssey
C. adventures over the sea
D. religious quest
61. The work __B___ written by Alfred Tennyson was about the question of higher education of women.
A. Crossing the Bar
B. The Princess
C. Break, Break, Break
D. Ulysses
62. The bard of imperialism政治和贸易优势was _B___, who glorified the colonial expansion of Great Britain in his works.
A. R. L. Stevenson
B. Rudyard Kipling
C. H. G. Wells
D. Daniel Defoe
63. The Dynasts was a gigantic epic史诗的drama written by ___B__.
A. George Bernard Shaw
B. Thomas Hardy
C. Oscar Wilde
D. John Galsworthy
64. The major concern of___A/B____ fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human .
A. D. H. Lawrence‘s
B. J. Galswo rthy‘s
C. W. Thackeray‘s
D. T. Hardy‘s
65. A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of___A____,
who never pays any attention to human feelings.
A. property
B. justice
C. morality
D. humor
66. ____D__is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare，and his
representative works are plays inspired by social criticism.
A. Richard Sheridan
B. Oliver Goldsmith
C. Oscar Wilde
D. George Bernard Shaw
67. ―art for art‘s sake‖ was put forth by _A_____.
A. aestheticism
B. naturalism
C. realism
D. neo-romanticism
68. James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT___B_____.
A. Dubliners
B. Jude the Obscure
C. A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
D. Ulysses
II. Choose one or more correct answers to complete the statement.
69. __BC_______ belonged to the stream of consciousness.
A.D. H. Lawrenc
B.James Joyce
C.Virginia Woolf
T. S. Eliot
70. Which of the following factors has/have connections with the most popular literary form,
romances, in Anglo-Norman period? ABCD
A. knight
B. tales of love and adventure
C. chivalry
D. loyalty to king and lord
71. Chaucer‘s main s to English poetry and language lie in _ABDE_____.
A. introducing rhymed stanzas from France to England
B. writing purely in English
C. writing in blank verse
D. making the dialect of London the foundation of Modern English
E. the first great poet writing in the current English
72. Which of the following has / have associations with Metaphysical比喻的poetry?ABCE
A. conceit
B. wits
C. metaphor
D. reason
E. hyperboles
F. baroque architecture and painting
73. Charles Dickens wrote _ABCE____ in the following works.
A. The Old Curiosity Shop
B. A Christmas Carol
C. Our Mutual Friend
D. Bleak House
E. Dombey and Son
74. William Makepeace Thackeray wrote __ABCD____ in the following works.
A. The Rose and the Ring
B. The Books of Snobs
C. The Newcomes
D. Henry Esmond
E. American Notes
75. Which of the following works were written by Alfred Tennyson?ABE
A. Morte d‘Arthur
B. The Princess
C. Adam Bede
D. Silas Marner
E. In Memoriam
76. Which of the following works were written by Robert Browning?ABCE
A. Paracelsus
B. In a Balcony
C. The Ring and the Book
D. The Rose and the Ring
E. Dramatic Lyrics
F. Sonnets from the Portuguese
77. Which of the following works were written by Thomas Hardy?ABE
A. Under the Greenwood Tree
B. The Return of the Native
C. Justice(John Galsworthy)
D. The Silver Box(同C)
E. The Mayor of Casterbridge
78. Which of the following works were written by John Galsworthy?CD
A. The Woodlanders
B. Jude the Obscure
C. The Man of Property
D. The Silver Box
E. A Woman of No Importance(Oscar Wilde)
79. Which of the following works were written by Oscar Wilde?BCE
A. Strife
B. An Ideal Husband
C. Lady Windermere‘s Fan
D. Mrs. Warren‘s Profession(George Bernard Shaw)
E. The Importance of Being Earnest
80. Which of the following works were written by George Bernard Shaw?ABDE
A. Arms and Man
B. Man and Superman
C. A Woman of No Importance
D. Widower‘s House
E. The Doctor‘s Dilemma
81. Which of the following works were written by Virginia Woolf?ACE
A. Jacob‘s Room
B. The White Peacock
C. The Waves
D. The Rainbow
E. Between the Acts
82. Which of the following writers belong(s) to modernism? ACD
A. D. H. Lawrence
B. T. S. Eliot
C. Thomas Hardy
D. Robert L. Stevenson
83. What the following features /elements does Aestheticism include?ABCE
A. a kind of escapism
B. art for art‘s sa ke
C. separating art or literature from realty or life
D. emphasizing imagination, adventure
E. the representative is Oscar Wilde
III. Give answers to the following questions. Y our answer should be brief and coherent, and you should pay attention to your grammar. If the question is about a piece of specific work, your answer should include the writer and other related information.
84. Why are the English people of mixed-blood?
85. How did Chaucer succeed in linking together the 24 stories told by the pilgrims in The
Canterbury Tales?
86. In Hamlet‘s soliloquy, when he says, ―To sleep, perchance to dream: —ay, there‘s the rub.‖
What is he primarily thinking about? Why does he think there is the rub?
★87. How do you understand ―To be, or not to be‖? Give your evidence to support your ideas.
88. Why did Hamlet delay in revenging for his father‘s death? Give evidence to support your idea.
89. What is the theme of Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare? (It is the Eternity of this beauty. In admiring
the eternal beauty of his friend, Shakespeare is actually singing the eternal beauty of human being. This reflects Shakespeare‘s ideal of the humanism.
90. What is the implication of ―Nor shall Death brag thou wander‘ st in his shade‖ in Sonnet 18 by
Shakespeare? (Death shall not brag that you will go to the underworld. The implication of this
sentence lies in the next three sentences, that is, my poem will make your beauty eternal.) 91. What is the theme of Sonnet 29 by Shakespeare?
★92. What are Chaucer‘s contributions to English literature
答：(①Chaucer's language now called Middle English is vivid,smooth and exact. He is the first great poet writing in the current English.②His contribution is to lies chiefly in his introduction of various rhymed stanzas of various types. Especially he introduced rhymed stanzas from France to English, instead of the old alliterative Angle Saxon poetry.③He is the first great poet to write in the current English. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consist of several dialect,and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London as the foundation for modern English speech.)
93. What are Shakesp eare‘s contributions to English literature?
Construction:
a. Shakespeare's plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.
b. He would shorten the time and intensify the story. There are usually several threads running through the play.
★94. What is the theme of ―Paradise Lost‖?
答：(the exposure of reactionary forces of his time and passionate appeal for freedom)
★95. Why did Satan choose the Garden of Eden as the battlefield? (书上、样卷有答案)
96. What is the image of Satan in Paradise Lost? (freedom loving)
97. What are the characteristics of metaphysical玄学派poetry?
答：①（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,②(形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet‘s beloved, with god, or with himself.③（主题：love, religious, thought）④Artistic features: conceits or imagery奇思妙喻and syllogism三段论
98. What is the theme of ―A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning‖?
99. What is the theme of ―Go and Catch a Falling Star‖?
100. Why did Bunyan give such name in his The Pilgrim’s Progress to the characters and places? 101. What is the character/image of Robinson Crusoe?
(He has marvelous capacity for work; He has boundless energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles; He is the most practical and exact; He is religious and mindful of his own profit; He is the representation of early English bourgeoisie.)
102. What is the theme of The School for Scandal? P265上册
103. How do you understand the meaning of the title of ―The School for Scandal‖?
104. Why did Sheridan give such names to his characters in The School for Scandal?
105. What is the significance of Preface to Lyrical Ballads?
(In the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth set forth his principles of poetry. He based his own poetical theory on the premise that good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. He appealed directly to individual sensation as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. Ordinary peasants and children may be used as subjects in the poetic creation. As to the language used in poetry, Wordsworth endeavored to bring language near to the real language of men.)
106. Why did William Wordsworth in his ―Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey‖ mention ―vagrant dwellers‖ and ―some Hermits‖ and in ―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud‖ say ―as a Cloud‖?
107. How do you understand ―aching joys‖ and ―dizzy rapture‖ in the lines of ―–That time is past,/And all its aching joys are now no more, /And all its dizzy raptures.‖ in Wordsworth‘s ―Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey‖?
★108. What does ―She‖ (referring to Lucy) in ―She Dwelt Among the Untroden Ways‖ imply?( 暗指所有新鲜的有活力和有生命的事物)
★109. What is the theme of ―She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways‖?(①She 的特点②violet的特点③she与violet的联想特点④诗人的态度)
What the theme of "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"?
答：(①作者都自然的赞美和喜爱②自然给人带来财富和给人以安慰的作用) 笔记上的Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse
circumstance. It is nature that give him ―strength
and knowledge fullof peace‖
2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet
mind while he is in solitude.
110. Why did Byron use so many allusions about historic figures and places in The Isles of Greece?
111. What is the theme of The Isles of Greece?
112. In The Isles of Greece, the poet Byron repeated the line ―Fill high the bowel with Samian wine‖ for 4 times. What sign ificance does it have for the theme of the poem?
★113. What are the functions of ―West Wind‖ in Shelley‘s Ode to the West Wind? What do they mean?同下
答：Destroyer andpreserver. The west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.
114. What does ―West Wind‖ mean in Shelley‘s Ode to the West Wind?同上
答：The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.
115. Why did Percy Bysshe Shelly in his ―Ode to the West Wind‖ ask for the West Wind to ―lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud‖? Give your analysis.
116. ―I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!/A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed/ One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.‖ The above quotation is taken from Shelley‘s poem ?Ode to the West wind‖. What does the underlined part mean?
★117.(同115题) Why did Shelley wish to be ―a dead leaf‖, ―a swift cloud‖ and asked the West wind to ―lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud‖?
118. What does ―skylark云雀‖ mean /What image does ―skylark‖ have in the European romantic poems?
119. What is the image of ―nightingale‖ in Keats‘ ―Ode to a Nightingale‖?
120. In To Autumn, why does the poet put human being in the background when he depicts autumn?
121. What are Auste n‘s writing features Jane Austen?
(She is one of the realistic novelists. She drew vivid and realistic pictures of everyday life of the country society in her novels. Austen‘s work has a very narrow literary field. She confines herself to small country parishes, whose simple country people became the characters of her novels, but within her own field, she is unrivaled. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her pots are straight-forward; there is little action. Her
characters are like real living creatures, with faults and virtues mixed as they are in real life.
Her prose flows easily and naturally. Her dialogue is admirably true to life.)
122. What is the character of Mrs. Bennet?
(傲慢与偏见中的主人公She was a woman the business of her life was to get her daughters married;its solace was visiting and news)
123. Why does William Makepeace Thackeray give one of his novels the title Vanity Fair and the subtitle ― Novel without a Hero‖?
答：The subtitle of the novel points to the author's intention to portray, not individuals singly, but the whole of the notorious"Vanity Fair", an appellative Thackeray bestows on English bourgeois and aristocratic society. This title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim's Progress by Bunyan.
With scathing irony Thackeray exposes the vices of this society: hypocrisy, money-worship, and moral degradation. This general approach of Thackeray's accounts for the fact that the novel has very few positive characters.
★124. What is the character Rebecca Sharp?P195下册(样卷原题)
She is a perfect embodiment of the spirit of V anity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by any means: through lies, mean actions and unscrupulous speculating with every sacred ideal.
★125. What is your opinion on the character Rebecca Sharp?样卷原题
126. What are the major contributions made by the 19th century critical realists? (The major contribution is their perfection of the novel. Like the realists of the 18th century, the 19th century critical realist made use of the form of novel of full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes.
However, the realistic novels of the 19th century went a step further than those of the 18th century in that they not only pictured the conflicts between individuals who stood for definite social strata, but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of mere individuals. Their artistic representation of vital social movements such as Chartism, and their vivid description of the dramatic conflicts of the time make the 19th century realistic novel ―the epic of the bourgeois society‖.)
127. What does the subtitle ―A Pure Woman‖ of the novel Tess of the D’Urbervilles mean?
答：To show what Hardy thought of his heroine, who is seduced, abandoned, and finally driven to murder for which she is hanged. Through it all she remains his most lovable woman character, cruelly tormented by fate and innocent of any intention to sin.
128. What is Paul‘s relation with three women in Sons and Lovers? Paul is tortured between his mother and his girl friends in Sons and Lovers. His mother‘s all-possessive affection for her son becomes a hindrance to his independent development as a man. She opposes Paul‘s love for Miriam. Miriam‘s love is egocentric and intolerable. Clara‘ passion is stifling. The th ree women all want to possess Paul. He loves his mother and Clara and Miriam, his two lovers.
His mother‘s all-possessive affection for her son becomes a hindrance to his independent development as a man. Miriam‘s love is egocentric and intolerable. Clara‘s passion is stifling.
129. What is the symbolic meaning of the title in the story of Araby by Joyce?
答：The word Araby comes from Arabian which reminds the reader of the oriental land----a wonderful and dreaming world. In his story, Araby is the name of a bazaar which symbolizes the dream, the ideal and the embodiment of beauty for the boy.
130. What is the theme of ―Araby‖?
答：It is the frustrated quest for beauty is drabness at last. It reflects the situation in Ireland in the particular period. The society is of coldness, gloom and harshness.
IV. Explain the following terms from the aspects of social background, main characteristics, representatives, influences, etc
131. Alliterative verse:
132. Popular ballads: a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed.
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.
133. Metaphysical poetry: Metaphysical poetry is a kind of realistic, often ironic and witty, verse combining intellectual ingenuity and psychological insight written partly in reaction to the conventions of Elizabethan love poetry by such seventeenth-century poets as John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Thomas Traherne, and Andrew Marvell. One of its hallmarks is the metaphysical conceit, a particularly arresting and ingenious type of metaphor. The features of the school玄学派: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images.
134. Enlightenment: Enlightenment is an intellectual movement in Europe in 18th century. It was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought
against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other feudal survivals. It was so called
because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the society was the
―enlightenment‖ or ―education‖ of the people.
135. Sentimentalism: it came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the
part of certain enlighteners in social reality. (The representatives of
sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at
the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it
enslavement and ruin to the people. ) The philosophy of the enlighteners, through
rational and materialistic in its essence, did not exclude sences, or sentiments,
as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cult of nature and , a cult
of a "natural man" whose feelings display themselves in a most human and natural
manner, contrary to the artful and hypocritical aristocrats.
136. Neo-classicism: It was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson.
Neo-classicists modeled themselves on classical, ancient Greek and Latin authors. They
wanted to achieve perfect form in literature. They general tended to look at social and
political life critically. They emphasize on intellect rather than imagination. They observed
fixed laws and rules in literary creation. Poets preferred heroic couplet. In drama, they
adhered to three unities, time, place and action. They emphasized on the didactic function of
literature.
137. (Critical) Realism: Realism is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or ―reflecting‖ faithfully an actual way of l ife. The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both to
a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description (i. e. verisimilitude) and to a
more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of
romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life.
138. Gothic novel: Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late
eighteenth century, was one phase of the Romantic movement. It is futile to struggle against one's
fate.The mysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel;it is so replete with
bloodcurdling scenes and unatural feelings that it is justly called "a novel of horror". Its principal
elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.
139. Lake poets: refer to the first generation of romanticism including Wordsworth Coleridge and Southey. They once lived around the lake districts and traversed the similar attitude toward
literature, politics and society, beginning as radicals and ending in conservatives.
140. Pre-romanticism:In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage
of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed
interest in medieval literature. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of
Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.
141. Romanticism is a movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music and art in Western culture during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. There have been many varieties of Romanticism in many different times and places. Many of the ideas of English romanticism were first expressed by the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
The Qualities of Romanticism: the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; the creation of a world of imagination; the return to for material; sympathy with the jumble and glorification of the common place; emphasis upon the expression of individual genius;
the return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models; the interest in old stories and medieval Romances; a sense of melancholy and loneliness; the rebellious spirit.
142. Dramatic monologue is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.
143. Aestheticism: The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement is ―art for art‘s sake‖.
Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.
According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art‘s sake, can it be immortal. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality‘s sake, or art for money‘s sake. The representatives are Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater.
144. Stream of consciousness: a kind of style with a carefully modulated poetic flow and brought into prose fiction something of the rhythms and the imagery of lyric poetry.
V. Answer the following questions briefly based on your understanding of the texts studied. 145. (1)―I wander thro‘ each charter‘d street,/(2)Near where the charter‘d Thames does flow,/
(3)And mark in every face I meet/ (4)Marks of weakness, marks of woe.‖
1) Who was the writer of the quoted part? William Blake
2) What is the name/ title of the poem? Lodon
3) What do you mean by ―each charter‘d street‖ and ―charter‘d Thames‖ in (1) and (2)?
(私有化的，暗指富人的)
4) How do you understand ―mark in every face‖ in (3)? (notice 穷人的面孔，与前面富人
占有的街道和泰晤士河形成对此)
5) What does ―Marks of weakness, marks of woe‖ in (4) mean?
(暗指穷人的痛苦)
146. (1)―Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show/(2) To move, but doth, if th‘ other do. /(3)And thought it in the center sit, /(4)Yet when the other far doth roam, /(5)It leans and hearkens af ter it, /(6)and grows erect, as that comes home.‖
1) Who was the writer?John Donne
2) What is the name/ title of the poem? A Valediction:Forbidding Mouring
3) What do you mean by ―but doth, if the other do‖ in line (2)?
4) In line (3), what does ―it‖ refer to?
5) In line (5), what does the first ―it‖ mean? And what does the second ―it‖ refer to?
147. …For who would bear the whips and scorns of time
…
The insolence of office and the spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes,
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
十一学校：2+4初中段 （一）改革学制，实行二?四学制。 根据《国务院关于基础教育改革与发展的决定》和《基础教育课程改革纲要（试行）》的精神，从全面贯彻落实国家教育方针，全面提高学生素质出发，把中学六年重新划分为二?四学制。初中两年完成原三年的教学任务，从第三年开始进入高中阶段。对于不能适应的学生仍按三?三学制。 初中两年的主要任务：完成原初中三年课程教学任务，夯实双基，培养学生良好的学习习惯，注重学科学习方法的积淀和学科素养的培养。 在初中学段，各实验区在按照实验方案进行操作、整体考虑工作的同时，还必须注重学生的年龄特点和学生经过基础学段的学习不参加中考的实际情况，注意确定每一学年的工作重点，保持学生持续的学习热情，对此，提出以下建议：初一年级的工作重点是：高标准要求，明确奋斗目标，培养并强化学生的实验角色意识，实现高起点；初二年级的工作重点是：注重对学生学习方法的指导，加强学生自主学习、有一定水平的质疑能力等学习方法的指导与培养；营造浓厚的学习氛围，针对不同层次的学生实施分类指导，制定适当的指导策略，通过加强竞赛等活动，鼓励更多的学生在各方面崭露头角，防止落后生的出现； （二）改革教学内容，对主要学科的教学内容重新整合 实行语文、数学、英语工具学科重心下移，物理、化学、生物重心上移并开设科学课（理科综合课）、历史与社会课（文科综合课）和创造课，改革和增加体育课、艺术课。 1、在这一学段，要特别加强语文、数学、外语三门工具性学科的教学，适当提高教学标准，适量增加课时。不仅要使学生在两年的时间优秀地完成原初中三年的教学任务，而且要掌握较完整的语文和外语的听、说、读、写的学习方法，以及数学学习方法、思维习惯等学科素养的培养。语文和英语一定要增大阅读量，通过说话课、演讲课、辩论课等课型发展学生的中英文的口才，提高口头表达能力。 2、综合物理、化学、生物的内容，设置“科学课”，实施模块教学，分物理、化学、生物、地理和综合五大模块。降低教学内容的理论难度和对学科体系的严格追求，多角度、多形式寻找科学课与其他学科的整合。要切实加强观察、采集、实验、动手操作和实践的环节，注重思考、探求、分析和直接发现。如通过查阅科技发明的历程资料、追溯科学家的成长等形式，体验科学发明的艰辛和科学精神的内核。 3、综合设置“历史与社会课”，要降低教学的理论难度，运用主题式、活动式、合作式、体验式等教学方法，注重培养学生的搜集资料、整理资料、处理信息、分工合作的能力，注重培养学生的健康情感，如耐挫折而不回避困难、善分析而不止步于现象、善解决问题而不停留于只是提出问题等。避免大拼盘，注重学科之间教学方法、教学内容、活动形式等方面的整合。 4、加强音、体、美学科的教学，每周增加体育1课时，音、美适量增加课时。体育课要以增强健身意识，健身强体为主要目标（而不是运动技术），每两周或至少每个月要进行一次自然体育课（如跑步到玉渊潭公园）和军事体育课，以培养学生耐劳、吃苦的体力和意志品质。 5、设置综合活动课。 综合活动课是以综合性、专题性活动为主要内容，以学生主体的实践活动及体验学习为主要形式，以促进学生的情感、能力、认知的统一协调发展为主要目标的课程。内容有主有次、有分有合、交叉互补。参考我校制定的《初中阶段综合活动课指导纲要》，多方面寻求综合活动课与其他学科的整合。 6、开设竞赛指导课，鼓励学生在某一学科超前发展。
传热学试题 第一章概论 一、名词解释 1．热流量：单位时间所传递的热量 2．热流密度：单位传热面上的热流量 3．导热：当物体有温度差或两个不同温度的物体接触时，在物体各部分之间不发生相对位移的情况下，物质微粒(分子、原子或自由电子)的热运动传递了热量，这种现象被称为热传导，简称导热。 4．对流传热：流体流过固体壁时的热传递过程，就是热对流和导热联合用的热量传递过程，称为表面对流传热，简称对流传热。 5．辐射传热：物体不断向周围空间发出热辐射能，并被周围物体吸收。同时，物体也不断接收周围物体辐射给它的热能。这样，物体发出和接收过程的综合结果产生了物体间通过热辐射而进行的热量传递，称为表面辐射传热，简称辐射传热。 6．总传热过程：热量从温度较高的流体经过固体壁传递给另一侧温度较低流体的过程，称为总传热过程，简称传热过程。 7．对流传热系数：单位时间单位传热面当流体温度与壁面温度差为1K是的对流传热量，单位为W／(m2·K)。对流传热系数表示对流传热能力的大小。 8．辐射传热系数：单位时间单位传热面当流体温度与壁面温度差为1K是的辐射传热量，单位为W／(m2·K)。辐射传热系数表示辐射传热能力的大小。 9．复合传热系数：单位时间单位传热面当流体温度与壁面温度差为1K是的复合传热量，单位为W／(m2·K)。复合传热系数表示复合传热能力的大小。 10．总传热系数：总传热过程中热量传递能力的大小。数值上表示传热温差为1K时，单位传热面积在单位时间的传热量。 二、填空题 1．热量传递的三种基本方式为、、。 （热传导、热对流、热辐射） 2．热流量是指，单位是。热流密度是指，单位是。 （单位时间所传递的热量，W，单位传热面上的热流量，W/m2） 3．总传热过程是指，它的强烈程度用来衡量。 (热量从温度较高的流体经过固体壁传递给另一侧温度较低流体的过程，总传热系数) 4．总传热系数是指，单位是。 （传热温差为1K时，单位传热面积在单位时间的传热量，W／(m2·K)） 5．导热系数的单位是；对流传热系数的单位是；传热系数的单位是。 （W／(m·K)，W／(m2·K)，W／(m2·K)）
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),
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①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
北京市十一学校行动 纲要 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
《北京市十一学校行动纲要》 第1条愿景 我们的使命是：创造适合学生发展的教育，将“十一学生”塑造成为一个值得信任的卓越的品牌；把十一学校建设成为一所受人尊敬的伟大的学校。 十一学生应该志存高远、诚信笃志、行为规范、思想活跃，成为志远意诚、行圆思方的杰出人才。 伟大的学校应该是一所师生品格崇高、才识卓越的学校。 我们的战略目标是：一流的质量；卓越的队伍；能够让教师过体面生活的待遇；成为师生精神家园和成长乐园的和谐学校。 第5条学校着力于培养志远意诚、行圆思方，即志存高远、诚信笃志、行为规范、思想活跃的社会栋梁和民族脊梁。 通过引导学生进行职业与人生规划，确立远大目标，启发学生立志成为某一领域的领军人物或杰出人才；诚信做人，让每一位十一学生成为值得信任的人；强化学生自律意识，培养学生自主管理能力；鼓励独立思考，培养有自己想法的学生。 第17条勇于担当。十一学生应该胸怀天下，具有民族责任感和历史使命感；应该勇于担当责任，自觉为国家、为团队、为家庭、为朋友排忧解难；自觉奉献社会，主动服务他人。志远行近，既胸怀天下，又脚踏实地，具有强烈的自我发展动力。 第18条诚实守信。十一学生必须坦诚待人，信守承诺。 第19条尊重他人。要尊重父母家人，尊重老师长者，友善同学，学会用谦恭的态度与人交往。 第20条拥有感恩之心。别人的帮助让我们获取幸福，帮助他人让我们传递幸福；懂得随时回报他人，并以感恩的态度回报社会。 第21条克己让人。具有良好的沟通能力和健全的对话人格，“虽然我不同意你的观点，但我誓死捍卫你说话的权利。”（伏尔泰）坚持平等对话，学会换位思考，设立“道歉日”，培养协商与妥协的能力。 第22条领袖气质与谦虚品格。独立思考，具有自己的想法，谦逊而有韧性，质朴而无畏，不怕失败，勇于面对挫折，严于责己，归功他人。关注社会，关心他人，乐于参与，善于决策。主动锻造自己的领导能力。
总复习题 基本概念 : ?薄材 : 在加热或冷却过程中 , 若物体内温度分布均匀 , 在任意时刻都可用一个温度来代表整个物体的温度 , 则该物体称为 ----. ?传热 : 由热力学第二定律 , 凡是有温差的地方 , 就有热量自发地从高温物体向低温物体转移 , 这种由于温差引起的热量转移过程统称为 ------. ?导热 : 是指物体内不同温度的各部分之间或不同温度的物体相接触时 , 发生的热量传输的现象 . 物体各部分之间不发生相对位移，仅依靠物体内分子原子和自由电子等微观粒子的热运动而产生的热能传递成为热传导简称导热 ?对流 : 指物体各部分之间发生相对位移而引起的热量传输现象 . 由于流体的宏观运动而引起的流体各部分之间发生相对位移，冷热流体相互渗混所导致的热量传递过程 ?对流换热 : 指流体流过与其温度不同的物体表面时 , 流体与固体表面之间发生的热量交换过程称为 ------. ?强制对流 : 由于外力作用或其它压差作用而引起的流动 . ?自然对流 : 由于流体各部分温度不同 , 致使各部分密度不同引起的流动 . ?流动边界层 : 当具有粘性的流体流过壁面时 , 由于粘滞力的作用 , 壁面附近形成一流体薄层 , 在这一层中流体的速度迅速下降为零 , 而在这一流层外 , 流体的速度基本达到主流速度 . 这一流体层即为 -----. ?温度边界层 : 当具有粘性的流体流过壁面时 , 会在壁面附近形成一流体薄层 , 在这一层中流体的温度迅速变化 , 而在这一流层外 , 流体的温度基本达到主流温度 . 这一流体层即为 -----. ?热辐射 : 物体由于本身温度而依靠表面发射电磁波而传递热量的过程称为 ------. 物体由于本身温度而依靠表面发射电磁波而传递热量的过程成为热辐射 ?辐射力 : 物体在单位时间内 , 由单位表面积向半球空间发射的全部波长的辐射能的总量 . ?单色辐射力 : 物体在单位时间内 , 由单位表面积向半球空间发射的波长在λ -- λ +d λ 范围内的辐射能量 . ?立体角 : 是一个空间角度 , 它是以立体角的角端为中心 , 作一半径为 r 的半球 , 将半球表面上被立体角切割的面积与半径平方 r 2 的比值作为 ------ 的大小 . ?定向辐射强度 : 单位时间内 , 在单位可见面积 , 单位立体角内发射的全部波长的辐射能量称为 ----. ?传质 : 在含有两种或两种以上组分的流体内部 , 如果有浓度梯度存在 , 则每一种组分都有向低浓度方向转移 , 以减弱这种浓度不均匀的趋势 . 物质由高浓度向低浓度方转移过程称为 ----.
《北京市十一学校行动纲要》 第1条愿景 我们的使命是：创造适合学生发展的教育，将“十一学生”塑造成为一个值得信任的卓越的品牌；把十一学校建设成为一所受人尊敬的伟大的学校。 十一学生应该志存高远、诚信笃志、行为规范、思想活跃，成为志远意诚、行圆思方的杰出人才。 伟大的学校应该是一所师生品格崇高、才识卓越的学校。 我们的战略目标是：一流的质量；卓越的队伍；能够让教师过体面生活的待遇；成为师生精神家园和成长乐园的和谐学校。 第5条学校着力于培养志远意诚、行圆思方，即志存高远、诚信笃志、行为规范、思想活跃的社会栋梁和民族脊梁。 通过引导学生进行职业与人生规划，确立远大目标，启发学生立志成为某一领域的领军人物或杰出人才；诚信做人，让每一位十一学生成为值得信任的人；强化学生自律意识，培养学生自主管理能力；鼓励独立思考，培养有自己想法的学生。 第17条勇于担当。十一学生应该胸怀天下，具有民族责任感和历史使命感；应该勇于担当责任，自觉为国家、为团队、为家庭、为朋友排忧解难；自觉奉献社会，主动服务他人。志远行近，既胸怀天下，又脚踏实地，具有强烈的自我发展动力。 第18条诚实守信。十一学生必须坦诚待人，信守承诺。 第19条尊重他人。要尊重父母家人，尊重老师长者，友善同学，学会用谦恭的态度与人交往。 第20条拥有感恩之心。别人的帮助让我们获取幸福，帮助他人让我们传递幸福；懂得随时回报他人，并以感恩的态度回报社会。 第21条克己让人。具有良好的沟通能力和健全的对话人格，“虽然我不同意你的观点，但我誓死捍卫你说话的权利。”（伏尔泰）坚持平等对话，学会换位思考，设立“道歉日”，培养协商与妥协的能力。 第22条领袖气质与谦虚品格。独立思考，具有自己的想法，谦逊而有韧性，质朴而无畏，不怕失败，勇于面对挫折，严于责己，归功他人。关注社会，关心他人，乐于参与，善于决策。主动锻造自己的领导能力。
《传热学》试题库 第一章概论 一、名词解释 1．热流量：单位时间内所传递的热量 2．热流密度：单位传热面上的热流量 3．导热：当物体内有温度差或两个不同温度的物体接触时，在物体各部分之间不发生相对位移的情况下，物质微粒(分子、原子或自由电子)的热运动传递了热量，这种现象被称为热传导，简称导热。 4．对流传热：流体流过固体壁时的热传递过程，就是热对流和导热联合用的热量传递过程，称为表面对流传热，简称对流传热。 5．辐射传热：物体不断向周围空间发出热辐射能，并被周围物体吸收。同时，物体也不断接收周围物体辐射给它的热能。这样，物体发出和接收过程的综合结果产生了物体间通过热辐射而进行的热量传递，称为表面辐射传热，简称辐射传热。 6．总传热过程：热量从温度较高的流体经过固体壁传递给另一侧温度较低流体的过程，称为总传热过程，简称传热过程。 7．对流传热系数：单位时间内单位传热面当流体温度与壁面温度差为1K是的对流传热量，单位为W／(m2·K)。对流传热系数表示对流传热能力的大小。 8．辐射传热系数：单位时间内单位传热面当流体温度与壁面温度差为1K是的辐射传热量，单位为W／(m2·K)。辐射传热系数表示辐射传热能力的大小。
9．复合传热系数：单位时间内单位传热面当流体温度与壁面温度差为1K是的复合传热量，单位为W／(m2·K)。复合传热系数表示复合传热能力的大小。 10．总传热系数：总传热过程中热量传递能力的大小。数值上表示传热温差为1K时，单位传热面积在单位时间内的传热量。 四、简答题 1．试述三种热量传递基本方式的差别，并各举1～2个实际例子说明。 （提示：从三种热量传递基本方式的定义及特点来区分这三种热传递方式） 2．请说明在传热设备中，水垢、灰垢的存在对传热过程会产生什么影响?如何防止? （提示：从传热过程各个环节的热阻的角度，分析水垢、灰垢对换热设备传热能力与壁面的影响情况） 3. 试比较导热系数、对流传热系数和总传热系数的差别，它们各自的单位是什么? （提示：写出三个系数的定义并比较，单位分别为W/(m·K)，W/(m2·K)，W/(m2·K)）4．在分析传热过程时引入热阻的概念有何好处?引入热路欧姆定律有何意义? （提示：分析热阻与温压的关系，热路图在传热过程分析中的作用。） 5．结合你的工作实践，举一个传热过程的实例，分析它是由哪些基本热量传递方式组成的。（提示：学会分析实际传热问题，如水冷式内燃机等） 6．在空调房间内，夏季与冬季室内温度都保持在22℃左右，夏季人们可以穿短袖衬衣，而冬季则要穿毛线衣。试用传热学知识解释这一现象。 （提示：从分析不同季节时墙体的传热过程和壁温，以及人体与墙表面的热交换过程来解释这一现象（主要是人体与墙面的辐射传热的不同））
History and Anthology of English Literature I Multiple Choices 1.The story of _________ is the culmination of the Arthurian romances. A.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight B. Beowulf C. Piers the Plowman D. The Canterbury Tales 2.Chaucer died on October 25th, 140(), and was buried in __________ ? A.Flanders B. France C. Italy D. Westminster Abbey 3?Utopia was written in the form of _________ ? A. prose B. drama C? essay D. dialogue 4.________ i s the leading figure of Metaphysical poetry. A. John Donne B. George Herbert C. Andre Marvell D. Henry Vaughan 5.________ i s not written by William Blake. A. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell B. Songs of Experience C. Auld Lang Syne D. Poetical Sketches 6."Some book are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested： This sentence is taken from __________ . A. Swifts A Modest Proposal B. Dickens\ Oliver l\vist C. Fielding 9s Tom Jones D. Bacon's Of Studies 7.Which poet is not the "Lake Poet"? A. William Wordsworth B. S. T. Coleridge C. Southey D. Keats 8.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _________ ? A. Science B. Arts C. Philosophy D. Humanism 9.Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the popular literary form in _________ . A? Romanticism B. Renaissance C. medieval period D? Anglo-Saxon period 10.Gothic novels are mostly stories of _________ , which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles? A.love and marriage B. sea adventures C. mystery and horror D. saints and martyrs II? The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gull iver's Travels arc _______ ?A? horses that are endowed with reason B.pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualities C.giants that are superior in wisdom D.hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways 12. John Milton's masterpiece 一Paradise Lost was written in the poetic style of ___________ ? A. rhymed stanzas B. blank verse C. alliteration D? sonnets 13? Which of the following has / have associations with John Donners poetry? A. reason and sentiment B. conceits and wits C. the euphuism D. writing in the rhymed couplet 14.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is
十一学校行动计划 篇一：十一学校行动纲要 北京市十一学校行动纲要 《北京市十一学校行动纲要》在继承学校原有文化与价值观的基础上，试图在学校工作的主要领域明确师生员工的行为准则，为构建学校机制、开展教育教学工作等提供引领。 行动纲要是学校办学的纲领性文件，是学校今后6年工作的总纲，每三年一次提交教代会审议，确定重大原则与基本价值观；每年由校务委员会组织学校相关人员进行讨论并对有关具体事宜进行修订，每年修订的行动纲要都应该成为面向以后6年的行动纲领。 第一章学校战略 第1条愿景 我们的使命是：创造适合学生发展的教育，将“十一学生”塑造成为一个值得信任的卓越的品牌；把十一学校建设成为一所受人尊敬的伟大的学校。 十一学生应该志存高远、诚信笃志、行为规范、思维活跃，成为志远意诚、行圆思方的杰出人才。 伟大的学校应该是一所师生品格崇高、才识卓越、尤其要具有杰出才能和谦虚品质的学校。 我们的战略目标是：一流的质量；卓越的队伍；能够让教师过体面生
活的待遇；成为师生精神家园和成长乐园的和谐学校氛围。简言为：质量、队伍、待遇、和谐学校。 第2条关键成功因素 总结建校以来特别是近20年来的历史经验，学校成功的基因为，校长、队伍、理念与共同价值观、体制与机制、生源、改革创新、条件与资源。展望学校发展的未来，学校今后6年的关键成功因素为：教师、机制、国际化、课程、生源、经费、数字化、改革创新。 对关键成功因素进行量化分解，可以得出关键成功因素指标（见附件）。学校各层级、各岗位对关键成功因素指标的全面落实，是实现学校战略目标的基本保证。 第3条战略改进领域 课程是学校最为重要的产品，也是学校的核心竞争力，必须着眼未来，立足实际，通过对国家课程的开发和学校课程的建设，系统开发满足学生需求、充分落实学校培养目标的校本课程。 课堂改变，学校才会改变；课堂高效，教育才会高效；课堂优质，学生才会卓越；课堂创新，学生才会创新；课堂进步，教师才会成长。课堂教学要突出学生的主体地位，通过课程与教育教学改革，实现教学方式与学习方式的转变。 课程与课堂是学校今后6年需要加大气力改进的战略领域。 第4条学校文化与价值观 总结建校以来特别是近20年来学校发展的历史经验，学校倡导并强调以下价值取向。
工程传热学试题及其 答案
传热学试题 （环境科学与工程学院2003级使用） 班级 姓名 学号 成绩 一、概念题（34分） 答：非周期性的加热或冷却过程可以分为初始状况阶段和正规状况阶段（2分）。前者的温度分布依然受着初始温度分布的影响，也就是说热扰动还没有扩散到整个系统，系统中仍然存在着初始状态，此时的温度场必须用无穷级数加以描述（2分）；而后者却是热扰动已经扩散到了整个系统，系统中各个地方的温度都随时间变化，此时温度分布可以用初等函数加以描述（2分）。 答：时间常数是从导热问题的集总参数系统分析中定义出来的，为 A cV αρτ＝ 0，（1分）从中不难看出，它与系统（物体）的物性、形状大小相关，且与环境状况（换热状况）紧密相联（3分）。因此，同一物体处于不同环境其时间常数是不一样的（2分）。 答： 四个无量纲准则的物理量组成为： 23 Re;Pr ;Pr ;Re νβννTL g Gr Pe a L u ?=?=== ∞。（各1分） Re ――表征给定流场的流体惯性力与其黏性力的对比关系；Pe ――表征给定流场的流体热对流能力与其热传导（扩散）能力的对比关系；Pr ――反映物质的动量扩散特性与其热量扩散特性的对比关系；Gr ――主要表征给定流场在浮升力作用下产生的流体惯性力与其黏性力的对比关系。（各1分） Bi=αL s /λs 而Nu=αL f /λf 。从物理量的组成来看，Bi 数的导热系数λs 为固体的值，而Nu 数的λf 则为流体的值；Bi 数的特征尺寸L s 在固体侧定义，而Nu 数的L f 则在流体侧定义。从物理意义上看，前者反映了导热系统同环境之间的换热
学校：2+4 初中段 （一）改革学制，实行二 ?四学制。 根据《国务院关于基础教育改革与发展的决定》和《基础教育课程改革纲要（试行）》的精神，从全面贯彻落实国家教育方针，全面提高学生素质出发，把中学六年重新划分为二 ?四学制。初中两年完成原三年的教学任务，从第三年开始进入高中阶段。对于不能适应的学生仍按三 ?三学制。 初中两年的主要任务：完成原初中三年课程教学任务，夯实双基，培养学生良好的学习习惯，注重学科学习方法的积淀和学科素养的培养。 在初中学段，各实验区在按照实验方案进行操作、整体考虑工作的同时，还必须注重学生的年龄特点和学生经过基础学段的学习不参加中考的实际情况，注意确定每一学年的工作重点，保持学生持续的学习热情，对此，提出以下建议：初一年级的工作重点是：高标准要求，明确奋斗目标，培养并强化学生的实验角色意识，实现高起点；初二年级的工作重点是：注重对学生学习方法的指导，加强学生自主学习、有一定水平的质疑能力等学习方法的指导与培养；营造浓厚的学习氛围，针对不同层次的学生实施分类指导，制定适当的指导策略，通过加强竞赛等活动，鼓励更多的学生在各方面崭露头角，防止落后生的出现； （二）改革教学内容，对主要学科的教学内容重新整合实行语文、数学、英语工具学科重心下移，物理、化学、生物重心上移并开设科学课（理科综合课）、历史与社会课（文科综合课）和创造课，改革和增加体育课、艺术课。 1、在这一学段，要特别加强语文、数学、外语三门工具性学科的教学，适当提高教学标准，适量增加课时。不仅要使学生在两年的时间优秀地完成原初中三年的教学任务，而且要掌握较完整的语文和外语的听、说、读、写的学习方法，以及数学学习方法、思维习惯等学科素养的培养。语文和英语一定要增大阅读量，通过说话课、演讲课、辩论课等课型发展学生的中英文的口才，提高口头表达能力。 2、综合物理、化学、生物的内容，设置“科学课” ，实施模块教学，分物理、化学、生物、地理和综合五大模块。降低教学内容的理论难度和对学科体系的严格追求，多角度、多形式寻找科学课与其他学科的整合。要切实加强观察、采集、实验、动手操作和实践的环节，注重思考、探求、分析和直接发现。如通过查阅科技发明的历程资料、追溯科学家的成长等形式，体验科学发明的艰辛和科学精神的内核。 3、综合设置“历史与社会课” ，要降低教学的理论难度，运用主题式、活动式、合作式、体验式等教学方法，注重培养学生的搜集资料、整理资料、处理信息、分工合作的能力，注重培养学生的健康情感，如耐挫折而不回避困难、善分析而不止步于现象、善解决问题而不停留于只是提出问题等。避免大拼盘，注重学科之间教学方法、教学内容、活动形式等方面的整合。 4、加强音、体、美学科的教学，每周增加体育 1 课时，音、美适量增加课时。体育课要以增强健身意识，健身强体为主要目标（而不是运动技术），每两周或至少每个月要进行一次自然体育课（如跑步到玉渊潭公园）和军事体育课，以培养学生耐劳、吃苦的体力和意志品质。 5、设置综合活动课。综合活动课是以综合性、专题性活动为主要内容，以学生主体的实践活动及体验学习为主要形式，以促进学生的情感、能力、认知的统一协调发展为主要目标的课程。内容有主有次、有分有合、交叉互补。参考我校制定的《初中阶段综合活动课指导纲要》，多方面寻求综合活动课与其他学科的整合。 6、开设竞赛指导课，鼓励学生在某一学科超前发展。 （三）课程的开发与实施 课程是实验实施的保障，在国家课程管理政策指导下，利用新课程的弹性特征，以对课程开发的统整为总抓手，探索一套适合优秀学生智力发展水平和学习需求的课程体系。 1．课程的选择：引入由国家提供的课程开发项目，并在不同风格的教材中选择适合实验区学生智力发展水平和学习需求的教学材料及配套资料。 2．课程的补充：为提高国家课程的教学效力而进行的课程材料的开发活动，是常规教学的质量得以保证的重要举措。（六年一贯制实验从一开始，几乎每一位老师在实施教学时，都在对原有的课程进行着不同程度的补充，或拓宽或加深，以更好地适应实验区学生的学习需求，但从整体上还缺乏协作、交流和细