Towards Translation of
E-business English
Written by Ying Linzhong
Supervised by Tan Weiguo
A Thesis Submitted to
Foreign Languages College
Shanghai Normal University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Arts in
English Language Teaching
September 2007
Acknowledgements
It is with great pleasure that I acknowledge the efforts of all those people who have contributed to the completion of this thesis.
First and foremost, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my supervisor who offered me patient guidance, valuable instruction and constructive suggestions. What impresses me most is his preciseness in scientific research, his devotion to English teaching and his kindness to us - post-graduate candidates. Moreover, his qualities of being humorous, vigorous and righteous have exerted a great influence on my life.
Next, I'd like to extend my sincere thanks to all the professors who taught us different courses in the two-year in-service training program in Hangzhou. Their fruitful teaching helped me enhance my English competence. I am also grateful to many of my good friends and classmates for their comments and encouragement. Finally, I wish to avail myself of this opportunity to express my heart-felt thanks to my parents and my wife for their profound affection and generous support.
Abstract
With the development of the Internet and globalization of the world economy,
E-business is becoming increasingly popular and E-business English is being widely popularized. In China, E-business English is developing fast, which calls for an
intensive study of its，language characteristics. Moreover, as there exist problems concerning the translation of E-business English, it is imperative to make a study of
its translation. This thesis is intended mainly to discuss the main principles, proper approaches and techniques for translation of E-business English into Chinese.
First, this thesis briefly reviews relevant researches and states the necessity of the research before it mentions the research perspectives and methods and points out the arrangement and content of the thesis. Next, the thesis briefly discusses the necessary
basic theories of translation, and explores the major features of E-business English.
After that, the thesis makes an attempt to probe into applicability of the two most
common translation approaches to the translation of -E-business English. Plenty of
typical examples are analyzed and personal comments are made, proving that the
literal translation approach is most appropriate for translation of E-business English
and is most often used, and that the liberal translation approach is quite necessary and feasible on some occasions. Afterwards, the thesis moves on to discuss and illustrate
general techniques for translation of E-business English. After that, it investigates and exemplifies translation of various English clauses and that of the passive voice and
negative sentences in E-business English texts: Finally, it presents an analysis of the translations of some E-business English sentences.
This thesis is of theoretical si加ficance and practical value.
Key words: E-business English, language features, translation principles, translation approaches, translation techniques,equivalence
内容提要
在信息网络化，经济全球化的国际大环境下，电子商务英语应用越来越广
泛。在我国，电子商务英语发展迅速，有必要对其语言特色进行研究。电子商
务英语翻译存在许多问题，因此对电子商务英语翻译作一番研究非常必要。本
文试图探讨电子商务英语翻译的有效方法和技巧。
本文首先回顾当今电子商务英语翻译相关研究成果，并指出其研究的必要
性，研究视角、研究方法以及论文的结构和主要内容。接着，简单地介绍翻译的基本理论，并探讨电子商务英语的主要语言特征。然后·，探讨两种最常用的翻译方法在电子商务英语翻译中的应用，并分析了大量的典型例句，从而得出结论:
直译是电子商务英语翻译最合适最常用的方法，意译在某些场合也是非常必须和可行的。接下来讨论、例证电子商务英语翻译的主要技巧，举例说明电子商务英，语中各种从句，被动句以及否定句的翻译方法。最后，以翻译理论为指南分析了电子商务英语中一些句子的翻译。
本研究具有一定的理论意义和应用价值。
关键词:电子商务英语;语言特点;翻译原则;翻译方法;翻译技巧;对等
Contents Acknowledgements Abstract in English (ii)
Abstract in Chinese (iii)
Chapter One Introduction
1 .1 A Brief Review of Researches on E-business English (1)
1.2 The Necessity of This Research (3)
1.3 Research Perspectives and Methods (3)
1.4 The Arrangement and Main Content of the Thesis (3)
Chapter Two Basic Theories of Translation
2.1 On the Definition of Translation...................................... . (5)
2.2 Surface Structure and Deep Structure..........................................
2.3 The Process of Translation....................................... (7)
2.4 Towards Translation Criteria..。 (7)
2.5 Major Translation Approaches (10)
Chapter Three Major Features of E-business English 3.1 Main Features of Wording (11)
3.2 Major Characteristics of Syntax (13)
Chapter Four Application of Major Approaches to Translation of E-business English
4.1 Application of the Literal Translation Approach to Translation of E-business English (18)
4.2 Application of the Liberal Translation Approach to Translation of E-business English (22)
4.3 Touching up the Version (23)
Chapter Five General Techniques for Translation of E-business English
5.1 Conversion of Parts of Speech (25)
5.1 .1 Conversion of Nouns into Verbs (25)
5.1.2 Conversion of Adjectives (25)
5.1.3 Conversion of Verbs into Nouns (26)
5.1.4 Conversion of Adverbs (26)
5.1.5 Conversion of Prepositions into Verbs (27)
5.2 Omission (27)
5.2.1 Omission of Articles.............. . (28)
5.2.2 Omission of Pronouns (28)
5.2.3 Omission of Prepositions (29)
5.2.4 Omission of Conjunctions (29)
5.2.5 Omission of Verbs (29)
5.3 Addition (30)
5.3.1 Addition of Meaningful, Rhetorical Words (30)
5.3.2 Addition of Omitted Parts (32)
5.3.3 Addition of Contextual Meaning (32)
5.4 Repetition (32)
5.4.1 Repetition of Verbs (32)
5.4.2 Repetition of Nouns (33)
5.4.3 Repetition of Pronouns (33)
5.5 Inversion (33)
5.5.1 Inversion of Objects (34)
5.5.2 Inversion of Adverbials (34)
5.5.3 Inversion of Attributes...。.. (34)
Chapter Six TSranslation of Different Clauses
6.1 Translation of Subje ct Clause (36)
6.2 Translation of Predicative Clause (36)
6.3 Translation of Object Clause (36)
6.4 Translation of Appositive Clause (37)
6.5 Translation of Adverbial Clause (38)
6.6 Translation of Attributive Clause (40)
Chapter Seven Translation of Passive Voice and Negative Sentences
7.1 Passive Voice Translation (43)
7.2 Negative Sentence Translation................................ . (45)
Chapter Eight Analysis of Some Translated Sentences (51)
Chapter Nine Conclusion (55)
References (57)
Chapter One
Introduction
This chapter, which serves as the introduction to this thesis, presents a brief
review of relevant studies, expounds the necessity of the research, mentions the
research perspectives and methods, and concisely states the structure and main
content of the thesis.
1.1 A Brief Review of Researches on E-business English
As far as I know, relevant research results are concerned with the definition of E- business, that of E-business English, and the translation of E-business English texts.
1.1.l Definition of E-business
With rapid development of the Internet, business companies or enterprises are
faced with enormous changes in the way of business dealings. The most obvious is
the一use of websites for trade. E-business is becoming a more and more popular
business practice. Whether a company can make good use of the Internet may become
a key point for its survival. Just as Andy Grove, Chairman of Intel, said, "In the next
five years ali companies will be Internet corripanies or they won't be companies at
all"(崔刚，2002:1).
E-business means more than just having a website which facilitates buying and
selling. Frank Jones of IBM Corporation provides a definition of E-business:
E-business is exploiting the combined power of the Internet and
information technology to fundamentally transform key business
strategies and processes. (Retrieved 12 May 2007.
transactions conducted between a company and its buyers; transactions between a company and the vendors from whom it buys something; those entirely within a
company. Transactions often occur in the form. of outside-office business activities
such as marketing, sales, and customer service. Also, they frequently occur as
inside-office business activities such as human resources, finance, engineering, manufacturing, inventory, and supply chain activities. Internal transactions facilitate
the flow of information and data throughout the company by connecting departments
and functions, which is called e-business integration. An increasingly important fourth
mode of e-business transactions is between companies and government departments at various levels. These transactions can be filing of tax or informational returns,
distribution of notices, procurement activities, arid requests for quotation.
In short, E-commerce/business is defined generally as business transaction over
the Internet(崔刚，2002:2).
1.1.2 Definition of E-business English
Most people think that E-business English means English for such a newly
booming business as is conducted via the Internet. E-business English reflects the fundamental features of English for Business and Information Technology (IT).
Xu Yuan(徐源)(2002:79) asserts that E-business English is a comprehensive
practical English course with its own characteristics, which stresses the improvement
of the students' English abilities, the effect of practice in the teaching process and the development of the students' independent thinking. He adds that both software and hardware are indispensable to the process of teaching.
According to Liu Shuyun(刘淑云)&Wu Libo(武立波)(2002) } E-business
English is different from normal English language, as can be seen from striking
features of structure and vocabulary. Wang Fang(王芳)holds a similar view, saying
that although Business English is rooted in general English, it has unique linguistic
features as a tool of communication (2003:118).
The writer of this thesis puts forward the following definition: E-business
English; which is a kind of ESP within a framework of business and IT, has its own
features of vocabulary, syntax and style.
1.1.3 Translation of E-business English Texts
Zhou Liren(周立人)advocates that the theory of dynamic or functional
equivalence suggested by Nida should be applied to the translation of Business
English texts. Zhou Liren maintains (2000:59) that the translation of Business English depends upon a comparison of two relationships. That is to say, the relationship
between the target language receptors and the target language text should be roughly equivalent,to that between the original receptors and the original text. It is this double relationship that provides the basis for dynamic equivalence.
Li Songyan(李松岩)remarks that while translating business texts in English,
one should abide by the three-point principle of "Faithfulness, Exactness and Consistency" (2003:63). "Faithfulness" means that the translated text is faithful to the original one, i.e. the translated text .reproduces everything in the original, including
the main ideas or messages contained in it. "Exactness" means that words,
expressions and sentences used in the version should b} so exact or precise that they
fully express what is expressed and implied by their corresponding counterparts in the original. In other words, "Exactness" refers to the exact language employed in the translated text. "Consistency'' means that the style of the version is consistent with
that of the original. In other words, "Consistency" requires that the translated style
should be in agreement with the original one.
The writer thinks that Nida's dynamic equivalence principle may be applied to
the translation of E-business English texts.
Of course, proper translation techniques have been discussed by some scholars
and should be properly employed in the process of E-business translation. As
Business English is characterized by conciseness, fluency and flexibility, and as
English and Chinese belong to different language families, there are many differences
in modes of expression, language features and grammar rules. Accordingly, such main translation techniques as addition, ellipsis, and conversion should be often employed
in the process of translation of business English texts(余姿，2003:122).
Liu Shiwei(刘世伟)even discusses parallelism in translation. He suggests that
parallel structures should be properly used so that the sentences can be neat and symmetrical (2003:8). Wang Xin(王欣)stresses the study of verb patterns in
translation of business English texts (2003:33).
The writer believes that while translating E-business English texts we should
make good use of such practical translation approaches and techniques as those
required in the process of translation of Business English texts for the reason that
E-business English is grounded upon Business English and Internet (Internet is just
used as a tool):
1.2 The Necessity of This Research
We will inevitably be confronted with difficulties and barriers in the process of understanding and reproducing E-business English texts.
In translation, every word, phrase, and sentence in each paragraph should be
taken into consideration. The original context cannot be effectively conveyed only
through word equivalence. Nida points out that some people naively think that since language consists of words, naturally, the focus of attention in translation is on the
words. But it is recognized that as words are not sufficiently large units, the focus
should be shifted to the sentence. The focus should also be on the paragraph, and to
some extent on the whole discourse (1964).
Undoubtedly, translation of E-business English is rather difficult, but it is
absolutely essential and worthwhile: That is the major reason why it is necessary to conduct a study of the translation of E-business English texts.
The other reason is that to the best of my knowledge research into the translation
of E-business English is seldom available, and that a research of the topic will benefit
not only the writer but also the readers as well.
1.3 Research Perspectives and Methods
This research is conducted mainly from the perspectives of linguistics and translatology. Various methods are employed, such as theoretical analysis, illustration, comparison, deductive method&inductive method, etc. In order to illustrate the
important points and the topic, many examples are provided. Most of the examples
were selected from a textbook entitled((电子商务英语》and a workbook entitled
《电子商务英语同步练习》，both of which were edited by Cuigang(崔刚) .The other examples were chosen from the previous national examination papers in E-business
English arid some websites for analysis or discussion.
1.4 The Arrangement and Main Content of the Thesis This thesis is intended to probe into the topic of translation of E-business English
texts into Chinese, both in theory and in practice.
The thesis consists of nine parts. Chapter One presents a brief review of relevant studies,, discusses the necessity of this research, points out the perspectives&methods
and briefly states the arrangement and main content of the research. Chapter Two expounds the basic theories of translation, including the definition, criteria, and
process of translation, as well as major translation approaches. Chapter Three introduces major characteristics of E-business English, such as main features of wording and major characteristics of syntax. Chapter Four discusses the translation
process of E-business English and effective approaches for its translation, including
literal translation and liberal translation. Chapter Five illustrates and analyses the
general techniques for translation of E-business English, such as conversion, omission, addition, repetition, and inversion. Chapter Six illustrates the translation of different clauses. Chapter Seven focuses on translation of passive voice and negative sentence. Chapter Eight presents an analysis of translation of some sentences in E-business English: Chapter Nine serves as the conclusion of the thesis, where the writer
concludes that translation is not only a science, a science with its own peculiar laws
and methods, but also an art, an art of reproduction and recreation.
The author hopes that this research will help us enrich the basic theory for
translation of E-business English texts and contribute to the translation of E-business English texts into Chinese.
Chapter Two
Basic Theories of Translation
This chapter introduces the most essential theories of translation, which serve as
a guide to translation of E-business English texts.
2.1 On the Definition of Translation
According to Prof. Tan Weiguo(谭卫国)，translation theorists have formulated
many definitions of translation, but up to now no consensus has been reached upon a
unified definition (2005:5).
Some people maintain that any interpretation is translation. However, quite many translators agree that translation is an activity that progresses in either oral or written
form between the source language and the target language. Roger Bell once
mentioned, "Translation is the expression in one language (or target language) of what
has been expressed in another (source language), preserving both semantic and
stylistic equivalences" (1991，2001:5). Peter Nev}mark and Eugene Nida are both
supporters of this view.
Peter Newmark thinks highly of Nida's definition of translation:
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in
terms of style. (1981:12)
As far as the writer knows, most scholars maintain that translation is a
communicative activity which entails a most adequate or identical reproduction in a
target language text of a written message or text in a source language. Prof. Tan
suggests that translation is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to comprehend a written message or text in the source
language and works hard to achieve an adequate or an most identical reproduction in a
target language version of the written source language message or text (2005:6). This definition.provided by Professor Tan is practical and reasonable.
In China, the traditional viewpoint about the nature of translation is that
translation is an art only. But more and more scholars think that translation is not only
an art but also a science. The writer of the thesis agrees with this viewpoint.
2.2 Surface Structure and Deep Structure
Many theories of translation have a close relationship with Surface Structure and
Deep Structure on which the literal translation arid liberal translation are based. But
the theory of Surface Structure and Deep Structure is related to Constituent Analysis.
"Constituent Analysis" was proposed by Bloomfield and other theorists who
belong to "Structuralism". L. B. Bloomfield is regarded as one of the founders and representative figures of the structural linguistic school at the beginning of the 20th
cent. He is more interested in the way items are arranged than in meaning(刘密庆，
1985:13一14).
The core of Constituent Analysis is just the cutting of a whole sentence into many constituents, each phrase regarded as a basic unit, e.g. NP (noun phrase), VP (verb phrase). A tree diagram may indicate 'the cutting:
The method of Phrase Stfucture Analysis is very effective in demonstrating the linear relation of each unit of a whole sentence, providing information for determining the subject&predicate, giving hints to hierarchical relation of each
unit. Sentences have an additional dimension to their obvious linear dimension. For instance, the word "old" in "old men and women" can be regaxded as forming a combination with men only or with both men and women.
Eugene A. Nida developed the above-mentioned theory. Aided by another theorist called Mildred L. Larson, they even modified the theory of Noam Chomsky's Transformational Generative Grammar which deals with syntactic description (S.D.) (刘密庆，1985:13-14).
According to the theory of SD, the meaning of each sentence should be conveyed by its surface structure&deep structure. In other words, every sentence
has two levels of structure: surface structure&deep structure.
The surface structure is that of the sentence as it is pronounced or written and the deep structure contains all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence. The following figure can serve as a good
Mildred https://www.doczj.com/doc/e211770351.html,rson once mentioned (1984), "Another way of looking at form and meaning is to think of them as Surface Structure&Deep Structure二，behind the Surface Structure is the Deep Structure, the meaning."
Deep Structure&Surface Structure can serve as a guide to translation. By considering not only the surface structure but also the deep structure, the translator is able to reproduce the original ideas clearly and correctly.
Nida once remarked, "Translating is certainly not just a process for matching words, nor does it involve merely rendering comparable grammatical constructions"
(1964).
A good knowledge of "Surface Structure and Deep Structure" can certainly help us do translation much better.
2.3 The Process of Translation
Traditionally, the process of translation is divided into comprehension of the source language text (SLT), and reproduction of the SLT in the target language text (TLT).
Peter Newmark stated (1981, 2001:144) that there are three basic translation processes. The first is comprehension of the SLT; the second comprises the
translation procedures; the third is reformulation. Nida (2001) maintains that the
basic process consists of four steps of analysis, transfer, restructuring and test. According to Nida, analysis is the procedure of determining the meaning of the SLT. Transfer involves the shifting of thinking from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL). Restructuring means transformation of deep structures in the SLT
into surface structures in the TLT. Test is a contrastive analysis of the SLT with the
TLT in terms of meaning.
Professor Tan Weiguo divides the process of translation into three stages: comprehension of the SLT both at the macro-level and at the micro-level; reproduction of the SLT in the TLT both at the macro-level and at the micro-level; improvement and-perfection of the TLT (2005: 28-37).
A thorough macro-comprehension of the SLT, which is indispensable for a
faithful or correct reproduction of the original, comprises a good understanding of
such important aspects as the text type, the background or setting, the writing style,
the topic category, the theme, the writer's intention or purpose, the communication addressees, etc. of the SLT. A thorough or very good macro-comprehension of the SLT
will facilitate its adequate micro-comprehension and contribute to the good quality of the whole version. A good comprehension of the SLT at the micro-level includes a
corect understanding of the key words and expressions as well as major syntactic and socio-cultural phenomena in it.
An adequate reproduction of both macro-aspects and micro-aspects of the SLT in the TLT is just as important as a good understanding of them. Improvement of the
TLT means that, after a relatively fast translation of the whole text, the translator is supposed to spend some time reading the whole TLT and make corrections and improvements until he or she is quite satisfied with it. In fact, quite a number of scholars consider it practicable and reasonable to divide the process of translation into three stages or phases. Professor Tan expounds the three stages at length (ibid).
2:4 Towards Translation Criteria
Strictly speaking, a translation theory in its true sense in China originated from
Yan Fu(严复).He proposed the famous triple principle for translation, namely, faithfulness(信)，expressiveness(达)and elegance(雅).His faithfulness means that
the translated text should be faithful to the original text, i.e. the version should keep
the content of the original. His expressiveness implies that the translated text should
be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. In other words, his expressiveness requires that the version should be fluid, smooth, and easy to read and understand: His elegance demands that the translated text should be exquisite
and that its style ought to be very graceful.
The earliest and most influential scholar who discussed translation principles was Alexander Fraser Tytler, a well-known British scholar. In his "Essay on the Principles of Translation" (1790), he points out that a good translation can transplant the advantages of the source text into another language completely and thoroughly. His three-point principle contained in his essay goes as follows: 1) The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the ouginal. 3) The translation should have all the ease of the original composition. What he emphasizes here is that the translated text should be faithful to both the original content and style, and that the language in the translated text should be as expressive and smooth or easily understandable as the original. Of the above three points, the first point, of course, is most important, and the other two complements and supplement the first. Therefore, the three points constitute an organized unity. Clearly, Tyter's three-point principle is precise in diction and scientific in narration. What he highlights is that
the translated text should preserve the original content, retain the original expressiveness, and keep the original style. In other words, the translated text should reflect everything in the original as much as possible.
By referring to Yan Fu's triple principle and Alexander Fraser Tytler's
three-point translation principle, Professor Liu Zhongde(刘重德)put forward
another triple principle for translation, namely“信(faithfulness)，达(expressiveness) and切(closeness)" in 1979. Professor Liu's triple principle retains the first two characters of Yan Fu's. He merely replaced Yan Fu's "elegance" with "closeness (切).，，He particularly emphasized that the translated text should be as close to the original style as possible.
Nowadays, more and more scholars or translators in China have accepted Professor Liu's triple translation principle. As far as I know, quite a number of translators and translation theorists have published essays or papers expressing their approval and support of Liu's principle for translation. Some of them highly appraise or evaluate it.
Professor Liu Zhongde's triple principle“信、达、切”is in essence similar to Titler's three-point principle. As a matter of fact, the former is based on the latter. As far as we can see, the only difference between the two is that the former is more concise and much easier to remember(谭卫国，2005: 12).
Dr. Eugene A. Nida maintains that translation is not only an art but also a science. Nida has been frequently studied and quoted since he was introduced to the circle of translators in China in the early 1980s: He has been well known for his principle of translation referred to as "dynamic equivalence" or "functional equivalence".
Eugene A. Nida stated emphatically (1975:12), "Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source
language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style''. His
dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle, according to which the translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the target
language text wording will produce the same impact on the target text audience as
the original wording does upon the source text audience. Later on, Nida changed
"dynamic equivalence" to "functional equivalence", which seems much more
satisfactory in describing the degree of adequacy of a translation.
Liu Chon朗e once stated:
To be sure, some isolated individual words, phrases and even sentences may
sometimes be hard to judge. But as far as the wording and style of a whole piece of
translation are concerned, there are still objective criteria to go by. Comparison will
make clear which translation is more satisfactory.(刘重德，1991)
Liu Chongde continued to say:
As everybody knows, different literary works have different styles. The style of your
translation must correspond, or at least, be close, to that of the original you are
working at. You must always try your best to reproduce the original style in your
translation as much as possible. Strictly speaking, the ideological content, linguistic
expression and stylistic characteristics of a literary work constitute a unified entity.
And the translator should reproduce the three elements as a whole.(刘重德;1991) W. Wilss remarked (1982), "The Chinese harp on the linkage between
faithfulness and intelligibility; the westerners focus on equivalence, variously
phrased and defined."
In view of Deep Structure&Surface Structure; "faithfulness" deals with
meaning and "intelligibility" deals with the style. Therefore, equivalence means both
stylistic equivalence and meaning equivalence. Clearly, faithfulness and intelligibility are closely associated with equivalence in terms of Deep Structure&
Surface Structure.
Wang Zongyan stresses that linguistics plays a very important role in
translation. He states:
First of all, linguistics has pointed out that different genres require different
treatments. Second, a careful translator, in the opinion of linguists, has to take into
consideration not. only the text. but also the linguistic context and the social
background. Third, contrastive linguistics shows that in translation there are only
approximations, never. exact equivalents. Fourth, all translations involve to a
degree amplification, simplification and omission, conscious or unconscious.(杨
自俭.刘学云，1999:778-779)
Tan Weiguo (2005:85) emphasizes that when we judge whether a version is
successful or not; we do not lay too much emphasis on whether the language in the
TLT is beautiful or gorgeous, instead we place much emphasis on whether or not its
language faithfully represents the original spirit and style. If the language in the
original poem is quite plain and the translator translates it by using gorgeous
language, the translated work can't be regarded as a successful one, for it is not
compatible with the original style.
As a learner of translation, I think highly of both Tytler's three-point principle
and Liu Zhongde's three-character principle for translation. And I have a firm
conviction that Nida's functional equivalence is particularly appropriate for translation of E-business English texts.
2.5 Major Translation Approaches
Here two major translation.approaches are introduced.
2.5.1 Literal Translation approach
As far as I can see, the literal translation approach is the most common and important translation method.
Professor Liu Zhongde defines the literal translation approach as follows:
In the process of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic
units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a
translator who attaches great importance to literal translation and does his
or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work,
retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence
structures of the original as possible. (Tan Weiguo, 2005:15)
The literal translation approach exhibits many advantages. By adopting this approach, we can preserve in the version not only the original meaning and form, but
also the national and local colors and features in the original. In addition, by adopting
this method, we can introduce many foreign things into China (Tan Weiguo, 2005:17).
2.5:2 Liberal Translation approach
The liberal translation approach, which is also known as the free translation approach, is regarded as the second most commonly employed approach.
Liberal translation means giving up the original image or vehicle and making
effort to find an appropriate way to express the intended meaning of the original.
Liu Zhongde defines the liberal translation approach as follows:
Liberal translation is supplementary to literal translation. Liberal
translation is employed for the purpose of expressing the original
meaning instead of reproducing the original sentence structure or
rhetorical devices. (Tan Weiguo, 2005:18)
The liberal translation approach is especially suitable for translating sentences
which are loaded with a thick flavor of the source culture and which cannot be
translated faithfully by means of the literal translation approach.
Of course, the two above-mentioned. approaches for translation are frequently employed in the process of translation of E-business English texts.
Undoubtedly, there are other translation approaches, like the approach of explanation and the literal-plus=liberal translation approach, which should also be employed flexibly and properly. As they are less frequently utilized and as they are supposed to be familiar to us, they are not discussed here in detail.
Chapter Three
Major Features of E-business English
This chapter briefly discusses the most important wording features and syntactical characteristics of E-business English, a good knowledge of which will benefit us when we engage in translation of E-business English.
3.1 Main Features of Wording
According to Liu Shuyun&Wu Libo (2002), common words in Business
English have a specific meaning. The writer of this thesis thinks that most words in Business English can be divided into technical terms and general words. Words in Business English may also be classified into compounds, derivatives, clipped words, acronyms and initialisms, etc. according to their composition.
3:1.1 Technical Terms
Technical terms refer to those words and phrases used in a particular subject, art, or craft. English technical terms normally have their corresponding equivalents in Chinese. Here is a list of technical terms in English with their counterparts in Chinese.
3.1.2 General words
General words refer to the words which are used in several subjects or professions. They may have different meanings in different contexts. For example,
the word transmission in electronics means“发射，，“播送，，，while. in mechanics it means“传达，，“变速，，;in physics, it means“透射，，;in medicine, it means“遗传”.
In E-business English, the following words have two or more than two meanings.
3.1.3 Compounds
A compound is normally a noun or an adjective composed of two or more words
or parts of words written as one or more words, or joined by a hyphen. In E-business English there are numerous compounds. Let's observe a list of compounds below.
If we examine the riieaning of a compound in business English, we normally
find that its meaning is derived from the combined lexical meanings of its components. The lexical meanings of the components are closely joined together to create a compound with a meaning one can easily reco酗ze.
But there are many compounds whose meanings are idiomatic. For example, a greenhouse is not a house that is green; it is a glass building used for growing plants which need heat, light and protection from winds(温室;玻璃暖房).
Compounds are often seen in E-business English. It is to be noted that there are many compounds which are created on a certain occasion for the sake of expression
of new ideas or new things.
3.1.4 Derivatives
Words created by derivation are called derivatives: Derivation is a very common way to create new words in English. Derivatives are of two types, those that are formed by prefixes+stems and those that are created by stems+suffixes.
3.1.
4.1 Derivatives Formed by Pre-fixation
Pre-fixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes or combining forms to stems. Prefixes occur at the beginning of derivatives. e.g.
Super-(超，超级，极)
supermarket超级市场
super=speed超高速super-secret一极秘密的
Traris-(反式，超越，横，改变)
trans-compound反式化合物一trans-configuration反式构型
transcendental function超越函数
trans-crystallization横结晶transformer变压器
3.1.
4.2 Derivatives Formed by Suffixation
Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. The following are derivatives formed by suffixation.
3.1.5 Acronyms and Initialisms
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the names of organizations or of scientific terms. For example, UNESCO==the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; radar=radio detecting and ranging.
Acronyms are pronounced as words rather than sequences of letters.
Initialisms are proper nouns, technical terms, or phrases formed by the first letters of words. There are three types of initialisms.①The letters represent full words: UN==the United Nations; VIP==very important person.②The letters
stand for elements in a compound or just part of a word: ID一identification (card); TB==tuberculosis.③A letter represents the complete form of the first word, while the second word is in full form. E.g. U-bomb==hydrogen bomb. Initialisms are read letter by letter. The following are initialisms that often appear in E-business English.
3.1.6 Words with More than One Meaning
From the historical viewpoint, polysemy; a term used in semantic analysis to
refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings, is the result of the development of words.
The change of word meaning comes from social development. As we know, language represents social existence and is the main medium of social activities.
Social development gives impetus to language development.
An outstanding example is the word "industry". Its original meaning is“勤奋的
劳作，，，later,“劳作，，entered a new historical stage, and it got the changed meaning: “有组织的生产劳动”.When the human society witnessed the establishment of manufacturing business, it began to have the meaning of“工业”.But in contemporary English, almost any kind of activity in which profits can be gained can
be called "indus抑，，.In most cases, it can take the place of "trade".
tourist industry旅游业，hotel industry旅馆业
insurance industry保险业show industry表演业
entertainment industry娱乐业book industry书籍印刷发行业
一farm industry农业
3.2 Major Characteristics of Syntax
In E-business English, we often find the following main features of syntax.
3.2.1 Frequent Use of Noun Phrases
(1) One of the e-business processes includes buying and selling over the Internet.
电子商业程序之一就是通过因特网进行买卖。
(崔刚.电子商务英语.北京:线装书局.2002. p. 2)
(2) A comprehensive B2C solution is a complete suite of secure end-to-end
electronic commerce solution.一个全面的企业与消费者方案是一套完
(同例(1)} p. 13)
Quite often, the eXpanded noun pre-modifiers (ENP) are used. ENP can take the form
of the following combinations:
2009年1月电子商务英语试题 课程代码：00888 请将答案填在答题纸相应的位置上 一、词汇和语法（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 根据句子的意思选择一个正确的答案，错选、多选或未选均无分。 1. Roscae said that he had never had to contend with any girl as fat as _________. A. her B. hers C. she D. herself 2. Many scientists believe that oil was formed in the earth _________ years ago. A. million B. millions C. million of D. millions of 3. The officer _________ his orders to the men by radio. A. reported B. transmitted C. communicated D. exchanged 4. He’s never again written _________ as his first one. A. a such good book B. a so good book C. so good a book D. such good a book 5. It wasn’t long _________ he found a job. A. until B. before C. since D. after 6. There are _________ benefits in the new system. A. concise B. tangible C. precise D. metal 7. Was it during the Second World War _________ he died? A. that B. while C. in which D. then 8. I _________ to come over to see you, but someone called and I couldn’t get away. A. intended B. would intend C. had intended D. has intended 9. He _________ to be a liar but a fool. A. thinks B. thinking C. thought D. was thought 10. He said he wouldn’t mind _________ at home. A. leaving alone B. being left alone C. to be left lonely D. to leave alone 11. He has an unusual _________ of life. A. conception B. look C. philosophy D. science 12. Professor Tate _________ about him. A. heard the students to talk B. heard the talk by the students C. heard the students talking D. heard the students talk 13. Before we commence again, let me give you a word or two of advice, _________? A. will you B. shall I C. don’t I D. won’t you
英语四级翻译常用词汇：123个中文高频成语翻译 Automation 1502 YuDeyu 一、复习建议： 1. 加强历史、文化、经济以及社会发展相关热词的积累 2. 广撒网，学习、揣摩这些话题相关的难点单句训练 做这些单句训练时，先阅读1遍整个段落，专门挑出自己觉得比较难翻的句子，然后重点练习这一句的翻译。难句会了，简单句自然不在话下。 在做单句翻译时，先尝试自己翻，翻完以后，对照答案，看解析，总结和揣摩其中好的 词汇和表达。下面请大家跟着教研君给出的常考单句示例，具体学习吧~ 1. 对于大多数年轻人来说，结婚意味着独立组建家庭，然而物价的不断上涨使这一切 变得越来越困难。 参考译文：For most young people, marriage means s etting up a family independently, which has become increasingly difficult because of the constantly rising prices. 词汇点评： 组建家庭：set up a family。有同学容易使用start a family。start a family表示begin to have children“开始生儿育女”。 越来越：一般看到“越来越”大家习惯译为more and more，比如“越来越多的人”more and more people，但译为 a growing number of people可令人眼前为之一亮；而表达“变 得越来越”的含义时，使用become increasingly的译法更好。 物价的不断上涨：constantly rising prices，而不是price rising。 表达点评： 本句是一个表转折关系的并列句，后半句中的“物价的不断上涨使这一切……”中的“这一切”指代前半句中提到的“结婚意味着独立组建家庭”，因此，用which引导的非限制性定语从句，让整个句子简洁明了。 使字句的翻译：“物价的不断上涨”是“这一切变得困难”的原因，因此处理为原因状 语，用because of…来带出原因。 2. 过去十年中国房地产（real estate）行业高速发展。 参考译文：The past decade has witnessed a high-speed development in China's real estate. 词汇点评： 十年：decade 高速发展：develop rapidly; high-speed development 表达点评：
电子商务英语试卷 一、词汇和语法(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 根据句子的意思选择一个正确的答案，并将答题纸的相应代码涂黑。错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。 1. Tom has lived in London and Manchester, but he doesn t like ______ city very much. A. either B. both C. neither D. every 2. It is proved that this substance reacts ______ as fast as the other one. A. one-tenths B. first-ten C. one-ten D. one-tenth 3. ______ were naturally a musical family, all of whom were excellent pianists. A. A Shaw B. The Shaws C. The Shaw D. Shaws 4. Nothing can ______ being unkind to small children. A. adjust B. reason C. justify D. reassure 5. English ______ all over the world as a universal language. A. is teaching B. is taught C. teaches D. teaching 6. A new type of computer is going to ______ next year.
2015大学英语四级翻译常用词组(6) rise to the challenge 接受挑战，迎战 take a chance 冒险;投机 take charge of 管理，接管 lay a claim 要求;主张，自以为 set up a claim to sth. 提出对某事物的要求 combination with 与……结合 seek comfort in 在……中寻找安慰 take comfort in 在……中得到安慰 get command of 控制 take command of 开始担任……的指挥 communication with 与……通讯;与……交流 keep company with 和……结交;和……亲热 keep sb. company 陪伴某人，陪某人同走 make a comparison between 把……进行比较
competition with/against sb. 与某人竞争keep competition between 在……之间进行竞争complaint about/of 对……抱怨 make a complaint against 控告 come to a conclusion 得出结论 have confidence in sb. 信任某人 leave sth. out of consideration 对某事不加考虑rise to the challenge 接受挑战，迎战 take a chance 冒险;投机 take charge of 管理，接管 lay a claim 要求;主张，自以为 set up a claim to sth. 提出对某事物的要求combination with 与...结合 seek comfort in 在...中寻找安慰 take comfort in 在...中得到安慰
00888电子商务英语-全国13年10月自考-试题
全国2013年10月高等教育自学考试 电子商务英语试题 课程代码：00888 一、根据句子的意思选择一个正确的答案，请将其代码填涂在“答题纸”相应的位置上。错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 1. Greece has new political leadership to help it deal with ______ debts. A. anemic B. mass C. massive D. paltry 2. Natural gas can ______ these clean resources and is cheaper than coal. A. compete B. complement C. compliment D. compare 3. He dislikes their ______of his freedom of choice. A. reduction B. restriction C. limit D. control 4. There is a clock ______in the wall. A. buried B. glued C. embedded D. closed
A. did we realize B. will we realize C. we did realize D. we will realize 二、阅读下面的短文，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，请将其代码填涂在“答题纸”相应的位置上。错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分） Passage 1 Rockwatch—The Best Club on Earth If you are a young person and interested in geology(地质学) ，then Rockwatch is the club for you. When You Join New memberships receive a Rockwatch Rox file each. This has the information and top tips you will need to start enjoying geology. It’s designed to serve as your own field notebook as well. In it you will find your： membership card full color mini-map thumbs up guide fact cards
普安县中等职业学校20１6-2017学年度第一学 期 《电子商务英语》期末考试试卷 班级姓名得分 一、单项选择题(20分) 1. I liｋe reading noｖｅl TV. A．ｒatｈer thaｎto watch B. more thanｔｏwaｔｃh Ｃ．moｒe than ｗaｔchｉng D. tｈａn waｔching 2.The shopｓｃｈool thｉｎgs tｈe stude ｎｔs. A. seｌlｓｆroｍB．sellｓto Ｃ.ｂuy from D. ｂuy to 3.Your idea a good ｏnｅ.? A. listeｎs B. hｅars C. ｓounds Ｄ. lisｔens tｏ ４.Tｈe haｖe fｏｏd ａt ｈoｍe. Ａ. ｌotｓof B. a lot C. ｍanｙ D. aｌots oｆ 5.Ｔhey ａrｅgoｎｇinｇto a new ｓchool fｏｒthｅpoor stｕｄeｎtｓ． A．set oｎＢ. puｔoｎ C. seｔｕp Ｄ. use up ６．this paiｒoｆshｏes? 80 dollaｒｓ. A. How many is B. Ｈｏｗmaｎy ａrｅ C. How ｍuch ｉs D.Hｏｗｍuｃh dｏeｓ
7．Dｏn’t ｓwｉm ｉn ｔhe riｖeｒ. It’ｓtoo Ａ. inｔeresｔing Ｂ. easy C. ｄｉfｆｉcuｌｔ D.dａngeｒou ｓ ８.The apｐlｅｓare very ｃheaｐ．I’ll soｍe. A. liｋe B．bring C．takｅ D. ｇivｅ 9.How ｍuｃｈｄid ｙoｕpay your new ｄrｅss？ A. wiｔh Ｂ. ｏn C.iｎD．for １0. Let’s see anｉｍａls iｎｔhｅｚoo this weekｅnd. A.That’s gｒeat. B. You are alｌｒiｇhｔ. Ｃ.That’s all riｇht．Ｄ.You are welcomｅ． 二、语音题:选出划线部分单词的读音与其它三项不同的一项（２0分) （)1、A、commｅrｃe Ｂ、hｏmepage C、eleｃtronｉc Ｄ、sｔock （)２、A、conveｎiｅｎt B、consumeｒC、cｏnnecｔiｏｎＤ、option （）３、A、ｂranｄB、imaginatｉoｎC、ｐlａtfｏｒｍD、locaｔioｎ （)４、A、ｗebｓite B、indeｘC、refer D、a ｃcesｓ（）5、Ａ、onlinｅＢ、click Ｃ、ｉtem Ｄ、ｐroｖidｅr （）６、Ａ、ｐoｐｕlaｒＢ、maｒｋeting C、sｍart D、caｒd
1、Access Method 网络的访问方法 2、Access Right访问（存取）权 3、Accounts 网络账号 4、Accounting Services 记账服务 5、Acknowledgment 确认 6、Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)网址解决协议 7、Addresses of Electronic Mail电子邮件地址 8、Address of Network 网络地址 9、Advertise online 网络广告 10、Alpha 阿尔法试验 11、Ask Job on Internet 网上求职 12、Advertisement on Internet 网上广告 13、AAMOF 事实上 14、AFAIK 据我所知 15、Angels 网络投资者 16、ASAP 尽快 17、Agent 代理程序 18、Alpha AXP, DEC 数字设备公司的电脑系统 19、Amazon Business Model 亚马逊商务模式 20、American National Standards Institute(ANSI) 美国国家标准协会 21、Anonymous File Transfer Protocol 匿名文件传输协议 22、AOL（American Online）美国在线 23、Application Services Proviver(ASP) 网络应用服务供应商 24、Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL)异步数字用户线 25、At Work Architecture, Microsoft Auditing 网络运作体系结构 26、Authentication and Authorization 验证和授权 27、RSA 数据安全 28、Backbone Networks 骨干网络 29、Backup and Data Archiving 备份与归档 30、Bandwidth 带宽 31、B to B (Business to Business) 企业间的电子交易 32、BBC Model BBC 模式 33、B to C 电子零售，企业对消费者的交易 34、Biz. 商业类新闻讨论组 35、BBIAB 马上回来 36、BBIAF 以后见 37、BBL稍后便回 38、BBYE 再见 39、BTW 顺便提一下 40、Bits and Bytes 比特与字节 41、Business Software 商业软件 42、Bookmark 书签 43、Bookstore Online 网上书店 44、BGP 边界网关协议 45、Bridge 网桥 46、Broadband ISDN(B-ISDN) 宽带综合业务数字网 47、Broadband Service 宽带服务 48、Browser 浏览器 48、Browsing 浏览49、Bulletin Board System (BBS) 电子公告栏 50、Buy Online 网上购物 51、Commercial Software 商业软件 52、Cyber economy 网络经济 53、CES（Consumer Electronics Show）消费性电子用品展 54、Carrier 电信公司 55、CD 光盘 56、CEO(Chief Executive Official) 首席执行官 57、CGI（Common Gateway Interface）通用网关接口 58、Channel 信道，通道，频道 59、Certification Systems 确认认证系统 60、Client/Server 客户服务器 61、Principal and Subordinate Structure 主从结构 62、Client-Server LAN Protocol 客户服务器局域网络协议 63、Client Software 用户端软件 64、Command Line Account 命令行账户 65、Commerce Net 商业网 66、Commercial Online Service 商业在线服务 67、Comparative Buy 比较购物 68、Common Mail Calls(CMC) 共同邮件呼叫 69、Communication 通讯 70、Communication Server 通讯服务器 71、Computer Network 计算机网络 72、Consumer Online 网络消费者 73、CRM（Customer Relationship Management）客户关系管理 74、Cryptography 密码术 75、C to C 消费者之间的交易 76、CPM 每千人收费 77、Cybercafés 网吧 78、CNNIC（China internet network information center） 中国互联网络信息中心 79、Customer Online 在线顾客、客户 80、CWIS（Campus Wide Information System）全校园信息系统 81、Cyber investigate for Consumer 网络消费者调查 82、Cyberspace 网络空间 83、Data Base Management System (DBMS) 数据库管理系统 84、Database Server 数据库服务器 85、Data Communications 数据通信 86、Data Encryption Standard(DES) 数据加密标准 87、Datagram Delivery Protocol(DDP) 数据报传送协议 88、Datagram Network Services 数据报网络服务 89、Data Highway 数据高速公路 90、Data Management 数据管理 91、Data Migration 数据转移 92、Data Protection 数据保护 93、Data Transfer Rates 数据传输率 94、Digital Cash 数字现金 95、Dotcom(.com) 互联网络公司 96、Desktop 台式计算机 97、Dialup Line 拨号线
2014年4月全国高等教育自学考试电子商务英语真题 课程代码：00888 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1. 答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2. 每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、根据句子的意思选择一个正确的答案。(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分) 1. All the hotels are filled to ______. A. capacity B. strength C. possibility D. length 2. From 1987 through 2012, about 700,000 new homes were sold in a/an______ year. A. regular B. normal C. average D. usual 3. He was ______ Number Three in the inner circle of the Government. A. classified B. graded C. ranked D. leveled 4. They were about to fight when their father ______. A. invaded B. participated C. joined D. intervened 5. Time is limited. Please introduce to us the progress of your work ______.
一、专业名词 1，电子商务electronic commerce 视频会议video conference 不断增长ever –increasing 供应商supplier 内部运营internal operation 组织organization 交易transaction 消费者consumer 有效率的efficient 有弹性的flexible 2，电子邮件营销email marketing 市场调研market research 提高整体营销信息enhance overall marketing message 拓展网络exploit the web 网络能力capabilities of the web 离线营销活动offline marketing activities 传统营销traditional marketing 品牌的忠诚度brand loyalty 传统促销方法traditional promotional methods 营销策略marketing strategy 3，电子银行electronic bank 家庭银行home bank 支付账单pay bills 私人网络private network 金融机构financial institutions 银行服务banking services 在线申请apply online 4，电子支付electronic payment
电子支票electronic checks 电子货币electronic money 经常账户checking accounts 数据加密data encryption 客户认证client authentication 智能卡smart cards 计算机硬盘computer hard disks 银行部门banking sector 小额支付small value payment 5．网上购物流程the flow of shopping/purchasing online 迅速发展rapid growth/development 虚拟商店virtual stores/shops 产品规格specification 电子银行cyber bank 购物中心shopping center 在线付款payment online 确认订单confirmation of the order 总金额total amount 批号date code 6，最终产品finished goods 相关信息related information 产地the point of origin 运输与配送transport &services 国际供应链管理international supply chain management 预售服务pre-retailing services 军事策略military strategy 战时物资生产wartime material production 集中于centering on 战略物资补给strategic commodities supply
电子商务英语考试试卷 （所有答题内容请写在答题纸上并标明题号，写在试卷上无效） 一、请将下列术语翻译成中文（每小题1分，共11分） 1.e-cash 2.second-hand market 3.electronic payment 4.logistics service 5.small and medium-sized firms 6.develop a website 7.B2B website 8.search engine 9.long-term： 10.Internet Marketing 11.shipping cost 二、请将下列术语翻译成英文（每小题1分，共11分） 1.商业模式 2.信用卡 3.免费运输 4.银行账户 5.主页 6.电子邮件 7.降低成本 8.拍卖网站 9.客户需求 10.原材料 11.信息产品 三、完形填空（在下列课文片段中填入遗漏的词，首字母已给出，每空2分，共12分） Businesses can g 1 （获得）many p 2 (营销) benefits from engaging in electronic commerce. e-Commerce can reduce the costof purchases, lower sales and marketing costs and b 3 （改善）the c 4 （客户）service. However, businesses are not the only beneficiaries of
e-Commerce. Consumers may also reap benefits. They can receive increased choice of vendor and p （产品）, convenience from shopping at home or office, greater amounts of I 5 (信息) that can be accessed on demand and more competitive p 6 （价格）and increased price comparison capabilities. 四、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分） https://www.doczj.com/doc/e211770351.html,e as______ as possible. A. earlier B. more early C. early D. earliest 2.Letters about products and services which you haven’t asked for and probably don’t want are call mail. A. waste B. junk C. rubbish D. useless 3.The faster the shipping, the the price. A. lower B. higher C. common D. quicker 4.How to the limited resources became one heated issue in this international conference. A. exploit B. deploy C. expend D. utilize 5.Prior ______ his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. A. to B. of C. in D. from 五、将下列句子译成中文（每题3分，共18分） 1.With the introduction of the Internet, companies, regardless of size, can communicate with each other electronically and cheaply. 2.It takes ten times more effort and more money to attract a new customer than to keep an existing customer. 3.Online shopping is becoming more and more popular in China. 4.Online shopping is becoming more and more popular in China. 5.Ebay is the largest Internet auction site in the world. 6.From the customer’s point of view, shipping costs are a major concern. 六、请在空格内填入单词的适当形式（每题2分，共10分） 1.From the customer’s point of view, (ship) costs are a major concern.
五．术语 Access to the interner访问因特网Act as充当… Accordig to根据，按照 Account for 说明（原因，理由） A fraction of…的一小部分 Aim at 针对，以…为目标 Aka又叫做 A list of …的一览表 All the time 始终 Alt替代文本标签 Align with与……一致 A myriad of大量的 Amount to 共计 https://www.doczj.com/doc/e211770351.html,亚马逊网上商城 Apply to 适用于 API应用程序接口 Apart from除*之外 A range of一系列的 As well也，还有 As needed根据需要 As apposed to与…对照之下 As follows如下 ASP:应用服务提供者 Attempt to尝试，企图 At the speed of 以*的速度 At all times 总是，一直 At ease放松 At the expense of以…为代价 At risk有危险 Attend to 处理 A tall order很难实现的要求Auction site拍卖网站 Automated reports自动生成的报告A variety of种种 Be concerned about担忧，关心 Be out of sth卖光，没有 Be aware of注意，察觉 Be immune from不受…的影响 Be restricted to局限于 Be concerned with关注 Bid on投标，出价 Boil down to 煮浓成 https://www.doczj.com/doc/e211770351.html,布公司Break into打入，进入 Break out 突然开始 business plan商业计划 Build buzz 制造热点 Businesses run on the internet 在因特网上运营的企业 Business-to-business(B2B)企业对企业的电子商务 Business-proven system业务检验系统 By means of通过，依靠 B2C企业对消费者的电子商务 B2E企业对员工的电子商务 B2ME企业对移动员工的电子商务 Cater for满足，迎合 Cater to sb迎合 Case study个案研究 Catch on 理解，弄明白 Call for需要，要求 Cell phones手机 CEO首席执行官 Click-and-mortar companies网络+实体店形式的公司 Client客户应用程序 Collaborative commerce协作商务，合作商业 CMS客户管理系统 Consist of由*组成 Come up with想出，提出 Consistent with与*相一致的 Country-specific domain国家代码域名Come into being开始存在，形成 Come along 出现 Considering that考虑到 Concentrate on专心于 Cope with应对，对付 Customer self-service客户自助服务Customer base客户群 Customized software定制软件 Customer support用户支持 Cross-ownership交叉持股，想互持股Day by day 一天一天地 Database management systems数据库管理系统 Data mining数据挖掘
湖北*******学院电子商务英语期末考试试卷 （所有答题内容请写在答题纸上并标明题号，写在试卷上无效） 一、请将下列术语翻译成英文（每小题1分，共11分） 1.信息产品 2.免费运输 3.主页 4.电子邮件 5.降低成本 6.拍卖网站 7.客户需求 8.原材料 9.信用卡 10.商业模式 11.银行账户 二、请将下列术语翻译成中文（每小题1分，共11分） 1.B2B website 2.Internet Marketing 3.electronic payment 4.shipping cost 5.small and medium-sized firms 6.long-term 7.e-cash 8.search engine 9.develop a website： 10.second-hand market 11.logistics service 三、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分） 1.The faster the shipping, the the price.
A. lower B. higher C. common D. quicker 2.How to the limited resources became one heated issue in this international conference. A. exploit B. deploy C. expend D. utilize https://www.doczj.com/doc/e211770351.html,e as______ as possible. A. earlier B. more early C. early D. earliest 4.Prior ______ his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter. A. to B. of C. in D. from 5.Letters about products and services which you haven?t asked for and probably don?t want are call mail. A. waste B. junk C. rubbish D. useless 四、完形填空（在下列课文片段中填入遗漏的词，首字母已给出，每空2分，共12分） Businesses can gain many potential benefits from engaging in electronic commerce. e-Commerce can reduce the c 1 （成本）of purchases, lower sales and m 2 (营销) costs and b 3 （改善）the customer service. However, businesses are not the only beneficiaries of e-Commerce. C 4 （消费者）may also reap benefits. They can receive increased choice of vendor and p （产品）, convenience from shopping at home or office, greater amounts of I 5 (信息) that can be accessed on demand and more competitive p 6 （价格）and increased price comparison capabilities. 五、请在空格内填入单词的适当形式（每题2分，共10分） 1.Our office is____ ____（locate）at the end of the road. 2.Searching by keyword is the most common method of ____ ____（use）a search engine. 3. The factory is carrying out a series technological reforms in order to __ __(reduce) the cost of production. 4. From the customer?s point of view, (ship) costs are a major concern. 5. The focus of banner (advertise) was often on traffic quantity and not traffic quality. 六、将下列句子译成中文（每题3分，共18分） 1.Online shopping is becoming more and more popular in China.
B2C（Business to Customer）企业与消费者之间的电子商务 B2B（Business to Business）企业与企业之间的电子商务 B2G（Business to Government企业与政府方面的电子商务 C2C（Customer-to-Customer消费者与消费者之间的电子商务 13、（Custom Relationship Management, CRM）客户关系管理是企业在营销、销售和服务业范围内对现实的和潜在的客户关系以及业务伙伴关系进行多渠道管理的一系列过程和技术，最终实现提高客户获得、客户保留、客户忠诚和客户创利的目的。 CRP连续补货系统 CA (Certification Authority)是认证机构的国际通称，它是对数字证书的申请者发放、管理、取消数字证书的机构。认证机构相当于一个权威可信的中间人，它的职责是核实交易各方的身份，负责电子证书的发放和管理。 (Digital Certificate，Digital ID) 数字证书又称为数字凭证或数字标识，也被称作CA证书，实际是一串很长的数学编码，包含有客户的基本信息及CA的签字，通常保存在计算机硬盘或IC卡中。 14、e-CRM 电子客户关系管理是指企业借助网络环境下信息获取和交流的便利，并充分利用数据仓库和数据挖掘等先进的智能化信息处理技术，把大量客户资料加工成信息和知识，用来辅助企业经营决策，以提高客户满意度和企业竞争力的一种过程或系统解决方案。 36、(E-Cash) 电子现金：是以数字化形式存在的现金存币，因此也称为数字现金。它把现金数值转换也为一系列的加密序列数，通过这些序列数来表示现实中金额的币值。 37、（E-Cheque）电子支票：将支票改变为有数字签名的报文或者是利用数字电文代替支票的全部信息，这种支票就是电子支票。 1、EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) EDI处理和传输的数据是参与贸易各方之间的商业文件。 文件传输采用国际公认的EDI标准报文格式，通过专门的计算机网络实现。信息的发送，接收与处理是由计算机自动进行的，无需人工干预。 2、EDI标准 EDI标准是国际上制定的一种用于在电子函件中书写商务报文的规范和国际标准 3 Electronic Commerce（EC）电子商务，后来美国又出现Electronic Business（EB）的概念，中文也多译作“电子商务”（少数译作“电子业务”）。 4、Electronic Commerce强调的是网络环境下的商业化应用，是把买家、卖家、厂商和合作伙伴在因特网（Internet）、企业内部网(Intranet)和外部网(Extranet)结合起来的应用，特别是网上电子贸易； Electronic Business不仅仅是网上贸易，也不限于商业化应用，而是电脑网络在社会各个领域的全面应用 23、EOS电子订货系统