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国际贸易实务双语示范课案例精选[全文] 国际贸易实务(双语)
案例集
山东工商学院中加学院
国际贸易教研室
2009-8
目录
1【Case 1】CIF or Not?
2【Case 2】CFR & Shipping Notice
3【Case 3】CFR & Goods Quality
4【Case 4】The buyer delays the sending of the vessel under
FOB1>.
5【Case 5】Damage caused by serious quality mistake 6【Case 6】Fraud by quality clause
8【Case 7】The buyer refuses to take delivery because of shortage 9【Case 8】Damage caused by improper packing 10【Case 9】Missing address in documentary collection 11【Case 10】Refusal of payment under D/P 12【Case 11】A dispute caused by D/A
13【Case 12】D/P changed into D/A
14【Case 13】Discrepancies in documents 1 15【Case 14】Discrepancies in documents 2 16【Case 15】Discrepancies in documents 3 17【Case 16】Discrepancies in documents 4 18【Case 17】Discrepancies in documents 5
19【Case 18】Discrepancies in documents 6 20【Case 19】Dispute on
partial shipment
23【Case 20】Is it a right decision?
24【Case 21】The issuing bank refuses to make payment
25【Case 22】Damage caused by early shipment
26【Case 23】“Gum” or “Gum Rosin”?
27【Case 24】A quantity clause with “about”
28【Case 25】 Trap clause 1
30【Case 26】Trap clause 2
31【Case 27】Whose fault is it?
33【Case 28】Silence amount to acceptance?
34【Case 29】A promise made to be broken
【Case 1】CIF or Not?
An import and export company H in China signed with a British company D a contract on CIF basis, whereby company H exported some light industrial products to company D. There were two special clauses in the contract: (1). “The goods must be shipped to a port in Britain fro m Shanghai in October 1996; the relevant L/C opened by company D
should reach company H by the end of August; company H must guarantee that the loaded vessel arrives at the destination not later than December 1. (2) Should the loaded vessel arrive at the port of destination later than December 1, company D is entitled to cancel the contract. If the payment has been made at the time, it must be returned to company D exactly the amount.” After that, in the course of
clearing up contract files, a controversy arose in company H about the nature of this CIF contract. Some people held the opinion that the contract was on CIF basis in spite of the two particular terms, giving following reasons: firstly, the contract was signed under the trade term of CIF, which indicated the nature of the contract; secondly, company D made such special requirements only to protect their benefits; thirdly, the contract provided payment by L/C, which was in accordance with CIF term’s characteristic of payment against documents. Othe rs believed
that according to INCOTERMS 2000, the seller’s delivery obligations are fulfilled as long as the seller has completed shipment of goods at the appointed point and handed over to the buyer documents stipulated in the contract and so the seller is not required to guarantee the arrival of goods at the destination. Therefore, this contract was a false CIF contract, as it changed the nature of CIF term by taking physical delivery as a condition of fulfillment. The contract must be renegotiated. Finally, company H reached a common perception and got the two special clauses amended through negotiation with company D. The contract was carried out smoothly.
Analysis:
Although the contract was concluded on CIF basis, it was not a genuine CIF contract. This case
indicates the significance of CIF term’s sphere of application. The two special clauses in the original contract not only contradicted with
the nature of CIF term, but also disagreed with the practices of international justice and arbitration.
First, the original contract not only set a limit to the date of arrival, but also stipulated that the buyer was entitled to cancel the contract or demand back the payment that had already been made. Evidently, the restrictive date of arrival served not as the date of payment, but as a condition of payment. Therefore, legally the contract was not a genuine CIF contract as it made physical delivery a condition of payment.
Second, under CIF terms, the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes from the seller to the buyer when the goods have passed the ship’s rail at the port of shipment. A contract that expands the buyer’s risk from the port of shipment to the port of destination is not a CIF contract. According to the provision in the original contract, company H was obligated to refund the payment in case of natural calamities or accidents during the course of delivering the goods, which evidenced that the seller assumed all the risks during the transport.
Third, under CIF terms, the buyer must make payment against documents rather than against the arrival of the goods at the port of destination, provided that the seller has fulfilled his delivery obligations and presented the required documents. As per the original contract, whether company H could receive the payment for goods or not depended on buyer’s receiving on schedule. Although the seller might receive the payment by means of L/C, the payment would be taken back by
the buyer if the goods could not duly arrive at the port of destination. Besides, company D could take advantage of relevant L/C clauses that are in accordance with those in the contract to deny the seller the payment for goods. Company H could hardly make a claim for his rights under a normal CIF contract since this contract was the one “in name but not in reality”.
【Case 2】CFR & Shipping Notice
An import and export company in China signed an export contract with an importer in Marseilles, France on drawnwork tablecloth with an amount of USD80, 000, payment by D/P at sight.
On the morning of January 8, 1997, the goods were all loaded onto
the named vessel. The export salesperson in charge of this contract got so busy that he did not remember to send the buyer the shipping advice until the next morning. Unexpectedly, when the French importer went to the local insurance company to insure the goods, the latter had already learned that the ship suffered a wreck on January 9 and refused to underwrite the goods. The French importer immediately sent a telex saying, “owing to your delayed sh ipping advice, we are unable to insure the goods
because the vessel has been destroyed in a wreck. The loss of goods should be for your account. At the same time, you should compensate our profit and expense losses which amount to USD8, 000.” Soon all the shipping documents sent through the collecting bank were returned to the
export company, for the reason that the importer refused to take up the documents. Being a
regular client of the exporter’s, the French importer did not
insist on claiming for compensation after the exporter explained his difficult situation and apologized for the whole thing. However, the exporter should learn his lesson from this experience.
Analysis:
1. Under CFR terms, all the risks, duties and expenses after goods’ passing sh ip’s rail are normally borne by the buyer. However, Incoterms 2000 provides that “the seller must give the buyer sufficient notice……”. Here the word “sufficient” refers to both “sufficient” content and “sufficient” time. The latter means the seller must gi ve the shipping notice in a timely manner to
allow sufficient time for the buyer to effect insurance of the goods. The later the seller sends the shipping notice, the less time the buyer has to insure the goods. In this case, the buyer’s failure to send t he “sufficient notice” led to his loss of both goods and money. On the other hand, if the
seller had informed the buyer immediately after shipping the goods, the buyer would have insured the goods in time at the local insurance company. In that case, the insurance company would have assumed its liability for compensation even if the accident had happened prior to
the buyer’s effecting insurance as both the buyer and the insurance company were ignorant of the accident. Thus, it can be seen how
important it is to send the shipping advice to the buyer in time under CFR terms. That is why shipping advice is often referred to as “insurance notice” in trade practices.
2. When CFR terms or FOB terms are used in combination with payment by collection, the buyer ma y cover the goods against “seller’s
interest risk” before exporting the goods to counteract the buyer’s failure to effect insurance or the buyer’s refusal to retire the documents. Had the seller in this case covered the shipment against the said risk, the loss would have been somewhat mitigated.
【Case 3】CFR & Goods Quality
A French company imported a batch of wheat on CFR basis. The
contract provided that the landing quality of the goods should be taken as final. However, when the goods arrived at the destination, the import quarantine bureau detained the goods as they had found that the goods contained a great deal of bacterium forbidden to enter the country. Unfortunately, the goods were consumed by a fire while in detainment. A dispute broke out between the buyer and the seller.
Analysis:
Under CFR terms, the buyer should bear all the risks after the goods have passed the ship’s rail and been loaded on board. However, should the seller be held responsible for any default before that point?
In this case, it was the seller who should assume the risks. The reason is that although this was a CFR contract, the seller breached it by delivering the goods which failed to meet the quality standard
provided in the contract. This fundamental default has caused the detainment and then the loss of the goods. Therefore, while the risks had been transferred to the buyer, the seller’s default returned the risks to the seller.
Of course, under CFR contract, when the seller’s default is not fundamental, the buyer should bear all the risks for any loss of the goods at the port of destination. Meanwhile, the seller should make due compensation to the buyer as per the contract and relevant laws.
【Case 4】The buyer delays the sending of the vessel under FOB.
Company A in China signed a contract on FOB basis to export wheat to Company B in Africa. It was contracted that shipment should be made in four lots. The shipping clause ran as follows: “the vessel nominated by the buyer should reach the port of shipment within eight days before the date of shipment. Otherwise, any of the seller’s loss or damage thus incurred shall be borne by the buyer.” The contract also specified, “The buyer must give the seller a notice of vessel name and the estimated date of arrival by telecommunication five days before the vessel arrives at the port of shipment.” During the course of fulfillment, the first three lots were shipped smoothly according to the contract. However, the buyer was slow to send the vessel for the last shipment. In reply t o Company A’s repeated urges, company B said that they were unable to book shipping
space because of shipping company’s busy schedule and asked for postponing delivery for two months. Company A replied as follows:
“according to the contract, you are bound to send the vessel to pick up the goods. In case of any difficulties in this aspect, we may allow you to delay the shipment on condition that you make a compensation which amounts to USD200, 000.” Finally, the bargain of compensation was settled at USD150, 000 and company B was allowed to
delay vessel sending for two months.
Analysis:
Under FOB terms, it is the buyer’s obligation to arrange for delivering the goods. With reference to INCOTERMS 2000, “the buyer must contract at his own expense for the carriage of the goods from the named port of shipment.” It also provides that “the buyer must give the seller sufficient notice of the vessel name, loading point and required delivery time”. If the buyer’s vessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment duly, or fails to accept the goods, or stops loading ahead of the schedule specified in the contract, all the risks and loss of and damage to the goods are to be borne by the buyer as of the appointed date for delivering the goods or the expiry date of the time limit.
It was learned later that during the implementation of the last shipment, the international market price of wheat dropped drastically, which greatly influenced the sales of company B who then attempted to cancel the delivery of the last shipment by hanging it up. However, company A made good use of INCOTERMS explanation for FOB terms and protected its own interests through proper means.
【Case 5】Damage caused by serious quality mistake
An export company in China concluded a deal on edible citric acid. While delivering the goods, they mistook inedible citric acid for the edible kind. Not until several days after the vessel’s departure did they discover the mistake. By now, the relevant documents had already been sent by the negotiating bank. To avoid severe consequences, the export company tried to withhold the documents at the post office, while, on the other hand, it urgently informed the ocean shipping agency to ask the agent in Hong Kong to intercept the goods when the ship called at
the port. Though an accident has been avoided, the export company has suffered a great loss.
Analysis:
It can be clearly seen in this case that the export company has severely violated the stipulations of relevant international conventions. CISG indicates that the seller must supply the goods of contracted quality; otherwise, the buyer is entitled to claim compensation or to reject the goods and cancel the contract. It is a very serious fault for the export company to have mistaken inedible citric acid for the edible kind. If the mistake had remained undiscovered, and the
inedible citric acid had been misused in food, serious consequences would have occurred. While found out early, the mistake has caused great troubles in handling the matter and a consequent loss therefrom.
There are two lessons to be drawn from the case:
a. A sound management system should be established. Follow-ups are necessary to ensure that the goods are manufactured in accordance with the orders.
b. The personnel in charge should develop strong sense of responsibility. If the personnel in charge had marked “edible” or
“for industrial use”, the said accident could have been avoided.
【Case 6】Fraud by quality clause
In October 1997, a Chinese enterprise signed a sales contract with a Hong Kong trading company. The contract prescribed that the buyer should order from the seller 5000 metric tons of castiron well cover on FOB basis at unit price USD610/MT. The total amount reached USD3, 050, 000. It was also provided in the contract that the goods should be shipped bimonthly in ten equal lots, 500 metric tons each lot. The goods must be manufactured according to the sample provided by the buyer and must go through the buyer’s examination before acceptance.
According to the quality clause, the surface of the casting should
be smooth, and there must not be any casing defects such as cracks, air holes, sand holes, shrinkage holes, and slag inclusions etc.
The contract also stipulated “that the seller must pay a sum of caution money equal to 10% of the payment of the first delivery; the seller may take back the caution money within 5 days after the first delivery of 500 tons of goods have been found to meet the quality standard; the seller must ask the buyer to come to the place of origin to sample the goods and sign a quality confirmation document; the buyer
has the right to reject the goods if they do not meet the quality requirement; without mutual agreement, neither party should terminate the contract unilaterally, otherwise all the economic losses thus incurred will be sustained by the party who
terminates the contract.”
The seller remitted the caution money of RMB250, 000 to the buyer immediately after signing the sales contract, and put in a lot of work and money to trial-produce the product as p er the buyer’s pattern.
After producing some samples, the seller telexed the buyer to inspect the samples as per the agreement so that the seller may start the mass production once the samples were recognized. However, the buyer at first excused himself from coming with a busy schedule, and then proposed that the buyer ask the local commodity inspection office to conduct the inspection instead of the seller. In order to obtain the quality confirmation for the timely delivery of the goods, the seller had to accept the proposal. When the quality inspectors came and checked the contract and the complementary agreement, they found that the word “smooth”
appearing in the first clause of quality was a vague concept without any specific criteria, and that the hidden danger of the second clause was even greater. The inspectors immediately realized that this was probably a fraud by means of quality clauses. Having sealed up the sample for keeping, the inspectors asked the seller to urge the buyer to come round for inspection as provided in the contract, and told the
seller not to produce on a large scale before obtaining the quality confirmation. However, the buyer did not come, but claimed in the reply that they were going to sue the buyer because the buyer had not produced the required products within the time limit provided in the contract and thus constituted a default. Not until then did the seller completely wake up to the reality that the Hong Kong Company had not only swindled the caution money but also made a false countercharge.
Later it was evidenced that the Hong Kong Company had defrauded several other trading companies on Chinese mainland. With the help of the inspection office, the seller stopped the production to avoid
further loss. However, the caution money could not be recovered.
Analysis:
This is a typical case of defraud in which the buyer took advantage of the evadable contract. The so-called evadable contract means that one of the two parties tricks the other party into a default by signing a contract, which bears one or more clauses that are impossible for the other party to meet. This kind of contract has the following characteristics: (1) there is always an attractive price clause serving as the “bait”; (2) there are impracticable or ambiguous technical standards serving as the “trap”; (3) there is always a caution money clause or a penalty clause; (4) the target is always the poorly managed and inexperienced small trading companies who are eager for instant profit.
Here are some countermeasures:
(1) Be cautious about your trading partner. Investigation should be made on the creditability of the trading partner.
(2) Make sure that quality clause is reasonable. Quality clause matters because it provides the only basis by which both the seller and the buyer evaluate the goods. Therefore, whether the
seller can fulfill the contract or not depends on whether a reasonable quality clause can be reached or not. An ambiguous quality clause without any specific criteria or range is unacceptable. For those products that are hard to get away from potential defects, methods like specifications, grades, quality tolerance can be applied to define quality. Otherwise, the seller may give the buyer a handle and find himself in a passive position.
(3) Ask the departments concerned to check the contract. In China, most defraud cases are attributable to the loopholes in contracts. Therefore, it is necessary for the foreign trade companies to consult certain departments about technical problems before signing the contract and, after signing the contract, ask organizations such as commodity inspection bureau, CCPIT and law consultation service to look through the contract so as to revise or terminate the contract when necessary.
(4) Do not easily accept caution money clause or penalty clause and the like. These clauses are added to the contract only when the deal is truly substantial to avoid any damage to the other party.
(5) Try to convert the “buyer’s sample” into “counter sample”.
【Case 7】The buyer refuses to take delivery because of shortage
An export company in China signed a fruit export contract with a Hungarian firm, payment to be made upon the acceptance inspection after the arrival of the goods. However, the goods arrived were found to be 10% short in total weight; the individual weight was also less than that stipulated in the contract. The Hungarian firm neither made payment nor took the delivery. The fruits all rot away. The Hungary’s custom charged the export company USD50, 000 for the storage
and disposal of the goods. The export company got into a hobble.
Analysis:
Quantity of goods is one of the indispensable terms of international sales contract of goods. According to the laws of certain countries, the quantity of the goods delivered by the seller must agree with the stipulation of the contract, otherwise the buyer has the right to claim for compensation or even reject the goods. In this case, although the export company was
apparently in a passive position, it was possible to retrieve the loss by arguing on just grounds. First, the export company should investigate whether the shortage of weight was caused by normal loss during transportation or by its own default. If the export company was
in breach of the contract, it should be identified whether the breach was fundamental or not. Should the breach was not fundamental, the Hungarian firm had no right to reject the goods and refuse to make payment but could only demand price reduction or compensation for the loss. Should the breach was fundamental, the Hungarian firm might reject
the goods, but it should take good care of the goods, or resell the
fresh goods on behalf of the seller to reduce the loss to the minimum. CISG Article 86 specifies clearly “If the buyer has received the goods and intends to exercise any
right under the contract or this Convention to reject them, he must take such steps to preserve them as are reasonable in the circumstances. He is entitled to retain them until he has been reimbursed his reasonable expenses by the selle r.” The Hungarian firm failed to
fulfill the obligation to preserve the goods and abate the loss. Therefore, the export company should negotiate with the Hungarian firm about the damage of the goods and retrieve the loss as much as possible.
【Case 8】Damage caused by improper packing
A Chinese company imported some flammable liquid chemical raw
material from a French company. When the goods arrived at the destination, it was found that there was a slight leakage caused by the defect in a few packages. However, the Chinese company failed to take
any measures to save the loss and prevent the damage from expanding. As
a result, the leakage worsened after the warehousing of the goods and
led to a self-ignited fire. Afterwards, the Chinese company claimed against the French company for full compensation of the total loss, but was refused.
Analysis:
In 5>view of the situation in this case, the buyer could not make a claim for the total
loss. While receiving the goods, the buyer had already taken possession of the goods. Besides, with the awareness of the leakage and the knowledge about the danger of the inflammability of the goods, the buyer should have taken reasonable precautions to prevent the expansion of the damage. Under these circumstances, it was the buyer’s responsibilities to protect the goods and prevent the damage from expanding. Since the goods’ self-ignition had resulted from the buyer’s failure to fulfill such responsibilities, the seller
should not answer for the expansion of the damage. As per CISG
Article 86 (1), the buyer was only entitled to claim the compensation
for the damage caused by the slight leakage induced by the deficiency of the few packages, rather than claim the compensation for the damage expanded because of the buyer’s failure to take precautions. Therefore, the French company was justified in turning down the claim against total loss lodged by the Chinese company.
【Case 9】Missing address in documentary collection
An agricultural products import and export company (company A) in China sold a batch of Hempseeds worth USD985, 000. It was written in the contract that “payment by the seller’s draft 20 days after sight to be accepted by the buyer upon presentation. Documents are to be delivered to the buyer against acceptance. Payment is to be made on the date of maturity.” Company A shipped the goods according to the contract on time and presented the documents on March 15 to its remitting bank for
collection. The remitting bank appointed Bank D.K. as the collecting bank and mailed the documents to it.
On April 25, a message was received from company B, the buyer:
“Re xxxxx tons of Hempseeds under Contract No. xxxxx, as per your shipping notice on March 14, we have contacted the shipping agency. The goods have arrived for a long time, but presently we still have not received the documents covering the goods. Please check with your bank about it.”
Company A replied on April 28:
“Thank you for your fax of April 25. Re xxxxx tons of H empseeds under Contract No. xxxxx, we have checked and hereby confirm that we entrusted the handling of D/A 20 days to Bank C on March 15. Bank C sent the documents to you on March 16. Please check.”
On April 30, company B sent another message:
“Thank yo u for your fax of April 28. We have inquired our correspondent bank W repeatedly but found nothing related to this collection. Please find it out with the collecting bank D. K. through your remitting bank. Look forward to your reply.”
Upon receiving the message, company A contacted the remitting bank who at the same time received a message from the collecting bank D. K.: “We acknowledge documents No.xxxxx and the collection instruction. Because the drawee’s
address on the documents and the collection order is not in detail (only contains the name of the city, no road name and house number), we
have tried hard to find it out but in vain. Please tell us immediately what to do.”
Checking with the file copies, company A found that what the collecting bank said was indeed the case. The person who dealt with this business missed out the drawee’s address when filling out relevant instructions to the documentation department. Company A also realized that it should have chosen Bank W, the correspondent bank of the payer, as the collecting bank. In fact, as company A did not appoint collecting bank, the remitting bank chose Bank D. K., which had no business relations with the payer, to do the job.
After study, the remitting bank immediately sent the detailed address of the payer to Bank D. K. so that Bank D. K. could make presentment for acceptance.
However, a protest note was received from the collecting bank. Because of the delayed documents, the buyer could not pick up the goods in time. As a result, the goods were first damaged by rain and then were stored in the customs warehouse with high expenses. Therefore, the buyer refused to make acceptance.
Company A negotiated with the buyer but could not reach agreement. Finally, company A had to commit the goods to an institution stationed in the buyer’s country for disposal and sustained a big loss.
Analysis:
In accordance with URC522 Article 4. b. iii, a collecting
instruction should include “details of the
drawee including full name, postal address, or the domicile at which presentation is to be made and if applicable telex, telephone and facsimile numbers.” It is also provided in Article 4. c that “collection instructions should bear the complete address of the drawee or of the domicile at
which the presentation is to be made. If the address is incomplete
or incorrect, the collecting bank may, without any liability and responsibility on its parts, endeavor to ascertain the proper address. The collecting bank will not be liable or responsible for any ensuring del ay as a result of an incomplete/incorrect address being provided.”
Obviously, in this case, the collecting bank was not responsible for the loss incurred because company A did not provide detailed address of the drawee on the collection instruction.
【Case 10】Refusal of payment under D/P
An agricultural products import and export company (company A) in China exported a batch of frozen prawns to company B. The contract provided that “payment by draft drawn on buyer payable at sight, documents against payme nt.” Company A followed the stipulation of the contract and shipped the goods on September 15.
In July of that year, the buyer sent company A a notice of relocation. Due to negligence, the person who prepared the documents applied the old address to the “notified party” on the bill of lading and the collection instruction. Meanwhile, considering safety of payment, company A made out the bill of lading “to order of The
贸易术语 1. 我国某出口公司与外商按CIF Landed London 条件出口一批货物，合同规定，商品的数量为500箱，以信用证方式付款，5 月份装运。买方按照合同规定的开证时间将信用证开抵卖方。货物顺利装运完毕后，卖方在信用证规定的交单期内办好了议付手续并收回货款。久，卖方收到买方寄来的货物在伦敦港的卸货费和进口报关费的收据，要求我方按收据金额将款项支付给买方。 问：我方是否需要支付这笔费用？为什么？答：对于在伦敦港的卸货费，应该由我方支付；但是进口报关费，不应由我方支付。因为我某出口公司与外商按CIF Landed London 条件成交，所以支付的运费应该包括卸至伦敦港码头的卸货费。但是CIF 贸易术语项下的进口清关是买方的义务，因此，我方不需支付进口报关费。 2. 我方以FCA 贸易术语从意大利进口布料一批，双方约定最迟的装运期为4月12 日，由于我方业务员的疏忽，导致意大利出口商在4月15日才将货物交给我方指定的承运人。当我方收到货物后，发现部分货物有水渍，据查是因为货交承运人前两天大雨淋湿所致。据此，我方向意大利出口商提出索赔，但遭到拒绝。 问：我方的索赔是否有理？为什么？答：无理。因为FCA 项下，我进口方负责运输，但我方未在合同约定的装运期内派去运输工具，导致卖方无法及时交货，所以在运输工具晚到的时间内发生的损失应该由我进口方承担。 3. 我方与荷兰某客商以CIF 条件成交一笔交易，合同规定以信用证为付款方式。卖方收到买方开来的信用证后，及时办理了装运手续，并制作好一整套结汇单据。在卖方准备到银行办理议付手续时，收到买方来电，得知载货船只在航海运输途中遭遇意外事故，大部分货物受损。据此，买方表示将等到具体货损情况确定以后，才同意银行向卖方支付货款。 问：1）卖方可否及时收回货款，为什么？ 2）买方应该如何处理此事？ 答：（1）卖方可以及时收回货款。首先，CIF 术语成交属于象征性交货，其特点是卖方凭单交货，买方凭单付款；其次，CIF 术语成交的条件下，卖方在办理了装运后，并制作好单据后，已完成了交货义务且风险也已转移给了买方。 （2）买方应及时与保险公司取得联系，凭保险单及有关的证据向保险公司提出索赔。 4. 我方以CFR贸易术语与B国的H公司成交一批消毒碗柜的出口合同，合同规定装运时间 为4月15日前。我方备妥货物，并于4月8日装船完毕。由于遇星期日休息，我公司的业务员未及时向买方发出装运通知，导致买方未能及时办理保险手续，而货物在4月8日晚因发生了火灾被火烧毁。 问：货物损失责任由谁承担，为什么？答：货物损失的责任由我方承担。因为，在CFR 术语成交的情况下，租船订舱和办理投保手续分别由卖方和买方办理。因此，卖方在装船完毕后应及时向买方发出装运通知以便买方办理投保手续，否则，由此而产生的风险应由卖方承担。本案中，因为我方未及发出装运通知，导致买方未能及时办理投保手续，未能将风险及时转移给保险公司，因风险应由我方承担。 品质 1、买卖合同中的数量条款规定“ 100M/T 5% more or less at seller ' s option”, 则根据《公约》的规定，卖方最多和最少可交多少公吨货物？多交部分如何作价？若双方未约定多交部分如
合同的标的至货物的交付 商品的名称name of commodity 凭买方样品买卖sale by seller’s sample 凭买方样品买卖sale by buyer’s sample 代表性样品representative sample=原样original sample =标准样品type sample 复样duplicate sample=留样keep sample 对等样品counter sample=回样return sample 色彩样品color sample 花样款式样品pattern sample 参考样品reference sample 免费样品free sample 推销样品selling sample 装运样品shipping sample ，shipment sample 到货样品outturn sample 检验用样品sample for test
凭文字说明买卖sale by description 凭规格买卖sale by specification 凭等级买卖sale by grade 凭标准买卖sale by standard 良好平均品质Fair Average Quality 或F.A.Q 凭产地名称或凭地理标志买卖sale by name of origin , or sale by geographical indication 凭说明书和图样买卖sale by description and illustration Quality and technical data to be strictly in conformity with the description submitted by the seller 仅供参考For Reference Only 质量公差quality tolerance 毛重gross weight 以毛作净gross for net 净重net weight 按实际皮重real tare , or actual tare 按平均皮重average tare 按习惯皮重customary tare 按约定皮重computed tare 按公量计重conditioned weight 按理论重量计重theoretical weight 法定重量legal weight
《国际贸易实务》（英汉双语）课程设计大纲 课程类别：必修学时：72 课程性质：理论教学学分：4 适用专业：外文系、管理系、政法系等国贸专业、英语专业开课教研室：外文系、管理系、政法系专业教研室 一、课程设计基本目的、任务及课程建设指导思想 根据21世纪社会、经济、科技文化发展趋势，中国入世后对各类人才需求类型的变化，客观上使高等教育改革势在必行，培养既熟悉外贸业务，又精通英语的合格人才是当前大学教育面临的一个迫切任务。《国际贸易实务》是一门主要研究国际商品交换的基本知识、基本规则和具体操作技术的学科，也是一门具有涉外经济活动特点的实践性很强的综合性、应用性学科。该课程是我院外文系经贸英语专业、管理系市场营销专业、政法系国际贸易实务等专业的专业主干课程，有着独特的重要地位。 本课程比较系统地讲述了进出口业务环节，使我系经贸英语方向的学生既能够学到国际贸易进出口的基本专业知识，又能够提高和巩固英语语言应用能力，有利于学生能更好地就业，并且能很快地胜任对外贸易工作。本课程主要的任务是掌握国际贸易的基本知识并能较熟练地用英语进行阐述。 同时，为了更好地实施《国际贸易实务》课的教学改革，积极探索新型人才培养模式，我们逐渐确立了“三融合”的教学理念和“双主”教学思想。
所谓“三大融合”即： 1. 把知识传授与技能训练及职业态度培养有机融合起来，使三者相互融通，相互促进； 2. 把综合能力、创新能力和实践能力的培养有机融合起来，并强调以实践能力培养为中心，使三者相互作用，协同提高； 3. 把素质教育、知识传授与能力培养有机融合起来，使学生的知识、能力和素质结构优化、全面协调发展。 “双主”教育思想是一种既发挥教师的主导作用，同时又要充分体现学生的认知主体作用，即要把“教师中心”和“学生中心”两者的长处吸收过来，又要把两者的消极因素加以避免的教学思想。这就要求教师在一般的“传递-接受”教学活动后，通过多种手段向学生提供精心组织的情景，让学生在情景中运用教师讲过的原理、原则，主动思考、主动探索、主动发现，从而完成教学目的。 在“三融合”和“双主”教学思想的指导下，《国际贸易实务》课程组展开了一系列的教学改革，并取得了一定的成效。 二、课程设计的基本内容和教学要求 《国际贸易实务》是我院外文系、政法系、管理系相关专业必修的专业主干课之一。是一门专门研究国际间商品交换具体过程和习惯性做法的应用学科，也是一门具有涉外经济活动特点的实践性很强的综合性应用学科。 《国际贸易实务》课程的主要任务是，从贸易实践和法律的角度，
国际贸易实务习题及答案-免费
国际贸易实务习题及答案 选择/判断 合同的商定与履行： 一、判断以下说法正确与否： 1. 在国际贸易中，达成一项交易的两个必不可少的环节是发盘和接受。（）√ 2. 发盘必须明确规定有效期限，未规定有效期的发盘无效。（）× 3. 一项有效的发盘，一旦被受盘人无条件地全部接受，合同即告成立。（）√ 4. 在交易磋商过程中，发盘是卖方作出的行为，接受是由买方作出的行为。（）× 5. 按《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》规定，一项发盘发出后，发盘人可以随时将其撤销。（）× 6. 还盘是对发盘的拒绝，还盘一经作出，原发盘即失去效力，发盘人不再受其约束。（）√ 7. 一项接受，可以由受盘人作出，也可由发盘人作出。（）√ 8. 国际货物买卖交易磋商中的接受，应以声明或行动表示，但在特定条件下，缄默也可以构成接受。（√）9. 逾期送达发盘人的接受，只要发盘人默认，合同即成立。（）× 10. 因传递原因造成逾期接受，如发盘人未及时表示同意
间为（）。BD A.发盘发出后 B.发盘生效前 C.发盘生效后 D.发盘到达受盘人的同时 E.受盘人表示接受前 6.根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定，受盘人对以下哪些内容提出添加或更改，均视为实质性变更发盘条件（）。ABCD A.价格 B.付款 C.品质 D.交货时间与地点 E.不可抗力 贸易术语价格 判断以下说法正确与否： 1.按CIF贸易术语成交，卖方的责任应在目的港交货。× 2.我国按CIF条件出口某项商品，合同规定按信用证付款方式成交，买方在约定时间内未开来信用证，但约定的装运期已到，为了重合同和守信用，我方仍应按期发运货物，以免影响我国对外信誉。× 3.我国从日本进口货物，如按FOB条件成交，需由我方派船到日本口岸接运货物；如按CIF条件成交，则由日方租船舶将货物运往中国港口。可见，我方按FOB进口承担的货物运输风险，比按CIF进口承担的风险大。× 4. 按DES 术语成交，卖方是否投保，由其自便，按CIF 术语成交，卖方则必须投保。√
国际贸易实务案例精选
国际贸易实务案例精选 一、我国某出口公司向英国出口一批大豆，合同规定：“水份最高为14%，杂质不超过2.5%。”在成交前，该出口公司曾向买方寄过样品，订约后该出口公司又电告买方成交货物与样品相似，当货物运至英国后买方提出货物与样品不符，并出示了当地检验机构的检验证书，证明货物的品质比样品低7%，但未提出品质不符合合同的品质规定。买方以此要求该出口公司赔偿其15000英磅的损失。请问该出口公司是否该赔？本案给我们什么启示？ 二、我某出口公司与德国一家公司签定出口一批农产品的合同。其中品质规格为：水分最高15%，杂质不超过3%，交货品质以中国商检局品质检验为最后依据。但在成交前我方公司曾向对方寄送过样品，合同签定后又电告对方，确认成交货物与样品相似。货物装运前由中国商检局品质检验签发品质规格合格证书。货物运抵德国后，该外国公司提出：虽然有检验证书，但货物品质比样品差，卖方有责任交付与样品一致的货物，因此要求每吨减价6英磅。
我公司以合同中并未规定凭样交货为由不同意 减价。于是，德国公司请该国某检验公司检验，出具了所交货物平均品质比样品差7%的检验证明，并据此提出索赔要求。我方不服，提出该产品系农产品，不可能做到与样品完全相符，但不至于低7%。由于我方留存的样品遗失，无法证明，最终只好赔付一笔品质差价。试对本案例进行评析？ 三、1997年10月，香港某商行向内地一企业按FOB条件订购5000吨铸铁井盖，合同总金额为305万美元（约人民币2534.5万元）。货物由买方提供图样进行生产。该合同品质条款规定：铸件表面应光洁；铸件不得有裂纹、气孔、砂眼、缩孔、夹渣和其他铸造缺陷。合同规定（1）：订约后10天内卖方须向买方预付约人民币25万元的“反保证金”，交第一批货物后5天内退还保证金。合同规定（2）：货物装运前，卖方应通知买方前往产地抽样检验，并签署质量合格确认书；若质量不符合同要求，买方有权拒收货物；不经双方一致同意，任何一方不得单方面终止合同，否则由终止合同的一方承担全部经济损失。试对本案例进行评析？
《国际贸易实务》（英文版）词汇 Chapter 1 Introduction to International Trade Trade Frictions 贸易摩擦 Portfolio Investment 间接投资 Chapter 2 International Trade Policy Acquisitions 购并 Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States（HTS）美国协调关税明细表 Harmonized System 商品名称及编码协调制度 International Harmonized Commodity Coding and Classification System 商品名称及编码协调制度 World Customs Organization 世界海关组织 Customs Tariff of Import/Export of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国进出口关税条例 Voluntary Export Restaint（VER）自动出口限制 Multi-Fiber Arrangement 多种纤维协定 Domestic Content Requirements 国内成分要求 Government Procurement Policies 政府采购政策 Buy America Act of 1933 1933年购买美国货法案 Red-tape Barriers Export Enhancement Program（EEP）美国的出口促进计划 Dairy Export Incentive Program（DEIP）奶制品出口激励项目 Chapter 3 Trade Bloc and Trade Block
一单项选择题 1、我方出口大宗商品，按CIF Singapore 成交，运输方式为Voyage Charter,，我方不愿承担卸货费用，则我方应选择的贸易术语的变形是（ C ）。 A、CIF Liner Terms Singapore B、CIF Landed Singapore C、CIF E x Ship’s Hold Singapore D、CIF Ex Tackle Singapore 2、按照《INCOTERMS2000》的解释，以FOBST成交，则买卖双方风险的划分界限是（B以船舷为界）。 4、在CIF条件下，Bill of Lading对运费的表示应为( A )。 A．Freight Prepaid B．Freight Collect C．Freight Pre-payable D．Freight Unpaid 5、在进出口业务中，能够作为物权凭证的运输单据有( B )。 A．Rail Waybill B．Bill of Lading C．Air Waybill D．Parcel Post Receipt 6、预约保险以（ B ）代替投保单，说明投保的一方已办理了投保手续。 A、B/L B、Shipping advise from abroad C、Mate，s receipt D、Sales contract 7、我某公司与外商签订一份CIF出口合同，以L/C为支付方式。国外银行开 来的信用证中规定：“Latest shipment 31st, May, L/C validity till 10th, June.”我方加紧备货出运，于5月21日取得大副收据，并换回正本已装船清洁提单，我方应不迟于（ C ）向银行提交单据。 A．5月21日 B．5月31日 C．6月10日 D．6月11日8、某批出口货物投保了CIC 的WPA，在运输过程中由于雨淋致使货物遭受部分损失，这样的损失保险公司将（ C ）。 A、负责赔偿整批货物 B、负责赔偿被雨淋湿的部分 C、不给于赔偿 D、在被保险人同意的情况下，保险公司负责赔偿被雨淋湿的部分 9．在短卸情况下，通常向( B )提出索赔。 A. the seller B. the carrier - 1 - （共7页）
国际贸易实务案例分析 1.我方出口苹果酒一批，国外开来信用证上货物的名称为：“Apple Wine”，于是为了单证一致，所有单据上均用了“Apple Wine”，不料货到国外后被海关扣留罚款，因该批酒的内外包装上均写的是“Cider”字样，结果外商要求我方赔偿其罚款损失——问我方对此有无责任？ （1）我方对此承担一定的责任。按照有关的法律和惯例，对成交商品的描述是构成商品说明的一个主要组成部分，是买卖双方交接货物的一项基本依据，它关系到买卖双方的权利和义务。若卖方交付的货物不符合约定的品名或说明，买方有权提出损害赔偿要求直至拒收货物或撤销合同。本案例中的“Cider”一词既有苹果酒也有苹果汁的意思，因此货到目的港后海关以货物与品名不符，对该货物扣留罚款我方应承担一定的责任。 （2）在贸易实践中如果出现此种情况，我方应在收到信用证后要求改证，即对信用证中的品名进行修改，这样既可以做到单证一致，收款有保障，同时又避免了实际货物与单据上的商品品名不符，从而遭受海关扣留罚款的不利损失。 2. “凤凰”自行车在我国可谓家喻户晓，人人皆知。可在90年代初，“凤凰”自行车参加了意大利米兰的国际自行车展览会。展览会上，与国外五颜六色、灵巧轻便、多档变速的自行车放在一起，显得品种单调、款式陈旧。尽管最后“凤凰”自行车只卖到欧美名牌自行车价格的1/10，可仍无人问津。 请分析，“凤凰”为何飞不起来呢？ 3. 我某出口公司有一批言明为降价品的罐头，英商看货后订货。但货到英国3个月后，发现罐头变质，英商要求退货。问：我方是否应该满足英商的退货要求？ 分析：我方不应退货，因为该笔交易是看货买卖，我方只需保证所交货物为买方看货时确定的商品。 4.我方某外贸公司向某外国公司出口一批货物，双方在签订合同中，明确规定了商品的规格、等级等品质标准。我方业务员在合同签订后，又给对方寄了一个样品。后我方货物运抵对方时，外方认为我方售给的商品只符合合同的品质标准，而与样品不符，要求我方赔偿。请问我方是否承担赔偿？ 5.我方一进出口公司和日本一公司签定了大米出口合同，价格条款为：US$275 per ton FOB Shanghai。问：若目标市场行情看涨，我方可能陷入何种纠纷？ 在贸易价格条款中不用ton，一般用“公吨”。
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英t o英） What’s International Trade? The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. EXPORTING Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells. EXW EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FAS Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment. FOB Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment CIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium. FCA, Free carrier (…Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the
Unit 1 A brief introduction to international trade Key I. Answer my questions 1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental. 2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies. 3. To gain profit. 4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement. 5. There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise. 6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year. 7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing. 8. Yes. There are great differences between them. 1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties. 2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments. 9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation). 10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest. 11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate. 12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase. 13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources. 14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising. 15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business. II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right 1. J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.H III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese 1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复
简答题 《国际贸易实务》简答题题库（含答题） 1．导致发盘失效的原因有哪些？ 回答：导致发盘失效的原因有以下几个方面： ⑴受盘人拒绝发盘的条件。 ⑵受盘人作出还盘。 ⑶发盘人依法撤销。。 ⑷发盘人规定的有效期已到。 ⑸不可抗力的事件发生。 4．共同海损的含义和构成条件是什么？ 答：共同海损是指载货的船舶在海上遇到自然灾害和意外事故，威胁到船、货等各方安全的共同安全，船方为了解除这种威胁，维护船货共同安全，或者使航程得以继续完成，由船方有意识地、合理地采取措施，所做出的某些特殊牺牲或支出某些额外费用。 构成条件： （1）危险必须是实际存在的，或者是不可避免将要发生的，而不是主观臆断的。 （2）必须是自动、有意采取的行为 （3）必须是为船货共同安全，采取的措施是谨慎、合理的。 （4）必须是属于非常性质的损失。 6．什么是交易磋商中的‘发盘’和“接受”？构成一项有效接受的条件有哪些？ 答：发盘又叫发价、报盘、报价，是交易的一方向另一方提出各项交易条件，并愿意按照这些条件达成交易、签订合同买卖某种商品的表示。 接受是交易的一方无条件地同意对方在发盘或还盘中所提出的交易条件，并以声明或行为表示愿意按照这些条件与对方成交、签订合同。 一般情况下，发盘一经接受，合同即告成立，对买卖双方都有约束力，但约束力并不等于有法律效力，因而 构成一项有效接受的条件： （1）接受人必须是发盘人指定的受盘人。 （2）接受必须由受盘人以一定份数表示出来。 （3）接受必须在发盘人所要求的有效期内传达到发盘人。 10．什么是信用证？简述国际贸易中信用证收付货款一般流程。 答：信用证是以开证行根据开证申请人的请求，开证行以自身的名义向受益人开立的、在一定金额和一定期限内凭规定的单据承诺付款的书面文件。 信用证支付流程为：
国际贸易实务案例分 析
1.某进出口公司欲进口包装机一批，对方发盘的内容为：“兹可供普通包装机200台，每台500美元CIF青岛，6至7月份装运，限本月21日复到我方有效。”我方收到对方发盘后，在发盘规定的有效期内复电：“你方发盘接受，请内用泡沫，外加木条包装。” 问：我方的接受是否可使合同成立？为什么？ 答：我方的接受可使合同成立。 根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》的规定，受盘人对货物的价格、付款、品质、数量、交货时间与地点、一方当事人对另一方当事人的赔偿责任范围或解决争端的办法等条件提出的添加或更改，均视作实质性变更发盘条件。受盘人在接受中的添加或更改，如果在实质上变更了发盘条件，就构成了对原发盘的拒绝，其法律后果是否定了原发盘，原发盘即告失效，原发盘人就不再受其约束。本案我方在接受通知中，表示对包装条件的添加，并不构成实质性变更发盘条件，不属于还盘性质，除非发盘人在合理的时间内及时地表示不同意受盘人的添加，否则，该接受仍具有接受的效力。因此，我方的接受可使合同成立。 2.我某公司按FCA条件进口一批化工原料，合同中规定由卖方代办运输事项。结果在装运期满时，国外卖方来函通知，无法租到船，不能按期交货。因此我公司向国内生产厂家支付了10万元违约金，问：对我公司的这10万元损失，可否向国外的卖方索赔？ 答：不能，FCA条件下卖方可以代替买方按通常条件定立运输契约，但费用和风险要由买方承担。 3.我某公司向国外某客户出口榨油大豆一批，合同中规定大豆的具体规格为含水分14%，含油量18%，含杂质1%。国外客户收到货物不久，我方便收到对方来电称：我方的货物品质与合同规定相差较远，具体规格为含水分18%，含油量10%，含杂质4%，并要求我方合同金额40%的损害赔偿。问：对方的索赔要求是否合理？合同中就这一类商品的品质条款应如何规定为宜？ 答：对方的要求是合理的。因为我方交货的品质不符合合同的规定，理应给予对方一定金额的损害赔偿，但是否为合同金额的40%，应根据具体情况而定。合同中就这一类较难掌握交货品质的出口商品的品质条款，应采用规定品质公差或品质机动幅度的方法，来避免因交货品质难以掌握给我方交货带来的困难。 4.北京某公司出口2000公吨大豆，国外来证规定：不允许分批装运。结果我方在规定的期限内分别在大连，上海各装1000公吨于同一航次的同一船只上，提单上也注明了不同的装货港和不同的装船日期，试问：我方做法是否违约？银行能否议付？ 答：我方并不违约，银行可以议付。题干中表明，本次货物在两个不同装运港
《国际贸易实务》（英文版）词汇 2010-03-03 21:42 Chapter 1 Introduction to International Trade Trade Surplus 贸易顺差 National Development and Reform Commission 国家发展和改革委员会Export Tax Rebates 出口退税 Export Taxes 出口关税 Export-driven Economic Growth 出口导向型经济增长 Excess Liquidity 流动性过剩 Trade Frictions 贸易摩擦 International Trade 国际贸易 World Trade 世界贸易 Foreign Trade 对外贸易 Overseas Trade 海外贸易 Trade in Goods 货物贸易 Trade in Services 服务贸易 Self-sufficient 自给自足 Economic Resources 经济资源 Barter 物物交换，以货易货，实物交易，易货贸易 Visible Trade 有形贸易 Invisible Trade 无形贸易 Transportation 运输 Insurance 保险 Tourism 旅游业
Balance of Trade 贸易差额 A Favorable Balance of Trade 贸易顺差 Trade Surplus 贸易顺差 An Unfavorable Balance of Trade 贸易逆差 Trade Deficit 贸易逆差 Balance of Payments 国际收支平衡，国际收支差额 A Favorable Balance of Payments 国际收支顺差 An Unfavorable Balance of Payments 国际收支逆差International Monetary Fund（IMF）国际货币基金组织 Foreign Direct Investment（FDI）对外直接投资，外商直接投资Portfolio Investment 间接投资 Chapter 2 International Trade Policy Protectionism 贸易保护主义 Free Trade 自由贸易 The National Interest 国家利益 Doha Trade Talks 多哈贸易谈判 Acquisitions 购并 Trade Barriers 贸易壁垒 Infant Industries 幼稚产业 Tariffs 关税 Subsidies 补贴 Quantitative Restrictions 数量限制 Encouragements 鼓励
2015学年第二学期期末考试 《国际贸易实务》试卷A 班级：学号：姓名：评分： 一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分） 1、常见的面积单位有（）。 A 、平方米 B 、公升 C 、立方米 D 、斤 2、如果物价下降，固定价格对（）有利。 A、卖方 B 、双方 C 、买方 D 、船方 3、在信用证付款的情况下，发票抬头应填（）。 A 、开证申请人 B 、受益人 C 、出口商 D 、保险商 4、下列关于销售代理人说法正确的是（）。 A、代理人取得商品所有权 B、代理人没有取得商品所有权 C、代理人可能取得商品所有权 D、代理人主要通过货物买卖价差来获利 5、下列哪种术语经常被我国进口商采用（）。 A、EXW B、DDP C、FOB D、DDU 6、本票有（）个当事人。 A、2 B、3 C、4 D、5 7、我国合同法规定：收取定金的一方不履行约定债务，应当（）倍返还定金。 A、1 B、2 C、3 D、4 8、“我方购大米1000吨，如降价5%”。这是（）。 A 、发盘 B 、还盘 C 、邀请发盘 D 、承诺 9、常见的集合运输包装有（）。 A 、集装箱 B 条 C 、箱 D 、捆 10 、对于接受生效，英美法采取（）原则。 A、到达生效 B 、自然生效 C 、投邮生效 D 、中途生效
二、多项选择题（每小题3分，共15分） 1、在FOB术语下，下列属于卖方义务的是（）。 A 、出口报关 B 、保险 C 、国内运费 D 、国外运费 2 、下列哪些贸易术语较常用（）。 A 、CIF B 、DDP C 、EXW D 、CFR 3、下列属于以说明表示品质的是（）。 A 、凭规格 B 凭样品 C 、凭标准 D 、看货买卖 4 、一切险不承保以下风险（）。 A 、战争 B 、罢工 C 、海啸 D 、台风 5、《公约》将违约分为（）违约。 A 、根本性 B 、违反担保 C 、违反要件D非根本性 三、名词解释（每小题5分，共25分） 1、汇票 2 、CFR Ex Ship’s Hold 3 、出口收汇核销 4 、卖期保值
【案例分析4-1】 我某公司向德国出口某冷冻商品150０箱,合同规定1~５月按合同等量装运,每月３0０箱,凭不可撤销即期信用证付款。客户按时开来信用证,我方１~3月份交货正常,顺利结汇,但在4月份时,由于船期延误,拖迟到５月６日才装运出口,而海运提单则倒签为4月30日,并送银行议付,议付行也未发现问题。后在5月10日,我公司又同船装运3０0箱运往目得地,开具得提单为5月1０日。进口商取单时发现问题,拒绝收货、(当然开证行也拒付) 问:我方得失误在哪里?进口商为何拒收货物并拒付？ 答:1。我方得失误: （1）拖延交货期、 （2）将5月6日装运出口得货物装船日期倒签为4月30日,这就是违法行为、 （3）最严重得错误就是5月１0日将信用证中规定分月等量装运得货物装在5月6日得同一船上,这个错误无疑告诉对方４月30日得提单就是倒签得。再者,将分批装运得货物装在同一只船上,从根本上违背了信用证关于分批装运得规定。 2、进口商拒收货物得理由: (1)卖方倒签提单得行为成立,这就是一种侵权行为。 (２)对5月１０日装运得货物,虽然5月装运就是按信用证规定得数量装运,但进口商以前批(4月份)应装得货物未按时装运为由可判决5月10日所装货物也无效。因为UＣＰ60０第3２条规定:如信用证规定在指定得时间段内分期支款或分期发运,任何一期未按信用证规定期限支取或发运时,信用证对该期及以后各期均告失效。 因此,买方有权拒收货物、 【案例分析5-1】 进出口商签订一批生丝合同,订价为ＵＳD18万D／A3０天远期交单,而托收指示中交单方式改为D/P即期。进口商声称,出口方货物迟发１个月一时无法销售处理,市场行情跌落,因此她要求降价为USＤ16万,交单方式应按合同D/Ａ 3０ days ａfter ｓight。经代收行向托收行去电后,出口方最终同意,货物降价为ＵＳD16万,但交单方式仍为D/P ｓighｔ, 进口商接受了这一条件指示银行按降价后得金额付出。可就是,几天后进口方匆匆找到银行总经理,称单据上所描述得货物为生丝(sｉlk),而实际上收到得就是棉花(cｏttｏn)。因此,进口商强烈要求银行退款。作为代收行您认为应该怎么办？ 答:代收行款项付出后一般就是不能行使追索权得。本案中,付款人可以根据商务合同对卖方向法院提出起诉。但如果在款项付出之前,或在付出后托收行还未解付,且付款人已完整地退回包括提单在内得所有单据得情况下,代收行可以考虑立即止付并向托收行述明止付理由,但代收行并不对款项能否追回负任何责任。 【案例分析5—６】 有一份信用证为可撤销信用证,金额为10万美元,允许分批装运及分批付款。出口方已凭此信用证装运５万美元得货物,议付银行在议付5万美元后得第二天收到开证行撤销信用证得电报通知。试问:开证行对业已议付得5万美元有无拒付得权利？ 答:开证行对业已议付得５万美元没有拒付得权利。 可撤销信用证就是指开证行开出信用证后,不必征得收一份或有关当事人得同意,有权随时撤销或修改得信用证。根据UCP6０0得规定,开证行对其指定或授权得其她银行在接到撤销或修改通知前,已经根据表面上符合信用证得单据所进行得付款、承兑或议付,仍予以承认并负责偿付。 本案中,议付银行就是在议付了5万美元后才收到开证行得撤销信用证得通知,所以开证行应该进行偿付、 【案例分析5－７】
国际贸易实务案例分析 HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】
国际贸易实务案例分析 1.我方出口苹果酒一批，国外开来信用证上货物的名称为：“Apple Wine”，于是为了单证一致，所有单据上均用了“Apple Wine”，不料货到国外后被海关扣留罚款，因该批酒的内外包装上均写的是“Cider”字样，结果外商要求我方赔偿其罚款损失——问我方对此有无责任？ （1）我方对此承担一定的责任。按照有关的法律和惯例，对成交商品的描述是构成商品说明的一个主要组成部分，是买卖双方交接货物的一项基本依据，它关系到买卖双方的权利和义务。若卖方交付的货物不符合约定的品名或说明，买方有权提出损害赔偿要求直至拒收货物或撤销合同。本案例中的“Cider”一词既有苹果酒也有苹果汁的意思，因此货到目的港后海关以货物与品名不符，对该货物扣留罚款我方应承担一定的责任。 （2）在贸易实践中如果出现此种情况，我方应在收到信用证后要求改证，即对信用证中的品名进行修改，这样既可以做到单证一致，收款有保障，同时又避免了实际货物与单据上的商品品名不符，从而遭受海关扣留罚款的不利损失。 2. “凤凰”自行车在我国可谓家喻户晓，人人皆知。可在90年代初，“凤凰”自行车参加了意大利米兰的国际自行车展览会。展览会上，与国外五颜六色、灵巧轻便、多档变速的自行车放在一起，显得品种单调、款式陈旧。尽管最后“凤凰”自行车只卖到欧美名牌自行车价格的1/10，可仍无人问津。 请分析，“凤凰”为何飞不起来呢？ 3. 我某出口公司有一批言明为降价品的罐头，英商看货后订货。但货到英国3个月后，发现罐头变质，英商要求退货。问：我方是否应该满足英商的退货要求？ 分析：我方不应退货，因为该笔交易是看货买卖，我方只需保证所交货物为买方看货时确定的商品。 4.我方某外贸公司向某外国公司出口一批货物，双方在签订合同中，明确规定了商品的规格、等级等品质标准。我方业务员在合同签订后，又给对方寄了一个样品。后我方货物运抵对方时，外方认为我方售给的商品只符合合同的品质标准，而与样品不符，要求我方赔偿。请问我方是否承担赔偿？ 5.我方一进出口公司和日本一公司签定了大米出口合同，价格条款为：US$275 per ton FOB Shanghai。问：若目标市场行情看涨，我方可能陷入何种纠纷？ 在贸易价格条款中不用ton，一般用“公吨”。 6. 2002年3月，广西某粮油进出口C公司向南非出口食糖。合同规定：食糖，数量500公吨，每公吨l20美元，可有3％增减，由卖方选择；增减部分按合同价格计算。如果在交货前食糖市场价格上涨，在不违反合同的情况下，卖方要想获利，可装多少公吨?如果市场价格下降呢?同年5月，C公司又向俄罗斯出口小麦，合同规定：数量为1000公吨，每公吨100美元，以信用证方式支付。合同签订后，俄罗斯进口商开来信用证，金额为100000美元，问我方最多、最少可交多少公吨小麦?为什么？贸易合同签订后，合同内容价格是确定的，如果在交货前食糖市场价格上涨，再按合同价格交货，应少量减少合同规定的500MT及少装3% 省下的3%可按涨价后的价格卖给别家。及可以装485MT 。如果市场价格下降，可以多装3% 及515MT 按未降前的价格结算。 在国际惯例中可以允许合同标的不大于5%的上下浮动及最多 1050MT 最少950MT的小麦，原因：国际惯例信用证条款规定允许不超过合同规定装货量5%的公差。